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Elsobky Y, El Afandi G, Salama A, Byomi A, Omar M, Eltholth M. Spatiotemporal analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) outbreaks in poultry in Egypt (2006 to 2017). BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:174. [PMID: 35550145 PMCID: PMC9097238 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Egypt, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 is endemic and possesses a severe impact on the poultry. To provide a better understanding of the distributional characteristics of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in Egypt, this study aimed to explore the spatiotemporal pattern and identify clusters of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in Egypt from 2006 to 2017. Results The Epidemic curve (EC) was constructed through time series analysis; in which six epidemic waves (EWs) were revealed. Outbreaks mainly started in winter peaked in March and ended in summer. However, newly emerged thermostable clades (2.2.1.1 and 2.2.1.2) during the 4th EW enabled the virus to survive and cause infection in warmer months with a clear alteration in the seasonality of the epidemic cycle in the 5th EW. The endemic situation became more complicated by the emergence of new serotypes. As a result, the EC ended up without any specific pattern since the 6th EW to now. The spatial analysis showed that the highest outbreak density was recorded in the Nile Delta considering it as the ‘Hot spot’ region. By the 6th EW, the outbreak extended to include the Nile valley. From spatiotemporal cluster epidemics, clustering in the Delta was a common feature in all EWs with primary clusters consistently detected in the hot-spot region, but the location and size varied with each EW. The highest Relative Risk (RR) regions in an EW were noticed to contain the primary clusters of the next EW and were found to include stopover sites for migratory wild birds. They were in Fayoum, Dakahlia, Qalyobiya, Sharkia, Kafr_Elsheikh, Giza, Behera, Menia, and BeniSuef governorates. Transmission of HPAI H5N1 occurred from one location to another directly resulted in a series of outbreaks forming neighboring secondary clusters. The absence of geographical borders between the governorates in addition to non-restricted movements of poultry and low vaccination and surveillance coverage contributed to the wider spread of infection all over Egypt and to look like one epidemiological unit. Conclusion Our findings can help in better understanding of the characteristics of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks and the distribution of outbreak risk, which can be used for effective disease control strategies. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumna Elsobky
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menofia, Sadat City, 32897, Egypt.
| | - Gamal El Afandi
- College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA.,Astronomy and Meteorology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Akram Salama
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menofia, 32897, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Byomi
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menofia, Sadat City, 32897, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Omar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
| | - Mahmoud Eltholth
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,Department of Animal Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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Yehia N, AbdelSabour MA, Erfan AM, Mohammed Ali Z, Soliman RA, Samy A, Mohamed Soliman M, Abd El-Hack ME, El-Saadony MT, Ahmed KA. Selenium nanoparticles enhance the efficacy of homologous vaccine against the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in chickens. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:2095-2111. [PMID: 35531142 PMCID: PMC9072940 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A proper vaccination against avian influenza viruses in chicken can significantly reduce the risk of human infection. Egypt has the highest number of recorded humans highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)-H5N1 infections worldwide despite the widespread use of homologous vaccines in poultry. Enhancing H5N1 vaccine efficacy is ultimately required to better control HPAI-H5N1. The aim of this study is to boost chicken immunity by combined with inactivated HPAI-H5N1 with selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). The chickens groups 1-3 were fed diets supplemented with SeNPs concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg) for 3 weeks and then vaccinated (inactivated HPAI-H5N1). while groups 4,5 and 6 were fed with SeNPs free diets and administered with 0.5 ml of the vaccine combined with 0.02, 0.06, and 0.1 mg/dose of SeNPs and then all groups were challenged with homologous virus 3 weeks post-vaccination (WPV). Group 7, 8 were used as control positive and negative respectively. At 4, 5, and 6 WPV, antibody titer was considerably higher in the group fed a meal supplemented with 1 mg SeNPs/kg. In contrast, both methods of SeNPs supplementation significantly increased the Interleukin 2 (IL2), Interleukin 6 (IL6), and Interferon γ (IFNγ) expressions in the blood cells in a dose-dependent manner, with a higher expression observed in the group that was vaccinated with 0.1 mg/dose. After the challenge, all groups that received SeNPs via diet or vaccines dose showed significant reduction in viral shedding and milder inflammation in lung, trachea, spleen, and liver in addition to higher expression of IL2, IL6, and IFNγ, with the highest expression observed in the group that was vaccinated with 0.1 mg/dose compared the plain vaccinated group. The groups of 1 mg SeNPs/kg and combined vaccinated with 0.1 mg/dose showed the best vaccine efficacy. However, the group vaccinated with 0.1 mg/dose showed the earliest reduction in viral shedding. Overall, SeNPs supplementation in the diet and the administration of the vaccine formula with SeNPs could enhance vaccine efficacy and provide better protection against HPAI-H5N1 in chickens by enhancing cellular immunity and reducing inflammation. We recommend using SeNPs as a vaccine combination or feeding with diet to increase the immunity and vaccine efficacy against H5N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Yehia
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A AbdelSabour
- Poultry Viral Vaccines Production and Research Department, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Erfan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Zeinab Mohammed Ali
- Poultry Viral Vaccines Production and Research Department, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt
| | - Reem A Soliman
- Researcher in Department of Evaluation of Inactivated Viral Poultry Vaccines, Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt
| | - Ahmed Samy
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mohamed Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Kawkab A Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
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Piontkivska H, Wales-McGrath B, Miyamoto M, Wayne ML. ADAR Editing in Viruses: An Evolutionary Force to Reckon with. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:evab240. [PMID: 34694399 PMCID: PMC8586724 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine Deaminases that Act on RNA (ADARs) are RNA editing enzymes that play a dynamic and nuanced role in regulating transcriptome and proteome diversity. This editing can be highly selective, affecting a specific site within a transcript, or nonselective, resulting in hyperediting. ADAR editing is important for regulating neural functions and autoimmunity, and has a key role in the innate immune response to viral infections, where editing can have a range of pro- or antiviral effects and can contribute to viral evolution. Here we examine the role of ADAR editing across a broad range of viral groups. We propose that the effect of ADAR editing on viral replication, whether pro- or antiviral, is better viewed as an axis rather than a binary, and that the specific position of a given virus on this axis is highly dependent on virus- and host-specific factors, and can change over the course of infection. However, more research needs to be devoted to understanding these dynamic factors and how they affect virus-ADAR interactions and viral evolution. Another area that warrants significant attention is the effect of virus-ADAR interactions on host-ADAR interactions, particularly in light of the crucial role of ADAR in regulating neural functions. Answering these questions will be essential to developing our understanding of the relationship between ADAR editing and viral infection. In turn, this will further our understanding of the effects of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, as well as many others, and thereby influence our approach to treating these deadly diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Ohio, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Ohio, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Michael Miyamoto
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marta L Wayne
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Alqazlan N, Emam M, Nagy É, Bridle B, Sargolzaei M, Sharif S. Transcriptomics of chicken cecal tonsils and intestine after infection with low pathogenic avian influenza virus H9N2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20462. [PMID: 34650121 PMCID: PMC8517014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause severe respiratory infections in humans and birds, triggering global health concerns and economic burden. Influenza infection is a dynamic process involving complex biological host responses. The objective of this study was to illustrate global biological processes in ileum and cecal tonsils at early time points after chickens were infected with low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2 through transcriptome analysis. Total RNA isolated from ileum and cecal tonsils of non-infected and infected layers at 12-, 24- and 72-h post-infection (hpi) was used for mRNA sequencing analyses to characterize differentially expressed genes and overrepresented pathways. Statistical analysis highlighted transcriptomic signatures significantly occurring 24 and 72 hpi, but not earlier at 12 hpi. Interferon (IFN)-inducible and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression was increased, followed by continued expression of various heat-shock proteins (HSP), including HSP60, HSP70, HSP90 and HSP110. Some upregulated genes involved in innate antiviral responses included DDX60, MX1, RSAD2 and CMPK2. The ISG15 antiviral mechanism pathway was highly enriched in ileum and cecal tonsils at 24 hpi. Overall, most affected pathways were related to interferon production and the heat-shock response. Research on these candidate genes and pathways is warranted to decipher underlying mechanisms of immunity against LPAIV in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiyah Alqazlan
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Mehdi Emam
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E7 Canada
| | - Éva Nagy
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Byram Bridle
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Mehdi Sargolzaei
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada ,Select Sires, Inc., Plain City, OH 43064 USA
| | - Shayan Sharif
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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Chen Z, Wang Z, Zhao X, Guan Y, Xue Q, Li J, Liu Z, Zhao B, He Z, Huang J, Liao M, Song Y, Jiao P. Pathogenicity of different H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains and host immune responses in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2020; 246:108745. [PMID: 32605756 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has been circulating in China since 2013. In this report, we describe our recent chicken experimental studies investigating the pathogenicity and transmission of four H5N6 HPAIV field strains of different origins (GS39, CK44, DK47 and CK74) and the host immune responses. Four-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated intranasally with one of the four H5N6 HPAIV strains (one strain per group). Among the contact chickens, the GS39 and CK74 strains caused 100 % mortality, the CK44 strain caused 80 % mortality, and the DK47 strain caused 40 % mortality. The viruses were effectively replicated in multiple tissues of the inoculated chickens, in which high viral titers were detected in virus-infected tissues, and significantly upregulated expression of immune-related genes was found in the infected chickens at 24 hpi. The chicken serum antibody levels increased from 5log2 at 7 dpe to 7.67-8log2 at 14 dpe. The major histocompatibility complex molecules were upregulated 21.22- to 32.98-fold in lungs and 5.10- to 18.47-fold in spleens. In summary, H5N6 viruses can replicate within chickens and be effectively transmitted between chickens. Our study contributes to further understanding the pathogenesis of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 avian influenza viruses in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiya Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yun Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qian Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinrong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhiting Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Bingbing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhuoliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianni Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yafen Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Peirong Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Molecular and biological characterization of the immunological potency of Newcastle disease virus oil emulsion-inactivated vaccines prepared from field isolate obtained from vaccinated chickens outbreak. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:815-826. [PMID: 31840214 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to characterize the immunological parameters of chickens vaccinated with two formulated inactivated vaccines, water in oil (WO) and water in oil in water (WOW), prepared from velogenic Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) genotype VIIj isolated from outbreak among vaccinated chickens. Six groups (G1-G6) of commercial broiler chickens were established (n = 20). The G1-G3 were received homologous (WO and WOW) and heterologous (LaSota) inactivated vaccines, respectively. The G4 was vaccinated with live heterologous (LaSota) vaccine, while G5 and G6 were kept as control positive and control negative non-vaccinated groups. The antibody titers were measured against vNDV and LaSota antigens using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, the cytokine gene expressions of IFNγ, IL1β, IL4, IL6, IL8, and IL18 were quantified using real-time RT-PCR, and the virus shedding was titrated on chicken embryo fibroblast cells after challenging by vNDV. The classical clinical signs and 100% mortality were observed only in G5 after vNDV challenging. The highest HI titers were detected in G1, G2, and G3 using NDV/168 antigen with no significant differences among them. These groups showed higher HI titer than G4 (2-4log2). Cytokine gene expression of IFNγ, IL1, IL6, IL8, and IL18 were significantly downregulated in vaccinated chickens with upregulation of IL4 than non-vaccinated challenge group. Viral shedding titers were significantly (0.0001, p ≤ 0.001) reduced in all samples form vaccinated chickens. In conclusion, the prepared vaccines produced highly efficient immunological responses and could be used for controlling the NDV infection.
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Naguib MM, Verhagen JH, Samy A, Eriksson P, Fife M, Lundkvist Å, Ellström P, Järhult JD. Avian influenza viruses at the wild-domestic bird interface in Egypt. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2019; 9:1575687. [PMID: 30815236 PMCID: PMC6383604 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2019.1575687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild birds of the orders Anseriformes (mainly ducks, geese and swans) and Charadriiformes (mainly gulls, terns and waders) constitute the natural reservoir for low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. In Egypt, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and LPAI H9N2 viruses are endemic in domestic poultry, forming a threat to animal and human health and raising questions about the routes of introduction and mechanisms of persistence. Recently, HPAI H5N8 virus was also introduced into Egyptian domestic birds. Here we review the literature on the role of wild birds in the introduction and endemicity of avian influenza viruses in Egypt. Dabbling ducks in Egypt harbor an extensive LPAI virus diversity and may constitute the route of introduction for HPAI H5N1 and HPAI H5N8 viruses into Egypt through migration, however their role in the endemicity of HPAI H5N1, LPAI H9N2 and potentially other avian influenza virus (AIV) strains - by means of reassortment of viral genes - is less clear. Strengthened surveillance programs, in both domestic and wild birds, that include all LPAI virus subtypes and full genome sequencing are needed to better assess the wild-domestic bird interface and form a basis for evidence-based measures to limit and prevent AIV transmission between wild and domestic birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Josanne H. Verhagen
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Samy
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
- Genetics and Genomics, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, UK
| | - Per Eriksson
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark Fife
- Genetics and Genomics, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, UK
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ali A, Safwat M, Kilany WH, Nagy A, Shehata AA, El-Abideen MAZ, Dahshan AHM, Arafa ASA. Combined H5ND inactivated vaccine protects chickens against challenge by different clades of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses subtype H5 and virulent Newcastle disease virus. Vet World 2019; 12:97-105. [PMID: 30936661 PMCID: PMC6431814 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.97-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of a trivalent-inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine against challenge by different clades highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses including HPAI-H5N8 and the virulent genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) (vNDV). Materials and Methods The vaccine studied herein is composed of reassortant AI viruses rgA/Chicken/Egypt/ME1010/2016 (clade 2.2.1.1), H5N1 rgA/Chicken/Egypt/RG-173CAL/2017 (clade 2.2.1.2), and "NDV" (LaSota NDV/CK/Egypt/11478AF/11); all used at a concentration of 108 EID50/bird and mixed with Montanide-ISA70 oil adjuvant. Two-week-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens were immunized subcutaneously with 0.5 ml of the vaccine, and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers were monitored weekly. The intranasal challenge was conducted 4 weeks post-vaccination (PV) using 106 EID50/0.1 ml of the different virulent HPAI-H5N1 viruses representing clades 2.2.1, 2.2.1.1, 2.2.1.2, 2.3.4.4b-H5N8, and the vNDV. Results The vaccine induced HI antibody titers of >6log2 against both H5N1 and NDV viruses at 2 weeks PV. Clinical protection against all HPAI H5N1 viruses and vNDV was 100%, except for HPAI H5N1 clade-2.2.1 and HPAI H5N8 clade-2.3.4.4b viruses that showed 93.3% protection. Challenged SPF chickens showed significant decreases in the virus shedding titers up to <3log10 compared to challenge control chickens. No virus shedding was detected 6 "days post-challenge" in all vaccinated challenged groups. Conclusion Our results indicate that the trivalent H5ND vaccine provides significant clinical protection against different clades of the HPAI viruses including the newly emerging H5N8 HPAI virus. Availability of such potent multivalent oil-emulsion vaccine offers an effective tool against HPAI control in endemic countries and promises simpler vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Marwa Safwat
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Walid H Kilany
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Abdou Nagy
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Awad A Shehata
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 22857, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Zain El-Abideen
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Al-Hussien M Dahshan
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Satar A Arafa
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
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9
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Cao Y, Cao R, Huang Y, Zhou H, Liu Y, Li X, Zhong W, Hao P. A comprehensive study on cellular RNA editing activity in response to infections with different subtypes of influenza a viruses. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:925. [PMID: 29363430 PMCID: PMC5780764 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background RNA editing is an important mechanism that expands the diversity and complexity of genetic codes. The conversions of adenosine (A) to inosine (I) and cytosine (C) to uridine (U) are two prominent types of RNA editing in animals. The roles of RNA editing events have been implicated in important biological pathways. Cellular RNA editing activity in response to influenza A virus infection has not been fully characterized in human and avian hosts. This study was designed as a big data analysis to investigate the role and response of RNA editing in epithelial cells during the course of infection with various subtypes of influenza A viruses. Results Using a bioinformatics pipeline modified from our previous study, we characterized the profiles of A-to-I and C-to-U RNA editing events in human epithelial cells during the course of influenza A virus infection. Our results revealed a striking diversity of A-to-I RNA editing activities in human epithelial cells in responses to different subtypes of influenza A viruses. The infection of H1N1 and H3N2 significantly up-regulated normalized A-to-I RNA editing levels in human epithelial cells, whereas that of H5N1 did not change it and H7N9 infection significantly down-regulated normalized A-to-I editing level in A549 cells. Next, the expression levels of ADAR and APOBEC enzymes responsible for A-to-I and C-to-U RNA editing during the course of virus infection were examined. The increase of A-to-I RNA editing activities in infections with some influenza A viruses (H1N1 and H3N2) is linked to the up-regulation of ADAR1 but not ADAR2. Further, the pattern recognition receptors of human epithelial cells infected with H1N1, H3N2, H5N1 and H7N9 were examined. Variable responsive changes in gene expression were observed with RIG-I like receptors and Toll like receptors. Finally, the effect of influenza A virus infection on cellular RNA editing activity was also analyzed in avian hosts. Conclusion This work represents the first comprehensive study of cellular RNA editing activity in response to different influenza A virus infections in human and avian hosts, highlighting the critical role of RNA editing in innate immune response and the pathogenicity of different subtypes of influenza A viruses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4330-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 20031, China
| | - Ruiyuan Cao
- National Engineering Research Center For the Emergence Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yaowei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 20031, China
| | - Hongxia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 20032, China
| | - Yuanhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 20031, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 20032, China.
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center For the Emergence Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Pei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 20031, China.
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Cao Y, Huang Y, Xu K, Liu Y, Li X, Xu Y, Zhong W, Hao P. Differential responses of innate immunity triggered by different subtypes of influenza a viruses in human and avian hosts. BMC Med Genomics 2017; 10:70. [PMID: 29322931 PMCID: PMC5763291 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-017-0304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immunity provides first line of defense against viral infections. The interactions between hosts and influenza A virus and the response of host innate immunity to viral infection are critical determinants for the pathogenicity or virulence of influenza A viruses. This study was designed to investigate global changes of gene expression and detailed responses of innate immune systems in human and avian hosts during the course of infection with various subtypes of influenza A viruses, using collected and self-generated transcriptome sequencing data from human bronchial epithelial (HBE), human tracheobronchial epithelial (HTBE), and A549 cells infected with influenza A virus subtypes, namely H1N1, H3N2, H5N1 HALo mutant, and H7N9, and from ileum and lung of chicken and quail infected with H5N1, or H5N2. RESULTS We examined the induction of various cytokines and chemokines in human hosts infected with different subtypes of influenza A viruses. Type I and III interferons were found to be differentially induced with each subtype. H3N2 caused abrupt and the strongest response of IFN-β and IFN-λ, followed by H1N1 (though much weaker), whereas H5N1 HALo mutant and H7N9 induced very minor change in expression of type I and III interferons. Similarly, differential responses of other innate immunity-related genes were observed, including TMEM173, MX1, OASL, IFI6, IFITs, IFITMs, and various chemokine genes like CCL5, CX3CL1, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligands, SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signaling) genes. Third, the replication kinetics of H1N1, H3N2, H5N1 HALo mutant and H7N9 subtypes were analyzed, H5N1 HALo mutant was found to have the highest viral replication rate, followed by H3N2, and H1N1, while H7N9 had a rate similar to that of H1N1 or H3N2 though in different host cell type. CONCLUSION Our study illustrated the differential responses of innate immunity to infections of different subtypes of influenza A viruses. We found the influenza viruses which induced stronger innate immune responses replicate slower than those induces weaker innate immune responses. Our study provides important insight into links between the differential innate immune responses from hosts and the pathogenicity/ virulence of different subtypes of influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaowei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center For the Emergence Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Pei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Azab AA, Arafa A, Selim A, Hassan MK, Bazid AI, Sultan AH, Hussein HA, Abdelwhab EM. Pathogenicity of the Egyptian A/H5N1 avian influenza viruses in chickens. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:471-476. [PMID: 28739438 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Long-term circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses of clade 2.2.1 in Egyptian poultry since February 2006 resulted in the evolution of two distinct clades: 2.2.1.1 represents antigenic-drift variants isolated from vaccinated poultry and 2.2.1.2 that caused the newest upsurge in birds and humans in 2014/2015. In the present study, nine isolates were collected from chickens, ducks and turkeys representing the commercial and backyard sectors during the period 2009-2015. The subtyping was confirmed by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, RT-qPCR and sequence analysis. The Mean Death Time (MDT) and Intravenous Pathogenicity Index (IVPI) for all isolates were determined. Sequence analysis of the HA gene sequences of these viruses revealed that two viruses belonged to clade 2.2.1.1 and the rest were clade 2.2.1.2. Antigenic characterisation of the viruses supported the results of the phylogenetic analysis. The MDT of the isolates ranged from 18 to 72 h and the IVPI values ranged from 2.3 to 2.9; viruses of the 2.2.1.1 clade were less virulent than those of the 2.2.1.2 clade. In addition, clade-specific polymorphism in the HA cleavage site was observed. These findings indicate the high and variable pathogenicity of H5N1 viruses of different clades and host-origin in Egypt. The upsurge of outbreaks in poultry in 2014/2015 was probably not due to a shift in virulence from earlier viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Azab
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt.
| | - A Arafa
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - A Selim
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - M K Hassan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - A I Bazid
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Al-Menofia, Egypt
| | - A H Sultan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Al-Menofia, Egypt
| | - H A Hussein
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - E M Abdelwhab
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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12
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Initiation and regulation of immune responses to immunization with whole inactivated vaccines prepared from two genetically and antigenically distinct lineages of Egyptian influenza A virus subtype H5N1. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2797-806. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2989-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Living with avian FLU--Persistence of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in Egypt. Vet Microbiol 2016; 187:82-92. [PMID: 27066713 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) continues to cause mortality in poultry and threaten human health at a panzootic scale in Egypt since it was reported in 2006. While the early focus has been in Asia, recent evidence suggests that Egypt is an emerging epicenter for the disease. Despite control measures, epizootic transmission of the disease continues. Here, we investigate the persistence of HPAIV across wild passerine birds and domestic poultry between 2009 and 2012 and the potential risk for continuous viral transmission in Egypt. We use a new weighted cross J-function to investigate the degree and spatial temporal nature of the clustering between sightings of infected birds of different types, and the risk of infection associated with direct contact with infected birds. While we found no infection in wild birds, outbreaks occurred year round between 2009 and 2012, with a positive interaction between chickens and ducks. The disease was more present in the years 2010 and 2011 coinciding with the political unrest in the country. Egypt thus continues to experience endemic outbreaks of avian influenza HPAIV in poultry and an increased potential risk of infection to other species including humans. With the current trends, the elimination of the HPAIV infection is highly unlikely without a complete revamp of current policies. The application of spatial statistics techniques to these types of data may help us to understand the characteristics of the disease and may subsequently allow practitioners to explore possible preventive solutions.
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