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Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Verasay Caviedes S, Pizarro-Lucero J, Cabello J, Vicencio R, Celis S, Ortiz C, Kemec I, Abuhadba-Mediano N, Asencio R, Vera F, Valencia C, Lagos R, Moreira-Arce D, Salinas F, Ramirez-Toloza G, Muñoz-Quijano R, Neira V, Salgado R, Abalos P, Parra B, Cárdenas-Cáceres S, Muena NA, Tischler ND, Del Pozo I, Aduriz G, Esperon F, Muñoz-Leal S, Aravena P, Alegría-Morán R, Cuadrado-Matías R, Ruiz-Fons F. High Exposure to Livestock Pathogens in Southern Pudu ( Pudu puda) from Chile. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:526. [PMID: 38396494 PMCID: PMC10886221 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A significant gap in exposure data for most livestock and zoonotic pathogens is common for several Latin America deer species. This study examined the seroprevalence against 13 pathogens in 164 wild and captive southern pudu from Chile between 2011 and 2023. Livestock and zoonotic pathogen antibodies were detected in 22 of 109 wild pudus (20.18%; 95% CI: 13.34-29.18) and 17 of 55 captive pudus (30.91%; 95% CI: 19.52-44.96), including five Leptospira interrogans serovars (15.38% and 10.71%), Toxoplasma gondii (8.57% and 37.50%), Chlamydia abortus (3.03% and 12.82%), Neospora caninum (0.00% and 9.52%), and Pestivirus (8.00% and 6.67%). Risk factors were detected for Leptospira spp., showing that fawn pudu have statistically significantly higher risk of positivity than adults. In the case of T. gondii, pudu living in "free-range" have a lower risk of being positive for this parasite. In under-human-care pudu, a Pestivirus outbreak is the most strongly suspected as the cause of abortions in a zoo in the past. This study presents the first evidence of Chlamydia abortus in wildlife in South America and exposure to T. gondii, L. interrogans, and N. caninum in wild ungulate species in Chile. High seroprevalence of livestock pathogens such as Pestivirus and Leptospira Hardjo in wild animals suggests a livestock transmission in Chilean template forest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastián Verasay Caviedes
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Veterinario SOS Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile;
| | - Jose Pizarro-Lucero
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Javier Cabello
- Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Chiloé-Silvestre, Nal Bajo, Ancud 5710000, Chile; (J.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Rocio Vicencio
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
- Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Chiloé-Silvestre, Nal Bajo, Ancud 5710000, Chile; (J.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Sebastián Celis
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Parque Zoológico Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile; (S.C.); (C.O.); (I.K.)
| | - Carolina Ortiz
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Parque Zoológico Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile; (S.C.); (C.O.); (I.K.)
| | - Ignacio Kemec
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Parque Zoológico Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile; (S.C.); (C.O.); (I.K.)
| | - Nour Abuhadba-Mediano
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago 7580506, Chile;
| | - Ronie Asencio
- Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Chiloé-Silvestre, Nal Bajo, Ancud 5710000, Chile; (J.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Frank Vera
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastian, Patagonia Campus, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (F.V.); (C.V.)
| | - Carola Valencia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastian, Patagonia Campus, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (F.V.); (C.V.)
| | - Rocio Lagos
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Veterinario SOS Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile;
| | - Dario Moreira-Arce
- Departamento de Gestión Agraria, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile;
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Fernanda Salinas
- Fundacion Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile;
- Escuela de Geografia, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - Galia Ramirez-Toloza
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Raul Muñoz-Quijano
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Victor Neira
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Rodrigo Salgado
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Pedro Abalos
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Barbara Parra
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Simone Cárdenas-Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. del Valle Nte. 725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580704, Chile; (S.C.-C.); (N.A.M.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Nicolás A. Muena
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. del Valle Nte. 725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580704, Chile; (S.C.-C.); (N.A.M.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Nicole D. Tischler
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. del Valle Nte. 725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580704, Chile; (S.C.-C.); (N.A.M.); (N.D.T.)
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago 8420524, Chile
| | - Itziar Del Pozo
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, P812, 48160 Derio, Spain; (I.D.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Gorka Aduriz
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, P812, 48160 Derio, Spain; (I.D.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Fernando Esperon
- Veterinary Department, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Sebastián Muñoz-Leal
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, Chile; (S.M.-L.); (P.A.)
| | - Paula Aravena
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, Chile; (S.M.-L.); (P.A.)
| | - Raúl Alegría-Morán
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede Santiago, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejercito Libertador 146, Santiago 8370003, Chile;
| | - Raul Cuadrado-Matías
- Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (R.C.-M.)
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (R.C.-M.)
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII—CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Jiménez-Ruiz S, Vicente J, Risalde MA, Acevedo P, Cano-Terriza D, González-Barrio D, Barroso P, García-Bocanegra I. Survey of Culicoides-borne Bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses at the wildlife-livestock interface in Doñana National Park (Spain). Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1815-e1824. [PMID: 35304824 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the circulation of bluetongue virus (BTV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) within the wild and domestic ungulate host community in Doñana National Park (southwestern Spain). A total of 440 animals, including 138 cattle, 102 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 101 fallow deer (Dama dama) and 99 wild boar (Sus scrofa) were sampled in 2015 during the seasonal peak of Culicoides spp. (summer-autumn). Serum and spleen samples were analysed to detect exposure (using commercial blocking ELISAs) and infection (by RT-PCR), respectively, to BTV and SBV. Cattle were not tested by BTV-bELISA because all were previously vaccinated against BTV serotypes 1 and 4. High BTV seroprevalences were found in red deer (97.0%) and fallow deer (64.7%). Antibodies against SBV were detected in 37.0% of cattle, 16.8% of red deer, 23.5% of fallow deer and 2.0% of wild boar. Thirty-eight of the 203 deer (18.7%; 17 red deer and 21 fallow deer) were co-exposed to both viral agents. BTV-4 RNA was confirmed in four red deer and two fallow deer. SBV RNA was found in two fallow deer. Co-infections were not detected. Our results indicate high exposure, widespread distribution, and active circulation of BTV and SBV in the ruminant community in the study area. We provide additional evidence for the potential role of wild cervids as reservoirs of these Culicoides-borne viruses in two different epidemiological scenarios: with vaccination (BTV) and without vaccination (SBV) of sympatric livestock. This study highlights the importance of wildlife surveillance, particularly of cervid species, for the proper execution of control programmes of Culicoides-borne diseases in extensively reared livestock. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Jiménez-Ruiz
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio). Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ). Departamento de Sanidad Animal. Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, 14014, Spain
| | - Joaquín Vicente
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio). Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | - María A Risalde
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ). Departamento de Anatomía, Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología. Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, 14014, Spain.,Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, 14004, Spain.,CIBERINFEC
| | - Pelayo Acevedo
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio). Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | - David Cano-Terriza
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ). Departamento de Sanidad Animal. Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, 14014, Spain.,CIBERINFEC
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, 28220, Spain.,SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Patricia Barroso
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio). Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ). Departamento de Sanidad Animal. Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, 14014, Spain.,CIBERINFEC
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3
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Caballero-Gómez J, Cano Terriza D, Pujols J, Martínez-Nevado E, Carbonell MD, Guerra R, Recuero J, Soriano P, Barbero J, García-Bocanegra I. Monitoring of bluetongue virus in zoo animals in Spain, 2007-2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1739-1747. [PMID: 33963677 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an emerging and re-emerging communicable vector-borne disease of animal health concern. A serosurvey was performed to assess exposure to BT virus (BTV) in zoo animals in Spain and to determine the dynamics of seropositivity in longitudinally sampled individuals during the study period. Serum samples were collected from 241 zoo animals belonging to 71 different species in five urban zoos (A-E) in Spain between 2007 and 2019. Twenty-four of these animals were longitudinally surveyed at three of the sampled zoos (zoos B, C and E) during the study period. Anti-BTV antibodies were found in 46 (19.1%; 95% CI: 14.1-24.1) of the 241 captive animals analysed by commercial ELISA. A virus neutralization test confirmed specific antibodies against BTV-1 and BTV-4 in 25 (10.7%; 95% CI: 6.7-14.6) and five (3.0%; 95% CI: 0.3-4.0) animals, respectively. Two of the 24 longitudinally sampled individuals (one African elephant (Loxodanta africana) and one aoudad (Ammotragus lervia)) showed anti-BTV antibodies at all samplings, whereas seroconversions were detected in one mouflon (Ovis aries musimon) in 2016, and one Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in 2019. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first large-scale survey on BTV conducted in both artiodactyl and non-artiodactyl zoo species worldwide. The results confirm BTV exposure in urban zoo parks in Spain, which could be of animal health and conservation concern. Circulation of BTV was detected in yearling animals in years when there were no reports of BTV outbreaks in livestock. Surveillance in artiodactyl and non-artiodactyl zoo species could be a valuable tool for epidemiological monitoring of BTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Caballero-Gómez
- Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Clinical Virology and Zoonoses Group, Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Cano Terriza
- Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Joan Pujols
- IRTA, Animal Health Research Center (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus of the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jesús Recuero
- Veterinary and Conservation Department, Bioparc Fuengirola, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Barbero
- Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Evaluation of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of bluetongue virus in wild ruminants. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 70:101461. [PMID: 32151837 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a reportable re-emerging vector-borne disease of animal health concern. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are frequently used in BT surveillance programs in domestic ruminants, but their diagnostic accuracy has not been evaluated for wild ruminants, which can play an important role as natural reservoirs of bluetongue virus (BTV). The aim of this study was to assess two commercial ELISAs for BT diagnosis in wild ruminants using control sera of known BTV infection status and field samples. When control sera were tested, the double recognition ELISA (DR-ELISA) showed 100 % sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp), while the competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) had 86.4 % Se and 97.1 % Sp. Using field samples, the selected latent-class analysis model showed 95.7 % Se and 85.9 % Sp for DR-ELISA, 58.2 % Se and 95.8 % Sp for C-ELISA and 84.2 % Se for the serum neutralization test (SNT). Our results indicate that the DR-ELISA may be a useful diagnostic method to assess BTV circulation in endemic areas, while the C-ELISA should be selected when free-areas are surveyed. The discrepancy between control and field samples point out that the inclusion of field samples is required to assess the accuracy of commercial ELISAs for the serological diagnosis of BTV in wild ruminants.
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More S, Bicout D, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Mertens P, Savini G, Zientara S, Broglia A, Baldinelli F, Gogin A, Kohnle L, Calistri P. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): bluetongue. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04957. [PMID: 32625623 PMCID: PMC7010010 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A specific concept of strain was developed in order to classify the BTV serotypes ever reported in Europe based on their properties of animal health impact: the genotype, morbidity, mortality, speed of spread, period and geographical area of occurrence were considered as classification parameters. According to this methodology the strain groups identified were (i) the BTV strains belonging to serotypes BTV-1-24, (ii) some strains of serotypes BTV-16 and (iii) small ruminant-adapted strains belonging to serotypes BTV-25, -27, -30. Those strain groups were assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7, Article 5 on the eligibility of bluetongue to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to bluetongue. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection, expert judgement at individual and collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. The strain group BTV (1-24) can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL, while the strain group BTV-25-30 and BTV-16 cannot. The strain group BTV-1-24 meets the criteria as in Sections 2 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (b) and (e) of Article 9(1) of the AHL. The animal species that can be considered to be listed for BTV-1-24 according to Article 8(3) are several species of Bovidae, Cervidae and Camelidae as susceptible species; domestic cattle, sheep and red deer as reservoir hosts, midges insect of genus Culicoides spp. as vector species.
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Arenas-Montes A, Paniagua J, Arenas A, Lorca-Oró C, Carbonero A, Cano-Terriza D, García-Bocanegra I. Spatial-temporal Trends and Factors Associated with the Bluetongue Virus Seropositivity in Large Game Hunting Areas from Southern Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:e339-46. [PMID: 25482024 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
An epidemiological study was carried out to determine the spatial-temporal trends and risk factors potentially involved in the seropositivity to bluetongue virus (BTV) in hunting areas with presence of red deer (Cervus elaphus). A total of 60 of 98 (61.2%; CI95% : 51.6-70.9) hunting areas sampled presented at least one seropositive red deer. Antibodies against BTV were detected in juvenile animals during the hunting seasons 2007/2008 to 2013/2014 in 15 of 98 (15.3%) hunting areas, which indicates an uninterrupted circulation of BTV in this period. A multivariate logistic regression model showed that the red deer density at hunting area level (>22 individuals/km(2) ), the annual abundance of Culicoides imicola (>1.4 mosquitoes/sampling) and the goat density at municipality level (>24.1 individuals/km(2) ) were factors significantly associated with BTV seropositivity in hunting areas. Control measures against BTV in the studied area include vaccination programmes in wild and domestic ruminants, movement control in areas with high densities and abundance of red deer and C. imicola, respectively. Considering the potential risk of BTV re-emergence, red deer should be included in the BT surveillance programmes in regions where these species share habitats with livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arenas-Montes
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - J Paniagua
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Arenas
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Lorca-Oró
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Carbonero
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - D Cano-Terriza
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - I García-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
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7
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Long-term dynamics of bluetongue virus in wild ruminants: relationship with outbreaks in livestock in Spain, 2006-2011. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100027. [PMID: 24940879 PMCID: PMC4062458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild and domestic ruminants are susceptible to Bluetongue virus (BTV) infection. Three BTV serotypes (BTV-4, BTV-1 and BTV-8) have been detected in Spain in the last decade. Even though control strategies have been applied to livestock, BTV circulation has been frequently detected in wild ruminant populations in Spain. The aim of the present study is to assess the role for wild ruminants in maintaining BTV after the vaccination programs in livestock in mainland Spain. A total of 931 out 1,914 (48.6%) serum samples, collected from eight different wild ruminant species between 2006 and 2011, were BTV positive by ELISA. In order to detect specific antibodies against BTV-1, BTV-4 and BTV-8, positive sera were also tested by serumneutralisation test (SNT). From the ELISA positive samples that could be tested by SNT (687 out of 931), 292 (42.5%) showed neutralising antibodies against one or two BTV serotypes. For each BTV seroptype, the number of outbreaks in livestock (11,857 outbreaks in total) was modelled with pure autoregressive models and the resulting smoothed values, representing the predicted number of BTV outbreaks in livestock at municipality level, were positively correlated with BTV persistence in wild species. The strength of this relationship significantly decreased as red deer (Cervus elaphus) population abundance increased. In addition, BTV RNA was detected by real time RT-PCR in 32 out of 311 (10.3%) spleen samples from seropositive animals. Although BT outbreaks in livestock have decreased substantially after vaccination campaigns, our results indicated that wild ruminants have been exposed to BTV in territories where outbreaks in domestic animals occurred. The detection of BTV RNA and spatial association between BT outbreaks in livestock and BTV rates in red deer are consistent with the hypothesis of virus circulation and BTV maintenance within Iberian wild ruminant populations.
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The role of wildlife in bluetongue virus maintenance in Europe: lessons learned after the natural infection in Spain. Virus Res 2014; 182:50-8. [PMID: 24394295 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a re-emergent vector-borne viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of the genus Orbivirus. A complex multi-host, multi-vector and multi-pathogen (26 serotypes) transmission and maintenance network has recently emerged in Europe, and wild ruminants are regarded as an important node in this network. This review analyses the reservoir role of wild ruminants in Europe, identifying gaps in knowledge and proposing actions. Wild ruminant species are indicators of BTV circulation. Excepting the mouflon (Ovis aries musimon), European wild ungulates do not develop clinical disease. Diagnostic techniques used in wildlife do not differ from those used in domestic ruminants provided they are validated. Demographic, behavioural and physiological traits of wild hosts modulate their relationship with BTV vectors and with the virus itself. While BTV has been eradicated from central and northern Europe, it is still circulating in the Mediterranean Basin. We propose that currently two BTV cycles coexist in certain regions of the Mediterranean Basin, a wild one largely driven by deer of the subfamily Cervinae and a domestic one. These are probably linked through shared Culicoides vectors of several species. We suggest that wildlife might be contributing to this situation through vector maintenance and virus maintenance. Additionally, differences in temperature and other environmental factors add complexity to the Mediterranean habitats as compared to central and northern European ones. Intervention options in wildlife populations are limited. There is a need to know the role of wildlife in maintaining Culicoides populations, and to know which Culicoides species mediate the wildlife-livestock-BTV transmission events. There is also a clear need to study more in depth the links between Cervinae deer densities, environmental factors and BTV maintenance. Regarding disease control, we suggest that research efforts should be focused on wildlife population and wildlife disease monitoring.
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Vaccination induces long-lasting neutralising antibodies against bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8 in Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-013-0783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Drolet BS, Reister LM, Rigg TD, Nol P, Podell BK, Mecham JO, VerCauteren KC, van Rijn PA, Wilson WC, Bowen RA. Experimental infection of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with Northern European bluetongue virus serotype 8. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:347-55. [PMID: 23876932 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an insect-transmitted, economically important disease of domestic and wild ruminants. Although only five of the 26 reported bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes are considered endemic to the USA, 10 exotic serotypes have been isolated primarily in the southeastern region of the country since 1999. For an exotic BTV serotype to become endemic there must be susceptible animal species and competent vectors. In the USA, sheep and white-tailed deer (WTD) are the primary sentinel livestock and wildlife species, respectively. In 2006, BTV-8 was introduced into Northern Europe and subsequently overwintered, causing unprecedented livestock disease and mortality during the 2006-2007 vector seasons. To assess the risk of the European strain of BTV-8 to North American WTD, and understand the role they could play after a similar introduction, eight bluetongue-seronegative WTD were inoculated with BTV-8. Body temperatures and clinical signs were recorded daily. Blood samples were analyzed for BTV RNA with quantitative real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), serum analyzed for BTV antibodies by cELISA, and tissues taken for histopathology and qRT-PCR. All eight deer became infected and developed moderate to severe clinical disease from days 8 to 15. Peak viremia was from day 7 to 10 with detectable titers through the end of the study (28 days) in most deer. Serum antibody was detected by day 6, peaked by day 10 and continued through day 28. We conclude that North American WTD are highly susceptible to BTV-8 and would act as clinical disease sentinels and amplifying hosts during an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S Drolet
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
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de Diego ACP, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Bluetongue in Spain: From the First Outbreak to 2012. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 61:e1-11. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Pérez de Diego
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre and Animal Health Department; Veterinary Faculty; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - P. J. Sánchez-Cordón
- Department of Comparative Pathology; Veterinary Faculty; University of Córdoba; Córdoba Spain
| | - J. M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre and Animal Health Department; Veterinary Faculty; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
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Galindo RC, Falconi C, López-Olvera JR, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Fernández-Pacheco P, Fernández-Pinero J, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Gortázar C, de la Fuente J. Global gene expression analysis in skin biopsies of European red deer experimentally infected with bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8. Vet Microbiol 2012; 161:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Falconi C, López-Olvera JR, Boadella M, Camarena J, Rosell R, Alcaide V, Vicente J, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Pujols J, Gortázar C. Evidence for BTV-4 circulation in free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Cabañeros National Park, Spain. Vet Microbiol 2012; 159:40-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lorca-Oró C, Pujols J, García-Bocanegra I, Mentaberre G, Granados JE, Solanes D, Fandos P, Galindo I, Domingo M, Lavín S, López-Olvera JR. Protection of Spanish Ibex (Capra pyrenaica) against Bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8 in a subclinical experimental infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36380. [PMID: 22666321 PMCID: PMC3364256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many wild ruminants such as Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) are susceptible to Bluetongue virus (BTV) infection, which causes disease mainly in domestic sheep and cattle. Outbreaks involving either BTV serotypes 1 (BTV-1) and 8 (BTV-8) are currently challenging Europe. Inclusion of wildlife vaccination among BTV control measures should be considered in certain species. In the present study, four out of fifteen seronegative Spanish ibexes were immunized with a single dose of inactivated vaccine against BTV-1, four against BTV-8 and seven ibexes were non vaccinated controls. Seven ibexes (four vaccinated and three controls) were inoculated with each BTV serotype. Antibody and IFN-gamma responses were evaluated until 28 days after inoculation (dpi). The vaccinated ibexes showed significant (P<0.05) neutralizing antibody levels after vaccination compared to non vaccinated ibexes. The non vaccinated ibexes remained seronegative until challenge and showed neutralizing antibodies from 7 dpi. BTV RNA was detected in the blood of non vaccinated ibexes from 2 to the end of the study (28 dpi) and in target tissue samples obtained at necropsy (8 and 28 dpi). BTV-1 was successfully isolated on cell culture from blood and target tissues of non vaccinated ibexes. Clinical signs were unapparent and no gross lesions were found at necropsy. Our results show for the first time that Spanish ibex is susceptible and asymptomatic to BTV infection and also that a single dose of vaccine prevents viraemia against BTV-1 and BTV-8 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lorca-Oró
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Monitoring bluetongue virus vectors in Andalusia (SW Europe): Culicoides species composition and factors affecting capture rates of the biting midge Culicoides imicola. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:1267-75. [PMID: 22610444 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we summarize the results of captures of Culicoides species in Andalusia (S Spain) during 2007-2008. Four out of the 15 midge species-Culicoides imicola, Culicoides obsoletus complex, Culicoides pulicaris complex, and Culicoides nubeculosus-accounted for 80.7 % of captures (n = 68,190). Captures were seasonal and mostly occurred in May-November. The overall number of Culicoides specimens captured and the mean number of caught per trap were higher in 2007. We used an information-theoretic approach to analyze whether environmental factors (e.g., weather, altitude above the sea level, distance of the trap from the ground, distance to animals, and land use) affected C. imicola capture probability and success. Mean temperature and rainfall (both integrated into the Gaussen index), distance of traps to host animals, and trap height above the ground were the main factors explaining variance in capture rates in the Bluetongue Entomologic Surveillance Andalusian Program (BESAP). However, all of these patterns strongly varied among traps. As previously remarked by other authors, standardized capture methods and protocols for trap use are needed to ensure that results obtained in different geographical areas and/or periods are comparable.
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