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do Nascimento GM, de Oliveira PSB, Butt SL, Diel DG. Immunogenicity of chimeric hemagglutinins delivered by an orf virus vector platform against swine influenza virus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1322879. [PMID: 38482020 PMCID: PMC10933025 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1322879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is a large DNA virus that can harbor and efficiently deliver viral antigens in swine. Here we used ORFV as a vector platform to deliver chimeric hemagglutinins (HA) of Influenza A virus of swine (IAV-S). Vaccine development against IAV-S faces limitations posed by strain-specific immunity and the antigenic diversity of the IAV-S strains circulating in the field. A promising alternative aiming at re-directing immune responses on conserved epitopes of the stalk segment of the hemagglutinin (HA2) has recently emerged. Sequential immunization with chimeric HAs comprising the same stalk but distinct exotic head domains can potentially induce cross-reactive immune responses against conserved epitopes of the HA2 while breaking the immunodominance of the head domain (HA1). Here, we generated two recombinant ORFVs expressing chimeric HAs encoding the stalk region of a contemporary H1N1 IAV-S strain and exotic heads derived from either H6 or H8 subtypes, ORFVΔ121cH6/1 and ORFVΔ121cH8/1, respectively. The resulting recombinant viruses were able to express the heterologous protein in vitro. Further, the immunogenicity and cross-protection of these vaccine candidates were assessed in swine after sequential intramuscular immunization with OV-cH6/1 and OV-cH8/1, and subsequent challenge with divergent IAV-S strains. Humoral responses showed that vaccinated piglets presented increasing IgG responses in sera. Additionally, cross-reactive IgG and IgA antibody responses elicited by immunization were detected in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), respectively, by ELISA against different viral clades and a diverse range of contemporary H1N1 IAV-S strains, indicating induction of humoral and mucosal immunity in vaccinated animals. Importantly, viral shedding was reduced in nasal swabs from vaccinated piglets after intranasal challenge with either Oh07 (gamma clade) or Ca09 (npdm clade) IAV-S strains. These results demonstrated the efficiency of ORFV-based vectors in delivering chimeric IAV-S HA-based vaccine candidates and underline the potential use of chimeric-HAs for prevention and control of influenza in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Mansano do Nascimento
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Pablo Sebastian Britto de Oliveira
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Salman Latif Butt
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Diego G. Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Patil V, Hernandez-Franco JF, Yadagiri G, Bugybayeva D, Dolatyabi S, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Schrock J, Suresh R, Hanson J, Yassine H, HogenEsch H, Renukaradhya GJ. Characterization of the Efficacy of a Split Swine Influenza A Virus Nasal Vaccine Formulated with a Nanoparticle/STING Agonist Combination Adjuvant in Conventional Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1707. [PMID: 38006039 PMCID: PMC10675483 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza A viruses (SwIAVs) are pathogens of both veterinary and medical significance. Intranasal (IN) vaccination has the potential to reduce flu infection. We investigated the efficacy of split SwIAV H1N2 antigens adsorbed with a plant origin nanoparticle adjuvant [Nano11-SwIAV] or in combination with a STING agonist ADU-S100 [NanoS100-SwIAV]. Conventional pigs were vaccinated via IN and challenged with a heterologous SwIAV H1N1-OH7 or 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus. Immunologically, in NanoS100-SwIAV vaccinates, we observed enhanced frequencies of activated monocytes in the blood of the pandemic virus challenged animals and in tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) of H1N1-OH7 challenged animals. In both groups of the virus challenged pigs, increased frequencies of IL-17A+ and CD49d+IL-17A+ cytotoxic lymphocytes were observed in Nano11-SwIAV vaccinates in the draining TBLN. Enhanced frequency of CD49d+IFNγ+ CTLs in the TBLN and blood of both the Nano11-based SwIAV vaccinates was observed. Animals vaccinated with both Nano11-based vaccines had upregulated cross-reactive secretory IgA in the lungs and serum IgG against heterologous and heterosubtypic viruses. However, in NanoS100-SwIAV vaccinates, a slight early reduction in the H1N1 pandemic virus and a late reduction in the SwIAV H1N1-OH7 load in the nasal passages were detected. Hence, despite vast genetic differences between the vaccine and both the challenge viruses, IN vaccination with NanoS100-SwIAV induced antigen-specific moderate levels of cross-protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (V.P.); (G.Y.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (N.F.-R.); (J.S.); (R.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Juan F. Hernandez-Franco
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Ganesh Yadagiri
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (V.P.); (G.Y.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (N.F.-R.); (J.S.); (R.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Dina Bugybayeva
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (V.P.); (G.Y.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (N.F.-R.); (J.S.); (R.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Sara Dolatyabi
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (V.P.); (G.Y.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (N.F.-R.); (J.S.); (R.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (V.P.); (G.Y.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (N.F.-R.); (J.S.); (R.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (V.P.); (G.Y.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (N.F.-R.); (J.S.); (R.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Raksha Suresh
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (V.P.); (G.Y.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (N.F.-R.); (J.S.); (R.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Juliette Hanson
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (V.P.); (G.Y.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (N.F.-R.); (J.S.); (R.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Hadi Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Institute in Doha, Qatar University, QU-NRC, Building H10, Zone 5, Room D101, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (V.P.); (G.Y.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (N.F.-R.); (J.S.); (R.S.); (J.H.)
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3
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do Nascimento GM, Bugybayeva D, Patil V, Schrock J, Yadagiri G, Renukaradhya GJ, Diel DG. An Orf-Virus (ORFV)-Based Vector Expressing a Consensus H1 Hemagglutinin Provides Protection against Diverse Swine Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:994. [PMID: 37112974 PMCID: PMC10147081 DOI: 10.3390/v15040994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV-S) belonging to the H1 subtype are endemic in swine worldwide. Antigenic drift and antigenic shift lead to a substantial antigenic diversity in circulating IAV-S strains. As a result, the most commonly used vaccines based on whole inactivated viruses (WIVs) provide low protection against divergent H1 strains due to the mismatch between the vaccine virus strain and the circulating one. Here, a consensus coding sequence of the full-length of HA from H1 subtype was generated in silico after alignment of the sequences from IAV-S isolates obtained from public databases and was delivered to pigs using the Orf virus (ORFV) vector platform. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the resulting ORFVΔ121conH1 recombinant virus were evaluated against divergent IAV-S strains in piglets. Virus shedding after intranasal/intratracheal challenge with two IAV-S strains was assessed by real-time RT-PCR and virus titration. Viral genome copies and infectious virus load were reduced in nasal secretions of immunized animals. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the frequency of T helper/memory cells, as well as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), were significantly higher in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the vaccinated groups compared to unvaccinated animals when they were challenged with a pandemic strain of IAV H1N1 (CA/09). Interestingly, the percentage of T cells was higher in the bronchoalveolar lavage of vaccinated animals in relation to unvaccinated animals in the groups challenged with a H1N1 from the gamma clade (OH/07). In summary, delivery of the consensus HA from the H1 IAV-S subtype by the parapoxvirus ORFV vector decreased shedding of infectious virus and viral load of IAV-S in nasal secretions and induced cellular protective immunity against divergent influenza viruses in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Mansano do Nascimento
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Dina Bugybayeva
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Ganesh Yadagiri
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Diego G. Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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4
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Patil V, Hernandez-Franco JF, Yadagiri G, Bugybayeva D, Dolatyabi S, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Schrock J, Hanson J, Ngunjiri J, HogenEsch H, Renukaradhya GJ. A split influenza vaccine formulated with a combination adjuvant composed of alpha-D-glucan nanoparticles and a STING agonist elicits cross-protective immunity in pigs. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:477. [PMID: 36369044 PMCID: PMC9652892 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swine influenza A viruses (SwIAVs) pose an economic and pandemic threat, and development of novel effective vaccines is of critical significance. We evaluated the performance of split swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) H1N2 antigens with a plant-derived nanoparticle adjuvant alone (Nano-11) [Nano11-SwIAV] or in combination with the synthetic stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist ADU-S100 (NanoS100-SwIAV). Specific pathogen free (SPF) pigs were vaccinated twice via intramuscular (IM) or intradermal (ID) routes and challenged with a virulent heterologous SwIAV H1N1-OH7 virus. RESULTS Animals vaccinated IM or ID with NanoS100-SwIAV had significantly increased cross-reactive IgG and IgA titers in serum, nasal secretion and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at day post challenge 6 (DPC6). Furthermore, NanoS100-SwIAV ID vaccinates, even at half the vaccine dose compared to their IM vaccinated counterparts, had significantly increased frequencies of CXCL10+ myeloid cells in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN), and IFNγ+ effector memory T-helper/memory cells, IL-17A+ total T-helper/memory cells, central and effector memory T-helper/memory cells, IL-17A+ total cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), and early effector CTLs in blood compared with the Nano11-SwIAV group demonstrating a potential dose-sparing effect and induction of a strong IL-17A+ T-helper/memory (Th17) response in the periphery. However, the frequencies of IFNγ+ late effector CTLs and effector memory T-helper/memory cells, IL-17A+ total CTLs, late effector CTLs, and CXCL10+ myeloid cells in blood, as well as lung CXCL10+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells were increased in NanoS100-SwIAV IM vaccinated pigs. Increased expression of IL-4 and IL-6 mRNA was observed in TBLN of Nano-11 based IM vaccinates following challenge. Furthermore, the challenge virus load in the lungs and nasal passage was undetectable in NanoS100-SwIAV IM vaccinates by DPC6 along with reduced macroscopic lung lesions and significantly higher virus neutralization titers in lungs at DPC6. However, NanoS100-SwIAV ID vaccinates exhibited significant reduction of challenge virus titers in nasal passages and a remarkable reduction of challenge virus in lungs. CONCLUSIONS Despite vast genetic difference (77% HA gene identity) between the H1N2 and H1N1 SwIAV, the NanoS100 adjuvanted vaccine elicited cross protective cell mediated immune responses, suggesting the potential role of this combination adjuvant in inducing cross-protective immunity in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Patil
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - J. F. Hernandez-Franco
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - G. Yadagiri
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - D. Bugybayeva
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA ,International Center for Vaccinology, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University (KazNARU), Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - S. Dolatyabi
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - N. Feliciano-Ruiz
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - J. Schrock
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - J. Hanson
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - J. Ngunjiri
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - H. HogenEsch
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - G. J. Renukaradhya
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
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Joshi LR, Knudsen D, Piñeyro P, Dhakal S, Renukaradhya GJ, Diel DG. Protective Efficacy of an Orf Virus-Vector Encoding the Hemagglutinin and the Nucleoprotein of Influenza A Virus in Swine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747574. [PMID: 34804030 PMCID: PMC8602839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease of pigs caused by influenza A viruses (IAV-S). IAV-S causes significant economic losses to the swine industry and poses challenges to public health given its zoonotic potential. Thus effective IAV-S vaccines are needed and highly desirable and would benefit both animal and human health. Here, we developed two recombinant orf viruses, expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene (OV-HA) or the HA and the nucleoprotein (NP) genes of IAV-S (OV-HA-NP). The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these two recombinant viruses were evaluated in pigs. Both OV-HA and OV-HA-NP recombinants elicited robust virus neutralizing antibody response in pigs, with higher levels of neutralizing antibodies (NA) being detected in OV-HA-NP-immunized animals pre-challenge infection. Although both recombinant viruses elicited IAV-S-specific T-cell responses, the frequency of IAV-S-specific proliferating CD8+ T cells upon re-stimulation was higher in OV-HA-NP-immunized animals than in the OV-HA group. Importantly, IgG1/IgG2 isotype ELISAs revealed that immunization with OV-HA induced Th2-biased immune responses, whereas immunization with OV-HA-NP virus resulted in a Th1-biased immune response. While pigs immunized with either OV-HA or OV-HA-NP were protected when compared to non-immunized controls, immunization with OV-HA-NP resulted in incremental protection against challenge infection as evidenced by a reduced secondary antibody response (NA and HI antibodies) following IAV-S challenge and reduced virus shedding in nasal secretions (lower viral RNA loads and frequency of animals shedding viral RNA and infectious virus), when compared to animals in the OV-HA group. Interestingly, broader cross neutralization activity was also observed in serum of OV-HA-NP-immunized animals against a panel of contemporary IAV-S isolates representing the major genetic clades circulating in swine. This study demonstrates the potential of ORFV-based vector for control of swine influenza virus in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok R Joshi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - David Knudsen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
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Patil V, Renu S, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Han Y, Ramesh A, Schrock J, Dhakal S, HogenEsch H, Renukaradhya GJ. Intranasal Delivery of Inactivated Influenza Virus and Poly(I:C) Adsorbed Corn-Based Nanoparticle Vaccine Elicited Robust Antigen-Specific Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Maternal Antibody Positive Nursery Pigs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:596964. [PMID: 33391267 PMCID: PMC7772411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.596964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed the killed swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) H1N2 antigen (KAg) with polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid [(Poly(I:C)] adsorbed corn-derived Nano-11 particle based nanovaccine called Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C), and evaluated its immune correlates in maternally derived antibody (MDA)-positive pigs against a heterologous H1N1 SwIAV infection. Immunologically, in tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) detected enhanced H1N2-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates, and in commercial vaccinates detected CTLs with mainly IL-17A+ and early effector phenotypes specific to both H1N2 and H1N1 SwAIV. In commercial vaccinates, activated H1N2- and H1N1-specific IFNγ+&TNFα+, IL-17A+ and central memory T-helper/Memory cells, and in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates H1N2-specific central memory, IFNγ+ and IFNγ+&TNFα+, and H1N1-specific IL-17A+ T-helper/Memory cells were observed. Systemically, Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccine augmented H1N2-specific IFNγ+ CTLs and H1N1-specific IFNγ+ T-helper/Memory cells, and commercial vaccine boosted H1N2- specific early effector CTLs and H1N1-specific IFNγ+&TNFα+ CTLs, as well as H1N2- and H1N1-specific T-helper/Memory cells with central memory, IFNγ+&TNFα+, and IL-17A+ phenotypes. Remarkably, commercial vaccine induced an increase in H1N1-specific T-helper cells in TBLN and naive T-helper cells in both TBLN and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), while H1N1- and H1N2-specific only T-helper cells were augmented in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates in both TBLN and PBMCs. Furthermore, the Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccine stimulated robust cross-reactive IgG and secretory IgA (SIgA) responses in lungs, while the commercial vaccine elicited high levels of serum and lung IgG and serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers. In conclusion, despite vast genetic difference (77% in HA gene identity) between the vaccine H1N2 and H1N1 challenge viruses in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates, compared to over 95% identity between H1N1 of commercial vaccine and challenge viruses, the virus load and macroscopic lesions in the lungs of both types of vaccinates were comparable, but the Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccine cleared the virus from the nasal passage better. These data suggested the important role played by Nano-11 and Poly(I:C) in the induction of polyfunctional, cross-protective cell-mediated immunity against SwIAV in MDA-positive pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sankar Renu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yi Han
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anikethana Ramesh
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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7
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Hiremath J, Renu S, Tabynov K, Renukaradhya GJ. Pulmonary inflammatory response to influenza virus infection in pigs is regulated by DAP12 and macrophage M1 and M2 phenotypes. Cell Immunol 2020; 352:104078. [PMID: 32164997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We delineated the expression of DAP12 (DNAX-Activating Protein) and its associated receptors, TREM-1, TREM-2 and MDL-1 in pig alveolar monocyte/macrophages (AMM) that have attained M1 or M2 phenotypes. Pig AMM stimulated in vitro with IFN-γ and IL-4 induced the expression of M1 (TNFα and iNOS) and M2 (ARG1 and no MMR) phenotypic markers, respectively. In influenza virus infected pigs at seven days post-infection, in addition to substantial modulations in the M1 and M2 markers expression, DAP12, TREM-1 and MDL-1 were downregulated in AMM. Thus, DAP12 signaling promoted the anti-inflammatory pathway in AMM of influenza virus infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadish Hiremath
- Food Animal Health Research Program, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sankar Renu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kaissar Tabynov
- Kazakh National Agrarian University, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan and Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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Nirmala J, Bender JB, Lynfield R, Yang M, Rene Culhane M, Nelson MI, Sreevatsan S, Torremorell M. Genetic diversity of influenza A viruses circulating in pigs between winter and summer in a Minnesota live animal market. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 67:243-250. [PMID: 31868300 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There has been little surveillance of influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulating in swine at live animal markets, particularly in the United States. To address this gap, we conducted active surveillance of IAVs in pigs, the air, and the environment during a summer and winter season in a live animal market in St. Paul, Minnesota, that had been epidemiologically associated with swine-origin influenza cases in humans previously. High rates of IAV were detected by PCR in swine lungs and oral fluids during both summer and winter seasons. Rates of IAV detection by PCR in the air were similar during summer and winter, although rates of successful virus isolation in the air were lower during summer than in winter (26% and 67%, respectively). H3N2 was the most prevalent subtype in both seasons, followed by H1N2. Genetically diverse viruses with multiple gene constellations were isolated from both winter and summer, with a total of 19 distinct genotypes identified. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of all eight segments of 40 virus isolates from summer and 122 isolates from winter revealed that the summer and winter isolates were genetically distinct, indicating IAVs are not maintained in the market, but rather are re-introduced, likely from commercial swine. These findings highlight the extent of IAV genetic diversity circulating in swine in live animal markets, even during summer months, and the ongoing risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaveeramuthu Nirmala
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jeff B Bender
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ruth Lynfield
- Minnesota State Health Department, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - My Yang
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Marie Rene Culhane
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Martha Irene Nelson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Evaluation of CpG-ODN-adjuvanted polyanhydride-based intranasal influenza nanovaccine in pigs. Vet Microbiol 2019; 237:108401. [PMID: 31585639 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Influenza results in significant economic loss in the swine industry each year. A broadly protective swine influenza vaccine would have the dual benefit of protecting pigs from influenza A viruses (IAVs) and limiting their possible zoonotic transmission to humans. In this study, we developed polyanhydride nanoparticles-based swine influenza vaccine (KAg + CpG-nanovaccine) co-encapsulating inacticated/killed soluble antigen (KAg) and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9 agonist (CpG-ODN). The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of KAg + CpG-nanovaccine was compared with KAg vaccine containing five-times greater quantity of antigens following heterologous virus challenge. Prime-boost intranasally delivered KAg + CpG-nanovaccine induced significantly higher levels of cross-reactive antigen-specific IgA antibody responses in the nasal cavity, greater lymphoproliferative response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and higher IFN-γ secretion during antigen-induced recall responses of PBMCs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes cells compared to those immunized with KAg alone. Importantly, KAg + CpG-nanovaccine provided better protective efficacy through a significant reduction in influenza-induced fever, 16-fold reduction of nasal virus shedding and 80-fold reduction in lung virus titers compared to those immunized with soluble KAg. Our results indicated that CpG-ODN-adjuvanted polyanhydride nanovaccine can induce higher mucosal antibody and cellular immune responses in pigs; and provide better protection as compared with intranasally delivered soluble KAg.
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Daly RF, House J, Stanek D, Stobierski MG. Compendium of Measures to Prevent Disease Associated with Animals in Public Settings, 2017. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 251:1268-1292. [PMID: 29154705 DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.11.1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Dhakal S, Cheng X, Salcido J, Renu S, Bondra K, Lakshmanappa YS, Misch C, Ghimire S, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Hogshead B, Krakowka S, Carson K, McDonough J, Lee CW, Renukaradhya GJ. Liposomal nanoparticle-based conserved peptide influenza vaccine and monosodium urate crystal adjuvant elicit protective immune response in pigs. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6699-6715. [PMID: 30425484 PMCID: PMC6205527 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s178809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza (flu) is a constant threat to humans and animals, and vaccination is one of the most effective ways to mitigate the disease. Due to incomplete protection induced by current flu vaccines, development of novel flu vaccine candidates is warranted to achieve greater efficacy against constantly evolving flu viruses. Methods In the present study, we used liposome nanoparticle (<200 nm diameter)-based subunit flu vaccine containing ten encapsulated highly conserved B and T cell epitope peptides to induce protective immune response against a zoonotic swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) H1N1 challenge infection in a pig model. Furthermore, we used monosodium urate (MSU) crystals as an adjuvant and co-administered the vaccine formulation as an intranasal mist to flu-free nursery pigs, twice at 3-week intervals. Results Liposome peptides flu vaccine delivered with MSU adjuvant improved the hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer and mucosal IgA response against the SwIAV challenge and also against two other highly genetically variant IAVs. Liposomal vaccines also enhanced the frequency of peptides and virus-specific T-helper/memory cells and IFN-γ response. The improved specific cellular and mucosal humoral immune responses in adjuvanted liposomal peptides flu vaccine partially protected pigs from flu-induced fever and pneumonic lesions, and reduced the nasal virus shedding and viral load in the lungs. Conclusion Overall, our study shows great promise for using liposome and MSU adjuvant- based subunit flu vaccine through the intranasal route, and provides scope for future, pre-clinical investigations in a pig model for developing potent human intranasal subunit flu vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA, .,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,
| | - Xingguo Cheng
- Pharmaceuticals and Bioengineering Department, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238-0510, USA,
| | - John Salcido
- Pharmaceuticals and Bioengineering Department, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238-0510, USA,
| | - Sankar Renu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA, .,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,
| | - Kathy Bondra
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA, .,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,
| | - Yashavantha Shaan Lakshmanappa
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA, .,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,
| | - Christina Misch
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA, .,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,
| | - Shristi Ghimire
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA, .,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,
| | - Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA, .,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,
| | - Bradley Hogshead
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA, .,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,
| | - Steven Krakowka
- The Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth Carson
- Pharmaceuticals and Bioengineering Department, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238-0510, USA,
| | - Joseph McDonough
- Pharmaceuticals and Bioengineering Department, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238-0510, USA,
| | - Chang Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA, .,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA, .,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,
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Dhakal S, Renu S, Ghimire S, Shaan Lakshmanappa Y, Hogshead BT, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Lu F, HogenEsch H, Krakowka S, Lee CW, Renukaradhya GJ. Mucosal Immunity and Protective Efficacy of Intranasal Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Is Improved by Chitosan Nanoparticle Delivery in Pigs. Front Immunol 2018; 9:934. [PMID: 29770135 PMCID: PMC5940749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually, swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) causes severe economic loss to swine industry. Currently used inactivated SwIAV vaccines administered by intramuscular injection provide homologous protection, but limited heterologous protection against constantly evolving field viruses, attributable to the induction of inadequate levels of mucosal IgA and cellular immune responses in the respiratory tract. A novel vaccine delivery platform using mucoadhesive chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) administered through intranasal (IN) route has the potential to elicit strong mucosal and systemic immune responses in pigs. In this study, we evaluated the immune responses and cross-protective efficacy of IN chitosan encapsulated inactivated SwIAV vaccine in pigs. Killed SwIAV H1N2 (δ-lineage) antigens (KAg) were encapsulated in chitosan polymer-based nanoparticles (CNPs-KAg). The candidate vaccine was administered twice IN as mist to nursery pigs. Vaccinates and controls were then challenged with a zoonotic and virulent heterologous SwIAV H1N1 (γ-lineage). Pigs vaccinated with CNPs-KAg exhibited an enhanced IgG serum antibody and mucosal secretory IgA antibody responses in nasal swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids, and lung lysates that were reactive against homologous (H1N2), heterologous (H1N1), and heterosubtypic (H3N2) influenza A virus strains. Prior to challenge, an increased frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation, and recall IFN-γ secretion by restimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in CNPs-KAg compared to control KAg vaccinates were observed. In CNPs-KAg vaccinated pigs challenged with heterologous virus reduced severity of macroscopic and microscopic influenza-associated pulmonary lesions were observed. Importantly, the infectious SwIAV titers in nasal swabs [days post-challenge (DPC) 4] and BAL fluid (DPC 6) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in CNPs-KAg vaccinates but not in KAg vaccinates when compared to the unvaccinated challenge controls. As well, an increased frequency of T helper memory cells and increased levels of recall IFNγ secretion by tracheobronchial lymph nodes cells were observed. In summary, chitosan SwIAV nanovaccine delivered by IN route elicited strong cross-reactive mucosal IgA and cellular immune responses in the respiratory tract that resulted in a reduced nasal viral shedding and lung virus titers in pigs. Thus, chitosan-based influenza nanovaccine may be an ideal candidate vaccine for use in pigs, and pig is a useful animal model for preclinical testing of particulate IN human influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Sankar Renu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Shristi Ghimire
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Yashavanth Shaan Lakshmanappa
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Bradley T Hogshead
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Fangjia Lu
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Steven Krakowka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Chang Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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Dhakal S, Goodman J, Bondra K, Lakshmanappa YS, Hiremath J, Shyu DL, Ouyang K, Kang KI, Krakowka S, Wannemuehler MJ, Won Lee C, Narasimhan B, Renukaradhya GJ. Polyanhydride nanovaccine against swine influenza virus in pigs. Vaccine 2017; 35:1124-1131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dhakal S, Hiremath J, Bondra K, Lakshmanappa YS, Shyu DL, Ouyang K, Kang KI, Binjawadagi B, Goodman J, Tabynov K, Krakowka S, Narasimhan B, Lee CW, Renukaradhya GJ. Biodegradable nanoparticle delivery of inactivated swine influenza virus vaccine provides heterologous cell-mediated immune response in pigs. J Control Release 2017; 247:194-205. [PMID: 28057521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Swine influenza virus (SwIV) is one of the important zoonotic pathogens. Current flu vaccines have failed to provide cross-protection against evolving viruses in the field. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a biodegradable FDA approved polymer and widely used in drug and vaccine delivery. In this study, inactivated SwIV H1N2 antigens (KAg) encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles (PLGA-KAg) were prepared, which were spherical in shape with 200 to 300nm diameter, and induced maturation of antigen presenting cells in vitro. Pigs vaccinated twice with PLGA-KAg via intranasal route showed increased antigen specific lymphocyte proliferation and enhanced the frequency of T-helper/memory and cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In PLGA-KAg vaccinated and heterologous SwIV H1N1 challenged pigs, clinical flu symptoms were absent, while the control pigs had fever for four days. Grossly and microscopically, reduced lung pathology and viral antigenic mass in the lung sections with clearance of infectious challenge virus in most of the PLGA-KAg vaccinated pig lung airways were observed. Immunologically, PLGA-KAg vaccine irrespective of not significantly boosting the mucosal antibody response, it augmented the frequency of IFN-γ secreting total T cells, T-helper and CTLs against both H1N2 and H1N1 SwIV. In summary, inactivated influenza virus delivered through PLGA-NPs reduced the clinical disease and induced cross-protective cell-mediated immune response in a pig model. Our data confirmed the utility of a pig model for intranasal particulate flu vaccine delivery platform to control flu in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jagadish Hiremath
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kathryn Bondra
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yashavanth S Lakshmanappa
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Duan-Liang Shyu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kyung-Il Kang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Basavaraj Binjawadagi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan Goodman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kairat Tabynov
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Zhambylskaya Oblast, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Steven Krakowka
- The Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Chang Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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16
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Hiremath J, Kang KI, Xia M, Elaish M, Binjawadagi B, Ouyang K, Dhakal S, Arcos J, Torrelles JB, Jiang X, Lee CW, Renukaradhya GJ. Entrapment of H1N1 Influenza Virus Derived Conserved Peptides in PLGA Nanoparticles Enhances T Cell Response and Vaccine Efficacy in Pigs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151922. [PMID: 27093541 PMCID: PMC4836704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are believed to be one of the important sources of emerging human and swine influenza viruses (SwIV). Influenza virus conserved peptides have the potential to elicit cross-protective immune response, but without the help of potent adjuvant and delivery system they are poorly immunogenic. Biodegradable polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticle (PLGA-NP) based vaccine delivery system enhances cross-presentation of antigens by the professional antigen presenting cells. In this study, Norovirus P particle containing SwIV M2e (extracellular domain of the matrix protein 2) chimera and highly conserved two each of H1N1 peptides of pandemic 2009 and classical human influenza viruses were entrapped in PLGA-NPs. Influenza antibody-free pigs were vaccinated with PLGA-NPs peptides cocktail vaccine twice with or without an adjuvant, Mycobacterium vaccae whole cell lysate, intranasally as mist. Vaccinated pigs were challenged with a virulent heterologous zoonotic SwIV H1N1, and one week later euthanized and the lung samples were analyzed for the specific immune response and viral load. Clinically, pigs vaccinated with PLGA-NP peptides vaccine had no fever and flu symptoms, and the replicating challenged SwIV was undetectable in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Immunologically, PLGA-NP peptides vaccination (without adjuvant) significantly increased the frequency of antigen-specific IFNγ secreting CD4 and CD8 T cells response in the lung lymphocytes, despite not boosting the antibody response both at pre- and post-challenge. In summary, our data indicated that nanoparticle-mediated delivery of conserved H1N1 influenza peptides induced the virus specific T cell response in the lungs and reduced the challenged heterologous virus load in the airways of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadish Hiremath
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, United States of America, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Kyung-il Kang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, United States of America, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Elaish
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, United States of America, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Basavaraj Binjawadagi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, United States of America, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, United States of America, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, United States of America, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Jesus Arcos
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - X. Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chang Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, United States of America, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, United States of America, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
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Dwivedi V, Manickam C, Dhakal S, Binjawadagi B, Ouyang K, Hiremath J, Khatri M, Hague JG, Lee CW, Renukaradhya GJ. Adjuvant effects of invariant NKT cell ligand potentiates the innate and adaptive immunity to an inactivated H1N1 swine influenza virus vaccine in pigs. Vet Microbiol 2016; 186:157-63. [PMID: 27016770 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pigs are considered as the source of some of the emerging human flu viruses. Inactivated swine influenza virus (SwIV) vaccine has been in use in the US swine herds, but it failed to control the flu outbreaks. The main reason has been attributed to lack of induction of strong local mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell is a unique T cell subset, and activation of iNKT cell using its ligand α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) has been shown to potentiate the cross-protective immunity to inactivated influenza virus vaccine candidates in mice. Recently, we discovered iNKT cell in pig and demonstrated its activation using α-GalCer. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of an inactivated H1N1 SwIV coadministered with α-GalCer intranasally against a homologous viral challenge. Our results demonstrated the potent adjuvant effects of α-GalCer in potentiating both innate and adaptive immune responses to SwIV Ags in the lungs of pigs, which resulted in reduction in the lung viral load by 3 logs compared to without adjuvant. Immunologically, in the lungs of pigs vaccinated with α-GalCer an increased virus specific IgA response, IFN-α secretion and NK cell-cytotoxicity was observed. In addition, iNKT cell-stimulation enhanced the secretion of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-12) and reduced the production of immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) in the lungs of pigs⋅ In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time iNKT cell adjuvant effects in pigs to SwIV Ags through augmenting the innate and adaptive immune responses in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Dwivedi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - Basavaraj Binjawadagi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States; College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jagadish Hiremath
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States; Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
| | - Mahesh Khatri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Gervay Hague
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Chang Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States.
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Short KR, Richard M, Verhagen JH, van Riel D, Schrauwen EJA, van den Brand JMA, Mänz B, Bodewes R, Herfst S. One health, multiple challenges: The inter-species transmission of influenza A virus. One Health 2015; 1:1-13. [PMID: 26309905 PMCID: PMC4542011 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are amongst the most challenging viruses that threaten both human and animal health. Influenza A viruses are unique in many ways. Firstly, they are unique in the diversity of host species that they infect. This includes waterfowl (the original reservoir), terrestrial and aquatic poultry, swine, humans, horses, dog, cats, whales, seals and several other mammalian species. Secondly, they are unique in their capacity to evolve and adapt, following crossing the species barrier, in order to replicate and spread to other individuals within the new species. Finally, they are unique in the frequency of inter-species transmission events that occur. Indeed, the consequences of novel influenza virus strain in an immunologically naïve population can be devastating. The problems that influenza A viruses present for human and animal health are numerous. For example, influenza A viruses in humans represent a major economic and disease burden, whilst the poultry industry has suffered colossal damage due to repeated outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of influenza A viruses by shedding light on interspecies virus transmission and summarising the current knowledge regarding how influenza viruses can adapt to a new host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty R Short
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands ; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | | | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Benjamin Mänz
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands
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19
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Choi MJ, Torremorell M, Bender JB, Smith K, Boxrud D, Ertl JR, Yang M, Suwannakarn K, Her D, Nguyen J, Uyeki TM, Levine M, Lindstrom S, Katz JM, Jhung M, Vetter S, Wong KK, Sreevatsan S, Lynfield R. Live Animal Markets in Minnesota: A Potential Source for Emergence of Novel Influenza A Viruses and Interspecies Transmission. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:1355-62. [PMID: 26223994 PMCID: PMC4599395 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Live animal markets have been implicated in transmission of influenza A viruses (IAVs) from animals to people. We sought to characterize IAVs at 2 live animal markets in Minnesota to assess potential routes of occupational exposure and risk for interspecies transmission. METHODS We implemented surveillance for IAVs among employees, swine, and environment (air and surfaces) during a 12-week period (October 2012-January 2013) at 2 markets epidemiologically associated with persons with swine-origin IAV (variant) infections. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), viral culture, and whole-genome sequencing were performed on respiratory and environmental specimens, and serology on sera from employees at beginning and end of surveillance. RESULTS Nasal swabs from 11 of 17 (65%) employees tested positive for IAVs by rRT-PCR; 7 employees tested positive on multiple occasions and 1 employee reported influenza-like illness. Eleven of 15 (73%) employees had baseline hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers ≥40 to swine-origin IAVs, but only 1 demonstrated a 4-fold titer increase to both swine-origin and pandemic A/Mexico/4108/2009 IAVs. IAVs were isolated from swine (72/84), air (30/45), and pen railings (5/21). Whole-genome sequencing of 122 IAVs isolated from swine and environmental specimens revealed multiple strains and subtype codetections. Multiple gene segment exchanges among and within subtypes were observed, resulting in new genetic constellations and reassortant viruses. Genetic sequence similarities of 99%-100% among IAVs of 1 market customer and swine indicated interspecies transmission. CONCLUSIONS At markets where swine and persons are in close contact, swine-origin IAVs are prevalent and potentially provide conditions for novel IAV emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Choi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | - Jeff B. Bender
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | | | | | - Jon R. Ertl
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | - My Yang
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | - Kamol Suwannakarn
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | | | | | | | - Min Levine
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Michael Jhung
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Karen K. Wong
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
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20
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McCormick K, Jiang Z, Zhu L, Lawson SR, Langenhorst R, Ransburgh R, Brunick C, Tracy MC, Hurtig HR, Mabee LM, Mingo M, Li Y, Webby RJ, Huber VC, Fang Y. Construction and Immunogenicity Evaluation of Recombinant Influenza A Viruses Containing Chimeric Hemagglutinin Genes Derived from Genetically Divergent Influenza A H1N1 Subtype Viruses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127649. [PMID: 26061265 PMCID: PMC4465703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Influenza A viruses cause highly contagious diseases in a variety of hosts, including humans and pigs. To develop a vaccine that can be broadly effective against genetically divergent strains of the virus, in this study we employed molecular breeding (DNA shuffling) technology to create a panel of chimeric HA genes. METHODS AND RESULTS Each chimeric HA gene contained genetic elements from parental swine influenza A viruses that had a history of zoonotic transmission, and also from a 2009 pandemic virus. Each parental virus represents a major phylogenetic clade of influenza A H1N1 viruses. Nine shuffled HA constructs were initially screened for immunogenicity in mice by DNA immunization, and one chimeric HA (HA-129) was expressed on both a A/Puerto Rico/8/34 backbone with mutations associated with a live, attenuated phenotype (PR8LAIV-129) and a A/swine/Texas/4199-2/98 backbone (TX98-129). When delivered to mice, the PR8LAIV-129 induced antibodies against all four parental viruses, which was similar to the breadth of immunity observed when HA-129 was delivered as a DNA vaccine. This chimeric HA was then tested as a candidate vaccine in a nursery pig model, using inactivated TX98-129 virus as the backbone. The results demonstrate that pigs immunized with HA-129 developed antibodies against all four parental viruses, as well as additional primary swine H1N1 influenza virus field isolates. CONCLUSION This study established a platform for creating novel genes of influenza viruses using a molecular breeding approach, which will have important applications toward future development of broadly protective influenza virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara McCormick
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, United States of America
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States of America
| | - Longchao Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Lawson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States of America
| | - Robert Langenhorst
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States of America
| | - Russell Ransburgh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States of America
| | - Colin Brunick
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, United States of America
| | - Miranda C. Tracy
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, United States of America
| | - Heather R. Hurtig
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, United States of America
| | - Leah M. Mabee
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, United States of America
| | - Mark Mingo
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, United States of America
| | - Yanhua Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, United States of America
| | - Victor C. Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, United States of America
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States of America
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21
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Thomas M, Wang Z, Sreenivasan CC, Hause BM, Gourapura J Renukaradhya, Li F, Francis DH, Kaushik RS, Khatri M. Poly I:C adjuvanted inactivated swine influenza vaccine induces heterologous protective immunity in pigs. Vaccine 2014; 33:542-8. [PMID: 25437101 PMCID: PMC7115561 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal administration of Poly I:C adjuvanted bivalent swine influenza vaccine induced challenge virus-specific HI antibodies. Poly I:C adjuvanted vaccine also induced IgA and IgG antibodies in the lungs. Poly I:C adjuvanted vaccine provided protection against antigenic variant and heterologous swine influenza viruses.
Swine influenza is widely prevalent in swine herds in North America and Europe causing enormous economic losses and a public health threat. Pigs can be infected by both avian and mammalian influenza viruses and are sources of generation of reassortant influenza viruses capable of causing pandemics in humans. Current commercial vaccines provide satisfactory immunity against homologous viruses; however, protection against heterologous viruses is not adequate. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of an intranasal Poly I:C adjuvanted UV inactivated bivalent swine influenza vaccine consisting of Swine/OH/24366/07 H1N1 and Swine/CO/99 H3N2, referred as PAV, in maternal antibody positive pigs against an antigenic variant and a heterologous swine influenza virus challenge. Groups of three-week-old commercial-grade pigs were immunized intranasally with PAV or a commercial vaccine (CV) twice at 2 weeks intervals. Three weeks after the second immunization, pigs were challenged with the antigenic variant Swine/MN/08 H1N1 (MN08) and the heterologous Swine/NC/10 H1N2 (NC10) influenza virus. Antibodies in serum and respiratory tract, lung lesions, virus shedding in nasal secretions and virus load in lungs were assessed. Intranasal administration of PAV induced challenge viruses specific-hemagglutination inhibition- and IgG antibodies in the serum and IgA and IgG antibodies in the respiratory tract. Importantly, intranasal administration of PAV provided protection against the antigenic variant MN08 and the heterologous NC10 swine influenza viruses as evidenced by significant reductions in lung virus load, gross lung lesions and significantly reduced shedding of challenge viruses in nasal secretions. These results indicate that Poly I:C or its homologues may be effective as vaccine adjuvants capable of generating cross-protective immunity against antigenic variants/heterologous swine influenza viruses in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Thomas
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Chithra C Sreenivasan
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Ben M Hause
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA; Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - David H Francis
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA; Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Mahesh Khatri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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22
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Amorim AR, Fornells LAMG, Reis FDC, Rezende DJ, Mendes GDS, Couceiro JNDSS, Santos NSDO. Influenza A virus infection of healthy piglets in an abattoir in Brazil: animal-human interface and risk for interspecies transmission. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:548-53. [PMID: 23903968 PMCID: PMC3970599 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276108052013003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic influenza virus infections in pigs are frequent and the
lack of measures for controlling viral spread facilitates the circulation of
different virus strains between pigs. The goal of this study was to demonstrate
the circulation of influenza A virus strains among asymptomatic piglets in an
abattoir in Brazil and discuss the potential public health impacts. Tracheal
samples (n = 330) were collected from asymptomatic animals by a veterinarian
that also performed visual lung tissue examinations. No slaughtered animals
presented with any noticeable macroscopic signs of influenza infection following
examination of lung tissues. Samples were then analysed by reverse
transcription-polymerase chain reaction that resulted in the identification of
30 (9%) influenza A positive samples. The presence of asymptomatic pig
infections suggested that these animals could facilitate virus dissemination and
act as a source of infection for the herd, thereby enabling the emergence of
influenza outbreaks associated with significant economic losses. Furthermore,
the continuous exposure of the farm and abattoir workers to the virus increases
the risk for interspecies transmission. Monitoring measures of swine influenza
virus infections and vaccination and monitoring of employees for influenza
infection should also be considered. In addition regulatory agencies should
consider the public health ramifications regarding the potential zoonotic viral
transmission between humans and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Ribeiro Amorim
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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23
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Compendium of measures to prevent disease associated with animals in public settings, 2013. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 243:1270-88. [PMID: 24134577 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.9.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Freidl GS, Meijer A, de Bruin E, de Nardi M, Munoz O, Capua I, Breed AC, Harris K, Hill A, Kosmider R, Banks J, von Dobschuetz S, Stark K, Wieland B, Stevens K, van der Werf S, Enouf V, van der Meulen K, Van Reeth K, Dauphin G, Koopmans M, FLURISK Consortium. Influenza at the animal–human interface: a review of the literature for virological evidence of human infection with swine or avian influenza viruses other than A(H5N1). Euro Surveill 2014; 19. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.18.20793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Factors that trigger human infection with animal influenza virus progressing into a pandemic are poorly understood. Within a project developing an evidence-based risk assessment framework for influenza viruses in animals, we conducted a review of the literature for evidence of human infection with animal influenza viruses by diagnostic methods used. The review covering Medline, Embase, SciSearch and CabAbstracts yielded 6,955 articles, of which we retained 89; for influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9), the official case counts of the World Health Organization were used. An additional 30 studies were included by scanning the reference lists. Here, we present the findings for confirmed infections with virological evidence. We found reports of 1,419 naturally infected human cases, of which 648 were associated with avian influenza virus (AIV) A(H5N1), 375 with other AIV subtypes, and 396 with swine influenza virus (SIV). Human cases naturally infected with AIV spanned haemagglutinin subtypes H5, H6, H7, H9 and H10. SIV cases were associated with endemic SIV of H1 and H3 subtype descending from North American and Eurasian SIV lineages and various reassortants thereof. Direct exposure to birds or swine was the most likely source of infection for the cases with available information on exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Freidl
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Meijer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - E de Bruin
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - M de Nardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human–Animal Interface, Padova, Italy
| | - O Munoz
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human–Animal Interface, Padova, Italy
| | - I Capua
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human–Animal Interface, Padova, Italy
| | - A C Breed
- Animal Health and Veterinary Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - K Harris
- Animal Health and Veterinary Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - A Hill
- Animal Health and Veterinary Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, United Kingdom
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom
| | - R Kosmider
- Animal Health and Veterinary Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - J Banks
- Animal Health and Veterinary Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - S von Dobschuetz
- United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Rome, Italy
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom
| | - K Stark
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom
| | - B Wieland
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom
| | - K Stevens
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom
| | | | - V Enouf
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | - G Dauphin
- United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - M Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - FLURISK Consortium
- http://www.izsvenezie.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1203&Itemid=629
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25
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Pretreatment of epithelial cells with live Streptococcus pneumoniae has no detectable effect on influenza A virus replication in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90066. [PMID: 24594847 PMCID: PMC3940721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are two major upper respiratory tract pathogens responsible for exacerbated disease in coinfected individuals. Despite several studies showing increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections following IAV infection, information on the direct effect of S. pneumoniae on IAV in vitro is unknown. This is an important area of investigation as S. pneumoniae is a common commensal of the human upper respiratory tract, present as an important coinfecting pathogen with IAV infection. A recent study showed that S. pneumoniae enhances human metapneumovirus infection in polarized bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. The aim of the current study was to determine whether treatment of epithelial cells with S. pneumoniae affects IAV replication using a standard immunofluorescence assay (IFA). For this study we used four IAV permissive epithelial cell lines including two human-derived cell lines, 12 pneumococcal strains including recent human clinical isolates which represent different genetic backgrounds and serotypes, and six IAV strains of varying genetic nature and pathogenic potential including the pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus. Our results suggested that pretreatment of MDCK cells with 7.5×106 colony-forming units (CFUs) of live S. pneumoniae resulted in gradual cell-death in a time-dependent manner (0.5 to 4 hr). But, pretreatment of cell lines with 7.5×105 and lower CFUs of S. pneumoniae had no detectable effect on either the morphology of cells or on the IAV replication. However, unlike in epithelial cell lines, due to influence of secreted host factors the effect of pneumococci on IAV replication may be different during coinfections in vivo in the human upper respiratory tract, and in vitro with primary human polarized bronchial epithelial cells.
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26
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Wong KK, Greenbaum A, Moll ME, Lando J, Moore EL, Ganatra R, Biggerstaff M, Lam E, Smith EE, Storms AD, Miller JR, Dato V, Nalluswami K, Nambiar A, Silvestri SA, Lute JR, Ostroff S, Hancock K, Branch A, Trock SC, Klimov A, Shu B, Brammer L, Epperson S, Finelli L, Jhung MA. Outbreak of influenza A (H3N2) variant virus infection among attendees of an agricultural fair, Pennsylvania, USA, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1937-44. [PMID: 23171635 PMCID: PMC3557885 DOI: 10.3201/eid1812.121097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Avoiding or limiting contact with swine at agricultural events may help prevent A(H3N2)v virus infections in such settings. During August 2011, influenza A (H3N2) variant [A(H3N2)v] virus infection developed in a child who attended an agricultural fair in Pennsylvania, USA; the virus resulted from reassortment of a swine influenza virus with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. We interviewed fair attendees and conducted a retrospective cohort study among members of an agricultural club who attended the fair. Probable and confirmed cases of A(H3N2)v virus infection were defined by serology and genomic sequencing results, respectively. We identified 82 suspected, 4 probable, and 3 confirmed case-patients who attended the fair. Among 127 cohort study members, the risk for suspected case status increased as swine exposure increased from none (4%; referent) to visiting swine exhibits (8%; relative risk 2.1; 95% CI 0.2–53.4) to touching swine (16%; relative risk 4.4; 95% CI 0.8–116.3). Fairs may be venues for zoonotic transmission of viruses with epidemic potential; thus, health officials should investigate respiratory illness outbreaks associated with agricultural events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Wong
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.
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27
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Gray GC, Bender JB, Bridges CB, Daly RF, Krueger WS, Male MJ, Heil GL, Friary JA, Derby RB, Cox NJ. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus among healthy show pigs, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1519-21. [PMID: 22932697 PMCID: PMC3437725 DOI: 10.3201/eid1809.120431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Because animals can transmit some diseases to people, it is wise to be cautious around animals that carry these diseases. But how do you know which animals are carrying disease? Sometimes they appear perfectly healthy. A study of 57 apparently healthy show pigs at a 2009 US state fair found that almost 20% were carrying influenza virus and at least 4 were carrying the 2009 pandemic virus. Of concern is the possibility that different types of influenza virus—pandemic, swine, avian—could combine in pigs and emerge as new viruses that then spread to humans. Swine workers, veterinarians, and other persons with pig contact may be at high risk for infection with pig influenza and should receive seasonal influenza vaccines, use personal protective equipment when working with healthy pigs, and limit their contact with sick pigs. Regular monitoring of influenza virus among pigs and testing of sick persons who have been exposed to pigs are needed. Within 5 months after the earliest detection of human influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, we found molecular and culture evidence of the virus in healthy US show pigs. The mixing of humans and pigs at swine shows possibly could further the geographic and cross-species spread of influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Gray
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Box 100188, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. .edu
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Mussá T, Rodriguez-Cariño C, Pujol M, Córdoba L, Busquets N, Crisci E, Dominguez J, Fraile L, Montoya M. Interaction of porcine conventional dendritic cells with swine influenza virus. Virology 2011; 420:125-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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29
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Kumar SRP, Deflube L, Biswas M, Shobana R, Elankumaran S. Genetic characterization of swine influenza viruses (H3N2) isolated from Minnesota in 2006-2007. Virus Genes 2011; 43:161-76. [PMID: 21603982 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Triple-reassortant (TR) H3N2 swine influenza viruses (SIV) are a major cause of respiratory disease in swine worldwide, causing considerable morbidity and mortality. Continuous surveillance of circulating SIV strains is imperative for effective control and prediction of new emerging strains with interspecies transmission potential. The current study characterized SIV isolates from commercial swine population in USA (2006-2007). Nine isolates were completely sequenced, and the molecular evolution of all gene segments was analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis of the nine H3N2 viruses indicated that these strains belonged to cluster-IV of the human/swine/avian TR genotype, grouping with H3N2 viruses of turkey origin, while forming a separate sub-lineage from those of human and avian origin strains. Ten amino acid changes were observed at the major antigenic sites of HA1 region compared to the cluster-III reference strain, with differences in glycosylation sites. All the nine strains were antigenically related to the cluster-IV turkey strain than the cluster-III reference strain. The results of this study suggest that contemporary TR H3N2 strains circulating in North America share the same genetic constellation, thus maintaining the gene pool without any further event of genetic reassortment unlike swine-origin pandemic strain A/California/04/2009/H1N1. These findings strongly support the need for continuous surveillance and monitoring of genetic changes in SIV, to identify evolving strains that might pose a threat to human or animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep R P Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive (0913), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Oliveira NAS, Iguti AM. O vírus Influenza H1N1 e os trabalhadores da suinocultura: uma revisão. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE OCUPACIONAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0303-76572010000200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerando-se o grande impacto midiático e populacional da recente epidemia pelo vírus Influenza H1N1, em função do seu risco potencial de alta letalidade, decidimos realizar esta revisão, de forma a melhor compreender as relações entre a exposição aos suínos e a possível contaminação laboral. A influenza, também conhecida como gripe, é uma doença viral adquirida através do contato humano com animais domesticados. Os suínos são importantes hospedeiros do vírus Influenza H1N1 (swine-like Influenza A) e susceptíveis às infecções por vírus Influenza de origem aviária e humana. Os suínos possuem importante papel na transmissão viral entre espécies e na epidemiologia da influenza humana. A epidemia por Influenza A H1N1/2009 representou um grande desafio para as autoridades públicas e setores privados da saúde, no que se refere às medidas de planejamento e execução de ações de prevenção e tratamento. Estima-se que 89 milhões de pessoas tenham sido contaminadas por este vírus, com até 403 mil casos de hospitalização e 18.300 óbitos até abril de 2010. Embora estejamos em período pós-pandemia, acredita-se que o vírus H1N1 tenha atualmente um comportamento semelhante ao vírus de gripe sazonal, causando focos infecciosos localizados e com níveis ainda significativos de transmissão. Destaca-se a preocupação com a saúde dos trabalhadores diretamente ligados à suinocultura, já que essa atividade produtiva apresenta uma situação de risco aos trabalhadores envolvidos e também à comunidade.
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The 2009 pandemic H1N1 and triple-reassortant swine H1N1 influenza viruses replicate efficiently but elicit an attenuated inflammatory response in polarized human bronchial epithelial cells. J Virol 2010; 85:686-96. [PMID: 21047961 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01568-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic H1N1 virus of 2009 (2009 H1N1) produced a spectrum of disease ranging from mild illness to severe illness and death. Respiratory symptoms were frequently associated with virus infection, with relatively high rate of gastrointestinal symptoms reported. To better understand 2009 H1N1 virus pathogenesis in humans, we studied virus and host responses following infection of two cell types: polarized bronchial and pharyngeal epithelial cells, which exhibit many features of the human airway epithelium, and colon epithelial cells to serve as a human intestinal cell model. Selected 2009 H1N1 viruses were compared to both seasonal H1N1 and triple-reassortant swine H1N1 influenza viruses that have circulated among North American pigs since before the 2009 pandemic. All H1N1 viruses replicated productively in airway cells; however, in contrast to seasonal H1N1 virus infection, infection with the 2009 H1N1 and triple-reassortant swine H1N1 viruses resulted in an attenuated inflammatory response, a weaker interferon response, and reduced cell death. Additionally, the H1N1 viruses of swine origin replicated less efficiently at the temperature of the human proximal airways (33°C). We also observed that the 2009 H1N1 viruses replicated to significantly higher titers than seasonal H1N1 virus in polarized colon epithelial cells. These studies reveal that in comparison to seasonal influenza virus, H1N1 viruses of swine origin poorly activate multiple aspects of the human innate response, which may contribute to the virulence of these viruses. In addition, their less efficient replication at human upper airway temperatures has implications for the understanding of pandemic H1N1 virus adaptation to humans.
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Khatri M, Dwivedi V, Krakowka S, Manickam C, Ali A, Wang L, Qin Z, Renukaradhya GJ, Lee CW. Swine influenza H1N1 virus induces acute inflammatory immune responses in pig lungs: a potential animal model for human H1N1 influenza virus. J Virol 2010; 84:11210-8. [PMID: 20719941 PMCID: PMC2953174 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01211-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are capable of generating reassortant influenza viruses of pandemic potential, as both the avian and mammalian influenza viruses can infect pig epithelial cells in the respiratory tract. The source of the current influenza pandemic is H1N1 influenza A virus, possibly of swine origin. This study was conducted to understand better the pathogenesis of H1N1 influenza virus and associated host mucosal immune responses during acute infection in humans. Therefore, we chose a H1N1 swine influenza virus, Sw/OH/24366/07 (SwIV), which has a history of transmission to humans. Clinically, inoculated pigs had nasal discharge and fever and shed virus through nasal secretions. Like pandemic H1N1, SwIV also replicated extensively in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, and lung lesions were typical of H1N1 infection. We detected innate, proinflammatory, Th1, Th2, and Th3 cytokines, as well as SwIV-specific IgA antibody in lungs of the virus-inoculated pigs. Production of IFN-γ by lymphocytes of the tracheobronchial lymph nodes was also detected. Higher frequencies of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, γδ T cells, dendritic cells, activated T cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were detected in SwIV-infected pig lungs. Concomitantly, higher frequencies of the immunosuppressive T regulatory cells were also detected in the virus-infected pig lungs. The findings of this study have relevance to pathogenesis of the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in humans; thus, pigs may serve as a useful animal model to design and test effective mucosal vaccines and therapeutics against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Khatri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, the Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China 250023, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, the Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China 250023, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Steven Krakowka
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, the Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China 250023, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, the Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China 250023, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, the Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China 250023, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Leyi Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, the Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China 250023, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Zhuoming Qin
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, the Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China 250023, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, the Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China 250023, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, the Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691. Phone for G. J. Renukaradhya: (330) 263-3748. Fax: (330) 263-3677. E-mail: . Phone for C.-W. Lee: (330) 263-3750. Fax: (330) 263-3677. E-mail:
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, the Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China 250023, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, the Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691. Phone for G. J. Renukaradhya: (330) 263-3748. Fax: (330) 263-3677. E-mail: . Phone for C.-W. Lee: (330) 263-3750. Fax: (330) 263-3677. E-mail:
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Takemae N, Ruttanapumma R, Parchariyanon S, Yoneyama S, Hayashi T, Hiramatsu H, Sriwilaijaroen N, Uchida Y, Kondo S, Yagi H, Kato K, Suzuki Y, Saito T. Alterations in receptor-binding properties of swine influenza viruses of the H1 subtype after isolation in embryonated chicken eggs. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:938-48. [PMID: 20007353 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.016691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the receptor-binding properties of swine influenza A viruses (SIVs) during their isolation in embryonated chicken eggs have not been well studied. In this study, the receptor-binding properties of classical H1 SIVs isolated solely in eggs or Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were examined. Sequencing analysis revealed substitutions of D190V/N or D225G in the haemagglutinin (HA) proteins in egg isolates, whereas MDCK isolates retained HA genes identical to those of the original viruses present in the clinical samples. Egg isolates with substitution of either D190V/N or D225G had increased haemagglutinating activity for mouse and sheep erythrocytes, but reduced activity for rabbit erythrocytes. Additionally, egg isolates with D225G had increased haemagglutination activity for chicken erythrocytes. A direct binding assay using a sialyl glycopolymer that possessed either a 5-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) alpha2,6galactose (Gal) or a Neu5Acalpha2,3Gal linkage revealed that the egg isolates used in this study showed higher binding activity to the Neu5Acalpha2,3Gal receptor than MDCK isolates. Increased binding activity of the egg isolates to the Neu5Acalpha2,3Gal receptor was also confirmed by haemagglutination assay with resialylated chicken erythrocytes by Galbeta1,3/4GlcNAcalpha2,3-sialyltransferase. These observations were reinforced by flow-cytometric and N-glycan analyses of the erythrocytes. The alpha2,3-linked sialic acids were expressed predominantly on the surface of mouse and sheep erythrocytes. Chicken erythrocytes expressed Neu5Acalpha2,3Gal more abundantly than Neu5Acalpha2,6Gal, and rabbit erythrocytes expressed both 5-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) alpha2,6Gal and Neu5Acalpha2,6Gal. Our results demonstrate clearly that classical H1 SIVs undergo alterations in receptor-binding activity associated with an amino acid substitution in the HA protein during isolation and propagation in embryonated chicken eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Takemae
- Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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