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Li J, Miller LC, Sang Y. Current Status of Vaccines for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: Interferon Response, Immunological Overview, and Future Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:606. [PMID: 38932335 PMCID: PMC11209547 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains a formidable challenge for the global pig industry. Caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), this disease primarily affects porcine reproductive and respiratory systems, undermining effective host interferon and other immune responses, resulting in vaccine ineffectiveness. In the absence of specific antiviral treatments for PRRSV, vaccines play a crucial role in managing the disease. The current market features a range of vaccine technologies, including live, inactivated, subunit, DNA, and vector vaccines, but only modified live virus (MLV) and killed virus (KV) vaccines are commercially available for PRRS control. Live vaccines are promoted for their enhanced protective effectiveness, although their ability to provide cross-protection is modest. On the other hand, inactivated vaccines are emphasized for their safety profile but are limited in their protective efficacy. This review updates the current knowledge on PRRS vaccines' interactions with the host interferon system, and other immunological aspects, to assess their current status and evaluate advents in PRRSV vaccine development. It presents the strengths and weaknesses of both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines in the prevention and management of PRRS, aiming to inspire the development of innovative strategies and technologies for the next generation of PRRS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyi Li
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
| | - Laura C. Miller
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
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Li S, Li J, Tian Y, Liu J, Zhu J, Chen N, Shang S. A potent CD8 T-cell response may be associated with partial cross-protection conferred by an attenuated Chinese HP-PRRSV vaccine against NADC30-like PRRSV challenge. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37159409 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most devastating pathogens to the global swine industry. Many commercial PRRSV vaccines, originally designed to provide homologous protection, have shown partial protection against heterologous strains. However, the protective immune mechanisms mediated by these PRRSV vaccines are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the factors responsible for partial protection conferred by an attenuated Chinese HP-PRRSV vaccine (TJM-F92) against heterologous NADC30-like PRRSV. By analysing peripheral T-cell responses induced by the TJM-F92 vaccine and local and systemic memory responses following challenge with NADC30-like PRRSV (SD17-38 strains) as well as neutralizing antibody response, we found that the TJM-F92 vaccine induced a significant expansion of CD8 T cells but not CD4 T cells or γδ T cells. The expanded CD8 T cells exhibited a phenotype of effector memory T cells and secreted IFN-γ upon restimulation with SD17-38 strains in vitro. In addition, only CD8 T cells in the prior immunized pigs rapidly expanded in the blood and spleen after heterologous challenge, with higher magnitude, compared to the unvaccinated pigs, showing a remarkable memory response. In contrast, no obvious humoral immune response was enhanced in the vaccinated and challenged pigs, and no heterologous neutralizing antibodies were detected throughout the experiment. Our results suggested that CD8 T cells elicited by the TJM-F92 vaccine may be responsible for partial heterologous protection against NADC30-like PRRSV strains and potentially recognize the conserved antigens among PRRSV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yunfei Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China
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Kick AR, Grete AF, Crisci E, Almond GW, Käser T. Testable Candidate Immune Correlates of Protection for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030594. [PMID: 36992179 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an on-going problem for the worldwide pig industry. Commercial and experimental vaccinations often demonstrate reduced pathology and improved growth performance; however, specific immune correlates of protection (CoP) for PRRSV vaccination have not been quantified or even definitively postulated: proposing CoP for evaluation during vaccination and challenge studies will benefit our collective efforts towards achieving protective immunity. Applying the breadth of work on human diseases and CoP to PRRSV research, we advocate four hypotheses for peer review and evaluation as appropriate testable CoP: (i) effective class-switching to systemic IgG and mucosal IgA neutralizing antibodies is required for protective immunity; (ii) vaccination should induce virus-specific peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production with central memory and effector memory phenotypes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) proliferation and IFN-γ production with a CCR7- phenotype that should migrate to the lung; (iii) nursery, finishing, and adult pigs will have different CoP; (iv) neutralizing antibodies provide protection and are rather strain specific; T cells confer disease prevention/reduction and possess greater heterologous recognition. We believe proposing these four CoP for PRRSV can direct future vaccine design and improve vaccine candidate evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Kick
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Alicyn F Grete
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Elisa Crisci
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Glen W Almond
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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The efficacy of a modified live virus vaccine Fostera® PRRS against heterologous strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: A meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci 2022; 150:170-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li W, Sun Y, Zhao S, Cui Z, Chen Y, Xu P, Chen J, Zhang Y, Xia P. Differences in Humoral Immune Response against the Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus via Different Immune Pathways. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071435. [PMID: 35891415 PMCID: PMC9316826 DOI: 10.3390/v14071435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The intramuscular vaccine is the principal strategy to protect pigs from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), However, it is still difficult to control PRRSV effectively. This study infected piglets with PRRSV through intramuscular and intranasal inoculation. Subsequently, viral loads, anti-PRRSV antibody levels, and neutralizing antibodies (NAs) titers in both serum and saliva were monitored for 43 days. Meanwhile, tissues were obtained through necropsy at 43 days post-inoculation (dpi) to detect viral loads. The results indicated that viremia lasted from 3 to 31 dpi in both the inoculation groups, but the viruses survived in the lungs and lymph nodes after viremia clearance. The antibody response was detected from 11 dpi, but the response of NAs was delayed until 3–4 weeks. Furthermore, intranasal inoculation induced lower viral load levels than injection inoculation. In addition, positive SIgA and NAs levels were produced early, with higher levels through intranasal inoculation. Therefore, our data indicated that a more robust antibody response and lower virus loads could be induced by intranasal inoculation, and mucosal inoculation could be a suitable pathway for PRRSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (W.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (Y.C.); (P.X.); (P.X.)
| | - Yangyang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (W.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (Y.C.); (P.X.); (P.X.)
| | - Shijie Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (W.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (Y.C.); (P.X.); (P.X.)
| | - Zhiying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (W.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (Y.C.); (P.X.); (P.X.)
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (W.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (Y.C.); (P.X.); (P.X.)
| | - Pengli Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (W.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (Y.C.); (P.X.); (P.X.)
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yina Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (W.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (Y.C.); (P.X.); (P.X.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Pingan Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (W.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (Y.C.); (P.X.); (P.X.)
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Xing J, Zheng Z, Cao X, Wang Z, Xu Z, Gao H, Liu J, Xu S, Lin J, Chen S, Wang H, Zhang G, Sun Y. Whole genome sequencing of clinical specimens reveals the genomic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses emerging in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2530-e2540. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐bao Xing
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Ze‐zhong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Xin‐yu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Zhi‐yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Zhi‐ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Han Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Si‐jia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Jin‐sen Lin
- Guangzhou Sino‐science Gene Testing Service Co., Ltd Guangzhou 510700 China
| | - Sheng‐nan Chen
- Guangzhou Sino‐science Gene Testing Service Co., Ltd Guangzhou 510700 China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Gui‐hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Yan‐kuo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
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Jeong CG, Khatun A, Nazki S, Kim SC, Noh YH, Kang SC, Lee DU, Yang MS, Shabir N, Yoon IJ, Kim B, Kim WI. Evaluation of the Cross-Protective Efficacy of a Chimeric PRRSV Vaccine against Two Genetically Diverse PRRSV2 Field Strains in a Reproductive Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111258. [PMID: 34835189 PMCID: PMC8617800 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the routine use of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)-modified live vaccines, serious concerns are currently being raised due to their quick reversion to virulence and limited cross-protection against divergent PRRS virus (PRRSV) strains circulating in the field. Therefore, a PRRS chimeric vaccine (JB1) was produced using a DNA-launched infectious clone by replacing open reading frames (ORFs) 3–6 with those from a mixture of two genetically different PRRSV2 strains (K07–2273 and K08–1054) and ORF1a with that from a mutation-resistant PRRSV strain (RVRp22) exhibiting an attenuated phenotype. To evaluate the safety and cross-protective efficacy of JB1 in a reproductive model, eight PRRS-negative pregnant sows were purchased and divided into four groups. Four sows in two of the groups were vaccinated with JB1, and the other 4 sows were untreated at gestational day 60. At gestational day 93, one vaccinated group and one nonvaccinated group each were challenged with either K07–2273 or K08–1054. All of the sows aborted or delivered until gestation day 115 (24 days post challenge), and the newborn piglets were observed up to the 28th day after birth, which was the end of the experiment. Overall, pregnant sows of the JB1-vaccinated groups showed no meaningful viremia after vaccination and significant reductions in viremia with K07–2273 and K08–1054, exhibiting significantly higher levels of serum virus-neutralizing antibodies than non-vaccinated sows. Moreover, the JB1-vaccinated groups did not exhibit any abortion due to vaccination and showed improved piglet viability and birth weight. The piglets from JB1-vaccinated sows displayed lower viral concentrations in serum and fewer lung lesions compared with those of the piglets from the nonvaccinated sows. Therefore, JB1 is a safe and effective vaccine candidate that confers simultaneous protection against two genetically different PRRSV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (C.-G.J.); (A.K.); (S.N.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (N.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Amina Khatun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (C.-G.J.); (A.K.); (S.N.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (N.S.); (B.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Salik Nazki
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (C.-G.J.); (A.K.); (S.N.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (N.S.); (B.K.)
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (C.-G.J.); (A.K.); (S.N.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (N.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Yun-Hee Noh
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratory, Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.-H.N.); (D.-U.L.); (I.-J.Y.)
| | - Sang-Chul Kang
- Animal Clinical Evaluation Center, Optipharm Inc., Cheongju-si 28158, Korea;
| | - Dong-Uk Lee
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratory, Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.-H.N.); (D.-U.L.); (I.-J.Y.)
| | - Myeon-Sik Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (C.-G.J.); (A.K.); (S.N.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (N.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Nadeem Shabir
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (C.-G.J.); (A.K.); (S.N.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (N.S.); (B.K.)
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - In-Joong Yoon
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratory, Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.-H.N.); (D.-U.L.); (I.-J.Y.)
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (C.-G.J.); (A.K.); (S.N.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (N.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (C.-G.J.); (A.K.); (S.N.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (N.S.); (B.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-270-3981
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Zhou L, Ge X, Yang H. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Modified Live Virus Vaccine: A "Leaky" Vaccine with Debatable Efficacy and Safety. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040362. [PMID: 33918580 PMCID: PMC8069561 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important diseases, that has significantly impacted the global pork industry for over three decades, since it was first recognized in the United States in the late 1980s. Attributed to the PRRSV extensive genetic and antigenic variation and rapid mutability and evolution, nearly worldwide epidemics have been sustained by a set of emerging and re-emerging virus strains. Since the first modified live virus (MLV) vaccine was commercially available, it has been widely used for more than 20 years, for preventing and controlling PRRS. On the one hand, MLV can induce a protective immune response against homologous viruses by lightening the clinical signs of pigs and reducing the virus transmission in the affected herd, as well as helping to cost-effectively increase the production performance on pig farms affected by heterologous viruses. On the other hand, MLV can still replicate in the host, inducing viremia and virus shedding, and it fails to confer sterilizing immunity against PRRSV infection, that may accelerate viral mutation or recombination to adapt the host and to escape from the immune response, raising the risk of reversion to virulence. The unsatisfied heterologous cross-protection and safety issue of MLV are two debatable characterizations, which raise the concerns that whether it is necessary or valuable to use this leaky vaccine to protect the field viruses with a high probability of being heterologous. To provide better insights into the immune protection and safety related to MLV, recent advances and opinions on PRRSV attenuation, protection efficacy, immunosuppression, recombination, and reversion to virulence are reviewed here, hoping to give a more comprehensive recognition on MLV and to motivate scientific inspiration on novel strategies and approaches of developing the next generation of PRRS vaccine.
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Commercial PRRS Modified-Live Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020185. [PMID: 33671826 PMCID: PMC7926738 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) presents one of the challenging viral pathogens in the global pork industry. PRRS is characterized by two distinct clinical presentations; reproductive failure in breeding animals (gilts, sows, and boars), and respiratory disease in growing pigs. PRRSV is further divided into two species: PRRSV-1 (formerly known as the European genotype 1) and PRRSV-2 (formerly known as the North American genotype 2). A PRRSV-2 modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine was first introduced in North America in 1994, and, six years later, a PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine was also introduced in Europe. Since then, MLV vaccination is the principal strategy used to control PRRSV infection. Despite the fact that MLV vaccines have shown some efficacy, they were problematic as the efficacy of vaccine was often unpredictable and depended highly on the field virus. This paper focused on the efficacy of commercially available MLV vaccines at a global level based on respiratory disease in growing pigs, and maternal and paternal reproductive failure in breeding animals.
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Choi HY, Lee SH, Ahn SH, Choi JC, Jeong JY, Lee BJ, Kang YL, Hwang SS, Lee JK, Lee SW, Park SY, Song CS, Choi IS, Lee JB. A chimeric porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-2 vaccine is safe under international guidelines and effective both in experimental and field conditions. Res Vet Sci 2021; 135:143-152. [PMID: 33517163 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is currently the most effective strategy to control porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS). New-generation PRRS vaccines are required to be safe and broadly cross-protective. We have recently created the chimeric PRRS virus K418DM which proved to be a good vaccine candidate under field conditions. In the present study, we designed safety and efficacy tests under experimental and field conditions for further evaluation of K418DM1.1, a plaque-purified K418DM. In the homologous challenge study, K418DM1.1 induced high serum virus neutralization (SVN) antibody titers (i.e., 4.2 log2 ± 1.7) at 21 days post-challenge (dpc) and provided protection as demonstrated by the significantly lower levels of viremia at 3 and 7 dpc and significantly lower microscopic lung lesion scores compared to the unvaccinated group. K418DM1.1 was also protective in the heterologous challenge study, with vaccinated pigs showing significantly lower levels of viremia at 14 dpc compared to the unvaccinated pigs. A field study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of K418DM1.1 against heterologous exposure and vaccinated pigs presented significantly lower viremia than unvaccinated pigs. According to the safety test for the examination of virulence reversion, no infectivity was observed in tissue homogenate filtrate both in the vaccinated and comingled groups. Thus, the risk of virulence, as well as transmission, appeared negligible. These overall results indicate that K418DM1.1 is a good vaccine candidate based on its safety and protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwi-Yeon Choi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hyun Lee
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hyeun Ahn
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Jeong
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Joo Lee
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Lim Kang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Soo Hwang
- Samhwa Breedings Agri. Inc., 435, Sinjin-ri, Gwangcheon-eup, Hongseong-gun, Chungcheongnam-Do 350-900, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Keun Lee
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555, North 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Takenouchi T, Morozumi T, Wada E, Suzuki S, Nishiyama Y, Sukegawa S, Uenishi H. Dexamethasone enhances CD163 expression in porcine IPKM immortalized macrophages. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:10-16. [PMID: 33447967 PMCID: PMC7862206 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, we established a unique porcine macrophage cell line, immortalized porcine kidney-derived macrophages (IPKM). The purpose of the present study was to further elucidate the characteristics of IPKM. CD163 is a scavenger receptor for the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex and is used as a phenotypic marker of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. The expression of CD163 is enhanced by dexamethasone (DEX), a potent steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in human and rodent macrophages in vitro. Therefore, we investigated the effects of DEX on CD163 expression in porcine IPKM. Treatment with DEX markedly enhanced CD163 expression in the IPKM. In addition, we found that SB203580, a selective inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), blocked the effects of DEX, suggesting that the p38 MAPK signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of the DEX-induced enhancement of CD163 expression. Since CD163 is considered to be a putative receptor for the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the effects of DEX on the infection of IPKM by PRRSV were evaluated. Although the IPKM were susceptible to infection by the Fostera PRRSV vaccine strain, DEX treatment did not affect the propagation of the virus in the IPKM. This suggests that the DEX-induced enhancement of CD163 expression alone is not sufficient to facilitate the infection of IPKM by PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Takenouchi
- Division of Animal Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Takeya Morozumi
- Research & Development Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2646, Japan
| | - Emi Wada
- Research & Development Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2646, Japan
| | - Shunichi Suzuki
- Division of Animal Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nishiyama
- Research & Development Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2646, Japan
| | - Shin Sukegawa
- Research & Development Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2646, Japan
| | - Hirohide Uenishi
- Division of Animal Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
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12
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Chen N, Li X, Xiao Y, Li S, Zhu J. Characterization of four types of MLV-derived porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses isolated in unvaccinated pigs from 2016 to 2020. Res Vet Sci 2020; 134:102-111. [PMID: 33360570 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Modified live vaccines (MLVs) have been utilized to combat porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), which raises a serious concern about the MLV-derived PRRS virus (PRRSV) isolates. During the routine investigation of PRRSV in China, four lung samples collected from unvaccinated diseased pigs from 2016 to 2020 were detected as PRRSV positive. The PRRSVs shared high ORF5 identities to CH-1R, JXA1-R, TJM-F92 and RespPRRS MLV vaccines, respectively. The viruses were isolated in Marc-145 cells and denominated as SD1612-1, JS1703-21, JSTZ1907-714 and JSYC20-05-1. Genome comparison confirmed that these isolates share the highest genomic homologies to CH-1R (97.96%), JXA1-R (99.64%), TJM-F92 (99.00%) and RespPRRS MLV (99.57%) than any other known isolates. Genome-based phylogenetic analysis showed that SD1612-1 and CH-1R, JS1703-21 and JXA1-R, JSTZ1907-714 and TJM-F92, JSYC20-05-1 and RespPRRS MLV were grouped in the same branches. In addition, amino acids unique to corresponding vaccine attenuations were also identified in our isolates. Noticeably, amino-acids potentially associated with the virulence revision from MLV strains to parental virulent viruses were also identified in the MLV-derived isolates. Our results confirm that the four types of MLV-derived isolates are circulating and evolving in Chinese swine herds for years, which highlights the necessity for the fair use of PRRS MLVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
| | - Xinshuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Yanzhao Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Shubin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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13
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Chen N, Xiao Y, Ye M, Li X, Li S, Xie N, Wei Y, Wang J, Zhu J. High genetic diversity of Chinese porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses from 2016 to 2019. Res Vet Sci 2020; 131:38-42. [PMID: 32289611 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High genetic diversity and limited cross-protection are two major reasons for ineffective control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Therefore, it's important to dynamically monitor the prevalence of PRRSV for adopting appropriate control strategy. In this study, we analyzed PRRSV infection by detecting 712 clinical samples collected from 2016 to 2019 in China. Totally 100 samples were detected as PRRSV positive, including 2 and 98 samples were infected with PRRSV1 and PRRSV2, respectively. In addition, two out of the 98 PRRSV2 positive samples were co-infected with two distinct viruses. ORF5-based phylogenetic analysis showed that JXA1-like HP-PRRSV2 (lineage 8) and NADC30-like PRRSV2 (lineage 1) isolates are currently predominant, but QYYZ-like PRRSV2, CH-1a-like PRRSV2 and PRRSV1 isolates also co-exist in Chinese swine herds. In addition, two commercial MLV-derived viruses (TJM-F92-like and JXA1-R-like) were frequently detected. GP5 alignment also detected insertion and deletion in the extravirion domain. Our study presents the up-to-date PRRSV infection status and highlights the high genetic diversity of PRRSV currently circulating in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
| | - Yanzhao Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Mengxue Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Xinshuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Shubin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Ningjun Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Yue Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jialin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
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Hou FH, Lee WC, Liao JW, Chien MS, Kuo CJ, Chung HP, Chia MY. Evaluation of a type 2 modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome vaccine against heterologous challenge of a lineage 3 highly virulent isolate in pigs. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8840. [PMID: 32266121 PMCID: PMC7115754 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most common diseases in the global swine industry. PRRSV is characterized by rapid mutation rates and extensive genetic divergences. It is divided into two genotypes, which are composed of several distinct sub-lineages. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the cross-protective efficacy of Fostera PRRS MLV, an attenuated lineage 8 strain, against the heterologous challenge of a lineage 3 isolate. Eighteen pigs were randomly divided into mock, MLV and unvaccinated (UnV) groups. The pigs in the MLV group were administered Fostera PRRS vaccine at 3 weeks of age and both the MLV and UnV groups were inoculated with a virulent PRRSV isolate at 7 weeks. Clinically, the MLV group showed a shorter duration and a lower magnitude of respiratory distress than the UnV group. The average days of fever in the MLV group was 3.0 ± 0.5, which was significantly lower than the 6.2 ± 0.5 days of the UnV group (P < 0.001). The average daily weight gains of the mock, MLV and UnV groups were 781 ± 31, 550 ± 44 and 405 ± 26 g/day, respectively, during the post-challenge phase. The pathological examinations revealed that the severity of interstitial pneumonia in the MLV group was milder compared to the UnV group. Furthermore, PRRSV viremia titers in the MLV pigs were consistently lower (101−101.5 genomic copies) than those of the UnV pigs from 4 to 14 DPC. In conclusion, vaccination with Fostera PRRS MLV confers partial cross-protection against heterologous challenge of a virulent lineage 3 PRRSV isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Hsiang Hou
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Wei-Cheng Lee
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Maw-Sheng Chien
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chih-Jung Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Han-Ping Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Min-Yuan Chia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan (ROC)
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15
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Rahe MC, Dvorak CMT, Patterson A, Roof M, Murtaugh MP. The PRRSV-Specific Memory B Cell Response Is Long-Lived in Blood and Is Boosted During Live Virus Re-exposure. Front Immunol 2020; 11:247. [PMID: 32133011 PMCID: PMC7040088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen of swine health and well-being worldwide largely due to an insufficient understanding of the adaptive immune response to infection leading to ineffective PRRSV control. The memory and anamnestic response to infection are critical gaps in knowledge in PRRSV immunity. The lack of effective tools for the evaluation of the memory response previously hindered the ability to effectively characterize the porcine memory response to infection. However, the creation and validation of a PRRSV nsp7-specific B cell tetramer now facilitates the ability to detect very rare memory B cells and thus define the memory response of the pig. Here, we describe the PRRSV nsp7-specific B cell response following vaccination and challenge in six key secondary lymphoid organs including the identification of PBMCs as the tissue of interest for the memory immune response in pigs. Following live virus challenge of immune animals, an anamnestic response of nsp7-specific memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies was observed. This characterization of the functional humoral immune response to PRRSV answers key questions involved in regional specialization of the immune response following intramuscular inoculation of PRRSV MLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Rahe
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Cheryl M. T. Dvorak
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Abby Patterson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., Ames, IA, United States
| | - Michael Roof
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., Ames, IA, United States
| | - Michael P. Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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16
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Madapong A, Saeng-Chuto K, Boonsoongnern A, Tantituvanont A, Nilubol D. Cell-mediated immune response and protective efficacy of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus modified-live vaccines against co-challenge with PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1649. [PMID: 32015495 PMCID: PMC6997162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI), IL-10, and the protective efficacy of modified-live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccines (MLV) against co-challenge with PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 (HP-PRRSV) were investigated. Seventy, PRRSV-free, 3-week old, pigs were allocated into 7 groups. Six groups were intramuscularly vaccinated with MLV, including Porcilis (PRRSV-1 MLV, MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands), Amervac (PRRSV-1 MLV, Laboratorios Hipra, Spain), Fostera (PRRSV-2 MLV, Zoetis, USA), Ingelvac PRRS MLV and Ingelvac PRRS ATP (PRRSV-2, Boehringer Ingelheim, USA), and Prime Pac PRRS (PRRSV-2 MLV, MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands). Unvaccinated pigs were left as control. Lymphocyte proliferative response, IL-10 and IFN-γ production were determined. At 35 days post-vaccination (DPV), all pigs were inoculated intranasally with 2 ml of each PRRSV-1 (105.4 TCID50/ml) and PRRSV-2 (105.2 TCID50/ml, HP-PRRSV). Following challenge, sera were quantitatively assayed for PRRSV RNA. Pigs were necropsied at 7 days post-challenge. Viremia, macro- and microscopic lung lesion together with PRRSV antigen presence were evaluated in lung tissues. The results demonstrated that, regardless of vaccine genotype, CMI induced by all MLVs was relatively slow. Increased production of IL-10 in all vaccinated groups was observed at 7 and 14 DPV. Pigs in Amervac, Ingelvac MLV and Ingelvac ATP groups had significantly higher levels of IL-10 compared to Porcilis, Fostera and Prime Pac groups at 7 and 14 DPV. Following challenge, regardless to vaccine genotype, vaccinated pigs had significantly lower lung lesion scores and PRRSV antigens than those in the control group. Both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 RNA were significantly reduced. Prime Pac pigs had lowest PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 RNA in serum, and micro- and macroscopic lung lesion scores (p < 0.05) compared to other vaccinated groups. In conclusion, PRRSV MLVs, regardless of vaccine genotype, can reduce viremia and lung lesions following co-challenge with PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 (HP-PRRSV). The main difference between PRRSV MLV is the production of IL-10 following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adthakorn Madapong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kepalee Saeng-Chuto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alongkot Boonsoongnern
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kasetsart University, Nakon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Angkana Tantituvanont
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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17
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The T-Cell Response to Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV). Viruses 2019; 11:v11090796. [PMID: 31470568 PMCID: PMC6784018 DOI: 10.3390/v11090796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to cause severe reproductive and respiratory pathologies resulting in immense monetary and welfare costs for the swine industry. The vaccines against PRRSV are available; but they struggle with providing protection against the plethora of heterologous PRRSV strains. To improve PRRSV vaccine development, the aim of this study was to provide an in-depth analysis of the crucial heterologous T-cell response to type-2 PRRSV. Following PRRSV modified live virus (MLV) vaccination or infection using one high- or one low-pathogenic PRRSV-strain, this nine-week study evaluated the T-cell response to different PRRSV strains. Our results demonstrate an important role for T cells in this homo- and heterologous response. Specifically, the T-helper cells were the main responders during viremia. Their peak response at 28 dpi correlated with a reduction in viremia, and their homing receptor expression indicated the additional importance for the anti-PRRSV response in the lymphatic and lung tissue. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response was the strongest at the site of infection—the lung and bronchoalveolar lavage. The TCR-γδ T cells were the main responders post viremia and PRRSV induced their expression of the lymph node homing the chemokine receptor, CCR7: This indicates a crucial role for TCR-γδ T cells in the anti-PRRSV response in the lymphatic system.
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18
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Oh T, Kim H, Park KH, Jeong J, Yang S, Kang I, Chae C. Comparison of four commercial PRRSV MLV vaccines in herds with co-circulation of PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 63:66-73. [PMID: 30961820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of four commercial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines against respiratory disease was evaluated and compared in pig farms suffering from co-infection with PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2. All vaccinated groups on average exhibited improved growth rate compared to the unvaccinated pigs. Interestingly, the two groups vaccinated with either of the PRRSV-2 MLV vaccines had a better overall growth rate compared to the pigs vaccinated with either of the PRRSV-1 MLV vaccines. Vaccination of pigs with either of the PRRSV-1 MLV vaccines did not result in reduction of PRRSV-1 or PRRSV-2 viremia whereas vaccination of pigs with either of the PRRSV-2 MLV vaccines resulted in the reduction of PRRSV-2 viremia only. Taken together, the results of this field study demonstrate that a PRRSV-2 MLV vaccine can be efficacious against respiratory disease caused by co-infection with PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehwan Oh
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanjin Kim
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Park
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoon Jeong
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyeon Yang
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ikjae Kang
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Canelli E, Catella A, Borghetti P, Ferrari L, Ogno G, De Angelis E, Bonilauri P, Guazzetti S, Nardini R, Martelli P. Efficacy of a modified-live virus vaccine in pigs experimentally infected with a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 1 (HP-PRRSV-1). Vet Microbiol 2018; 226:89-96. [PMID: 30389048 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PRRS is one of the main viral diseases in pig production, causing huge economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The virus shows an intrinsic genomic instability and is able to change continuously, with the emergence of new strains, with different pathogenicity patterns. Commercially available vaccines only partially prevent or counteract the disease and the correlated losses. Moreover, the emergence of highly virulent and pathogenetic isolates represents a particular concern for PRRS control and diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a modified-live virus (MLV) PRRSV-1 commercial vaccine in reducing the severity of the disease and minimizing losses upon challenge with a highly pathogenic PRRSV-1.1 Italian isolate (PRRSV-1_PR40/2014). Four different groups were compared: C (unvaccinated-uninfected), VAC-C (vaccinated-uninfected), PR40 (unvaccinated-infected) and VAC-PR40 (vaccinated-infected). The tested vaccine provided partial, but statistically significant clinical, virological and pathological protection after challenge under experimental conditions. In particular, vaccinated animals showed reduced viremia in terms of duration and magnitude, reduced respiratory signs and pathological lesions. Vaccination was able to trigger adaptive immunity able to respond efficiently also against the HP PR40 isolate. Vaccinated animals showed higher average daily weight gain, even during the viremic period, compared to non-vaccinated challenged pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Alessia Catella
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- IZSLER, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "B. Ubertini", Unit of Reggio Emilia, Via Pitagora 2, 42100, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefano Guazzetti
- AUSL Reggio Emilia, Via Giovanni Amendola 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Roberto Nardini
- IZSLT, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
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Jeong J, Park C, Oh T, Park KH, Yang S, Kang I, Park SJ, Chae C. Cross-protection of a modified-live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-2 vaccine against a heterologous PRRSV-1 challenge in late-term pregnancy gilts. Vet Microbiol 2018; 223:119-125. [PMID: 30173737 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated the cross-protection of a modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine based on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-2, against a heterologous PRRSV-1 challenge in late term pregnancy gilts. Gilts were vaccinated 42 days prior to breeding and then challenged intranasally with PRRSV-1 at 93 days of gestation. No local or systemic adverse effects related to vaccination were observed in the vaccinated gilts throughout the study. Vaccination resulted in a longer gestation period, a higher number of live-born and weaned piglets, and a significant decrease in the number of stillborn piglets compared to the unvaccinated group. The PRRSV-2 MLV vaccine was also able to significantly reduce PRRSV-1 viremia. At the time of PRRSV-1 challenge, vaccinated gilts had significantly higher PRRSV-1 specific interferon-γ secreting cells but low neutralizing antibody titers against PRRSV-1 compared to unvaccinated gilts. This correlated with a reduction of PRRSV-1 viremia, indicating that cell-mediated rather than humoral immunity played a role in PRRSV-1 clearance from the blood. Fetal thymic tissues from vaccinated pregnant gilts had fewer PRRSV-1 positive cells compared to unvaccinated gilts. Taken together these results indicate that vaccination of gilts with PRRSV-2 MLV vaccine can provide cross-protection against PRRSV-1 challenge and improve reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoon Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyeon Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ikjae Kang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Kroll J, Piontkowski M, Rathkjen PH, Orveillon FX, Kraft C, Duran OG. Long duration of immunity against a type 1 heterologous PRRS virus challenge in pigs immunised with a novel PRRS MLV vaccine: a randomised controlled study. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:11. [PMID: 29785280 PMCID: PMC5954457 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is widespread in commercial pig farms worldwide, and has a significant cost to the swine industry. Herd owners need a vaccine that will confer long-lasting immunity to prevent PRRSV infection and transmission. The studies described here evaluated duration of immunity conferred by a European-derived PRRS (isolate 94,881) modified live virus (MLV) vaccine, Ingelvac PRRSFLEX® EU, at 20, 24, and 26 weeks post-vaccination. Primary endpoints were the assessment of gross and histological lung lesions and viral RNA load in lung tissue 10 days following heterologous PRRSV challenge. Secondary endpoints included clinical observations, average daily weight gain (ADWG) and viral RNA load in serum 10 days post-challenge. Three blinded, vaccination-challenge efficacy studies were performed using separate cohorts of pigs (n = 56 per study). Pigs received either Ingelvac PRRSFLEX® EU (Group 1) or placebo (Groups 2 and 3). Groups 1 and 2 were subsequently challenged with heterologous European PRRSV isolate 205,817 at 20, 24 or 26 weeks post-vaccination. Results Mean gross lung lesion scores were significantly lower in Group 1 than in Group 2 at 24 and 26 weeks (p < 0.0001), but not at 20 weeks (p = 0.299). Significantly lower mean histological lung lesion scores were observed in Group 1 versus Group 2 at 20 (p = 0.0065), 24 (p < 0.0001) and 26 weeks (p < 0.0001). Mean viral RNA load in lung tissue was significantly lower in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p < 0.0001) at 20 (p < 0.0001), 24 (p < 0.0001) and 26 weeks (p < 0.0001). Cumulative viral RNA loads in serum during days 1–10 post-challenge were significantly lower in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p < 0.0001) in all studies. A significant increase in ADWG was observed in Group 1 compared with Group 2 at 20 weeks (p = 0.0027) and 24 weeks (p = 0.0004), but not at 26 weeks (p = 0.1041). There were no significant differences in clinical signs post-challenge in any study. Conclusion These results suggest that Ingelvac PRRSFLEX® EU confers long-term immunity to European heterologous PRRSV, which is maintained up to 26 weeks after vaccination, corresponding to the expected lifespan of commercial pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Kroll
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 2412 South Loop Dr, Ames, IA 50010 USA
| | - Mike Piontkowski
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 2621 North Belt Highway, St. Joseph, MO 64506 USA
| | - Poul H Rathkjen
- 3Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Straße 173, 55216 Ingelheim, Germany
| | | | - Christian Kraft
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Bemeroder Str. 31, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver G Duran
- 3Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Straße 173, 55216 Ingelheim, Germany
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Jeong J, Kim S, Park C, Park KH, Kang I, Park SJ, Chae C. Commercial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-2 modified live virus vaccine against heterologous single and dual Korean PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 challenge. Vet Rec 2018; 182:485. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoon Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seeun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ikjae Kang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
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Nasal delivery of chitosan/alginate nanoparticle encapsulated bee (Apis mellifera) venom promotes antibody production and viral clearance during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection by modulating T cell related responses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 200:40-51. [PMID: 29776611 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we administered specially developed chitosan/alginate nanoparticle encapsulated BV (CH/AL-BV) which has slow-releasing properties and mucosal adhesiveness to pig via nasal route and evaluate whether it can facilitate systemic immune response and improve clearance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The CH/AL-BV-administered group with PRRSV vaccination showed significantly enhanced Th1-related responses including a high population of CD4+ T lymphocyte and cytokine mRNA levels including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-12 and increased PRRSV-specific IgG levels. In the PRRSV challenge experiment, the CH/AL-BV group showed a significant decrease of viral burden in the sera and tissues (lung and bronchial lymph node) and mild interstitial pneumonia signs on both lung gross examination and microscopic evaluation with high levels of PRRSV-specific IgG and viral neutralizing antibody. CH/AL-BV also effectively induced not only Th1-related immune responses including increase in portion of CD4+ T lymphocyte, cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-12), and transcriptional factors (STAT4 and T-bet), but also stimulated IFN-γ-secreting cell families such as CD4+ T lymphocytes and Th/memory cells. Interestingly, the CH/AL-BV group showed decrease in PRRSV-specific immune-suppressive actions, including the T regulatory cell population and its related cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) and transcriptional factors (STAT5 and Foxp3). Therefore, nasal-delivered CH/AL-BV may effectively induce non-specific immune stimulating actions, particularly those related to Th1 responses and viral clearance activities against PRRSV infection. Based on these results, CH/AL-BV could be a promising strategy for overcoming the disadvantages of classical PRRSV vaccination and can be applied as a preventive agent against PRRSV and other viral diseases, particularly those with immune-suppressive characteristics.
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Jeong J, Kim S, Park KH, Kang I, Park SJ, Yang S, Oh T, Chae C. Vaccination with a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine at 1-day-old improved growth performance of piglets under field conditions. Vet Microbiol 2018; 214:113-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tian D, Sooryanarain H, Matzinger SR, Gauger PC, Karuppannan AK, Elankumaran S, Opriessnig T, Meng XJ. Protective efficacy of a virus-vectored multi-component vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus type 2 and swine influenza virus. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:3026-3036. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Debin Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Harini Sooryanarain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Shannon R. Matzinger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Phil C. Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Anbu K. Karuppannan
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Subbiah Elankumaran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Calvert JG, Keith ML, Pearce DS, Lenz MC, King VL, Diamondidis YA, Ankenbauer RG, Martinon NC. Vaccination against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) reduces the magnitude and duration of viremia following challenge with a virulent heterologous field strain. Vet Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28622868 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Forty PRRS-negative, three week-old weaned pigs were randomized into two groups in separate rooms and inoculated with a modified live PRRS vaccine (Fostera® PRRS) or control (PBS). Four weeks after vaccination pigs were rehoused in a single room and challenged intranasally and intramuscularly with virulent PRRSV strain NADC20. Timed serum samples were collected and titrated for PRRS virus and anti-PRRS virus antibodies. The study concluded when ≥80% of the pigs in the control group were determined to be virus negative (27days post-challenge). Mean duration of viremia was significantly lower (p=0.0327) for vaccinated pigs compared to non-vaccinated pigs. A significant reduction (p≤0.0053) in mean post-challenge viremia titer was seen in vaccinates compared to non-vaccinates from days 8 through 22 post-challenge. At the individual pig level, no pigs in the vaccinated group had detectible PRRSV in serum at the end of the study (27days post-challenge), while 15% of non-vaccinated pigs remained positive for virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay G Calvert
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development,333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
| | - Marcia L Keith
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development,333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
| | - Douglas S Pearce
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development,333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
| | - M Corinne Lenz
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development,333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
| | - Vickie L King
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development,333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
| | - Yvette A Diamondidis
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development,333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
| | - Robert G Ankenbauer
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development,333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
| | - Nathalie C Martinon
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development,333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
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Renson P, Fablet C, Le Dimna M, Mahé S, Touzain F, Blanchard Y, Paboeuf F, Rose N, Bourry O. Preparation for emergence of an Eastern European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strain in Western Europe: Immunization with modified live virus vaccines or a field strain confers partial protection. Vet Microbiol 2017; 204:133-140. [PMID: 28532792 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes huge economic losses for the swine industry worldwide. In the past several years, highly pathogenic strains that lead to even greater losses have emerged. For the Western European swine industry, one threat is the possible introduction of Eastern European PRRSV strains (example Lena genotype 1.3) which were shown to be more virulent than common Western resident strains under experimental conditions. To prepare for the possible emergence of this strain in Western Europe, we immunized piglets with a Western European PRRSV field strain (Finistere: Fini, genotype 1.1), a new genotype 1 commercial modified live virus (MLV) vaccine (MLV1) or a genotype 2 commercial MLV vaccine (MLV2) to evaluate and compare the level of protection that these strains conferred upon challenge with the Lena strain 4 weeks later. Results show that immunization with Fini, MLV1 or MLV2 strains shortened the Lena-induced hyperthermia. In the Fini group, a positive effect was also demonstrated in growth performance. The level of Lena viremia was reduced for all immunized groups (significantly so for Fini and MLV2). This reduction in Lena viremia was correlated with the level of Lena-specific IFNγ-secreting cells. In conclusion, we showed that a commercial MLV vaccine of genotype 1 or 2, as well as a field strain of genotype 1.1 may provide partial clinical and virological protection upon challenge with the Lena strain. The cross-protection induced by these immunizing strains was not related with the level of genetic similarity to the Lena strain. The slightly higher level of protection established with the field strain is attributed to a better cell-mediated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Renson
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire Alimentation Environnement Travail (Anses), Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Union des Groupements de Producteurs de Viande de Bretagne (UGPVB), 104 rue Eugène Pottier, 35065 Rennes, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - C Fablet
- Anses, Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-être Porcins, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - M Le Dimna
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire Alimentation Environnement Travail (Anses), Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - S Mahé
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire Alimentation Environnement Travail (Anses), Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - F Touzain
- Anses, Unité Génétique Virale et Biosécurité, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - Y Blanchard
- Anses, Unité Génétique Virale et Biosécurité, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - F Paboeuf
- Anses, Service de Production de Porcs Assainis et Expérimental, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - N Rose
- Anses, Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-être Porcins, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - O Bourry
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire Alimentation Environnement Travail (Anses), Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France.
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Choi K, Park C, Jeong J, Chae C. Comparison of protection provided by type 1 and type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome field viruses against homologous and heterologous challenge. Vet Microbiol 2016; 191:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Bonckaert C, van der Meulen K, Rodríguez-Ballarà I, Pedrazuela Sanz R, Martinez MF, Nauwynck HJ. Modified-live PRRSV subtype 1 vaccine UNISTRAIN ® PRRS provides a partial clinical and virological protection upon challenge with East European subtype 3 PRRSV strain Lena. Porcine Health Manag 2016; 2:12. [PMID: 28405438 PMCID: PMC5382438 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-016-0029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Western European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains cause limited and mild clinical signs whereas more virulent strains are circulating in Eastern Europe. The emergence of such highly virulent strains in Western Europe might result in severe clinical problems and a financial disaster. In this context, the efficacy of the commercial modified-live PRRSV subtype 1 vaccine UNISTRAIN® PRRS was tested upon challenge with the East European subtype 3 PRRSV strain Lena. Results The mean duration of fever was shortened and the number of fever days was significantly lower in vaccinated pigs than in control pigs. Moreover, a lower number of vaccinated animals showed fever, respiratory disorders and conjunctivitis. The mean virus titers in the nasal secretions post challenge (AUC) were significantly lower in the vaccinated group than in the control group. The duration of viremia was slightly shorter (not significantly different) in the vaccinated group as compared to the control group. Conclusions Vaccination of pigs with the modified-live vaccine UNISTRAIN® PRRS provides a partial clinical and virological protection against the PRRSV subtype 3 strain Lena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bonckaert
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Karen van der Meulen
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, e-mail:
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31
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Choi K, Park C, Jeong J, Kang I, Park SJ, Chae C. Comparison of commercial type 1 and type 2 PRRSV vaccines against heterologous dual challenge. Vet Rec 2016; 178:291. [PMID: 26864027 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study was to compare the effect of vaccination of pigs with either type 1 or type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) against heterologous dual challenge of both genotypes. Pigs were administered type 1 (UNISTRAIN PRRS) or type 2 (Fostera PRRS) PRRSV vaccine at 28 days of age and inoculated intranasally with both genotypes at 63 days of age. Vaccination of pigs with type 1 PRRSV was able to reduce the levels of type 1 but not type 2 PRRSV viraemia, whereas vaccination of pigs with type 2 PRRSV was able to reduce the levels of type 1 and type 2 PRRSV viraemia against a dual challenge. Vaccination of pigs with type 2 PRRSV significantly reduced lung lesions after dual challenge compared with vaccination of pigs with type 1 PRRSV. Vaccination of pigs with type 2 PRRSV induced higher numbers of type 1 and type 2 PRRSV-specific interferon-γ secreting cells compared with vaccination of pigs with type 1 PRRSV after dual challenge. The results of this study demonstrated that vaccination of pigs with type 2 PRRSV is efficacious in protecting growing pigs from respiratory disease after heterologous dual type 1 and type 2 PRRSV challenge compared with vaccination of pigs with type 1 PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Choi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - C Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - J Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - I Kang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - S-J Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - C Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Park C, Choi K, Jeong J, Kang I, Park SJ, Chae C. Concurrent vaccination of pigs with type 1 and type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) protects against type 1 PRRSV but not against type 2 PRRSV on dually challenged pigs. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Renukaradhya GJ, Meng XJ, Calvert JG, Roof M, Lager KM. Live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines: Current status and future direction. Vaccine 2015; 33:4069-80. [PMID: 26148878 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) was reported in the late 1980s. PRRS still is a huge economic concern to the global pig industry with a current annual loss estimated at one billion US dollars in North America alone. It has been 20 years since the first modified live-attenuated PRRSV vaccine (PRRSV-MLV) became commercially available. PRRSV-MLVs provide homologous protection and help in reducing shedding of heterologous viruses, but they do not completely protect pigs against heterologous field strains. There have been many advances in understanding the biology and ecology of PRRSV; however, the complexities of virus-host interaction and PRRSV vaccinology are not yet completely understood leaving a significant gap for improving breadth of immunity against diverse PRRS isolates. This review provides insights on immunization efforts using infectious PRRSV-based vaccines since the 1990s, beginning with live PRRSV immunization, development and commercialization of PRRSV-MLV, and strategies to overcome the deficiencies of PRRSV-MLV through use of replicating viral vectors expressing multiple PRRSV membrane proteins. Finally, powerful reverse genetics systems (infectious cDNA clones) generated from more than 20 PRRSV isolates of both genotypes 1 and 2 viruses have provided a great resource for exploring many innovative strategies to improve the safety and cross-protective efficacy of live PRRSV vaccines. Examples include vaccines with diminished ability to down-regulate the immune system, positive and negative marker vaccines, multivalent vaccines incorporating antigens from other porcine pathogens, vaccines that carry their own cytokine adjuvants, and chimeric vaccine viruses with the potential for broad cross-protection against heterologous strains. To combat this devastating pig disease in the future, evaluation and commercialization of such improved live PRRSV vaccines is a shared goal among PRRSV researchers, pork producers and biologics companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States.
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Michael Roof
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kelly M Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.
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