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Mucellini CI, Silva Júnior JVJ, de Oliveira PSB, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Novel genomic targets for proper subtyping of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) and BVDV-2. Virus Genes 2023; 59:836-844. [PMID: 37589803 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Whole-genome phylogenetic analysis, the most suitable strategy for subtyping bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) and BVDV-2, is not feasible for many laboratories. Consequently, BVDV isolates/strains have been frequently subtyped based on analysis of single genomic regions, mainly the 5' untranslated region (UTR). This approach, however, may lead to inaccurate and/or poorly statistically supported viral classification. Herein, we describe novel primer sets whose amplicons may be easily sequenced and used for BVDV subtyping. Initially, genomic regions previously described as the most suitable targets for BVDV subtyping were analyzed for design of high-coverage primers. The putative amplicons were analyzed in silico for their suitability to reproduce the phylogenetic classification of 118 BVDV-1 and 88 BVDV-2 complete/near-complete genomes (CNCGs) (GenBank). This analysis was also performed considering the region amplifiable by primers HCV90-368, 324-326 and BP189-389 (5'UTR), which have been used for BVDV diagnosis and/or classification. After confirming the agreement between the analyses of our primers' amplicon versus the CNCGs, we optimized the RT-PCRs and evaluated their performance for amplification of BVDV isolates/strains (n = 35 for BVDV-1; n = 33 for BVDV-2). Among the potential targets for BVDV subtyping, we designed high-coverage primers for NS3-NS4A (BVDV-1) (526 bp amplicon) and NS5B (BVDV-2) (728 bp). The classification based on these regions fully reproduced the subtyping of all CNCGs. On the other hand, subtyping based on the putative amplicons from primers HCV90-368, 324-326 and BP189-389 showed disagreements in relation the CNCG analysis. The NS3-NS4A and NS5B primers also allowed the amplification of all BVDV isolates/strains tested. Finally, we suggest the use of these primers in future phylogenetic and epidemiological studies of BVDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Isabela Mucellini
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Valter Joaquim Silva Júnior
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
- Setor de Virologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pablo Sebastian Britto de Oliveira
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Sudhakar SB, Mishra N, Kalaiyarasu S, Jhade SK, Singh VP. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease viruses (LSDV) isolated from the first and subsequent field outbreaks in India during 2019 reveals close proximity with unique signatures of historical Kenyan NI-2490/Kenya/KSGP-like field strains. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e451-e462. [PMID: 34529889 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), an economically important viral disease of cattle caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) has recently spread into South and East Asia. LSD emerged in India in August 2019, first in Odisha State and spread to other areas, but there is scanty data on source and molecular epidemiology of LSDV involved in the initial outbreaks. Here we report genetic relationships and molecular features of LSDV, causing outbreaks in cattle spanning seven districts in Odisha and West Bengal States during August-December, 2019. Twelve LSDV isolates obtained using lamb testis cells were sequenced and analysed in four complete genes, GPCR, RPO30, P32 and EEV. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the Indian LSDV isolates from 2019 outbreaks are very closely related (99.7%-100%) to the historical Kenyan NI-2490/Kenya/KSGP-like field strains. Importantly, our results demonstrated that LSDV strains involved in 2019 outbreaks in India and Bangladesh are very similar in GPCR (99.7%), RPO30 (100%) and partial EEV (100%) sequences, indicating a common exotic source of LSDV introduction. Additionally, a 12-nucleotide insertion was found in GPCR gene of LSDV strains from 2019 outbreaks in India and Bangladesh. The findings of this study highlight the importance of continuous monitoring and molecular characterization of LSDV strains. These data should be useful while developing diagnostic and control strategies against LSD in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Bhushan Sudhakar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Niranjan Mishra
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Jhade
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vijendra Pal Singh
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Kalaiyarasu S, Mishra N, Jayalakshmi K, Selvaraj P, Sudhakar SB, Jhade SK, Sood R, Premalatha N, Singh VP. Molecular characterization of recent HoBi-like pestivirus isolates from cattle showing mucosal disease-like signs in India reveals emergence of a novel genetic lineage. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:308-326. [PMID: 33411944 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural infections with HoBi-like pestivirus (HoBiPeV) have been detected in cattle in South America, Europe and Asia with a range of clinical manifestations including fatal mucosal disease (MD). In India, although HoBiPeV in cattle has been reported, there is no information on currently circulating HoBiPeV strains and associated severe clinical disease. Between September 2018 and December 2019, suspected cases of bovine viral diarrhoea with severe disease in cattle were noticed in farmers' small holdings in Tamil Nadu State. To determine the extent of pestivirus infection, blood, serum, nasal or oral swab samples of 46 cattle from 18 villages were tested. Based on the real-time RT-PCR, antigen ELISA and nucleotide sequencing results, pestivirus was detected in nine cattle from eight villages in two districts and all pestiviruses were identified as HoBiPeV. All nine HoBiPeV-infected cattle displayed clinical signs resembling MD and HoBiPeV isolates (n = 9) obtained were characterized at genetic and antigenic level. Phylogenetic analyses based on 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTR), Npro and combined 5'-UTR-Npro gene sequences revealed that eight HoBiPeV isolates clustered into a clade, distinct from all reported HoBiPeV clades (a-d), whereas one belonged to HoBiPeV-d clade, thus providing evidence of emergence of a novel HoBiPeV clade (e). This was also supported by HoBiPeV-e clade-specific amino acid substitutions in Npro and the antigenic reactivity patterns. The study demonstrates the existence and independent evolution of five HoBiPeV clades (four main clades) globally and surprisingly three exclusive to India. Also we confirm first HoBiPeV occurrence in southern India with predominant prevalence of HoBiPeV-e strains. Besides demonstrating increased HoBiPeV genetic diversity, here we show association of HoBiPeV with severe clinical disease involving fatalities highlighting impact of HoBiPeV on cattle health. The emergence of a novel HoBiPeV lineage provides new insights on global HoBiPeV epidemiology and genetic diversity reiterating the need for continuous monitoring of HoBiPeV in India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niranjan Mishra
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Konappan Jayalakshmi
- Veterinary College and Research Institute (VC&RI), Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Palanisamy Selvaraj
- Veterinary College and Research Institute (VC&RI), Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | | | - Richa Sood
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Narayanasammi Premalatha
- Veterinary College and Research Institute (VC&RI), Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thanjavur, India
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Moorthy D, Mishra N, Kalaiyarasu S, Jhade SK, Singh VP. Evaluation of currently available bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and HoBi-like pestivirus (HoBiPeV) specific diagnostic tests in detection of highly divergent HoBiPeVs in cattle. J Virol Methods 2019; 272:113707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kalaiyarasu S, Mishra N, Rajukumar K, Behera SP, Jhade SK, Singh VP. Development and evaluation of real-time RT-PCR using ear hair for specific detection of sheep persistently infected with border disease virus (BDV). J Virol Methods 2019; 269:55-63. [PMID: 30951788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an improved border disease virus (BDV) specific real time RT-PCR and to evaluate its performance on manually plucked hairs from sheep persistently infected with BDV that may act as a non-invasive alternate sample. The BDV real time RT-PCR assay reported here showed a high analytical sensitivity (100.6 TCID50/ml), specificity (no reactivity with BVDV-1, BVDV-2, HoBi-like pestivirus and CSFV) and reproducibility. When the assay was validated on 210 samples from BDV-infected and uninfected sheep, it showed a 100% diagnostic sensitivity and specificity with virus isolation. Further evaluation of the assay on manually plucked hair follicles from ear (mid-lateral, mid-medial) and tail tip from sheep persistently infected with BDV showed that a minimum of 20 hair follicles need to be tested for correct diagnosis of BDV. The BDV load was comparatively higher in hairs from mid-medial ear than those from other tested locations. Evaluation on other samples from PI sheep demonstrated that the test performance was similar to that of pestivirus generic real-time RT-PCR, but improved than the currently available BDV specific real-time RT-PCR. Although more number of PI animals need to be evaluated, the results of the study showed that manually plucked hairs from mid-medial ear pinna is a suitable alternative sample in real-time RT-PCR for detection of BDV persistently infected sheep. Use of the non-invasive ear hair samples and the improved BDV specific real-time RT-PCR reported here may be useful for BDV surveillance in several sheep rearing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Niranjan Mishra
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Katherukamem Rajukumar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Sandeep Kumar Jhade
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vijendra Pal Singh
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Spetter MJ, Uriarte ELL, Altamiranda EAG, Leunda MR, Pereyra SB, Verna AE, Odeón AC. Dual natural infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus -1 and -2 in a stillborn calf: tissue distribution and molecular characterization. Open Vet J 2018; 8:493-497. [PMID: 30775291 PMCID: PMC6356097 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i4.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual infections with both bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-1 and -2 seem to be unusual. The aim of this study was to describe an infection with both BVDV genotypes in a stillborn calf. Virus isolation and phylogenetic analyses of the 5´UTR and NS5B regions confirmed the presence of BVDV-1b and -2b in spleen and lung, whereas BVDV-2b was also detected in brain, heart, liver, kidney and, fluid of cavities. These results confirm that dual infections with both BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 species can occur naturally and their tissue distribution can be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano J Spetter
- Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (FONCYT), Godoy Cruz 2370 2° piso, Buenos Aires (C1425FQD), Argentina.,Grupo de Sanidad Animal, Área de Producción Animal, INTA EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226, km 73.5 (CP 7620), Argentina
| | - Enrique L Louge Uriarte
- Grupo de Sanidad Animal, Área de Producción Animal, INTA EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226, km 73.5 (CP 7620), Argentina
| | - Erika A González Altamiranda
- Grupo de Sanidad Animal, Área de Producción Animal, INTA EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226, km 73.5 (CP 7620), Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires (C1033AAJ), Argentina
| | - María R Leunda
- Grupo de Sanidad Animal, Área de Producción Animal, INTA EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226, km 73.5 (CP 7620), Argentina
| | - Susana B Pereyra
- Grupo de Sanidad Animal, Área de Producción Animal, INTA EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226, km 73.5 (CP 7620), Argentina
| | - Andrea E Verna
- Grupo de Sanidad Animal, Área de Producción Animal, INTA EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226, km 73.5 (CP 7620), Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires (C1033AAJ), Argentina
| | - Anselmo C Odeón
- Grupo de Sanidad Animal, Área de Producción Animal, INTA EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226, km 73.5 (CP 7620), Argentina
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7
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Feknous N, Hanon JB, Tignon M, Khaled H, Bouyoucef A, Cay B. Seroprevalence of border disease virus and other pestiviruses in sheep in Algeria and associated risk factors. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:339. [PMID: 30419908 PMCID: PMC6233519 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Border disease virus (BDV) is a pestivirus responsible for significant economic losses in sheep industry. The present study was conducted between 2015 and 2016 to determine the flock seroprevalence of the disease in Algeria and to identify associated risk factors. 56 flocks from nine departments were visited and 689 blood samples were collected from adult sheep between 6 and 24 months of age (n = 576) and from lambs younger than 6 months (n = 113). All samples were tested by RT-PCR as well as by Ag-ELISA, to detect Persistently Infected (PI) animals. Serum samples from adults were tested by Ab-ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay), to detect specific antibodies against pestivirus and 197 of them were further characterized by VNT (virus neutralization test) for the detection of neutralizing antibodies specific for BDV and for Bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2). RESULTS No PI animals were found among the 689 sheep tested. 144/197 sera were positive in VNT for BDV, and 2 sera were strongly positive BVDV-2. Fifty-five flocks (98%) had at least one seropositive animal and the apparent within-flock seroprevalence was estimated to be 60.17% (95% C.I.: 52.96-66.96). The true seroprevalence based on estimated sensitivity and specificity of the Ab-ELISA was 68.20% (95% C.I.; 60.2-76.3). Several risk factors were identified as linked to BDV such as climate, landscape, flock management and presence of other ruminant species in the farm. CONCLUSION These high seroprevalence rates suggest that BDV is widespread and is probably endemic all over the country. Further studies are needed to detect and isolate the virus strains circulating in the country and understand the distribution and impact of pestiviruses in the Algerian livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naouel Feknous
- LBRA, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Saad Dahlab University, Soumaa Road, BP 270, 09000 Blida, Algeria
| | - Jean-Baptiste Hanon
- Sciensano, Infectious animal diseases directorate, Service of enzootic, vector-borne and bee diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marylène Tignon
- Sciensano, Infectious animal diseases directorate, Service of enzootic, vector-borne and bee diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hamza Khaled
- LBRA, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Saad Dahlab University, Soumaa Road, BP 270, 09000 Blida, Algeria
| | - Abdallah Bouyoucef
- ENSV, National superior veterinary school, Bab ezzouar, El allia Algeria
| | - Brigitte Cay
- Sciensano, Infectious animal diseases directorate, Service of enzootic, vector-borne and bee diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
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Chakraborty AK, Mukherjee P, Karam A, Das S, Barkalita L, Puro K, Sanjukta R, Ghatak S, Sakuntala I, Laha RG, Borah P, Ngachan SV, Sharma I, Sen A. Evidence of BVDV in Pigs from North Eastern Part of India- Genetic Profiling and Characterisation. Open Virol J 2018; 12:110-120. [PMID: 30288199 PMCID: PMC6142659 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901812010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The work has been attempted to detect and genetically characterise the nature of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) isolates from the porcine population of the north east. Methods and Material: The samples have been collected over a two year period and are from areas where there is a mixed and integrated rearing of livestock in close proximity. The isolates were identified, cloned and sequenced using BVD specific genomic primers for two important domains viz., E-2 and 5’ UTR. Results: Porcine BVD Sequences were analysed phylogenetically. Divergence in 3 sequences is noted in the 5’ UTR region that are forming a clear outlier group while E-2 sequences are coming close to BVDV group but forming a separate cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kr Chakraborty
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India.,Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar - 788011, India
| | - Priyanka Mukherjee
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India.,Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar - 788011, India
| | - Amarjit Karam
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Samir Das
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Luit Barkalita
- Department of Biotechnology, C.V.Sc, AAU, Khanapara, Assam, India
| | - Kekungo Puro
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Rajkumari Sanjukta
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Sandeep Ghatak
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Ingudam Sakuntala
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Ram Gopal Laha
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Prabodh Borah
- Department of Biotechnology, C.V.Sc, AAU, Khanapara, Assam, India
| | - S V Ngachan
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Indu Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar - 788011, India
| | - Arnab Sen
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
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Yeşilbağ K, Alpay G, Becher P. Variability and Global Distribution of Subgenotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9060128. [PMID: 28587150 PMCID: PMC5490805 DOI: 10.3390/v9060128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a globally-distributed agent responsible for numerous clinical syndromes that lead to major economic losses. Two species, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, discriminated on the basis of genetic and antigenic differences, are classified in the genus Pestivirus within the Flaviviridae family and distributed on all of the continents. BVDV-1 can be segregated into at least twenty-one subgenotypes (1a–1u), while four subgenotypes have been described for BVDV-2 (2a–2d). With respect to published sequences, the number of virus isolates described for BVDV-1 (88.2%) is considerably higher than for BVDV-2 (11.8%). The most frequently-reported BVDV-1 subgenotype are 1b, followed by 1a and 1c. The highest number of various BVDV subgenotypes has been documented in European countries, indicating greater genetic diversity of the virus on this continent. Current segregation of BVDV field isolates and the designation of subgenotypes are not harmonized. While the species BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 can be clearly differentiated independently from the portion of the genome being compared, analysis of different genomic regions can result in inconsistent assignment of some BVDV isolates to defined subgenotypes. To avoid non-conformities the authors recommend the development of a harmonized system for subdivision of BVDV isolates into defined subgenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Yeşilbağ
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, TR-16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Gizem Alpay
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, TR-16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute for Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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First report on serological evidence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in farmed and free ranging mithuns (Bos frontalis). Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1149-1156. [PMID: 28504301 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1310-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite reports of BVDV infection in several domestic and wild ruminants, no information exists for mithun (Bos frontalis) species. Hence, this study was undertaken to determine prevalence of BVDV infection in mithuns, which contribute significantly to local economy in the North Eastern region of India. Blood and serum samples were collected between 2013 and 2016 from mithuns (n = 466) belonging to the states of Nagaland, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh. Serum samples were tested for BVDV antibodies by a commercial ELISA and leukocytes were tested for BVDV by real-time RT-PCR. The overall true seroprevalence rate was 13.1% (95% confidence interval, CI: 6.9-17.8%) with higher prevalence in mithuns reared under semi-intensive system (27.5%) than in free-ranging mithuns (7.6%). Among the three states, seroprevalence (16.2%) was highest in Nagaland, while prevalence rates varied markedly among geographical locations. Age-wise data showed highest seroprevalence rate in >6-year-old animals (20.6%) than 2-6 years old (16.9%), 6 months-2 years old (8.5%), and <6-month-old animals (11.3%). The seroprevalence was higher in males (20.9%) than in females (12.1%). Among the four mithun strains, higher prevalence was evident in Manipur (30.3%) than Arunachal (21.3%), Nagaland (11.7%), and Mizoram strain (10.2%). However, no BVDV genomic RNA could be detected. The results provide first serological evidence of BVDV infection in mithun species and extend the knowledge on BVDV host range. The baseline data will help further investigations on epidemiology of BVD in mithun and its impact on mithun production.
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Elvira Partida L, Fernández M, Gutiérrez J, Esnal A, Benavides J, Pérez V, de la Torre A, Álvarez M, Esperón F. Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus 2 as the Cause of Abortion Outbreaks on Commercial Sheep Flocks. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:19-26. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Fernández
- Animal Health Department; Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE); University of León; León Spain
| | | | - A. Esnal
- Analitica Veterinaria; Vizcaya Spain
| | - J. Benavides
- Animal Health Department; Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE); University of León; León Spain
| | - V. Pérez
- Animal Health Department; Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE); University of León; León Spain
| | - A. de la Torre
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA); Valdeolmos Madrid Spain
| | - M. Álvarez
- Animal Health Department; University of León; León Spain
| | - F. Esperón
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA); Valdeolmos Madrid Spain
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Saminathan M, Rana R, Ramakrishnan MA, Karthik K, Malik YS, Dhama K. Prevalence, diagnosis, management and control of important diseases of ruminants with special reference to indian scenario. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.18006/2016.4(3s).338.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Distribution pattern of bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 genome in lymphoid tissues of experimentally infected sheep. Vet Res Commun 2016; 40:55-61. [PMID: 26996785 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-016-9654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, cellular localization and the distribution pattern of BVDV genome in lymphoid tissues during the course of experimental acute BVDV-1 infection of sheep was investigated. Tonsils, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleen were collected on 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days post infection (dpi) from twenty 4-month-old lambs, experimentally inoculated intra-nasally with 5 × 10(5) TCID50 of a non-cytopathic (ncp) BVDV-1 isolate, Ind-17555. Tissues collected from ten mock-infected lambs served as controls. In situ hybridization (ISH) was carried out in paraformaldehyde fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections using digoxigenin labelled riboprobe targeting 5'-UTR of BVDV-1. BVDV genome was detected at all the intervals from 3 dpi to 15 dpi in the lymphoid tissues with variations between the intervals and also amongst the infected sheep. During the early phase of acute infection, presence of viral genome was more in tonsils than MLN and spleen, whereas the distribution was higher in MLN during later stages. BVDV-1 genome positive cells included lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, reticular cells and sometimes crypt epithelial cells. Genome distribution was frequently observed in the lymphoid follicles of tonsils, MLN and spleen, besides the crypt epithelium in tonsils, paracortex and medullary sinus and cords of MLN. Most abundant and widespread distribution of BVDV-1 genome was observed on 6 dpi while there was a reduction in number and intensity of positive signals by 15 dpi in most of the infected animals. This is the first attempt made to study the localisation of BVDV-1 in lymphoid tissues of acutely infected sheep by in situ hybridization. The results show that the kinetics of BVDV-1 distribution in lymphoid tissues of experimentally infected non-pregnant sheep follows almost a similar pattern to that demonstrated in BVDV infected cattle.
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15
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Behera SP, Mishra N, Nema RK, Pandey PD, Kalaiyarasu S, Rajukumar K, Prakash A. Expression of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Envelope Glycoprotein E2 in Yeast Pichia pastoris and its Application to an ELISA for Detection of BVDV Neutralizing Antibodies in Cattle. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2016; 36:639-54. [PMID: 25837831 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2015.1032305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to express envelope glycoprotein E2 of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in yeast Pichia pastoris and its utility as a diagnostic antigen in ELISA. The BVDV E2 gene was cloned into the pPICZαA vector followed by integration into the Pichia pastoris strain X-33 genome for methanol-induced expression. SDS-PAGE and Western blot results showed that the recombinant BVDV E2 protein (72 kDa) was expressed and secreted into the medium at a concentration of 40 mg/L of culture under optimized conditions. An indirect ELISA was then developed by using the yeast-expressed E2 protein. Preliminary testing of 300 field cattle serum samples showed that the E2 ELISA showed a sensitivity of 91.07% and a specificity of 92.02% compared to the reference virus neutralization test. The concordance between the E2 ELISA and VNT was 91.67%. This study demonstrates feasibility of BVDV E2 protein expression in yeast Pichia pastoris for the first time and its efficacy as an antigen in ELISA for detecting BVDV neutralizing antibodies in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sthita Pragnya Behera
- a National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Indian Council of Agricultural Research , Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
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16
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Identification and molecular characterization of border disease virus (BDV) from sheep in India. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 44:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Prevalence study and genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in four bovine species in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121718. [PMID: 25849315 PMCID: PMC4388703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the nationwide status of persistent BVDV infection in different bovine species in China and compare different test methods, a total of 1379 serum samples from clinical healthy dairy cattle, beef cattle, yaks (Bos grunniens), and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) were collected in eight provinces of China from 2010 to 2013. The samples were analyzed using commercial antibody (Ab) and antigen (Ag) detection kits, and RT-PCR based on the 5’-UTR and Npro gene sequencing. Results showed that the overall positive rates for BVDV Ab, Ag and RT-PCR detection were 58.09% (801/1379), 1.39% (14/1010), and 22.64% (146/645), respectively, while the individual positive rates varied among regions, species, and farms. The average Ab-positive rates for dairy cattle, beef cattle, yaks, and water buffalo were 89.49% (298/333), 63.27% (248/392), 45.38% (236/520), and 14.18% (19/134), respectively, while the Ag-positive rates were 0.00% (0/116), 0.77% (3/392), 0.82% (3/368), and 5.97% (8/134), respectively, and the nucleic acid-positive rates detected by RT-PCR were 32.06% (42/131), 13.00% (26/200), 28.89% (52/180), and 19.40% (26/134), respectively. In addition, the RT-PCR products were sequenced and 124 5’-UTR sequences were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis of the 5’-UTR sequences indicated that all of the 124 BVDV-positive samples were BVDV-1 and subtyped into either BVDV-1b (33.06%), BVDV-1m (49.19%), or a new cluster, designated as BVDV-1u (17.74%). Phylogenetic analysis based on Npro sequences confirmed this novel subtype. In conclusion, this study revealed the prevalence of BVDV-1 in bovine species in China and the dominant subtypes. The high proportion of bovines with detectable viral nucleic acids in the sera, even in the presence of high Ab levels, revealed a serious threat to bovine health.
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Dubey P, Mishra N, Rajukumar K, Behera S, Kalaiyarasu S, Nema R, Prakash A. Development of a RT-PCR ELISA for simultaneous detection of BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and BDV in ruminants and its evaluation on clinical samples. J Virol Methods 2015; 213:50-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Kulangara V, Joseph A, Thrithamarassery N, Sivasailam A, Kalappurackal L, Mattappillil S, Syam R, Mapranath S. Epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhoea among tropical small holder dairy units in Kerala, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:575-9. [PMID: 25616984 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea among 385 dairy cattle reared under a small holder system in Trichur District of Kerala State in India was determined through an ELISA targeting antibodies against p80-p125 non-structural protein of the virus. Prevalence was 24.7% among the total population, but was higher (52%) when 85 animals having infertility problems alone were considered. Significant serum biochemistry differences between animals could be noticed only in total protein, globulin and phosphorous, all of which were low in seropositive animals. All animals which were seronegative for antibodies were screened by another ELISA targeting the E(rns) protein of the viral nucleocapsid to detect persistently infected (PI) animals. The single, positive animal had only a transient period of antigens in the blood, indicating absence of PI animals in the study population. High prevalence of the disease in isolated small holder units even in the absence of PI animals is discussed in view of identifying the common source of infection and initiating control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodkumar Kulangara
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Trichur, Kerala, India,
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20
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Mishra N, Rajukumar K, Pateriya A, Kumar M, Dubey P, Behera S, Verma A, Bhardwaj P, Kulkarni D, Vijaykrishna D, Reddy N. Identification and molecular characterization of novel and divergent HoBi-like pestiviruses from naturally infected cattle in India. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:239-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Comparison of conventional RT-PCR, reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification, and SYBR green I-based real-time RT-PCR in the rapid detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus nucleotide in contaminated commercial bovine sera batches. J Virol Methods 2014; 207:204-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Zhang SQ, Tan B, Guo L, Wang FX, Zhu HW, Wen YJ, Cheng S. Genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea viruses in commercial bovine serum batches of Chinese origin. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:230-3. [PMID: 25102030 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is often detected in commercial bovine serum. BVDV genetic diversity was investigated in commercial bovine serum of Chinese origin. Twenty-two batches of bovine serum were obtained from 10 suppliers with different geographic origins in China, and 20 batches of bovine serum were positive by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing. Phylogenetic reconstructions of partial 5'UTR sequences indicated that the samples examined in this work clustered within the BVDV type 1 and BVDV type 2 genotypes. Interestingly, 3 sample sequences clustered into CSFV. These results suggest a high genetic diversity in Chinese BVDV field isolates. This study will benefit epidemiological surveys of BVDV detected in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jun Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Shipeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Deng Y, Shan TL, Tong W, Zheng XC, Guo YY, Zheng H, Cao SJ, Wen XT, Tong GZ. Genomic characterization of a bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 isolate from swine. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2513-7. [PMID: 24719194 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The SD0803 strain of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was isolated from a piglet in China in 2008 and has been classified as a novel subgenotype of BVDV-1. To describe the molecular features of this novel subgenotype, we sequenced and characterized the complete genome of the SD0803 virus. The genome is 12,271 bp in length and contains 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) that flank an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 3,898-amino-acid polypeptide. The full-length genome of the SD0803 strain shares 78.8% to 83.3% identity with those of other BVDV-1 strains, 70.0% to 70.7% identity with those of BVDV-2 strains, and less than 67.6% identity with those of other pestiviruses. The highest level of shared identity was 83.3% between the complete SD0803 genome and that of the ZM-95 strain of BVDV-1. Phylogenetic analysis of the 5' UTR and the coding sequence for the N-terminal protease fragment of the SD0803 polyprotein indicated that the SD0803 virus is a member of the novel subgenotype BVDV-1q, isolates of which have been identified recently in dairy cattle and camels in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
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24
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Ratta B, Yadav BS, Pokhriyal M, Saxena M, Sharma B. Microarray chip based identification of a mixed infection of bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea 2 from Indian cattle. Curr Microbiol 2013; 68:127-31. [PMID: 24026447 PMCID: PMC7080061 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVD2) are endemic in India although no mixed infection with these viruses has been reported from India. We report first mixed infection of these viruses in cattle during routine screening with a microarray chip. 62 of the 69 probes of BHV1 and 42 of the 57 BVD2 probes in the chip gave positive signals for the virus. The virus infections were subsequently confirmed by RT-PCR. We also discuss the implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha Ratta
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 India
| | - Brijesh Singh Yadav
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 India
| | - Mayank Pokhriyal
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 India
| | - Meeta Saxena
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 India
| | - Bhaskar Sharma
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 India
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25
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Abdel-Latif A, Goyal S, Chander Y, Abdel-Moneim A, Tamam S, Madbouly H. Isolation and molecular characterisation of a pestivirus from goats in Egypt. Acta Vet Hung 2013; 61:270-80. [PMID: 23661394 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nine fetuses and neonates from sheep and goats in Egypt were screened for pestiviruses using immunohistochemistry (IHC), virus isolation, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Two goat kids with typical border disease (BD) were positive for pestivirus infection by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using polyclonal anti-BDV serum but not when four different monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were used. On inoculation in MDBK cells, a cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) was isolated from one of the two kids. PCR amplification followed by sequencing of the 5'-UTR region confirmed it as BVDV subtype 1b. Although the circulating virus in Egypt is considered to be BVDV 1a, this report confirms the existence of BVDV 1b in addition to BVDV 1a. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of a pestivirus from goats in Egypt and is probably the second report worldwide of a goat kid showing central nervous signs associated with border disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sagar Goyal
- 1 University of Minnesota Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Yogesh Chander
- 1 University of Minnesota Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | | | - Sabry Tamam
- 2 Beni-Suef University Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - Hanafy Madbouly
- 2 Beni-Suef University Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Beni-Suef Egypt
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26
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Bachofen C, Vogt HR, Stalder H, Mathys T, Zanoni R, Hilbe M, Schweizer M, Peterhans E. Persistent infections after natural transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus from cattle to goats and among goats. Vet Res 2013; 44:32. [PMID: 23675947 PMCID: PMC3660168 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an economically important pathogen of cattle worldwide. Infection of a pregnant animal may lead to persistent infection of the foetus and birth of a persistently infected (PI) calf that sheds the virus throughout its life. However, BVD viruses are not strictly species specific. BVDV has been isolated from many domesticated and wild ruminants. This is of practical importance as virus reservoirs in non-bovine hosts may hamper BVDV control in cattle. A goat given as a social companion to a BVDV PI calf gave birth to a PI goat kid. In order to test if goat to goat infections were possible, seronegative pregnant goats were exposed to the PI goat. In parallel, seronegative pregnant goats were kept together with the PI calf. Only the goat to goat transmission resulted in the birth of a next generation of BVDV PI kids whereas all goats kept together with the PI calf aborted. To our knowledge, this is the first report which shows that a PI goat cannot only transmit BVD virus to other goats but that such transmission may indeed lead to the birth of a second generation of PI goats. Genetic analyses indicated that establishment in the new host species may be associated with step-wise adaptations in the viral genome. Thus, goats have the potential to be a reservoir for BVDV. However, the PI goats showed growth retardation and anaemia and their survival under natural conditions remains questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Länggassstr, 122, P,O, Box 8466, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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27
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Deng Y, Sun CQ, Cao SJ, Lin T, Yuan SS, Zhang HB, Zhai SL, Huang L, Shan TL, Zheng H, Wen XT, Tong GZ. High prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 in Chinese swine herds. Vet Microbiol 2012; 159:490-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Behera SP, Mishra N, Vilcek S, Rajukumar K, Nema RK, Prakash A, Kalaiyarasu S, Dubey SC. Genetic and antigenic characterization of bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 2 isolated from cattle in India. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 34:189-96. [PMID: 21112633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) subtype b is predominantly circulating in Indian cattle. During testing for exotic pestiviruses between 2007 and 2010, BVDV-2 was identified by real time RT-PCR in two of 1446 cattle blood samples originating from thirteen states of India. The genetic analysis of the isolated virus in 5' UTR, N(pro), entire structural genes (C, E(rns), E1 and E2), nonstructural genes NS2-3 besides 3' UTR demonstrated that the nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed highest similarity with BVDV-2. The entire 5' and 3' UTR consisted of 387 and 204 nucleotides, respectively, and an eight nucleotide repeat motif was found twice within the variable part of 3' UTR that may be considered as a characteristic of BVDV-2. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the cattle isolate and earlier reported goat BVDV-2 isolate fall into separate clades within BVDV-2a subtype. Antigenic typing with monoclonal antibodies verified the cattle isolate also as BVDV-2. In addition, cross-neutralization tests using antisera raised against Indian BVDV strains circulating in ruminants (cattle, sheep, goat and yak) displayed significant antigenic differences only between BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 strains. This is the first identification of BVDV-2 in Indian cattle that may have important implications for immunization strategies and molecular epidemiology of BVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sthita Pragnya Behera
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021, India
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30
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Mathapati BS, Mishra N, Rajukumar K, Nema RK, Behera SP, Dubey SC. Entry of bovine viral diarrhea virus into ovine cells occurs through clathrin-dependent endocytosis and low pH-dependent fusion. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2009; 46:403-7. [PMID: 19997866 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although mechanisms of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) entry into bovine cells have been elucidated, little is known concerning pestivirus entry and receptor usage in ovine cells. In this study, we determined the entry mechanisms of BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 in sheep fetal thymus cells. Both BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 infections were inhibited completely by chlorpromazine, beta-methyl cyclodextrin, sucrose, bafilomycin A1, chloroquine, and ammonium chloride. Simultaneous presence of reducing agent and low pH resulted in marked loss of BVDV infectivity. Moreover, BVDV was unable to fuse with ovine cell membrane by the presence of reducing agent or low pH alone, while combination of both led to fusion at low efficiency. Furthermore, sheep fetal thymus cells acutely infected with BVDV-1 or BVDV-2 were found protected from heterologous BVDV infection. Taken together, our results showed for the first time that entry of both BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 into ovine cells occurred through clathrin-dependent endocytosis, endosomal acidification, and low pH-dependent fusion following an activation step, besides suggesting the involvement of a common ovine cellular receptor during attachment and entry.
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MESH Headings
- Ammonium Chloride/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Chloroquine/pharmacology
- Chlorpromazine/pharmacology
- Clathrin/physiology
- Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral/drug effects
- Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral/pathogenicity
- Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral/physiology
- Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral/drug effects
- Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral/pathogenicity
- Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral/physiology
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/drug effects
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/pathogenicity
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endocytosis/drug effects
- Endocytosis/physiology
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Sheep
- Sucrose/pharmacology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
- beta-Cyclodextrins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraj Shrishail Mathapati
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462021, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Abstract
Infections with Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are not limited to cattle, but may be detected in various species in the mammalian order Artiodactyla. Despite epidemiological evidence of BVDV infections in species other than cattle, current knowledge regarding the impact of BVDV on heterologous species is incomplete. In heterologous hosts, BVDV infections with clinical signs analogous to those in cattle have been described and include disease of multiple organ systems, most notably the reproductive tract and immune system. Clinical infections may negatively impact the health and well-being of heterologous species, including camelids and captive and free-ranging wildlife. Of additional importance are BVDV infections in small ruminants and swine where difficulties arise in laboratory testing for Border disease virus (BDV) and Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), respectively. Pestiviruses are antigenically closely related and their cross-reactivity requires additional efforts in virological testing. In cattle populations, persistently infected animals are considered the main source of BVDV transmission. This phenomenon has also been detected in heterologous species, which could facilitate reservoirs for BVDV that may be of great importance where control programs are in progress. This review summarizes the current epidemiological and clinical knowledge on heterologous BVDV infections and discusses their implications.
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32
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Prevalence of Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) antibodies among sheep and goats in India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 41:1231-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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