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Schramm A, Ackermann M, Eichwald C, Aguilar C, Fraefel C, Lechmann J. Antibody reactions of horses against various domains of the EHV-1 receptor-binding protein gD1. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301987. [PMID: 38995916 PMCID: PMC11244823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Equid alphaherpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4) are closely related and both endemic in horses worldwide. Both viruses replicate in the upper respiratory tract, but EHV-1 may additionally lead to abortion and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). We focused on antibody responses in horses against the receptor-binding glycoprotein D of EHV-1 (gD1), which shares a 77% amino acid identity with its counterpart in EHV-4 (gD4). Both antigens give rise to cross-reacting antibodies, including neutralizing antibodies. However, immunity against EHV-4 is not considered protective against EHM. While a diagnostic ELISA to discriminate between EHV-1 and EHV-4 infections is available based on type-specific fragments of glycoprotein G (gG1 and gG4, respectively), the type-specific antibody reaction against gD1 has not yet been sufficiently addressed. Starting from the N-terminus of gD1, we developed luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assays, using gD1-fragments of increasing size as antigens, i.e. gD1_83 (comprising the first 83 amino acids), gD1_160, gD1_180, and gD1_402 (the full-length molecule). These assays were then used to analyse panels of horse sera from Switzerland (n = 60) and Iceland (n = 50), the latter of which is considered EHV-1 free. We detected only one true negative horse serum from Iceland, whereas all other sera in both panels were seropositive for both gG4 (ELISA) and gD1 (LIPS against gD1_402). In contrast, seropositivity against gG1 was rather rare (35% Swiss sera; 14% Icelandic sera). Therefore, a high percentage of antibodies against gD1 could be attributed to cross-reaction and due to EHV-4 infections. In contrast, the gD1_83 fragment was able to identify sera with type-specific antibodies against gD1. Interestingly, those sera stemmed almost exclusively from vaccinated horses. Although it is uncertain that the N-terminal epitopes of gD1 addressed in this communication are linked to better protection, we suggest that in future vaccine developments, type-common antigens should be avoided, while a broad range of type-specific antigens should be favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Schramm
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Eichwald
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Aguilar
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Lechmann
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ryt-Hansen P, Johansen VK, Cuicani MM, Larsen LE, Hansen S. Outbreak of equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) in Denmark: tracing patient zero and viral characterization. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:287. [PMID: 38961400 PMCID: PMC11221098 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) causes respiratory disease in horses, and the virus is considered endemic in the global equine population. However, outbreaks can occur when several horses are gathered in relation to shows, competitions, breeding units and at hospitals. In the spring year 2022, an EHV-4 outbreak occurred at the Large Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Nine horses were tested EHV-4 positive during the outbreak, which lasted approx. seven weeks. In addition, a tenth horse "Eq10" tested EHV-4 positive almost three weeks after the last of the outbreak horses tested positive. Detailed clinical registrations were obtained from all ten horses as well as their location and movement during hospitalization. Nasal swabs were obtained throughout the outbreak and tested by qPCR for EHV-4. Additionally, pre- and post-infection sera were tested for the presence of EHV-4 antibodies. Selected samples were characterized by partial and full genome sequencing. RESULTS The most common clinical signs of the EHV-4 infected horses during this outbreak were pyrexia, nasal discharge, mandibular lymphadenopathy and increased lung sounds upon auscultation. Based on the locations of the horses, EHV-4 detection and antibody responses the most likely "patient zero" was identified as being "Eq1". Partial genome sequencing revealed that Eq10 was infected by another wild type EHV-4 strain, suggesting that the hospital was able to eliminate the outbreak by testing and reinforcing biosecurity measures. The complete genome sequence of the outbreak strain was obtained and revealed a closer relation to Australian and Japanese EHV-4 strains rather than to other European EHV-4 strains, however, very limited sequence data are available from Europe. CONCLUSION The study illustrated the transmission of EHV-4 within an equine facility/hospital and provided new insights into the viral shedding, antibody responses and clinical signs related to EHV-4 infections. Finally, sequencing proved a useful tool in understanding the transmission within the hospital, and in characterizing of the outbreak strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Ryt-Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, Frederiksberg C, DK-1870, Denmark.
| | - Victoria Kyhl Johansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, Frederiksberg C, DK-1870, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, Frederiksberg C, DK-1870, Denmark
| | - Sanni Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
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de la Cuesta‐Torrado M, Velloso Alvarez A, Neira‐Egea P, Cuervo‐Arango J. Long-term performance of show-jumping horses and relationship with severity of ataxia and complications associated with myeloencephalopathy caused by equine herpes virus-1. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1799-1807. [PMID: 38609161 PMCID: PMC11099729 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) has severe impact on the sport horse population. OBJECTIVE Study the influence of EHM on the likelihood of affected horses to return to their previous performance and investigate the association of clinical variables with prognosis. ANIMALS Twenty-six horses positive for equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) were admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital (VTH) during a natural EHM outbreak at an international jumping event. METHODS Data collected from the VTH, the International Equestrian Federation, and surveys completed by the riders and horse owners were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS Horses affected by EHM had 68% chance of returning to exercise, and 52.9% were able to achieve their preoutbreak performance level. Horses with an ataxia grade at admission ≥4/5 had an increased fatality rate (P < .05) and 10% chance of reaching their preoutbreak performance level. None of the horses with both vascular and urinary complications returned to their previous performance level. Finally, horses vaccinated against EHV-1 and those with urinary complications had a 71.4% and 43.7% fatality rate, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Horses affected by EHM were able to return to their previous performance levels, but certain clinical variables were negatively associated with postoutbreak performance. Ataxia grade upon admission and the development of systemic signs of vasculitis and urinary complications were potential poor prognostic indicators in sport horses. Variables linked to fatality included prior vaccination against EHV-1, ataxia grade upon admission, and the development of urinary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de la Cuesta‐Torrado
- Department of Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversidad CEU‐Cardenal Herrera, CEU UniversitiesValenciaSpain
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEUValenciaSpain
| | - Ana Velloso Alvarez
- Department of Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversidad CEU‐Cardenal Herrera, CEU UniversitiesValenciaSpain
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEUValenciaSpain
| | | | - Juan Cuervo‐Arango
- Department of Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversidad CEU‐Cardenal Herrera, CEU UniversitiesValenciaSpain
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEUValenciaSpain
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Worku A, Molla W, Kenubih A, Gizaw D, Muluneh A, Admassu B, Ejo M, Dagnaw GG, Bitew AB, Fentahun T, Getnet K, Dejene H, Berrie K, Ibrahim SM, Gessese AT, Fenta MD, Dessalegn B, Birhan M, Kinde MZ. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of equine herpesvirus type-1/-4 in selected districts of Northwest Amhara, Ethiopia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 107:102155. [PMID: 38460360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, determine the distribution, and identify the epidemiological risk factors of EHV-1/-4 infections in selected districts of Northwest Amhara Region. 460 serum samples were collected from equines using multistage cluster sampling technique, and a competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was performed. Various risk factors for the occurrence of EHV-1/-4 were considered. Statistical analysis was performed using R version 4.3.1. 65.9% (303) equids were tested positive for antibodies against EHV-1/-4. Based on district, the highest prevalence was recorded in Wogera (86.1%), while the lowest was in Debark (47.4%). There was a significant difference (p <0.05; 95% CI: 1.1067993-3.682843) in the prevalence of EHV-1/-4 among species and donkeys are 2.019 times more likely to get an EHV infection than horses. The prevalence of EHV-1/-4 was highest in equids with the age of 3-8 years and lowest in < 3 years, and the difference was statistically significant (p <0.05; 95% CI: 1.9812042-6.771820). Statistically significant variation (p <0.05; 95% CI: 1.1173822-2.684013) was also observed between sex of equids in which females had 1.73 times higher chance to get EHV infection than males. Higher prevalence was found in lactating equids (81.6%), followed by pregnant equids (74.6%), and dry equids (66.4%). Generally, this study indicated a high and wide distribution of EHV-1/-4 infection in the study area, which needs due attention. Devising strategies to prevent and minimize the spread and occurrence of the infection is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmut Worku
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Wassie Molla
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and public health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Ambaye Kenubih
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Gizaw
- Animal Health Institute (AHI), Ministry of Livestock and Fishery, P. O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Ayelech Muluneh
- Animal Health Institute (AHI), Ministry of Livestock and Fishery, P. O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Bemrew Admassu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrat Ejo
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Getaneh Dagnaw
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Belete Bitew
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and public health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Tewodros Fentahun
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Kalkidan Getnet
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and public health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Haileyesus Dejene
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and public health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Berrie
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and public health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Saddam Mohammed Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Tesfaye Gessese
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Melkie Dagnaw Fenta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Bereket Dessalegn
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Mastewal Birhan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrie Zemene Kinde
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia.
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Lebrasseur O, More KD, Orlando L. Equine herpesvirus 4 infected domestic horses associated with Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots around 4,000 years ago. Virus Evol 2024; 10:vead087. [PMID: 38465241 PMCID: PMC10924538 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine viral outbreaks have disrupted the socio-economic life of past human societies up until the late 19th century and continue to be of major concern to the horse industry today. With a seroprevalence of 60-80 per cent, equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) is the most common horse pathogen on the planet. Yet, its evolutionary history remains understudied. Here, we screen the sequenced data of 264 archaeological horse remains to detect the presence of EHV-4. We recover the first ancient EHV-4 genome with 4.2× average depth-of-coverage from a specimen excavated in the Southeastern Urals and dated to the Early Bronze Age period, approximately 3,900 years ago. The recovery of an EHV-4 virus outside the upper respiratory tract not only points to an animal particularly infected but also highlights the importance of post-cranial bones in pathogen characterisation. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction provides a minimal time estimate for EHV-4 diversification to around 4,000 years ago, a time when modern domestic horses spread across the Central Asian steppes together with spoke-wheeled Sintashta chariots, or earlier. The analyses also considerably revise the diversification time of the two EHV-4 subclades from the 16th century based solely on modern data to nearly a thousand years ago. Our study paves the way for a robust reconstruction of the history of non-human pathogens and their impact on animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Lebrasseur
- Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse (CAGT), CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France
- Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano, 3 de Febrero 1370 (1426), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kuldeep Dilip More
- Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse (CAGT), CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse (CAGT), CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France
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Emelogu U, Lewin AC, Balasuriya UBR, Liu CC, Wilkes RP, Zhang J, Mills EP, Carter RT. Phylogenomic assessment of 23 equid alphaherpesvirus 1 isolates obtained from USA-based equids. Virol J 2023; 20:278. [PMID: 38031153 PMCID: PMC10688130 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is a global viral pathogen of domestic equids which causes reproductive, respiratory and neurological disease. Few isolates acquired from naturally infected USA-based hosts have been fully sequenced and analyzed to date. An ORF 30 (DNA polymerase) variant (A2254G) has previously been associated with neurological disease in host animals. The purpose of this study was to perform phylogenomic analysis of EHV-1 isolates acquired from USA-based hosts and compare these isolates to previously sequenced global isolates. METHODS EHV-1 was isolated from 23 naturally infected USA-based equids (6 different states, 15 disease outbreaks) with reproductive (22/23) or neurological disease (1/23). Following virus isolation, EHV-1 DNA was extracted for sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. Following reference-based assembly, whole viral genomes were annotated and assessed. Previously sequenced EHV-1 isolates (n = 114) obtained from global host equids were included in phylogenomic analyses. RESULTS The overall average genomic distance was 0.0828% (SE 0.004%) for the 23 newly sequenced USA isolates and 0.0705% (SE 0.003%) when all 137 isolates were included. Clade structure was predominantly based on geographic origin. Numerous nucleotide substitutions (mean [range], 179 [114-297] synonymous and 81 [38-120] non-synonymous substitutions per isolate) were identified throughout the genome of the newly sequenced USA isolates. The previously described ORF 30 A2254G substitution (associated with neurological disease) was found in only one isolate obtained from a host with non-neurological clinical signs (reproductive disease), six additional, unique, non-synonymous ORF 30 substitutions were detected in 22/23 USA isolates. Evidence of recombination was present in most (22/23) of the newly sequenced USA isolates. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the genomes of the 23 newly sequenced EHV-1 isolates obtained from USA-based hosts were broadly similar to global isolates. The previously described ORF 30 A2254G neurological substitution was infrequently detected in the newly sequenced USA isolates, most of which were obtained from host animals with reproductive disease. Recombination was likely to be partially responsible for genomic diversity in the newly sequenced USA isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugochi Emelogu
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Rebecca P Wilkes
- Purdue University, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Iowa State University, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Erinn P Mills
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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Wang T, Xi C, Yu Y, Liu W, Akhtar MF, Li Y, Wang C, Li L. Characteristics and epidemiological investigation of equid herpesvirus 8 in donkeys in Shandong, China. Arch Virol 2023; 168:99. [PMID: 36871102 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 8 (EHV-8), also known as asinine herpesvirus type 3 (AHV-3), can cause severe respiratory disease, abortion in mares, and neurological disorders. There is limited information on the prevalence of EHV-8 in donkeys in China. In this study, we investigated EHV-8 infection in donkeys using PCR, resulting in the identification of a field strain, termed EHV-8 SD2020113, which was isolated using RK-13 cells and characterized by high-throughput sequencing and transmission electron microscopy. Our data indicated that 38.7% (457/1180) of donkeys showed the presence of EHV-8 in blood samples. Analysis of the ORF70 gene showed the highest similarity (99.8-99.9% identity) to EHV-8 IR/2015/40 (MF431614.1) and SDLC66 (MW816102), and, in phylogenetic analysis, it clustered with EHV-8 SDLC66 from China. The findings of this study indicate that EHV-8 is likely to represent a threat to the donkey industry, and breeders and veterinarians who care for donkey farms should be aware of this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Wang
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Cankun Xi
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yue Yu
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | | | - Yubao Li
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.
| | - Changfa Wang
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.
| | - Liangliang Li
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.
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Wondimagegnehu K, Leta S, Amenu K, Negussie H. Molecular detection and assessment of the epidemiological risk factors associated with equine herpesvirus 2 and 5 in working equids in central Ethiopia. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2396-2403. [DOI: 10.1002/vms3.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kifle Wondimagegnehu
- Alage Agricultural Technical Vocational Education and Training College Ministry of Agriculture Alage Ethiopia
| | - Samson Leta
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Addis Ababa University Bishoftu Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Amenu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Addis Ababa University Bishoftu Ethiopia
| | - Haileleul Negussie
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Addis Ababa University Bishoftu Ethiopia
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An Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus-4 in an Ecological Donkey Milk Farm in Romania. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030468. [PMID: 35335100 PMCID: PMC8953855 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesviruses are important pathogens causing significant economic loss in equine and asinine populations. EHV-1/4 strains are mainly associated with respiratory distress. The aim of this study is to report the first EHV 4-associated respiratory disease in donkeys in Romania. Thirty-seven of three hundred jennies in an ecological donkey farm in southwest Romania started initially showing signs of severe upper respiratory tract disease, with ten concomitant late abortions/neonatal deaths and three neurological cases. There were nine fatalities. Pathological examination was performed, and samples were collected for Real-Time PCR analysis and histology. In addition, serum samples from 28 individuals with respiratory symptoms were collected and tested using indirect ELISA. RT-PCR identified the EHV-4 strain. Acute, diffuse necrotizing bronchointerstitial pneumonia with occasional intraepithelial intranuclear viral inclusion bodies was identified. Additionally, EHV-1/4-specific antibodies were found in 15 of the 28 sampled animals. Few studies on donkeys and herpesviruses have been published, and this is the first reported case of EHV-4 outbreak in Romania. There is a need for more extensive seroprevalence studies as, currently, the status of EHV-4 infection in donkeys in Romania is unknown.
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10
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Wang T, Hu L, Wang Y, Liu W, Liu G, Zhu M, Zhang W, Wang C, Ren H, Li L. Identification of equine herpesvirus 8 in donkey abortion: a case report. Virol J 2022; 19:10. [PMID: 34991640 PMCID: PMC8734136 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine herpesvirus-8 (EHV-8) is one of the most economically significant viruses that infect mammals of the genus Equus worldwide, which cause severe respiratory diseases and abortion in horses. However, there is no report of abortion caused by EHV-8 in donkeys. Case presentation The present case report is about a 4-year-old donkey having an abortion and showing a serious respiratory issue on the 296th day of pregnancy. Bacteriological and molecular tests were used to screen possible bacterial/viral pathogens to detect the etiological agent. Salmonella abortus equi, EHV-1, EHV-4, and EAV were all negative in the current study. EHV-8, on the other hand, was the only agent that was isolated and identified. Conclusions This was for the first time that EHV-8 had been isolated from a donkey in China. EHV-8 infection can cause abortion in donkeys; therefore, veterinarians and breeders should be aware of it. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01738-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Wang
- Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Leyu Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Guiqin Liu
- Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Mingxia Zhu
- Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, 250100, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.
| | - Huiying Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Liangliang Li
- Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Calvo AV, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Carvelli A, Paillot R, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Baldinelli F, Van der Stede Y. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infection with Equine Herpesvirus-1. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07036. [PMID: 35035581 PMCID: PMC8753587 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of: Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of the disease to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of the disease according to disease prevention and control measures as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, and expert judgement on each criterion at individual and collective level. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether the criterion is fulfilled (66-100%) or not (0-33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment (33-66%). For the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. According to the assessment performed, Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the Animal Health Law with 33-90% certainty. According to the criteria as in Annex IV of the AHL related to Article 9 of the AHL for the categorisation of diseases according to the level of prevention and control, it was assessed with less than 1% certainty that EHV-1 fulfils the criteria as in Section 1 (category A), 1-5% for the criteria as in Section 2 (category B), 10-66% for the criteria as in Section 3 (category C), 66-90% for the criteria as in Section 4 (category D) and 33-90% for the criteria as in Section 5 (category E). The animal species to be listed for EHV-1 infection according to Article 8(3) criteria are the species belonging to the families of Equidae, Bovidae, Camelidae, Caviidae, Cervidae, Cricetidae, Felidae, Giraffidae, Leporidae, Muridae, Rhinocerontidae, Tapiridae and Ursidae.
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Seroprevalence of Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and Equine Herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) in the Northern Moroccan Horse Populations. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102851. [PMID: 34679874 PMCID: PMC8532652 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This work aims to evaluate the seroprevalence of equine EHV-1/4 in horse populations in the north of Morocco and to measure the antibody titers in vaccinated horses, under field conditions, with monovalent EHV-1 vaccines. Overall, 12.8% unvaccinated, and 21.8% vaccinated horses were positive for EHV-1. All samples were positive for EHV-4 when tested with the type-specific ELISA. The virus neutralization test showed low antibody titers in samples from vaccinated horses. Our study demonstrated that EHV-1 and EHV-4 are endemic in the horse populations in the north of Morocco and highlighted the necessity of reevaluating the vaccines and the vaccination protocol used. Abstract This study reports the first equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and equine herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4) seroprevalence investigation in horse populations of Morocco in 24 years. It also aims to determine antibody titers in horses vaccinated under field conditions with a monovalent EHV-1 vaccine. Blood samples were collected from 405 horses, including 163 unvaccinated and 242 vaccinated animals. They were tested using a commercial type-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a virus neutralization test (VNT). Overall, 12.8% unvaccinated, and 21.8% vaccinated horses were positive for EHV-1. All samples were positive for EHV-4 when tested with the type-specific ELISA. In the vaccinated group, the VNT revealed a mean antibody titer of 1:49 for EHV-1 and 1:45 for EHV-4. The present study demonstrates that EHV-1 and EHV-4 are endemic in the horse populations in the north of Morocco, with prevalence differences between regions. Furthermore, horses vaccinated with a monovalent EHV-1 vaccine had low antibodies titers. This study highlights the necessity to establish and/or support efficient biosecurity strategies based on sound management of horses and characterize further and potentially improve the efficiency of the EHV vaccines and vaccination protocol used in the field.
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13
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Easton-Jones C. Recent advancements in our understanding of equid gammaherpesvirus infections. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:11-23. [PMID: 34519074 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Equid gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous and widespread in the equine population. Despite their frequent detection, their contribution to immune system modulation and the pathogenesis of several diseases remains unclear. Genetic variability and the combination of equid gammaherpesvirus strains a horse is infected with might be clinically significant. Initial gammaherpesvirus infection occurs in foals peripartum with latency then established in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A novel EHV-5 study suggests that following inhalation equid gammaherpesviruses might obtain direct access to T and B lymphocytes via the tonsillar crypts to establish latency. EHV-5 is associated with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, however, unlike with EHV-2 there is currently minimal evidence for its role in milder cases of respiratory disease and poor performance. Transmission is presumed to be via the upper respiratory tract with periodic reactivation of the latent virus in adult horses. Stress of transport has been identified as a risk factor for reactivation and shedding of equine gammaherpesviruses. There is currently a lack of evidence for the effectiveness of antiviral drugs in the treatment of equine gammaherpesvirus infections.
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Altan E, Hui A, Li Y, Pesavento P, Asín J, Crossley B, Deng X, Uzal FA, Delwart E. New Parvoviruses and Picornavirus in Tissues and Feces of Foals with Interstitial Pneumonia. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081612. [PMID: 34452477 PMCID: PMC8402702 DOI: 10.3390/v13081612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Six foals with interstitial pneumonia of undetermined etiology from Southern California were analyzed by viral metagenomics. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples obtained during necropsy from each animal were pooled, and nucleic acids from virus-like particles enriched for deep sequencing. The recently described equine copiparvovirus named eqcopivirus, as well as three previously uncharacterized viruses, were identified. The complete ORFs genomes of two closely related protoparvoviruses, and of a bocaparvovirus, plus the partial genome of a picornavirus were assembled. The parvoviruses were classified as members of new ungulate protoparvovirus and bocaparvovirus species in the Parvoviridae family. The picornavirus was classified as a new species in the Salivirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples from each foal were then tested for these viral genomes by nested PCR and RT-PCR. When present, parvoviruses were detected in both feces and spleen. The picornavirus, protoparvovirus, and eqcopivirus genomes were detected in the lungs of one animal each. Three foals were co-infected with the picornavirus and either a protoparvovirus, bocaparvovirus, or eqcopivirus. Two other foals were infected with a protoparvovirus only. No viral infection was detected in one animal. The complete ORFs of the first equine protoparvoviruses and bocaparvovirus, the partial ORF of the third equine picornavirus, and their detection in tissues of foals with interstitial pneumonia are described here. Testing the involvement of these viruses in fatal interstitial pneumonia or other equine diseases will require larger epidemiological and/or inoculation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Altan
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (A.H.); (Y.L.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Alvin Hui
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (A.H.); (Y.L.); (X.D.)
| | - Yanpeng Li
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (A.H.); (Y.L.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Patricia Pesavento
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.P.); (J.A.); (F.A.U.)
| | - Javier Asín
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.P.); (J.A.); (F.A.U.)
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (A.H.); (Y.L.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.P.); (J.A.); (F.A.U.)
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (A.H.); (Y.L.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Knox A, Beddoe T. Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Technologies for the Detection of Equine Viral Pathogens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072150. [PMID: 34359278 PMCID: PMC8300645 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equine viral diseases remain a prominent concern for human and equine health globally. Many of these viruses are of primary biosecurity concern to countries that import equines where these viruses are not present. In addition, several equine viruses are zoonotic, which can have a significant impact on human health. Current diagnostic techniques are both time consuming and laboratory-based. The ability to accurately detect diseases will lead to better management, treatment strategies, and health outcomes. This review outlines the current modern isothermal techniques for diagnostics, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification and insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction, and their application as point-of-care diagnostics for the equine industry. Abstract The global equine industry provides significant economic contributions worldwide, producing approximately USD $300 billion annually. However, with the continuous national and international movement and importation of horses, there is an ongoing threat of a viral outbreak causing large epidemics and subsequent significant economic losses. Additionally, horses serve as a host for several zoonotic diseases that could cause significant human health problems. The ability to rapidly diagnose equine viral diseases early could lead to better management, treatment, and biosecurity strategies. Current serological and molecular methods cannot be field-deployable and are not suitable for resource-poor laboratories due to the requirement of expensive equipment and trained personnel. Recently, isothermal nucleic acid amplification technologies, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (iiPCR), have been developed to be utilized in-field, and provide rapid results within an hour. We will review current isothermal diagnostic techniques available to diagnose equine viruses of biosecurity and zoonotic concern and provide insight into their potential for in-field deployment.
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Pouyan P, Nie C, Bhatia S, Wedepohl S, Achazi K, Osterrieder N, Haag R. Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Attachment and Infection by Sulfated Polyglycerols with Different Architectures. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1545-1554. [PMID: 33706509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) binding to the host cell surface by highly sulfated architectures is among the promising strategies to prevent virus entry and infection. However, the structural flexibility of multivalent inhibitors plays a major role in effective blockage and inhibition of virus receptors. In this study, we demonstrate the inhibitory effect of a polymer scaffold on the HSV-1 infection by using highly sulfated polyglycerols with different architectures (linear, dendronized, and hyperbranched). IC50 values for all synthesized sulfated polyglycerols and the natural sulfated polymer heparin were determined using plaque reduction infection assays. Interestingly, an increase in the IC50 value from 0.03 to 374 nM from highly flexible linear polyglycerol sulfate (LPGS) to less flexible scaffolds, namely, dendronized polyglycerol sulfate and hyperbranched polyglycerol sulfate was observed. The most potent LPGS inhibits HSV-1 infection 295 times more efficiently than heparin, and we show that LPGS has a much reduced anticoagulant capacity when compared to heparin as evidenced by measuring the activated partial thromboplastin time. Furthermore, prevention of infection by LPGS and the commercially available drug acyclovir were compared. All tested sulfated polymers do not show any cytotoxicity at concentrations of up to 1 mg/mL in different cell lines. We conclude from our results that more flexible polyglycerol sulfates are superior to less flexible sulfated polymers with respect to inhibition of HSV-1 infection and may constitute an alternative to the current antiviral treatments of this ubiquitous pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paria Pouyan
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Chuanxiong Nie
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, Berlin 14195, Germany.,Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Street 7-13, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - Sumati Bhatia
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Stefanie Wedepohl
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee. 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Katharina Achazi
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee. 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Street 7-13, Berlin 14163, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong TYB-1B-507, Hong Kong
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, Berlin 14195, Germany
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First detection and genetic characterization of equid herpesvirus 2, 4, and 5 in China. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1421-1426. [PMID: 33656577 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In November 2018, an outbreak of respiratory disease occurred in foals at an equestrian club in Changji, northern Xinjiang, China. We applied viral metagenomics to investigate this outbreak and identify potential pathogens involved in this equine respiratory syndrome. The metagenomics data revealed the presence of sequences matching those of equid herpesvirus (EHV) 2, 4, and 5. PCR with specific primers targeting ORF33 of EHV-4 and ORF8 of EHV-2 and EHV-5 revealed coinfection with these viruses in this respiratory syndrome. To investigate the prevalence of these viruses in China, 453 nasal swabs from clinically healthy thoroughbred foals (36/453, 7.9%) and horses (417/453, 92.1%) were collected from several equestrian clubs. Forty-five (9.9%) of the samples tested positive for EHV-5 DNA, and seven (1.5%) tested positive for EHV-2, but all were negative for EHV-4 DNA. Forty-nine (10.8%) samples tested positive for both EHV-5 and EHV-2 DNA. Using these samples, one complete EHV-4 ORF33, 10 partial EHV-2 ORF8, and 50 partial EHV-5 ORF8 sequences from the 10 diseased foals and 50 thoroughbred horses were then determined. Sequence analysis indicated that EHV-4 ORF33 and EHV-5 ORF8, in contrast to EHV-2 ORF8, had high sequence similarity to those of published sequences. Our data provide the first evidence that EHV-2, -4, and -5 co-circulate in China and that EHV-4 is potentially involved in this respiratory disease in foals.
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18
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Evasion of the Cell-Mediated Immune Response by Alphaherpesviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121354. [PMID: 33256093 PMCID: PMC7761393 DOI: 10.3390/v12121354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses cause various diseases and establish life-long latent infections in humans and animals. These viruses encode multiple viral proteins and miRNAs to evade the host immune response, including both innate and adaptive immunity. Alphaherpesviruses evolved highly advanced immune evasion strategies to be able to replicate efficiently in vivo and produce latent infections with recurrent outbreaks. This review describes the immune evasion strategies of alphaherpesviruses, especially against cytotoxic host immune responses. Considering these strategies, it is important to evaluate whether the immune evasion mechanisms in cell cultures are applicable to viral propagation and pathogenicity in vivo. This review focuses on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), natural killer cells (NK cells), and natural killer T cells (NKT cells), which are representative immune cells that directly damage virus-infected cells. Since these immune cells recognize the ligands expressed on their target cells via specific activating and/or inhibitory receptors, alphaherpesviruses make several ligands that may be targets for immune evasion. In addition, alphaherpesviruses suppress the infiltration of CTLs by downregulating the expression of chemokines at infection sites in vivo. Elucidation of the alphaherpesvirus immune evasion mechanisms is essential for the development of new antiviral therapies and vaccines.
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19
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Kamel M, Pavulraj S, Fauler B, Mielke T, Azab W. Equid Herpesvirus-1 Exploits the Extracellular Matrix of Mononuclear Cells to Ensure Transport to Target Cells. iScience 2020; 23:101615. [PMID: 33015592 PMCID: PMC7521387 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear cells are the first line of defense against microbial infection. Yet, several viruses have evolved different mechanisms to overcome host defenses to ensure their spread. Here, we show unique mechanisms of how equid herpesvirus-1 manipulates peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to travel further in the body. (1) "PBMC-hitching": at the initial contact, herpesviruses lurk in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of PBMC without entering the cells. The virus exploits the components of the ECM to bind, transport, and then egress to infect other cells. (2) "Intracellular delivery": transendothelial migration is a physiological mechanism where mononuclear cells can transmigrate through the endothelial cells. The virus was intangible and probably did not interfere with such a mechanism where the infected PBMC can probably deliver the virus inside the endothelium. (3) "Classical-fusion": this process is well mastered by herpesviruses due to a set of envelope glycoproteins that facilitate cell-cell fusion and virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kamel
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Selvaraj Pavulraj
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrix Fauler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Genetik, Mikroskopie und Kryo-Elektronenmikroskopie Servicegruppe, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Mielke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Genetik, Mikroskopie und Kryo-Elektronenmikroskopie Servicegruppe, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Saleh AG, El-Habashi N, Abd-Ellatieff HA, Abas OM, Anwar S, Fukushi H, Yanai T. Comparative Study of the Pathogenesis of Rhinopneumonitis Induced by Intranasal Inoculation of Hamsters with Equine Herpesvirus-9, Equine Herpesvirus-1 strain Ab4p and Zebra-borne Equine Herpesvirus-1. J Comp Pathol 2020; 180:35-45. [PMID: 33222872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-9 (EHV-9), equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and zebra-borne EHV-1 are members of the family Herpesviridae and cause encephalitis and rhinopneumonitis in a range of animal species. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the rhinopneumonitis induced by experimental intranasal inoculation of groups of hamsters with EHV-9, EHV-1 strain Ab4p or zebra-borne EHV-1 viruses. Animals inoculated with EHV-9 had earlier and more severe neurological and respiratory signs than those inoculated with EHV-1 strain Ab4p or zebra-borne EHV-1. At 4-5 days post inoculation (dpi), hamsters inoculated with EHV-9 had significantly increased expression of open reading fame (ORF) 30, the viral gene encoding the DNA polymerase, in lung tissue. ORF 30 expression at these time points was higher in the hamsters infected with EHV-9 than in those inoculated with the other two viruses. Severe, mild or very mild rhinitis was seen in animals inoculated with EHV-1 strain Ab4p, EHV-9 and zebra-borne EHV-1, respectively. Viral antigen was detected in olfactory receptor neurons, inflammatory cells and desquamated epithelial cells in animals in all groups until 5 dpi. Tracheitis was also seen in all three virus-infected groups with viral antigen detected in tracheal epithelium. Inoculated hamsters developed interstitial pneumonia of increasing severity over the course of the experiment. Bronchopneumonia and vasculitis were also seen in all three infected groups. These results confirm that, in addition to their neurotropism, EHV-9 and zebra-borne EHV-1 are pneumotropic viruses. EHV-1 strain Ab4p caused more severe upper respiratory tract disease, but no significant differences were detected in the severity of pneumonia induced by each virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa G Saleh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, El-Beheira
| | - Nagwan El-Habashi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Hoda A Abd-Ellatieff
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Osama M Abas
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Shehata Anwar
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Canada
| | - Hideto Fukushi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tokuma Yanai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Laboratory of Wildlife and Forensic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan.
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21
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Tuxbury KA, Innis CJ, Thaiwong T, Wise AG, Maes R, Garner MM, Kiupel M. Herpesvirus Encephalitis in a Little Blue Penguin ( Eudyptula minor). Vet Pathol 2020; 57:582-585. [PMID: 32436778 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820926678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An 11-day-old little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) died unexpectedly. Prior to hatching, the egg experienced trauma and resultant defects were repaired. The chick hatched without complication and was clinically normal prior to death. Necropsy revealed congested lungs. Histologic examination showed moderate nonsuppurative encephalitis with focally extensive neuronal necrosis and intranuclear inclusions in neurons within necrotic foci. Herpesvirus DNA was detected in brain tissue with a generic herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction. Sanger sequencing demonstrated 100% and 98% sequence homology to sphenicid alphaherpesvirus 1 and penguin herpesvirus 2, respectively. In situ hybridization demonstrated large amounts of herpesvirus nucleic acid in intranuclear inclusions and neuronal nuclei. Combined histology, polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing, and in situ hybridization results were most consistent with herpesviral encephalitis, most likely caused by sphenicid alphaherpesvirus 1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a herpesvirus infection causing encephalitis in a penguin and the first report of herpesvirus in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles J Innis
- New England Aquarium, Animal Health Department, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tuddow Thaiwong
- Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Annabel G Wise
- Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Roger Maes
- Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Matti Kiupel
- Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, USA
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22
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Challenges to develop an equine herpesvirus vaccine in China. J Infect 2020; 80:578-606. [PMID: 32017972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Minato E, Kobayashi A, Aoshima K, Fukushi H, Kimura T. Susceptibility of rat immortalized neuronal cell line Rn33B expressing equine major histocompatibility class 1 to equine herpesvirus-1 infection is differentiation dependent. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:123-132. [PMID: 31758567 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), which causes encephalomyelitis in horses, shows endotheliotropism in the central nervous system of horses, and generally does not infect neurons. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying the resistance of neuron to EHV-1, due to the lack of convenient cell culture systems. In this study, we examined EHV-1 infection in immortalized Rn33B rat neuronal cells, which differentiate into neurons when cultured under nonpermissive conditions. Because murine cell lines are resistant to EHV-1 infections due to the lack of functional entry receptors for EHV-1, we used an Rn33B-derived cell line that stably expresses the equine MHC class 1 molecule, which acts as EHV-1 entry receptor (Rn33B-A68B2M cells). EHV-1 infected undifferentiated Rn33B-A68B2M cells more efficiently than differentiated cells, resulting in the production of progeny virus in the former but not in the latter. By contrast, both differentiated and undifferentiated cells infected with herpes simplex virus-1 produced infectious viral progeny. While EHV-1 infection induced stronger expression of IFN alpha gene in differentiated cells than in undifferentiated cells, downstream IFN responses, including phosphorylation of STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) and expression of IFN-stimulated genes, were not activated regardless of whether cells were differentiated or not. These results suggest that neuronal differentiation of RN33B-A68B2M cells reduced their susceptibility to EHV-1, which is not due to different IFN responses. This culture system may be useful as an in vitro model for studying neuron-specific resistance to EHV-1, by investigating viral and host factors responsible for the difference in susceptibility between differentiated and undifferentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Minato
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hideto Fukushi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Viral Equine Encephalitis, a Growing Threat to the Horse Population in Europe? Viruses 2019; 12:v12010023. [PMID: 31878129 PMCID: PMC7019608 DOI: 10.3390/v12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders represent an important sanitary and economic threat for the equine industry worldwide. Among nervous diseases, viral encephalitis is of growing concern, due to the emergence of arboviruses and to the high contagiosity of herpesvirus-infected horses. The nature, severity and duration of the clinical signs could be different depending on the etiological agent and its virulence. However, definite diagnosis generally requires the implementation of combinations of direct and/or indirect screening assays in specialized laboratories. The equine practitioner, involved in a mission of prevention and surveillance, plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis of viral encephalitis. The general management of the horse is essentially supportive, focused on controlling pain and inflammation within the central nervous system, preventing injuries and providing supportive care. Despite its high medical relevance and economic impact in the equine industry, vaccines are not always available and there is no specific antiviral therapy. In this review, the major virological, clinical and epidemiological features of the main neuropathogenic viruses inducing encephalitis in equids in Europe, including rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae), Equid herpesviruses (Herpesviridae), Borna disease virus (Bornaviridae) and West Nile virus (Flaviviridae), as well as exotic viruses, will be presented.
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25
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Lechmann J, Schoster A, Ernstberger M, Fouché N, Fraefel C, Bachofen C. A novel PCR protocol for detection and differentiation of neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic equid alphaherpesvirus 1. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:696-703. [PMID: 31477001 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719871975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infections can have a major impact on the horse industry and equine welfare by causing abortion or respiratory or neurologic disease. A single nucleotide polymorphism (A2254→G2254) in open reading frame (ORF) 30, encoding the catalytic subunit of the DNA polymerase, has been shown to be a strong predictive marker for neuropathogenicity. Given that a previously established real-time PCR (rtPCR) protocol yielded unsatisfactory results concerning determination of the EHV-1 genotype, we developed and evaluated a new conventional PCR protocol enabling identification of the genotype by sequencing and restriction enzyme analysis (REA). Thirty samples from horses with signs typical for EHV-1 infection were tested by rtPCR and our new conventional PCR. The results showed that compared to rtPCR, the conventional PCR protocol combined with sequencing and REA was more reliable concerning unambiguous determination of the EHV-1 genotype. Results of our new assay confirmed previous findings, according to which the non-neuropathogenic genotype A2254 is predominantly found in animals with fever, respiratory signs, and abortions or perinatal mortality, whereas the neuropathogenic genotype G2254 is primarily detected in animals suffering from neurologic disease. In some samples, results pointed towards coinfection with both genotypes. Further studies are required in order to elucidate the significance of infections with genotype A2254 and G2254 in neurologic and non-neurologic cases, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lechmann
- Institute of Virology (Lechmann, Fraefel, Bachofen), Equine Department, Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine (Schoster), Department of Farm Animals, Division of Herd Medicine and Outpatient Clinic (Ernstberger), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland (Fouché)
| | - Angelika Schoster
- Institute of Virology (Lechmann, Fraefel, Bachofen), Equine Department, Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine (Schoster), Department of Farm Animals, Division of Herd Medicine and Outpatient Clinic (Ernstberger), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland (Fouché)
| | - Martina Ernstberger
- Institute of Virology (Lechmann, Fraefel, Bachofen), Equine Department, Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine (Schoster), Department of Farm Animals, Division of Herd Medicine and Outpatient Clinic (Ernstberger), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland (Fouché)
| | - Nathalie Fouché
- Institute of Virology (Lechmann, Fraefel, Bachofen), Equine Department, Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine (Schoster), Department of Farm Animals, Division of Herd Medicine and Outpatient Clinic (Ernstberger), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland (Fouché)
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- Institute of Virology (Lechmann, Fraefel, Bachofen), Equine Department, Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine (Schoster), Department of Farm Animals, Division of Herd Medicine and Outpatient Clinic (Ernstberger), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland (Fouché)
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Virology (Lechmann, Fraefel, Bachofen), Equine Department, Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine (Schoster), Department of Farm Animals, Division of Herd Medicine and Outpatient Clinic (Ernstberger), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland (Fouché)
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26
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Kydd JH, Hannant D, Robinson RS, Bryant N, Osterrieder N. Vaccination of foals with a modified live, equid herpesvirus-1 gM deletion mutant (RacHΔgM) confers partial protection against infection. Vaccine 2019; 38:388-398. [PMID: 31629571 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory and neurological disease and late gestation abortion in pregnant mares. Current vaccines contain either inactivated or live EHV-1, but fail to provide complete clinical or virological protection, namely prevention of nasopharyngeal shedding and cell-associated viraemia. Thus, the development of novel products, such as modified live virus (MLV) vaccines which stimulate virus-specific, humoral and cell mediated immune responses more effectively remains a priority. Two groups of weaned foals (n = 6 each group) were used in a longitudinal, prospective, experimental study to evaluate immune responses elicited by two vaccinations with a glycoprotein M (gM) deletion mutant of EHV-1 (RacHdeltagM). Following two concurrent intranasal and intramuscular inoculations six weeks apart, vaccinated (8.4 ± 0.2 months old) and control foals (6.2 ± 0.4 months) were challenge infected intranasally with EHV-1 Ab4/8 four weeks after the second vaccination and clinical signs and virological replication measured. Vaccination caused no adverse events, but did stimulate significantly higher complement fixing and virus neutralizing antibodies in serum compared with control foals at either equivalent or pre-vaccination time points. Virus-specific nasopharyngeal antibody levels and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses were not significantly different between the groups. Following challenge infection, these immune responses were associated with a reduction in clinical signs and virological replication in the vaccinated foals, including a reduction in duration and magnitude of pyrexia, nasopharyngeal shedding and cell-associated viraemia. We conclude that the RacHΔgM MLV primed EHV-1-specific humoral immune responses in weaned foals. However, complete virological protection by vaccination against EHV-1 requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia H Kydd
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Hannant
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S Robinson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Bryant
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Robert von Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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27
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Mortari APG, Amaral BP, Oliveira PSD, Dotto EK, Flores MM, Cargnelutti JF, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Ganciclovir attenuates the respiratory disease induced by Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 in rabbits. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen of horses, associated with respiratory, neurological disease and abortions. As vaccination is not always effective, anti-herpetic therapy may represent an alternative to prevent the losses caused by the infection. We herein investigated the activity of ganciclovir (GCV), an anti-herpetic human drug, in rabbits experimentally infected with EHV-1. Thirty-days-old New Zealand rabbits were allocated in three groups (6 animals each) and submitted to different treatments: G1 (non-infected controls), G2 (inoculated with EHV-1) - 107 TCID50 intranasally - IN) and G3 (inoculated IN with EHV-1 and treated with GCV - 5mg/kg/day for 7 days) and monitored thereafter. All animals of G2 developed systemic signs (moderate to severe apathy, anorexia), ocular discharge and respiratory signs (serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge), including mild to severe respiratory distress. Viremia was detected in all rabbits of G2 for up to 11 days (mean duration = 6.5 days). One animal died after severe respiratory distress and neurological signs (bruxism, opistotonus). In addition, these animals gained less weight than the control (G1) and GCV-treated rabbits (G3) from days 4 to 14pi (p<0.05). The clinical score of rabbits of G2 was statistically higher than the other groups from days 3 to 6pi (p<0.05), demonstrating a more severe disease. In contrast, G3 rabbits did not present systemic signs, presented only a mild and transient nasal secretion and gained more weight than G2 animals (p<0.05). In addition, viremia was detected in only 3 rabbits and was transient (average of 2.3 days). Thus, administration of GCV to rabbits inoculated IN with EHV-1 resulted in an important attenuation of the clinical disease as demonstrated by full prevention of systemic signs, maintenance of weight gain and by drastic reduction in viremia and in the magnitude of respiratory signs. These results are promising towards further testing of GCV as a potential drug for anti-herpetic therapy in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula G. Mortari
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Bruna P. Amaral
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Pablo S.B. De Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Evelyn K. Dotto
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Mariana M. Flores
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Rudi Weiblen
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F. Flores
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
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28
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Hussey GS. Key Determinants in the Pathogenesis of Equine Herpesvirus 1 and 4 Infections. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:656-659. [PMID: 31394999 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819849498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Soboll Hussey
- 1 Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, Michigan State University, MI, USA
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29
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Kydd JH, Lunn DP, Osterrieder K. Report of the Fourth International Havemeyer Workshop on Equid Herpesviruses (EHV) EHV‐1, EHV‐2 and EHV‐5. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:565-568. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Kydd
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham Loughborough Leicestershire UK
| | - D. P. Lunn
- North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - K. Osterrieder
- Freie Universitat Berlin, Institut für Virologie Berlin Germany
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30
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Kamel M, Pavulraj S, Osterrieder K, Azab W. EHV-1 Pathogenesis: Current in vitro Models and Future Perspectives. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:251. [PMID: 31417917 PMCID: PMC6684782 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary infection and pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) require an intricate interaction of virus with the mucosal epithelium, mononuclear cells and the vascular endothelium. Studies on EHV-1 have been facilitated by the development of different in vitro models that recapitulate the in vivo tissue complexity. The available in vitro assays can be categorized into (i) models mimicking the epithelium-peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) interaction, which include ex vivo mucosal (nasal and vaginal) explants and equine respiratory epithelial cells (EREC) cultures; and (ii) PBMC-endothelium mimicking models, including flow chamber and contact assays. These in vitro models have proven their worth in attempts to recapitulate the in vivo architecture and complexity, produce data relevant to natural host infection, and reduce animal use due to in vivo experiments. Although horse models are still needed for certain experiments, e.g., EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy or vaccination studies, available in vitro models can be used to obtain highly valuable data on virus-host tissue interactions. Microfluidic based 3D culture system (e.g., horse-on-a-chip) could be a potential upgraded version of these in vitro models for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kamel
- Institut für Virologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Selvaraj Pavulraj
- Institut für Virologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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31
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Azab W, Bedair S, Abdelgawad A, Eschke K, Farag GK, Abdel-Raheim A, Greenwood AD, Osterrieder N, Ali AAH. Detection of equid herpesviruses among different Arabian horse populations in Egypt. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:361-371. [PMID: 31149784 PMCID: PMC7155215 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) threaten equine health and can cause significant economic losses to the equine industry worldwide. Different equid herpesviruses, EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4 and EHV5 are regularly detected among horse populations. In Egypt, monitoring is sporadic but EHV-1 or EHV-4 have been reported to circulate in the horse population. However, there is a lack of reports related to infection and health status of horses, likely due to the absence of regular diagnostic procedures. In the current study, the circulation of four infectious equid herpesviruses (EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4 and EHV-5) among different Arabian horse populations and donkeys residing the same farm was monitored. Different samples were collected and DNA was extracted and subjected to quantitative (q)-PCR to detect the four equid herpesviruses using specific primers and probes. Antibody titres against EHV-1 and EHV-4 were tested using virus neutralization test and type-specific ELISA. The results showed that EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4 and EHV-5 are endemic and can be a continuous threat for horses in the absence of vaccination programs and frequent virus reactivation. There is an urgent need for introduction of active regular surveillance measures to investigate the presence of different equid herpesviruses, and other equine viral pathogens, in various horse populations around Egypt and to establish a standardized cataloguing of equine health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sameh Bedair
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Azza Abdelgawad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Kathrin Eschke
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gemelat K Farag
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ali Abdel-Raheim
- Department of Gynecology and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Alex D Greenwood
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed A H Ali
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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32
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Dual Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals a Delayed Antiviral Response of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta against Haliotid Herpesvirus-1. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040383. [PMID: 31022987 PMCID: PMC6520846 DOI: 10.3390/v11040383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Haliotid herpesvirus-1 (HaHV-1) is the first identified gastropod herpesvirus, causing a highly lethal neurologic disease of abalone species. The genome of HaHV-1 has been sequenced, but the functions of the putative genes and their roles during infection are still poorly understood. In the present study, transcriptomic profiles of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta at 0, 24 and 60 h post injection (hpi) with HaHV-1 were characterized through high-throughput RNA sequencing. A total of 448 M raw reads were obtained and assembled into 2.08 × 105 unigenes with a mean length of 1486 bp and an N50 of 2455 bp. Although we detected increased HaHV-1 DNA loads and active viral expression at 24 hpi, this evidence was not linked to significant changes of host transcriptomic profiles between 0 and 24 hpi, whereas a rich immune-related gene set was over-expressed at 60 hpi. These results indicate that, at least at the beginning of HaHV-1 infection, the virus can replicate with no activation of the host immune response. We propose that HaHV-1 may evolve more effective strategies to modulate the host immune response and hide during replication, so that it could evade the immune surveillance at the early stage of infection.
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Minato E, Aoshima K, Kobayashi A, Ohnishi N, Sasaki N, Kimura T. Exogenous Expression of Equine MHC Class I Molecules in Mice Increases Susceptibility to Equine Herpesvirus 1 Pulmonary Infection. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:703-710. [PMID: 30866742 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819834616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) uses equine major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) as an entry receptor. Exogenous expression of equine MHC class I genes in murine cell lines confers susceptibility to EHV-1 infection. To examine the in vivo role of equine MHC class I as an entry receptor for EHV-1, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice expressing equine MHC class I under the control of the CAG promoter. Equine MHC class I protein was expressed in the liver, spleen, lung, and brain of Tg mice, which was confirmed by Western blot. However, equine MHC class I antigen was only detected in bronchiolar epithelium and not in other tissues, using the immunofluorescence method employed in this study. Both Tg and wild-type (WT) mice developed pneumonia 3 days after intranasal infection with EHV-1. The bronchiolar epithelial cells of Tg mice showed more severe necrosis, compared with those in WT mice. In addition, the number of virus antigen-positive cells in the lungs was higher in Tg mice than in WT mice. These results suggest that exogenous expression of equine MHC class I renders mice more susceptible to EHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Minato
- 1 Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- 1 Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- 1 Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naomi Ohnishi
- 2 Project for Personalized Cancer medicine, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuya Sasaki
- 3 Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- 1 Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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34
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Oladunni FS, Sarkar S, Reedy S, Balasuriya UBR, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. Absence of relationship between type-I interferon suppression and neuropathogenicity of EHV-1. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 197:24-30. [PMID: 29475503 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection is an important and highly prevalent disease in equine populations worldwide. Previously we have demonstrated that a neuropathogenic strain of EHV-1, T953, suppresses the host cell's antiviral type-I interferon (IFN) response in vitro. Whether or not this is unique to EHV-1 strains possessing the neuropathogenic genotype has been undetermined. Here, we examined whether there is any direct relationship between neuropathogenic genotype and the induced IFN-β response in equine endothelial cells (EECs) infected with 10 different strains of EHV-1. The extent of virus cell-to-cell spread following infection in EECs was also compared between the neuropathogenic and the non-neuropathogenic genotype of EHV-1. We then compared IFN-β and the total type-I IFN protein suppression between T953, an EHV-1 strain that is neuropathogenic and T445, an EHV-4 strain mainly associated only with respiratory disease. Data from our study revealed no relationship between the neuropathogenic genotype of EHV-1 and the induced IFN-β mRNA by the host cell. Results also indicate no statistically significant difference in plaque sizes of both genotypes of EHV-1 produced in EECs. However, while the T953 strain of EHV-1 was able to suppress IFN-β mRNA and type-I IFN biological activity at 12 h post-infection (hpi), EHV-4 weakly induces both IFN-β mRNA and type-I IFN biological activity. This finding correlated with a statistically significant difference in the mean plaque sizes produced by the two EHV subtypes in EECs. Our data help illuminate how EHV-1, irrespective of its genotype, evades the host cell's innate immune response thereby enabling viral spread to susceptible cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatai S Oladunni
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Sanjay Sarkar
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
| | - Stephanie Reedy
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
| | - David W Horohov
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
| | - Thomas M Chambers
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
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El-Habashi N, El-Nahass ELS, Abd-Ellatieff H, Saleh A, Abas O, Tsuchiya Y, Fukushi H, Yanai T. Lesions and Distribution of Viral Antigen in the Brain of Hamsters Infected With Equine Herpesvirus (EHV)–9, EHV-1 Strain Ab4p, and Zebra-Borne EHV-1. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:691-702. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818825129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Encephalitis in hamsters, which was induced by equine herpesvirus (EHV)–9, EHV-1 strain Ab4p, and zebra-borne EHV-1, was investigated and compared to assess viral kinetics and identify the progression and severity of neuropathological findings. Hamsters were inoculated with EHV-9, EHV-1 strain Ab4p, and zebra-borne EHV-1 via the nasal route and euthanized at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours postinoculation (HPI). The inoculated hamsters had mild to severe neurological signs at 60 to 72, 96, and 120 HPI, and the mortality rate was 75%, 0%, and 0% for animals inoculated with EHV-9, EHV-1 strain Ab4p, and zebra-borne EHV-1 viruses, respectively. Inoculated hamsters had varying degrees of rhinitis and lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis, as well as differences in the severity and distribution of cerebral lesions. Furthermore, the cellular distribution of viral antigen depended on the inoculated virus. Neuronal necrosis was widely detected in animals inoculated with EHV-9, while marked perivascular cuffs of infiltrating inflammatory cells and gliosis were detected in animals inoculated with EHV-1 strain Ab4p and zebra-borne EHV-1. In the present study, 3 viruses belonging to the herpesvirus family induced encephalitis after initial propagation in the nasal cavity. These viruses might travel to the brain via the olfactory pathway and/or trigeminal nerve, showing different distributions and severities of neuropathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwan El-Habashi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - EL-Shaymaa El-Nahass
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hoda Abd-Ellatieff
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Saleh
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Osama Abas
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yuya Tsuchiya
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideto Fukushi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tokuma Yanai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Noninvasive Detection of Equid Herpesviruses in Fecal Samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02234-18. [PMID: 30446563 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02234-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) are pathogens of equid and nonequid hosts that can cause disease and fatalities in captivity and in the wild. EHVs establish latent infections but can reactivate, and most EHVs are shed via the nasal passage. Therefore, nasal swabs are generally used for EHV monitoring. However, invasive sampling of wild equids is difficult. While feces is a commonly used substrate for detecting other pathogens, to our knowledge, EHVs have never been detected in feces of naturally infected equids. We systematically tested zebra feces for EHV presence by (i) establishing nested PCR conditions for fecal DNA extracts, (ii) controlling for environmental EHV contamination, and (iii) large-scale testing on a free-ranging zebra population. A dilution minimizing inhibition while maximizing viral DNA concentrations was determined in captive Grévy's zebra (Equus grevyi) fecal samples from individuals shedding EHV nasally. Sixteen of 42 fecal samples (38%) were EHV positive. To demonstrate that the EHV positivity was not a result of environmental contamination, rectal swabs of wild zebras were screened (n = 18 [Equus quagga and E. zebra]), and 50% were EHV positive, indicating that the source of EHV in feces is likely the intestinal mucosa and not postdefecation contamination. Out of 270 fecal samples of wild zebras, 26% were EHV positive. Quantitative PCRs showed that the amount of virus DNA in feces was not significantly smaller than that in other samples. In summary, fecal sampling facilitates large-scale screening and may be useful to noninvasively investigate phylogenetic EHV diversity in wild and domestic equids.IMPORTANCE Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) establish latent infections, and many EHVs are shed and transmitted via nasal discharge primarily through droplet and aerosol infection. Obtaining nasal swabs and other invasive samples from wildlife is often not possible without capture and physical restraint of individuals, which are resource intensive and a health risk for the captured animals. Fecal EHV shedding has never been demonstrated for naturally infected equids. We established the conditions for fecal EHV screening, and our results suggest that testing fecal samples is an effective noninvasive approach for monitoring acute EHV shedding in equids.
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Fuentealba NA, Sguazza GH, Zanuzzi CN, Bravi ME, Scrochi MR, Valera AR, Corva SG, Gimeno EJ, Pecoraro MR, Galosi CM. Immunoprotective response induced by recombinant glycoprotein D in the BALB/c respiratory mouse model of Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 infection. Rev Argent Microbiol 2018; 51:119-129. [PMID: 30385072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection causes abortion, respiratory disease, perinatal deaths and neurological disorders in horses. The natural infection and available vaccines provide only partial and short-lived protection against reinfections. In the present study, we analyzed the ability of purified baculovirus-expressed glycoprotein D (gD) administered by different routes to induce protective immunity in BALB/c mice after challenge with the EHV-1 AR8 strain. Clinical signs varied among the different groups of mice immunized by parenteral routes, and, although gD induced a specific serum IgG response, it did not prevent the virus from reaching the lungs. Intranasally immunized mice showed no clinical signs, and virus isolation from lungs, histological lesions and antigen detection by immunohistochemistry were negative. In addition, by this route, gD did not stimulate the production of serum IgG and IgA. However, a specific IgA response in the respiratory tract was confirmed in intranasally immunized mice. Thus, we conclude that the mucosal immune response could reduce the initial viral attachment and prevent the virus from reaching the lungs. Our findings provide additional data to further study new immunization strategies in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Fuentealba
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Research Council (CCT-CONICET-La Plata), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo H Sguazza
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina N Zanuzzi
- Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Research Council (CCT-CONICET-La Plata), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria E Bravi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Research Council (CCT-CONICET-La Plata), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela R Scrochi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Research Council (CCT-CONICET-La Plata), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro R Valera
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago G Corva
- Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo J Gimeno
- National Research Council (CCT-CONICET-La Plata), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo R Pecoraro
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia M Galosi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Scientific Research Commission of Buenos Aires Province (CIC-PBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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SURVEY FOR EQUINE HERPESVIRUSES IN POLAR BEARS ( URSUS MARITIMUS) AND EXOTIC EQUIDS HOUSED IN US AZA INSTITUTIONS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2018; 49:599-608. [PMID: 30212313 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0189.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by equine herpesvirus (EHV) strains (EHV-1, EHV-9) in ursid species, including polar bears ( Ursus maritimus), has been associated with neurological disease and death. A serosurvey of captive exotic equid and polar bear populations in US Association of Zoos and Aquaria institutions was performed to determine the prevalence of EHV strains using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. Equid species surveyed included zebra ( Equus spp.), Przewalski's wild horse ( Equus ferus przewalskii), Persian onager ( Equus hemionus), and Somali wild ass ( Equus africanus somaliensis). A questionnaire regarding husbandry and medical variables was distributed to institutions housing polar bears. No polar bears tested positive for EHVs on qPCR of blood or nasal swabs. No exotic equids tested positive for EHVs on qPCR of blood, but two exotic equids ( n = 2/22; 9%) tested positive for EHVs on qPCR of nasal swabs. On ELISA, polar bears infrequently were positive for EHV-1 ( n = 5/38; 13%). Exotic equids were positive for EHV-4 on ELISA more frequently ( n = 30/43; 70%) than for EHV-1 ( n = 8/43; 19%). Nine institutions submitted samples from both exotic equids and polar bears, two of which had both exotic equids and polar bears positive for EHVs by ELISA. Each of these institutions reported that the polar bear and exotic equid exhibits were within 80 m of each other and that risk factors for fomite transmission between exhibits based on husbandry practices were present. One institution that did not house exotic equids had a polar bear test positive for EHV-1 on ELISA, with no history of exposure to exotic equids. Further testing of captive polar bears and exotic equids is recommended, as is modification of husbandry practices to limit exposure of polar bears to exotic equids.
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Seeber PA, Quintard B, Sicks F, Dehnhard M, Greenwood AD, Franz M. Environmental stressors may cause equine herpesvirus reactivation in captive Grévy's zebras ( Equus grevyi). PeerJ 2018; 6:e5422. [PMID: 30155350 PMCID: PMC6109370 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine Herpesviruses (EHV) are common and often latent pathogens of equids which can cause fatalities when transmitted to non-equids. Stress and elevated glucocorticoids have been associated with EHV reactivation in domestic horses, but little is known about the correlation between stress and viral reactivation in wild equids. We investigated the effect of an environmental stressor (social group restructuring following a translocation event) on EHV reactivation in captive Grévy's zebras (Equus grevyi). A mare was translocated by road transport from Zoo Mulhouse, France, to join a resident group of three mares in Tierpark Berlin, Germany. We used an indirect sampling method to assess the frequency of EHV shedding for 14 days immediately after the translocation event (termed the 'experimental period'). The results were compared with those from two control periods, one preceding and one subsequent to the experimental period. In addition, we measured fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations daily in all individuals from 6 days before, to 14 days after translocation. We found significantly higher EHV shedding frequencies during the experimental period, compared to each of the two control periods. All animals showed significantly elevated fGCM concentrations, compared to fGCM levels before translocation. Finally, we found that an increase in fGCM concentration was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of EHV shedding. Although the small number of animals in the study limits the conclusions that can be drawn from the study, taken together, our results support the hypothesis that environmental stressors induce viral reactivation in wild equids. Our results suggest that potentials stressors such as group restructuring and translocation should be considered in the management of zoological collections to reduce the risk of fatal EHV infections in novel hosts. Moreover, environmental stressors may play an important role in EHV reactivation and spread in wild equid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Seeber
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Dehnhard
- Department of Reproduction Biology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alex D. Greenwood
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Franz
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
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Azab W, Dayaram A, Greenwood AD, Osterrieder N. How Host Specific Are Herpesviruses? Lessons from Herpesviruses Infecting Wild and Endangered Mammals. Annu Rev Virol 2018; 5:53-68. [PMID: 30052491 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092917-043227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous and can cause disease in all classes of vertebrates but also in animals of lower taxa, including molluscs. It is generally accepted that herpesviruses are primarily species specific, although a species can be infected by different herpesviruses. Species specificity is thought to result from host-virus coevolutionary processes over the long term. Even with this general concept in mind, investigators have recognized interspecies transmission of several members of the Herpesviridae family, often with fatal outcomes in non-definitive hosts-that is, animals that have no or only a limited role in virus transmission. We here summarize herpesvirus infections in wild mammals that in many cases are endangered, in both natural and captive settings. Some infections result from herpesviruses that are endemic in the species that is primarily affected, and some result from herpesviruses that cause fatal disease after infection of non-definitive hosts. We discuss the challenges of such infections in several endangered species in the absence of efficient immunization or therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Anisha Dayaram
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Alex D Greenwood
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
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Stasiak K, Dunowska M, Rola J. Prevalence and sequence analysis of equid herpesviruses from the respiratory tract of Polish horses. Virol J 2018; 15:106. [PMID: 29996858 PMCID: PMC6042439 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) are widespread in equine populations worldwide. While the infection with equine α-herpesviruses (EHV-1 and EHV-4) has been linked to several clinical outcomes, the pathogenic potential for equine γ-herpesviruses (EHV-2 and EHV-5) is still unclear. The objective of the current study was to determine the prevalence of infection with EHVs among Polish horses, to investigate factors associated with EHV infections among horses sampled, and to determine genetic variability within Polish EHV-2 isolates. Methods Virus-specific real-time PCR assays were used for detection of EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4 and EHV-5 in nasal swabs collected from 540 horses from 13 national horse studs located throughout Poland. A proportion of EHV-2/5 positive samples were subjected to virus isolation followed by amplification and analysis of partial glycoprotein B sequence. Results Overall, 448/540 (83.0%) horses sampled were positive for at least one virus. The most prevalent was infection with EHV-2 (77.2%), followed by EHV-5 (47.0%), and EHV-4 (0.4%). None of the horses was positive for EHV-1. Approximately half of the virus-infected horses were positive for both EHV-2 and EHV-5. The proportion of EHV-2/5 positive horses varied by age, breed, and season. Only 8.0% of horses sampled, mostly Arabians, showed clinical signs of respiratory disease at the time of sampling. The viral load of both EHV-2 and EHV-5 DNA was highest in swabs from young horses, which was particularly evident for EHV-2 infected foals. Mean viral loads in nasal swabs collected from diseased horses were higher than in swabs from healthy horses. That was also true for EHV-2 when only diseased Arabian foals were considered, but the levels of EHV-5 DNA were lower in swabs from diseased than from healthy foals. In agreement with other studies, there was a considerable variability between Polish EHV-2 sequences, with no clustering of sequences from horses with different health status. The level of EHV-2 variability seemed to differ between different studs/breeds. Conclusions The presence of foals and yearlings on a property is likely to increase the risk of active EHV-2/5 infection among in-contact horses. The existence of breed-specific differences in susceptibility to EHV-2/5 infections should be further investigated, as it may provide one variable that needs to be considered in attempts to associate EHV-2/5 infections with disease. Overall, the data presented add to the existing knowledge of the epidemiology and biology of equine γ-herpesviruses, with the long-term goal of better understanding of the pathogenesis and the impact of infections with these viruses on the well-being of the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Stasiak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
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Barrandeguy ME, Carossino M. Infectious Diseases in Donkeys and Mules: An Overview and Update. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Seroprevalence of Equine Herpesviruses 1 and 9 (EHV-1 and EHV-9) in Wild Grévy's Zebra ( Equus grevyi) in Kenya. J Wildl Dis 2018; 54:848-851. [PMID: 29792760 DOI: 10.7589/2018-01-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Equid herpesviruses types 1 (EHV-1) and 9 (EHV-9) are unusual among herpesviruses in that they lack strong host specificity, and the full extent of their host range remains unclear. The virus establishes latency for long periods and can be reactivated and shed, resulting in clinical disease in susceptible species. A sensitive and specific peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to study the seroprevalence of both viruses in a broad range of species among both wild and captive populations. We used this assay to study the seroprevalences of EHV-1 and EHV-9 in a natural population of the highly endangered Grévy's zebra ( Equus grevyi) in Kenya, sampled during a 4-yr period (2012-15). The results were compared with those obtained from captive Grévy's zebras from a previous study. The wild population had a significantly higher seroprevalence of EHV-9 compared with the captive population, suggesting that captivity might reduce exposure to this serotype. In contrast, the seroprevalences of EHV-1 between captive and wild groups was not significantly different. The seroprevalence of EHV-9 was not significantly higher than EHV-1 in zebras within the wild Kenyan population.
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Morrison CL, Iwanowicz L, Work TM, Fahsbender E, Breitbart M, Adams C, Iwanowicz D, Sanders L, Ackermann M, Cornman RS. Genomic evolution, recombination, and inter-strain diversity of chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 from Florida and Hawaii green sea turtles with fibropapillomatosis. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4386. [PMID: 29479497 PMCID: PMC5824677 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) is a herpesvirus associated with fibropapillomatosis (FP) in sea turtles worldwide. Single-locus typing has previously shown differentiation between Atlantic and Pacific strains of this virus, with low variation within each geographic clade. However, a lack of multi-locus genomic sequence data hinders understanding of the rate and mechanisms of ChHV5 evolutionary divergence, as well as how these genomic changes may contribute to differences in disease manifestation. To assess genomic variation in ChHV5 among five Hawaii and three Florida green sea turtles, we used high-throughput short-read sequencing of long-range PCR products amplified from tumor tissue using primers designed from the single available ChHV5 reference genome from a Hawaii green sea turtle. This strategy recovered sequence data from both geographic regions for approximately 75% of the predicted ChHV5 coding sequences. The average nucleotide divergence between geographic populations was 1.5%; most of the substitutions were fixed differences between regions. Protein divergence was generally low (average 0.08%), and ranged between 0 and 5.3%. Several atypical genes originally identified and annotated in the reference genome were confirmed in ChHV5 genomes from both geographic locations. Unambiguous recombination events between geographic regions were identified, and clustering of private alleles suggests the prevalence of recombination in the evolutionary history of ChHV5. This study significantly increased the amount of sequence data available from ChHV5 strains, enabling informed selection of loci for future population genetic and natural history studies, and suggesting the (possibly latent) co-infection of individuals by well-differentiated geographic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Morrison
- National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, US Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV, United States of America
| | - Luke Iwanowicz
- National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, US Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV, United States of America
| | - Thierry M Work
- National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, US Geological Survey, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Fahsbender
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Mya Breitbart
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Adams
- National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, US Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV, United States of America
| | - Deb Iwanowicz
- National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, US Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV, United States of America
| | - Lakyn Sanders
- National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, US Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV, United States of America
| | | | - Robert S Cornman
- Fort Collins Science Center, US Geological Survey, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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Hines MT. Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems. EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7158300 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Detection of West Nile Virus and other common equine viruses in three locations from the Leeward Islands, West Indies. Acta Trop 2017. [PMID: 28648789 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Equines in the West Indies are used for recreational purposes, tourism industry, racing and agriculture or can be found in feral populations. Little is known in the Caribbean basin about the prevalence of some major equine infectious diseases, some with zoonotic potential, listed as reportable by the OIE. Our objective was to study the prevalence of antibodies for West Nile Virus (WNV), Equine Herpes Virus-1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4), Equine Influenza (EI), Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) and Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) using a retrospective serological convenience study. We used 180 equine serum samples, 140 from horses and 40 from donkeys in St. Kitts, Nevis, and Sint Eustatius, collected between 2006 and 2015 that were tested with ELISA kits and virus neutralization (for WNV and EVA). Combining ELISA with virus neutralization testing, 25 (13.8%) equine sera were WNV positive (a mixture of indigenous and imported equines) and 3 sera (1.6%) showed doubtful results. For EHV-1, 41 equines (23.7%), mean age 6.7 years, were seropositive. For EHV-4, 138 equines were found seropositive (82.8%), mean age 6.3 years. For EI, 49 equines (27.2%), mean age 7.5 years, were seropositive on ELISA, some previously vaccinated horses. No antibodies against EAV were found on virus neutralization testing, although one animal (0.6%), was EAV positive on ELISA. All samples were EIAV negative. The seroprevalence for EHV-1 and EHV-4 is similar to other parts of the world. For the first time in the study location serologic evidence of antibodies against WNV and EI is reported. This was found in both indigenous and imported animals, highlighting the need for developing proper surveillance plans based on complementary methods of virus detection. Further studies will be needed to define the prevalence, rates of transmission, characterize local virus strains, and study their impact on these populations.
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Bovine herpesvirus 1 modified live virus vaccines for cattle reproduction: Balancing protection with undesired effects. Vet Microbiol 2017; 206:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pusterla N, Bain F, James K, Mapes S, Kenelty K, Barnett DC, Gaughan E, Craig B, Chappell DE, Vaala W. Frequency of molecular detection of equine herpesvirus-4 in nasal secretions of 3028 horses with upper airway infection. Vet Rec 2017; 180:593. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California; Davis California USA
| | - F. Bain
- Merck Animal Health; Summit, New Jersey USA
| | - K. James
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California; Davis California USA
| | - S. Mapes
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California; Davis California USA
| | - K. Kenelty
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California; Davis California USA
| | | | - E. Gaughan
- Merck Animal Health; Summit, New Jersey USA
| | - B. Craig
- Merck Animal Health; Summit, New Jersey USA
| | | | - W. Vaala
- Merck Animal Health; Summit, New Jersey USA
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Abstract
Since vaccination may not prevent disease, antiherpetic drugs have been investigated for the therapy of several equine herpesviruses. Drug efficacy has been assessed in horses with disease, but most evidence is in vitro, in other species, or empirical. Oral valacyclovir is most often administered in the therapy of equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) to protect adult horses from equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy, while oral acyclovir is frequently administered for EHV-5 infection in the therapy of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. Other antiherpetic drugs are promising but require further investigation. Several topical drugs are also empirically used in the therapy of equine viral keratitis.
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Long term stability and infectivity of herpesviruses in water. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46559. [PMID: 28429732 PMCID: PMC5399353 DOI: 10.1038/srep46559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For viruses to utilize environmental vectors (hard surfaces, soil, water) for transmission, physical and chemical stability is a prerequisite. There are many factors including pH, salinity, temperature, and turbidity that are known to contribute to the ability of viruses to persist in water. Equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) is a pathogenic alphaherpesvirus associated with domestic horses and wild equids. EHV-1 and recombinants of EHV-1 and EHV-9 are able to cause infections in non-equid animal species, particularly in captive settings. Many of the captive non-equid mammals are not naturally sympatric with equids and do not share enclosures, however, in many cases water sources may overlap. Similarly, in the wild, equids encounter many species at waterholes in times of seasonal drought. Therefore, we hypothesized that EHV-1 is stable in water and that water may act as a vector for EHV-1. In order to establish the conditions promoting or hindering EHV-1 longevity, infectivity and genomic stability in water; we exposed EHV-1 to varied water environments (pH, salinity, temperature, and turbidity) in controlled experiments over 21 days. The presence and infectivity of the virus was confirmed by both qPCR and cell culture experiments. Our results show that EHV-1 remains stable and infectious under many conditions in water for up to three weeks.
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