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Werneck GL, Figueiredo FB, Cruz MDSPE. Impact of 4% Deltamethrin-Impregnated Dog Collars on the Incidence of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Community Intervention Trial in Brazil. Pathogens 2024; 13:135. [PMID: 38392873 PMCID: PMC10892744 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil, human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum, primarily transmitted by the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, with dogs acting as the main urban reservoir. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of 4% deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars (DMC) on HVL incidence. METHODS This is a community intervention study carried out from 2012 to 2015 in the municipalities of Araguaína, State of Tocantins, and Montes Claros, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two areas in each were randomly allocated to either (1) culling seropositive dogs + residual insecticide spraying (control area-CA) or (2) culling seropositive dogs + residual insecticide spraying + DMC fitted to dogs every six months for two years (intervention area-IA). Cases of HVL (n = 1202) occurring from 2008 to 2020 were identified from the Brazilian Reportable Diseases Information System and georeferenced to the control and intervention areas. The HVL cases from 2008 to 2012 were considered as occurring in the "pre-intervention" period. Those cases from 2013 to 2016 and from 2017 to 2020 were regarded as occurring in the "intervention" and "post-intervention" periods, respectively. We used a mixed-effects Poisson regression model to estimate the effectiveness of the intervention, comparing the changes from the pre-intervention period to the intervention and post-intervention periods in the control and intervention areas. RESULTS In Araguaína, there was a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of HVL in both the control and intervention areas, comparing both the intervention and post-intervention periods with the pre-intervention period. The intervention with DMC was significantly associated with a reduction in HVL when comparing the intervention and pre-intervention periods, yielding an effectiveness estimate of the DMC of 27% (IC95% 1-46%, p = 0.045). No differences were observed when comparing the pre- and post-intervention periods (p = 0.827). In Montes Claros, cases reduced in both the control and intervention areas from the pre-intervention period to the intervention period (p = 0.913). In the post-intervention period, the incidence increased in the control area, while cases continued to decrease in the DMC area (p = 0.188). CONCLUSIONS The use of DMC was associated with a reduction of 27% in the incidence of HVL during the period of DMC delivery, indicating that DMC is effective as an additional strategy for controlling visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. However, no significant reduction associated with DMC was detected after the intervention period, suggesting that a control program based on the large-scale deployment of DMC might have to be maintained for more extended periods without interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Loureiro Werneck
- Departament of Epidemiology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20950-000, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto for Public Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-630, RJ, Brazil
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Zribi L, El Houda Ben-Fayala N, Aissi W, Ben-Abid M, Souissi O, Hamdi N, Boulehmi N, Ghrab J, Jemni A, Jamel A, Handous M, Bouratbine A, Oliva G, Aoun K. Canine Leishmania spp. infection in two distinct foci of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 44:100906. [PMID: 37652625 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) caused by Leishmania (L.) infantum and L. major, respectively, are endemic in Tunisia. The aim of the study was to assess canine Leishmania spp. infection prevalence as well as to identify the Leishmania species involved in two well-documented and geographically distinct VL and ZCL foci. One hundred seventy-six dogs were randomly recruited in the VL focus of Sbikha-Zaghouan (n = 100) and the ZCL focus of Echrarda-Nasrallah (n = 76). Physical examination and blood collection were systemically performed. Needle aspiration was done in case of lymph node (LN) enlargement. All sera were tested by ELISA. kDNA RT-PCR was performed on DNA extracts from (i) buffy coats of seropositive dogs and (ii) LN aspirates. Leishmania species identification was done by ITS1 PCR-sequencing. Thirty-three dogs (18.8%) were infected by Leishmania; 30 having anti-Leishmania antibodies and 3 were seronegative dogs with Leishmania DNA in LN aspirates. Prevalence of infection was significantly higher in VL foci than in ZCL foci (27% versus 7.9%, p = 0.002). Leishmania species was identified in 11 dogs and corresponded to L. infantum. Combination of serology and qPCR on LN aspirates seems to be the best option for canine leishmaniasis diagnosis. Infection is more frequent in VL foci and L. infantum is the only identified species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Zribi
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Nour El Houda Ben-Fayala
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia; University Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Wafa Aissi
- National Center of Promotion of Organs Transplant, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1006 Bab Saadoun, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Ben-Abid
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Souissi
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Hamdi
- Regional Commissariat for Agricultural Development-Ministry of Agriculture (CRDA), 3100 Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - Nada Boulehmi
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jamila Ghrab
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Meriem Handous
- Lab of rabies, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aïda Bouratbine
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Karim Aoun
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
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Segarra S, Sanmiguel D, Zuriaga E, Leclerc S, Cabañas J, Seigneuric E, Miquel A, Vázquez A, Ferrer L. Sphingomyelin-Rich Lipid Extract Collar for Canine Atopic Dermatitis. Vet Sci 2023; 10:389. [PMID: 37368775 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is complex, and it needs to be multimodal, combining topical and systemic therapies. Given that the currently available options are not always totally effective and might have some associated adverse effects, novel alternatives are needed. For this reason, a new collar for CAD was developed with 2.5% of a sphingomyelin-rich lipid extract (LE) with proven benefits for skin health. The release of the active ingredient when incorporated into the collar was tested in vitro, showing an adequate kinetic profile. Then, the efficacy and safety of the collar were assessed in 12 client-owned dogs with CAD in a pilot study. After eight weeks, the dogs experienced significant clinical improvements on the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI)-4, Pruritus Index for Canine Atopic Dermatitis (PCAD) and Pruritus Visual Analogue Scale (PVAS) scores, without any adverse effects. Additionally, further in vitro studies were performed, indicating that this LE collar should be compatible with antiparasitic collars (with deltamethrin or imidacloprid/flumethrin) if worn simultaneously. Given the observed benefits of this LE collar, combining it with other CAD therapies could potentially allow for drug sparing, reduction in adverse effects, enhanced owner compliance, and reduced treatment costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Segarra
- R&D Bioiberica S.A.U., Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 34, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - David Sanmiguel
- Clínica Veterinaria Wecan De Carreres, Avinguda Mutxamel, 1, Local 2, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Eliseo Zuriaga
- Hospital Veterinario Global, Carrer Laminacio, 18, 46520 Port de Sagunt, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Cabañas
- R&D Bioiberica S.A.U., Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 34, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Vázquez
- Servei d'Estadística Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, C5b/111, Edifici C, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Lluís Ferrer
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, S/N, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Schäfer I, Müller E, Naucke TJ. Ein Update zur Leishmaniose des Hundes: Diagnostik, Therapie und Monitoring. TIERÄRZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE K: KLEINTIERE / HEIMTIERE 2022; 50:431-445. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1970-9590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungAufgrund von steigenden Importzahlen von Hunden aus dem Ausland, zunehmendem Reiseverkehr sowie den Veränderungen klimatischer Bedingungen in Europa gewinnen Infektionen mit Leishmania (L.) infantum bei Hunden in Deutschland zunehmend an Bedeutung. Daher sollten auch Hunde aus dem Ausland, die keine klinischen Symptome zeigen, direkt nach Import sowie erneut 6 Monate später auf vektorübertragene Infektionserreger getestet werden. Bei Hunden mit klinischer Symptomatik, die hinweisend auf eine Leishmaniose sind, werden direkte und indirekte Nachweisverfahren sowie eine hämatologische und biochemische Untersuchung unter Einbezug von Serumeiweißelektrophorese sowie Bestimmung des C-reaktiven Proteins empfohlen. Als Leitfaden für die Therapie sowie das Monitoring stehen die LeishVet-Guidelines zur Verfügung. Es stehen leishmanizide und leishmaniostatische Wirkstoffe zur Verfügung, die in first-line, second-line und third-line unterschieden werden. Zur Anpassung der Allopurinol-Dosierung wird der Stufenplan empfohlen. Aufgrund der Veränderung der klimatischen Bedingungen kommt es zu einer Ausbreitung der Habitate von Sandmücken, die als Vektoren der Leishmaniose bekannt sind. Als weitere Infektionsquellen sind Deckakte, transplazentare Infektionen, Bisswunden und Bluttransfusionen beschrieben. Leishmania infantum hat zoonotisches Potential und ist daher auch in Hinblick auf den „One-Health“-Gedanken bedeutend.
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Matsumoto PSS, Taniguchi HH, Pereira VBR, Hiramoto RM, Seviero Rampazzi KL, de Raeffray Barbosa JE, Puci Neto RA, Camprigher VM, de Barros Cortez LRP, Rahaman KR, Novak M, Tolezano JE. Efficacies of insecticide dog collars against visceral leishmaniasis in low and high-income areas and the effects for non-collared neighbor dogs. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106626. [PMID: 35981601 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that insecticide collars are highly effective in reducing canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL); however, it is unclear if the efficacy differs by socioeconomic conditions across diverse communities. This study aimed fourfold: (i) to evaluate the protection of 4% impregnated deltamethrin collared (DMC) dogs in different areas of an endemic city for visceral leishmaniasis (VL); (ii) to analyze socioeconomic variables with the seroconversion rates; (iii) to analyze the indirect effect of DMC on untreated dogs in areas of intervention; and, (iv) to evaluate the potential transmission to other dogs in the same household when one positive dog is present. The study employed the municipality of Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil, as the area of interest and used Geographic Information System tools to fit binary logistic regression models. Dogs were divided into three cohort studies: intervention with DMC (I), indirect effect of DMC (IE), and control (C). Pre-intervention, lower mean income was associated with higher rates of CVL and a 142% increase in the odds of transmission (OR = 1.42, p-value = 0.001, CI 1.14,1.77). Post-intervention, lower-income areas depicted greater efficacy (76%) than higher-income areas (45%). The overall efficacy of DMC in preventing CVL was 63%; however, seroconversion rates were higher for IE (6.02%) than C (3.78%), revealing the failure of the indirect protection of DMC to manage the spread of the disease among the general non-wearing DMC canine population living in the same area. The protected dogs may repel the vectors, and non-protected dogs attract them, creating a higher transmission rate for non-protected dogs. Greater seroconversion was observed for living with an infected dog (10.20% in IE and 8.75% in C) than for the indirect effect of DMC, demonstrating the social burden of CVL. Overall, uncollared dogs have three times higher odds of being infected with CVL than DMC dogs (p < 0.005), and uncollared dogs living with (an) infected dog(s) in the same household can reach 3.5 times higher odds than those living with negative ones (p < 0.005). The results may assist in enhancing public policies and minimizing inequality in low and middle-income countries that suffer from neglected diseases such as VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sayuri Silvestre Matsumoto
- Parasitology and Mycology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute (IAL), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Khan Rubayet Rahaman
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mathew Novak
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - José Eduardo Tolezano
- Parasitology and Mycology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute (IAL), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Alves GB, de Oliveira TCB, Rodas LC, Rozza DB, Nakamura AA, Ferrari ED, da Silva DRR, Moraes Dos Santos G, Calemes EB, Requena KAML, Nagata WB, Santos-Doni TR, Bresciani KDS. Efficacy of imidacloprid/flumethrin collar in preventing canine leishmaniosis in Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2302-e2311. [PMID: 35478434 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Leishmania infantum (synonym, Leishmania chagasi) causes life-threatening infection, namely canine leishmaniosis (CanL), which is a chronic zoonosis prevalent in various countries and spread by the bite of the infected Lutzomyia female sandfly in South America. The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of a polymer matrix collar containing made up of 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumetrin for the prevention of canine leishmaniosis from the hyperendemic region falling under Araçatuba municipality (Brazil). The research included a total of 146 dogs chosen from 75 households. Test were initiaded via physical examination, weighing, and biological sample collection (blood, popliteal lymph node, and conjunctival swab) of these dogs was done in March 2018 (Day 0; GA, control = 69, GB, treated = 77) to initiate lab tests. Post-inclusion, the animals were monitored on the 120th, 240th, 360th, and 480th days, respectively. The usage of collars continued between 0 to 480 days before being substituted in second (D240) and fourth (D480) follow-up visits. On the whole, 25 dogs in GA (36.2 percent) and 3 in GB (3.9 percent) were found positive for L. infantum infection in a minimum of one diagnostic test used in the research. Therefore, the average collar effectiveness for protection from L. infantum infection was 89.2% (p < 0.01). In the last follow-up, the average incidence density rate for GA was 30.7%, whereas, for GB, it was 2.9%. The imidacloprid/flumethrin collars evaluated in the research were found to be safe and extremely efficient for the prevention of L. infantum infection through Lutzomyia species among the large population of dogs in highly prone endemic regions. This is a dependable and efficient technique aimed at reducing the occurrence and propagation of this illness among the population of canines, which would eventually reduce the human-health-related hazards. In Brazil, Lutzomyia spp. is a leading vector of the infection; thus, the collar can be used to limit infection in dogs and humans. The first trial was conducted in Brazil, including a 10% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collar. In the initial assessment, the efficiency of the collar was 91.0% (D0 to D240). The effectiveness was 90.0% in the second assessment (D240 to D480). The mean effectiveness of the collar was 89.2% during the protection of dogs against L. infantum. The collar used for this evaluation was extremely useful and safe. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thais Rabelo Santos-Doni
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Avenida Universitários
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Bongiorno G, Bosco A, Bianchi R, Rinaldi L, Foglia Manzillo V, Gizzarelli M, Maurelli MP, Giaquinto D, El Houda Ben Fayala N, Varloud M, Crippa A, Oliva G, Gradoni L, Cringoli G. Laboratory evidence that dinotefuran, pyriproxyfen and permethrin combination abrogates Leishmania infantum transmissibility by sick dogs. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 36:81-87. [PMID: 34724230 PMCID: PMC9298322 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dogs are reservoir hosts of leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum and transmitted by phlebotomine vectors. The effect of dinotefuran, pyriproxyfen and permethrin spot-on solution (Vectra®3D, Ceva Santé Animale, Libourne, France) on Leishmania transmissibility by naturally infected dogs via reared Phlebotomus perniciosus, was assessed. Dogs affected by leishmaniasis were submitted to xenodiagnosis and 6 infecting >10% of insects were treated topically on day 0. Antifeeding, insecticidal and anti-transmissibility effects were evaluated through xenodiagnoses performed on days 1, 7 and 28, using individual pre-treatment parameters as control. Feeding and mortality rates were assessed at 24 h, whereas promastigote infection, maturation and burden were assessed up to 96 h post blood meal (potentially infectious rate). On day 1, the anti-feeding efficacy was >95% in 4 dogs, insecticidal efficacy 100% in 4 dogs, and anti-transmissibility effect 100% in 6 dogs. Efficacy rates recorded on day 7 were very similar to day 1. On day 28, anti-feeding and insecticidal efficacy values were much broader, ranging 32.6-100% and 7.7-94.4%, respectively. Potentially infectious insects were recorded from two dogs, with sharp decrease in transmissibility rate as compared with pre-treatment condition. Altogether, Vectra®3D abrogated by >98% the potential Leishmania transmissibility by the examined pool of infected dogs over 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Bongiorno
- Unit of Vector‐borne DiseasesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - A. Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
- CREMOPAREboliItaly
| | - R. Bianchi
- Unit of Vector‐borne DiseasesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - L. Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
- CREMOPAREboliItaly
| | - V. Foglia Manzillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - M. Gizzarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - M. P. Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
- CREMOPAREboliItaly
| | - D. Giaquinto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - N. El Houda Ben Fayala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | | | | | - G. Oliva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - L. Gradoni
- Unit of Vector‐borne DiseasesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - G. Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
- CREMOPAREboliItaly
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Gallo-Francisco PH, Brocchi M, Giorgio S. Leishmania and its relationships with bacteria. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:199-218. [PMID: 35040703 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic and neglected disease, which represents an important public health problem worldwide. Different species of Leishmania are associated with different manifestations, and a practical problem that can worsen the condition of hosts infected with Leishmania is the secondary infection caused by bacteria. This review aims to examine the importance and prevalence of bacteria co-infection during leishmaniasis and the nature of this ecological relationship. In the cases discussed in this review, the facilitation phenomenon, defined as any interaction where the action of one organism has a beneficial effect on an organism of another species, was considered in the Leishmania-bacteria interaction, as well as the effects on one another and their consequences for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Gallo-Francisco
- Department of Animal Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Immunology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas SP, Brazil
| | - Selma Giorgio
- Department of Animal Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas SP, 13083-862, Brazil
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Control of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Success Case Based on Deltamethrin 4% Collars. EPIDEMIOLGIA (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 2:502-518. [PMID: 36417213 PMCID: PMC9620925 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia2040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effect of employing collars impregnated with deltamethrin 4% (DM4) to control canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) was evaluated. as were the individual factors associated with this infection. A cohort study that included household dogs was conducted between 2002 and 2006. The presence of pathognomonic signals, peridomiciliary sleep habits and breed were the main factors associated with the infection. The use of DM4 collars contributed to the reduction of CVL with an effectiveness of 66%, and the dogs' survival rate was greater than 90% at 50 months. In conclusion, the adoption of DM4 collars reduced the number of euthanized canines and in the incidence of CVL, and this reduction was sustained for one year after discontinuing the use of the collar.
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Rêgo FD, Soares RP. Lutzomyia longipalpis: an update on this sand fly vector. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200254. [PMID: 33950136 DOI: 10.1590/0001-37652021xxxx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most important vector of Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the New World. It is a permissive vector susceptible to infection with several Leishmania species. One of the advantages that favors the study of this sand fly is the possibility of colonization in the laboratory. For this reason, several researchers around the world use this species as a model for different subjects including biology, insecticides testing, host-parasite interaction, physiology, genetics, proteomics, molecular biology, and saliva among others. In 2003, we published our first review (Soares & Turco 2003) on this vector covering several aspects of Lu. longipalpis. This current review summarizes what has been published between 2003-2020. During this period, modern approaches were incorporated following the development of more advanced and sensitive techniques to assess this sand fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe D Rêgo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30180-104 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30180-104 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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11
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RÊGO FELIPED, SOARES RODRIGOPEDRO. Lutzomyia longipalpis: an update on this sand fly vector. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Yimam Y, Mohebali M. Effectiveness of insecticide-impregnated dog collars in reducing incidence rate of canine visceral leishmaniasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238601. [PMID: 32881961 PMCID: PMC7470253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Canines are proven reservoir hosts of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of human zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, and therefore domestic dogs play a central role in transmitting the disease to humans. Studies on the effect of insecticide-impregnated dog collars for controlling canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL) have been increasing; however, meta-analysis has not been conducted. This study assessed the effectiveness of insecticide-impregnated dog collars for preventing CanL. We searched (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Ovid Medline(R), and Cochrane library), from inception until 2 May 2020. Two authors independently performed articles screening and data extraction. We applied the RoB 2.0 tool to evaluate the risk of bias in randomized trials, while the ROBINS-I tool was used for non-randomized trials. I-squared statistics(I2) and funnel plot and Egger’s test, respectively, were used to assesses heterogeneity between studies and publication bias. Relative Risk (RR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were calculated using the random-effects model in Stata 14 software. Out of 242 citations identified, 14 studies comprising 3786 collared dogs and 3428 uncollared dogs were eligible for meta-analysis. The use of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars(DMC) showed an overall effectiveness of 54% (95%CI: 35–65%, I2 = 63.2%, P = 0.002) in decreasing incidence of CanL, while 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin collars provided an overall effectiveness of 90% (95%CI: 80–96%, I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.376). DMC efficacy stratified by follow-up duration was estimated to be 58% (RR = 0.42, 95%CI: 0.20–0.87), 54% (RR = 0.46, 95%CI: 0.31–0.68), 53% (RR = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.29–0.82) for follow-up periods of 5 to 6 months, 1 year and 2 years, respectively. The current evidence indicates that using insecticide-impregnated dog collars can reduce the risk of CanL caused by L. infantum. Therefore, insecticide-impregnated dog collars could be a viable alternative for inclusion as a public health measure for controlling CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Yimam
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Computational Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Centers for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Alves EB, Figueiredo FB, Rocha MF, Castro MC, Werneck GL. Effectiveness of insecticide-impregnated collars for the control of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:105104. [PMID: 32759025 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease widely distributed worldwide. In Brazil, the control measures adopted in the last decades have not been able to prevent the spread of the disease. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a population-based intervention using 4% deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars on the incidence of canine visceral leishmaniasis. A community intervention study was carried out in two areas of the city of Montes Claros, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In the control area, the preventive measures recommended by the Brazilian Program for Surveillance and Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis were implemented (culling of infected dogs and vector control with residual insecticides). In the intervention area, deltamethrin-impregnated collars were fit to domiciled dogs, in addition to the above mentioned preventive measures. At the beginning of the study, a census survey was carried out among domiciled dogs to detect the prevalence of L. infantum infection. Dogs found seronegative at recruitment were longitudinally followed-up to evaluate the incidence of infection. Monitoring of canine infection (control and intervention areas) and replacement of collars (intervention area) occurred through sequential surveys at 12, 18, and 24 months after the initial survey. At each survey, dogs were tested, and the owner answered a questionnaire about the general characteristics of the animal. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to test the effect of collars on the risk of canine infection, with households considered as aggregation units. Associations were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The prevalence of infection in the initial survey was 9.7% and 9.9% in the intervention and control areas, respectively (p = 0.732). Among a total of 20,477 dogs participating in the study, 9,770 were seronegative at recruitment. The cumulative incidence of infection was 4.1% in the intervention area and 7.9% in the control area (p < 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, the risk of infection was 52% lower in the intervention area as compared to the control area (OR = 0.48, 95%CI:0.39-0.59), after adjusting for the number of dogs in the house, period of recruitment, time of dog ownership, and age, sex, length of fur and breed. The use of 4% deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars was effective in reducing the incidence of canine leishmaniasis. Cost-effectiveness studies are recommended before the incorporation of collars in the arsenal of control measures of the Brazilian Program for Surveillance and Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Barretto Alves
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Marília Fonseca Rocha
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Saúde Mental e Saúde Coletiva, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil; Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Programa de Controle das Leishmanioses, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.
| | - Marcia C Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
| | - Guilherme L Werneck
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Lemann Visiting Scholar, David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Papadopoulos E, Angelou A, Madder M, Lebon W, Beugnet F. Experimental assessment of permethrin-fipronil combination in preventing Leishmania infantum transmission to dogs under natural exposures. Vet Parasitol 2020; 277S:100026. [PMID: 32904766 PMCID: PMC7458379 DOI: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2020.100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Controlled experimental field study allowing natural exposure to sandflies. Two groups of 20 dogs each in two close sub-unit kennels. 7/20 dogs infected by L. infantum in the untreated group. 0/20 dogs infected by L. infantum in the fipronil-permethrin monthly treated group. 100 % protection obtained during this one-year study.
Canine vector-borne disease transmission can be reduced with regular use of repellent insecticides. The objective of this year-long experimental study was to assess the efficacy of a topical formulation of fipronil/permethrin (Frontline Tri-Act®) in preventing transmission of Leishmania infantum by sandflies. This clinical field trial was conducted in Xanthi (Northern Greece), an area highly endemic for canine leishmaniosis, from April 2018 to March 2019. Forty purpose-bred Beagle dogs, testing negative for L. infantum prior to study initiation, were enrolled in the study, which consisted of three phases: Phase 1 (field exposure phase) took place from Day 0–196. The dogs were randomly allocated to two groups, group 1 (sham-treated topically with sterile water) and group 2 (treated topically with Frontline Tri-Act®). Dogs in both groups were housed in two subunits of an open-air kennel for a period of 7 months, spanning the Leishmania transmission season. All dogs were treated or sham-treated on Days 0, 28, 56, 84, 112, 140 and 168. Clinical examinations, PCR analysis of conjunctival swabs, and serological tests were performed on a monthly basis. Sandflies were collected every 2 weeks, during a 12 -h period overnight using light traps. Each collection was placed in a container and kept refrigerated until speciation and PCR analysis could be performed. In the second phase of the study, from Day 197 to 252, the dogs were moved into a protected environment (insect-proof protected environment phase). CDC light traps were activated every 2 weeks inside and outside the kennels to ensure the vector-free status of the facility. Monthly clinical examinations, including PCR analysis of conjunctival swabs, and serological tests continued. At the end of the phase 2, bone marrow samples were collected on all dogs. Phase 3 (the final post-winter check) took place from Day 253 to 350. Dogs were released and adopted by individual private owners on Day 253. Follow up analyses included blood collection for SNAP tests and conjunctival swaps for PCR analysis on Days 304 and 350. Additionally, bone marrow collections were also performed on Day 350. Presence of sandflies was observed only in the phase 1 exposure period, and 1714 sandflies were collected (1427 females and 287 males). Two species were identified, Phlebotomus perniciosus var. tobbi and Phlebotomus neglectus. Out of the 62 pooled samples of sandflies assessed by PCR, three were considered positive (4.8 %). By the end of the study, 35 % of the Group 1 dogs (7/20) became positive based on PCR (conjunctival swab and bone marrow) and 30 % (6/20) based on SNAP/IFAT and ELISA tests, while all the dogs in the Frontline Tri-Act® treated group 2 remained negative for all tests (G1 vs G2, p = 0.008). All tests identified the same positive animals, and PCR allowed the detection of one additional infected dog. This clinical field trial demonstrated that monthly administration of Frontline Tri-Act® to dogs exposed to Leishsmania infection in a high endemic area provided 100 % preventive efficacy against transmission of L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Angelou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maxime Madder
- Clinglobal, The Tamarin Commercial Hub, Jacaranda Avenue, Tamarin, 90903, Mauritius
| | - Wilfried Lebon
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Av Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Frederic Beugnet
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Av Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France.
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Gonçalves AAM, Leite JC, Resende LA, Mariano RMDS, Silveira P, Melo-Júnior OADO, Ribeiro HS, de Oliveira DS, Soares DF, Santos TAP, Marques AF, Galdino AS, Martins-Filho OA, Dutra WO, da Silveira-Lemos D, Giunchetti RC. An Overview of Immunotherapeutic Approaches Against Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: What Has Been Tested on Dogs and a New Perspective on Improving Treatment Efficacy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:427. [PMID: 31921703 PMCID: PMC6930146 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by digenetic protozoa of the genus Leishmania, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis. Leishmania infantum is one of the species responsible for VL and the disease caused is considered a zoonosis whose main reservoir is the dog. Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) can lead to the death of the animal if left untreated. Furthermore, the available pharmocologial treatment for CVL presents numerous disadvantages, such as relapses, toxicity, drug resistance, and the fact treated animals continue to be reservoirs when treatment fails to achieve parasitological cure. Moreover, the available VL control methods have not been adequate when it comes to controlling parasite transmission. Advances in immune response knowledge in recent years have led to a better understanding of VL pathogenesis, allowing new treatments to be developed based on immune system activation, often referred to as immunotherapy. In fact, well-defined protocols have been described, ranging from the use of immunomodulators to the use of vaccines. This treatment, which can also be associated with chemotherapy, has been shown to be effective in restoring or inducing an adequate immune response to reduce parasitic burden, leading to clinical improvement. This review focuses on immunotherapy directed at dogs infected by L. infantum, including a literature review of what has already been done in dogs. We also introduce a promising strategy to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Costa Leite
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucilene Aparecida Resende
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Reysla Maria da Silveira Mariano
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Patricia Silveira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Otoni Alves de Oliveira Melo-Júnior
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helen Silva Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Diana Souza de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Diogo Fonseca Soares
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thaiza Aline Pereira Santos
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ferreira Marques
- Laboratory of Immuno-Proteome and Parasite Biology, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Monitoring Biomarkers, René Rachou Institute, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Walderez Ornelas Dutra
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Denise da Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Courtenay O, Dilger E, Calvo-Bado LA, Kravar-Garde L, Carter V, Bell MJ, Alves GB, Goncalves R, Makhdoomi MM, González MA, Nunes CM, Bray DP, Brazil RP, Hamilton JGC. Sand fly synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone co-located with insecticide reduces the incidence of infection in the canine reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis: A stratified cluster randomised trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007767. [PMID: 31652261 PMCID: PMC6834291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of a synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone of the sand fly vector Lu. longipalpis, co-located with residual insecticide, to reduce the infection incidence of Leishmania infantum in the canine reservoir. METHODS A stratified cluster randomised trial was designed to detect a 50% reduction in canine incident infection after 24 months in 42 recruited clusters, randomly assigned to one of three intervention arms (14 cluster each): synthetic pheromone + insecticide, insecticide-impregnated dog collars, or placebo control. Infection incidence was measured by seroconversion to anti-Leishmania serum antibody, Leishmania parasite detection and canine tissue parasite loads. Changes in relative Lu. longipalpis abundance within households were measured by setting three CDC light traps per household. RESULTS A total 1,454 seronegative dogs were followed-up for a median 15.2 (95% C.I.s: 14.6, 16.2) months per cluster. The pheromone + insecticide intervention provided 13% (95% C.I. 0%, 44.0%) protection against anti-Leishmania antibody seroconversion, 52% (95% C.I. 6.2%, 74·9%) against parasite infection, reduced tissue parasite loads by 53% (95% C.I. 5.4%, 76.7%), and reduced household female sand fly abundance by 49% (95% C.I. 8.2%, 71.3%). Variation in the efficacy against seroconversion varied between trial strata. Equivalent protection attributed to the impregnated-collars were 36% (95% C.I. 14.4%, 51.8%), 23% (95% C.I. 0%, 57·5%), 48% (95% C.I. 0%, 73.4%) and 43% (95% C.I. 0%, 67.9%), respectively. Comparison of the two interventions showed no statistically consistent differences in their efficacies; however, the errors were broad for all outcomes. Reductions in sand fly numbers were predominant where insecticide was located (chicken and dog sleeping sites), with no evidence of insecticide-induced repellence onto humans or dogs. CONCLUSION The synthetic pheromone co-located with insecticide provides protection particularly against canine L. infantum parasite transmission and sand fly vector abundance. The effect estimates are not dissimilar to those of the insecticide-impregnated collars, which are documented to reduce canine infection incidence, human infection and clinical VL disease incidence, in different global regions. The trialled novel lure-and-kill approach is a low-cost potential vector control tool against ZVL in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orin Courtenay
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (OC); (JGCH)
| | - Erin Dilger
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Leo A. Calvo-Bado
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Lidija Kravar-Garde
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky Carter
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa J. Bell
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Graziella B. Alves
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Raquel Goncalves
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad M. Makhdoomi
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Mikel A. González
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Caris M. Nunes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel P. Bray
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Reginaldo P. Brazil
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - James G. C. Hamilton
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (OC); (JGCH)
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Silva SCPFE, Gomes LB, Carvalho PCFB, Santos AGRC, Borges LFNM, Oliveira CSF, Morais MHF, Pereira PLL, Amaral Haddad JP, Soares DFDM. Effectiveness of the mass use of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars for preventing transmission of canine leishmaniasis by Lutzomyia spp.: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Prev Vet Med 2019; 171:104770. [PMID: 31536935 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis that greatly impacts public health, especially in developing countries. The effectiveness of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars for preventing transmission of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) by the sand fly Lutzomyia spp. in countries with high incidence of the disease, such as Brazil, remains unknown. A cluster randomized controlled trial was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of these collars in preventing infection of dogs with Leishmania infantum. Two areas were selected in a municipality endemic for VL in Brazil: an experimental area (EA) and a control area (CA). In both areas, blood samples were collected from dogs for detection of CanL. Seronegative dogs from the EA received collars impregnated with deltamethrin 4%. After six months, the dogs were retested for CanL and the incidence of the disease, the relative risk, and the effectiveness of collaring determined. In the baseline survey, 1020 dogs from the EA and 589 from the CA were examined. The prevalence calculated for EA was 4.41% (CI95% 3.27-5.91), and 7.13% (CI95% 5.25-9.59) for CA. In the second evaluation, 454 dogs from the EA and 292 from the CA were examined. The person-time incidence calculated for EA was 3.51% (CI95% 1.30-7.48), and for CA was 11.81% (CI95% 7.03-18.23). The difference between the calculated incidences was statistically significant (p = 0.009). The relative risk was 0.2972 (CI95% 0.1204-0.7339; p = 0.009), and the efficacy of the proposed measure was estimated in 70.27%. This report evaluated the effectiveness of the mass use of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars in areas of transmission of VL by Lutzomyia spp. Collaring was able to protect dogs and may represent an effective strategy that could be implemented to control infection in both dogs and humans in Brazil and perhaps other countries where Lutzomyia spp. is the main vector of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laiza Bonela Gomes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paloma Carla Fonte Boa Carvalho
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila Stefanie Fonseca Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Lúcio Lithg Pereira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Amaral Haddad
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Khamassi Khbou M, Najahi K, Zribi L, Aoun K, Gharbi M. Knowledge and attitudes of Tunisian dog owners regarding leishmaniasis. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2019; 5:e00098. [PMID: 30906888 PMCID: PMC6411496 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease of major public health concern in several countries in the world. The local population awareness would improve prevention, early detection and treatment of both human and animal leishmaniasis. METHODS The aim of this survey was to assess the knowledge about visceral leishmaniasis in a sample of dog owners visiting the National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, Tunisia, through a structured questionnaire. FINDINGS Two hundred dog owners were interviewed, 87% were men and 47% had higher education level. Ninety four per cent were from neighbouring districts to Ariana, where the National School of Sidi Thabet is located. Out of 200 respondents, 79 confirmed knowing leishmaniasis. The correct answers concerning canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) (77%) were significantly higher than those concerning human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) (23%). Correct answers concerning CVL were given in part by previously diseased dogs' owners. The respondent could not explain what is exactly leishmaniasis, but the majority of questioned persons know that human and dogs are the most important hosts. Forty-four out 79 (56%) of the persons think that mosquitoes or insects are the vectors of leishmaniasis and 63% (53/79) knows that it is a zoonotic disease but 72% (38/53) were not able to define how. CONCLUSION Despite the frequent visits to veterinarians for vaccination or other medical issues and their long experience in dog breeding, the sample of dog owners had not enough knowledge and several misconceptions regarding leishmaniasis. Large education programmes should be implemented in Tunisia to improve the knowledge of the Tunisian population, especially dog owners, concerning leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Médiha Khamassi Khbou
- Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Zoonosis and Sanitary Regulation, Univ. Manouba, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Univ. Manouba, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Khawla Najahi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Univ. Manouba, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Lilia Zribi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13 Pl. Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Karim Aoun
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13 Pl. Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Univ. Manouba, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Courtenay O, Bazmani A, Parvizi P, Ready PD, Cameron MM. Insecticide-impregnated dog collars reduce infantile clinical visceral leishmaniasis under operational conditions in NW Iran: A community-wide cluster randomised trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007193. [PMID: 30830929 PMCID: PMC6417739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of community-wide deployment of insecticide-impregnated collars for dogs- the reservoir of Leishmania infantum-to reduce infantile clinical visceral leishmaniasis (VL). METHODS A pair matched-cluster randomised controlled trial involving 40 collared and 40 uncollared control villages (161 [95% C.L.s: 136, 187] children per cluster), was designed to detect a 55% reduction in 48 month confirmed VL case incidence. The intervention study was designed by the authors, but implemented by the Leishmaniasis Control Program in NW Iran, from 2002 to 2006. RESULTS The collars provided 50% (95% C.I. 17·8%-70·0%) protection against infantile VL incidence (0·95/1000/yr compared to 1·75/1000/yr). Reductions in incidence were observed across 76% (22/29) of collared villages compared to pair-matched control villages, with 31 fewer cases by the end of the trial period. In 11 paired villages, no further cases were recorded post-intervention, whereas in 7 collared villages there were 9 new clinical cases relative to controls. Over the trial period, 6,835 collars were fitted at the beginning of the 4 month sand fly season, of which 6.9% (95% C.I. 6.25%, 7.56%) were lost but rapidly replaced. Collar coverage (percent dogs collared) per village varied between 66% and 100%, with a mean annual coverage of 87% (95% C.I. 84·2, 89·0%). The variation in post-intervention clinical VL incidence was not associated with collar coverage, dog population size, implementation logistics, dog owner compliance, or other demographic variables tested. Larger reductions and greater persistence in incident case numbers (indicative of transmission) were observed in villages with higher pre-existing VL case incidence. CONCLUSION Community-wide deployment of collars can provide a significant level of protection against infantile clinical VL, achieved in this study by the local VL Control Program, demonstrating attributes desirable of a sustainable public health program. The effectiveness is not dissimilar to the community-level protection provided against human and canine infection with L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orin Courtenay
- Zeeman Institute, and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ahad Bazmani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Paul D. Ready
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary M. Cameron
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
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Coura-Vital W, Leal GGDA, Marques LA, Pinheiro ADC, Carneiro M, Reis AB. Effectiveness of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars on the incidence of canine infection by Leishmania infantum: A large scale intervention study in an endemic area in Brazil. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208613. [PMID: 30532255 PMCID: PMC6287856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce morbidity and mortality caused by visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the Brazilian Visceral Leishmaniasis Control and Surveillance Program promotes the diagnosis and treatment of cases, vector control, euthanasia of seropositive dogs, and health education. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these measures is questionable as they lead to little reduction in the transmission of the disease. Thus, the effectiveness of strategies such as insecticide-impregnated collars, spot-on insecticides, and immunization of dogs should be assessed. Herein, we evaluated the effectiveness of deltamethrin-impregnated collars on reducing the incidence of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs living in an endemic area of VL. An intervention study was conducted and a total 5,850 dogs were analyzed in baseline. Of these 3,742 seronegative dogs were divided into two groups: collared and uncollared (control). Dogs were followed for 12 months and three interventions were performed. The Cox regression model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the collar. All analyzes were performed by Intention-to-treat and per-protocol. By intention-to-treat, the incidence rates of L. infantum infection were 7.5 and 7.9 in the collar group, and 6.5 and 13.2 per 1,000 dogs-months in the control group after 6 and 12 months, respectively. In the per-protocol analysis, the incidence rates in the control group were similar to those observed in the intention-to-treat analysis. In the collar group, the incidence rate was 5.1/1,000 dogs-months after 6 and 12 months. The effectiveness by intention-to-treat after adjustment by the multivariate Cox model was 48%. In the analysis per-protocol, the effectiveness increased to 63%. Although collar use was effective when it was evaluated by intention-to-treat, higher effectiveness was found in the per-protocol analysis after one year of follow-up. The data emphasize the importance of the uninterrupted use of deltamethrin-impregnated collars to increase protection against canine VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendel Coura-Vital
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Gleisiane Gomes de Almeida Leal
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luana Araújo Marques
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aimara da Costa Pinheiro
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia das Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais—INCT-DT, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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21
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Fernandez M, Tabar MD, Arcas A, Mateu C, Homedes J, Roura X. Comparison of efficacy and safety of preventive measures used against canine leishmaniasis in southern European countries: Longitudinal retrospective study in 1647 client-owned dogs (2012–2016). Vet Parasitol 2018; 263:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Gálvez R, Montoya A, Fontal F, Martínez De Murguía L, Miró G. Controlling phlebotomine sand flies to prevent canine Leishmania infantum infection: A case of knowing your enemy. Res Vet Sci 2018; 121:94-103. [PMID: 30366124 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is a widespread zoonotic disease that can be transmitted to animals and humans by their vectors, blood-sucking phlebotomine sand flies. To prevent canine leishmaniosis across the whole Mediterranean region, vector control is essential. Because of phlebotomine breeding sites are diverse, environmental larval controls have limited practical value. Control methods of adults are being evaluated, such as selective baits based on sugar feeding of males and females or Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSB), and the indoor use of Long-Lasting-Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) treated with permethrin to prevent sand fly bites complementing the Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) approach suggested by WHO. Although several strategies exist, the best control measure to prevent canine Leishmania infantum is to treat dogs using biocidal topical formulations based on legal insecticides (PTs18) or repellents (PTs19) (as collars, spot-ons and/or sprays) during the period when the vectors are active. This means we need to really know the biology and life cycle of the sand fly vector. According to available data, by mapping ambient temperatures we can already predict high risk areas where vector densities will be higher. In ongoing research, new candidates are emerging to fight against sand flies including natural plant extracts with low impacts on the environment and host animal. Other options in the future could be systemic insecticides to help reduce sand fly populations in high density areas. In parallel, health authorities and professionals involved in animal and public health (veterinarians, physicians, entomologists and epidemiologists) must work together in a One Health approach to minimize Leishmania infection. Veterinarians play a crucial role in liaising between key stake holders and dog owners to ensure the latter act responsibly in using repellents as a preventive measure against sand fly bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gálvez
- Grupo de Investigación Epicontrol-Carnívoros, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - A Montoya
- Grupo de Investigación Epicontrol-Carnívoros, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - F Fontal
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Ambiental Urbana, Tecnalia, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia-San Sebastián 20009, Spain
| | - L Martínez De Murguía
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Ambiental Urbana, Tecnalia, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia-San Sebastián 20009, Spain
| | - G Miró
- Grupo de Investigación Epicontrol-Carnívoros, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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Paulin S, Frénais R, Thomas E, Baldwin PM. Laboratory assessment of the anti-feeding effect for up to 12 months of a slow release deltamethrin collar (Scalibor®) against the sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus in dogs. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:529. [PMID: 30261911 PMCID: PMC6161463 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniosis/leishmaniasis consists of a wide group of diseases, caused by different Leishmania species and having different hosts. Leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum, a disease primarily of dogs and humans, occurs after susceptible hosts are exposed to the feeding behavior of infected sand flies. A one-year laboratory study in dogs was designed to determine the 364-day anti-feeding efficacy of a slow release deltamethrin collar against the sand fly P. perniciosus, a common host of L. infantum in the Mediterranean basin. Methods In this assessor-blinded study, 16 Beagle dogs were randomized into two groups using P. perniciosus engorgement rates from a Day -7 challenge. On Day 0, dogs in Group 1 received a placebo collar, while dogs in Group 2 received a deltamethrin collar (Scalibor® Protector Band). All dogs were caged, sedated and then exposed for 1 h to 85 (± 10) female and 15 (± 5) male P. perniciosus on Day 7 and every 28 days through Day 364. All flies, alive and dead, were aspirated from cages and from dogs, immediately counted and then frozen for assessment of blood engorgement. Anti-feeding efficacy was determined by comparing the arithmetic means of engorged female flies (alive, dead and moribund) in the deltamethrin group to the control group means. Insecticidal efficacy at the time flies were retrieved was assessed by comparisons between groups of mean live female fly counts. Results In the deltamethrin group, relative to the control group, there was a significant reduction in arithmetic mean numbers of engorged P. perniciosus of 94–98% from Day 7 through Day 364. On Day 28, in the treated group relative to the control group, there was a 74% reduction in mean live fly counts, with between-group differences significant from Days 7 through 196, although insecticidal activity remained less than 50% from Day 56. Conclusion Deltamethrin collar application to dogs reduced sand fly feeding by ≥ 94%, relative to unprotected control dogs, for 364 days. Thus, one collar applied to a dog can prevent or reduce the risk of sand fly transmission of Leishmania for one full year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Paulin
- MSD Animal Health Innovation SAS, 7 rue Olivier de Serres, CS 67131, 49071, Angers Technopole, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Régis Frénais
- MSD Animal Health Innovation SAS, 7 rue Olivier de Serres, CS 67131, 49071, Angers Technopole, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Emmanuel Thomas
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270, Schwabenheim, Germany.
| | - Paul M Baldwin
- MSD Animal Health Innovation SAS, 7 rue Olivier de Serres, CS 67131, 49071, Angers Technopole, Beaucouzé, France
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Gomez SA, Chapman LAC, Dilger E, Courtenay O, Picado A. Estimating the efficacy of community-wide use of systemic insecticides in dogs to control zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis: A modelling study in a Brazilian scenario. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006797. [PMID: 30222756 PMCID: PMC6160230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic insecticides in dogs have been suggested as a public health intervention to prevent human cases of Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis (ZVL). But, currently there are no systemic insecticides for dogs registered against zoo-anthropophilic pool blood feeding phlebotomine flies. We predict the impact of community-wide use of systemic insecticide in dog populations as a public health measure to control transmission of Leishmania infantum to humans using a mathematical model. We developed a Susceptible-Exposed-Infected (SEI) compartmental model to describe L. infantum transmission dynamics in dogs, with a vectorial capacity term to represent transmission between L. infantum-hosting dogs via phlebotomine flies. For Infected (I) dogs two levels of infectiousness were modelled, high infectiousness and low infectiousness. Human incidence was estimated through its relationship to infection in the dog population. We evaluated outcomes from a wide range of scenarios comprising different combinations of initial insecticide efficacy, duration of insecticide efficacy over time, and proportion of the dog population treated (60%, 70% & 80%). The same reduction in human infection incidence can be achieved via different combinations of insecticide efficacy, duration and dog coverage. For example, a systemic insecticide with an initial efficacy of 80% and 6 months above 65% efficacy would require treating at least 70% of the dogs to reduce the human infection incidence by 50%. Sensitivity analysis showed that the model outcome was most sensitive to baseline values of phlebotomine fly daily survival rate and insecticide coverage. Community-wide use of systemic insecticides applied to the “L. infantum canine reservoir” can significantly reduce human incidence of L. infantum infection. The results of this mathematical model can help defining the insecticide target product profile and how the insecticide should be applied to maximise effectiveness. Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) is a potentially deadly disease in humans caused by Leishmania infantum. This leishmania species can be delivered by pool blood feeding zoo-anthropophilic phlebotomine flies to several mammals, the dog population being recognized as the main reservoir. Transmission from infected dogs to humans is through the bite of female phlebotomine sand flies. The disease is endemic in several countries and Brazil has a high prevalence of cases with over 3000 ZVL cases reported per year. The main, inefficient and highly controversial, control measure in Brazil has been culling sero-positive dogs. The community-wide use of systemic insecticides in dogs could be an alternative to control L. infantum transmission from phlebotomine flies to humans. The rationale is that phlebotomine flies which sampled their blood meals from dogs treated with systemic insecticides would die reducing the risk of L. infantum transmission. To reduce the number of ZVL cases, a large proportion of dogs in the community should be treated and the systemic insecticide used should be effective in killing phlebotomine flies acting as vectors of L. infantum parasites for a significant amount of time. We used a mathematical model mimicking L. infantum transmission to show that this novel vector control strategy could be effective. We identified the combination of different key parameters (e.g. insecticide efficacy, duration and proportion of dogs treated) that could lead to a significant reduction of the risk of L. infantum infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia A. Gomez
- ISGlobal-Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (AP); (SAG)
| | - Lloyd A. C. Chapman
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Dilger
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Orin Courtenay
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Picado
- ISGlobal-Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (AP); (SAG)
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The mass use of deltamethrin collars to control and prevent canine visceral leishmaniasis: A field effectiveness study in a highly endemic area. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006496. [PMID: 29758031 PMCID: PMC5993122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis of great importance. Limitations in current VL control measures compromise efficacy, indicating the need to implement new strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the mass use of deltamethrin-impregnated collars in dogs as a public health measure to control and prevent canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Methodology An interventional study was implemented in two endemic areas in the district of Monte Gordo (Bahia-Brazil): an intervention area, in which VL seronegative dogs were collared, and a control area in which only conventional CVL control measures were applied. At baseline, seropositive dogs were removed and seronegative dogs were included. Dogs were then reevaluated every 7–8 months for almost two years. At each time point, dogs in the intervention area that remained seronegative received new collars and newly identified seronegative dogs were included and collared. The local zoonosis control authorities were notified of any dogs that tested seropositive in both areas, which were subsequently marked for euthanasia as mandated by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Principal findings In the first serological survey, seroprevalence was similar in both areas. At the second evaluation, significant reductions in seroprevalence were seen in both areas, while seroprevalence in the intervention area reduced to 6.0% during the final evaluation versus an increase of 11.0% in the control area. This significant increase and the estimated relative risk (RR = 0.55) indicated protection against CVL in the intervention area. Although CVL incidence did not differ significantly between the areas, an increased tendency was observed in the control area, which could be due to low seroconversion rates throughout the study or a high loss to follow-up. Conclusions/Significance Although our evaluation of the effectiveness of deltamethrin-impregnated collars as a community-wide public health control measure was inconclusive, this measure likely provides protection over time. In endemic areas of Brazil, this strategy represents an operational challenge for local zoonosis control authorities, indicating the need for adjustments, including improved collar design. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious public health problem. Cases of canine VL (CVL) tend to precede cases of human VL and current control measures are ineffective in significantly reducing the number of disease cases. Therefore, in light of the need for new strategies, we evaluated the mass use of dog collars impregnated with deltamethrin as a public health measure to control and prevent CVL in a highly endemic region in Brazil. Although our results were inconclusive, they do point to the possible effectiveness of this measure if it were comprehensively implemented over an extended period of time. We identified the need to adjust the currently employed implementation strategy and call attention to the operational challenges faced by local zoonosis prevention authorities.
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Cutolo AA, Galvis-Ovallos F, de Souza Neves E, Silva FO, Chester ST, Fankhauser B. Repellent efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against Lutzomyia longipalpis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:247. [PMID: 29661207 PMCID: PMC5902978 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of Leishmania infantum, the agent of canine and human visceral leishmaniosis in the Americas. Considering that the dog is the main domestic host of the parasite, repellent treatment is a measure that might contribute to the prevention of canine visceral leishmaniosis. The repellent efficacy of a single treatment of a new spot-on topical combination of fipronil and permethrin (Frontline Tri-Act®, Merial, now part of Boehringer-Ingelheim) to repel Lu. longipalpis sand flies was evaluated. Methods Sixteen healthy Beagle dogs, eight females and eight males, weighing 8.4–14.4 kg, and 2 to 4 years-old were included in the study. Animals were blocked on decreasing body weight and randomly allocated within the blocks to one of two treatment groups of eight animals each. Dogs in Group 1 were untreated and Dogs in Group 2 were treated with a combination containing 67.6 mg/ml fipronil + 504.8 mg/ml permethrin (Frontline Tri-Act®) once on Day 0. Sand fly exposures were performed on Days 1, 14, 21 and 30 with Lu. longipalpis female sand flies. After 65 (± 15 min), sand flies were assessed for engorgement status. Results The percent repellency of the treated group compared to the untreated control group was 95.7, 94.3, 81.7 and 72.2% for exposure days 1, 14, 21 and 30, respectively. The two treatment groups were significantly different for all exposure days (P ≤ 0.016 for days 1, 14, 21 and 30). No adverse reactions were observed during the study. Conclusion A single topical administration of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin demonstrated a significant repellent effect against Lu. longipalpis bites as soon as it was applied on the dogs and its repellent efficacy lasted for 4 weeks with results greater than 80% for 3 weeks. The results suggest that in endemic areas the regular application of the new combination could contribute to protect dogs from Leishmania infection and therefore serve as an additional tool for the prevention of canine visceral leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Antonio Cutolo
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Saúde Animal, Fazenda S. Francisco s/n°, Paulínia, (SP), 13140-970, Brazil.
| | - Fredy Galvis-Ovallos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, (SP), 01246-904, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano O Silva
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Saúde Animal, Fazenda S. Francisco s/n°, Paulínia, (SP), 13140-970, Brazil
| | | | - Becky Fankhauser
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 3239 Satellite Blvd., Duluth, GA, 30096, USA
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Vaccine effectiveness and use of collar impregnated with insecticide for reducing incidence of Leishmania infection in dogs in an endemic region for visceral leishmaniasis, in Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:401-406. [PMID: 29345601 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817003053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a national programme for control of visceral leishmaniosis (VL) is being run in Brazil, the disease continues to spread. This programme is essentially based on culling infected dogs from endemic regions. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop other control measures against VL to deter its advance. Here, a subunit vaccine, a recombinant vaccine, an insecticide-impregnated collar and the associations between these measures were evaluated for reducing the incidence of Leishmania infection in dogs. This was through a cohort study conducted in an endemic region of Brazil, considering the incidence and time of total exposure over a period of 1 year. The incidence of VL was estimated by means of serological and molecular diagnostic tests, 180 and 360 days after the application of the control measures. The estimates of the effectiveness (EF) were not significant in any cohort. The EF of the subunit vaccine, the recombinant vaccine and the collar were 26.4%, 32.8% and 57.7% and the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval for EF were 63.7%, 67.9% and 82.5%, respectively. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, none of the immunogens for VL control was sufficiently effective to protect dogs against infection. On the other hand, use of collars impregnated with insecticide seems to constitute a method with better prognosis, corroborating other studies in this field.
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Miró G, Petersen C, Cardoso L, Bourdeau P, Baneth G, Solano-Gallego L, Pennisi MG, Ferrer L, Oliva G. Novel Areas for Prevention and Control of Canine Leishmaniosis. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:718-730. [PMID: 28601528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There have been multiple recent advances regarding tools for the control and prevention of canine leishmaniosis (CanL), including new preventative vaccines. In this review, these advances are evaluated based on control targets, including vector and parasite. Leishvet recommendations are provided for control practices based on the dog's risk of infection. New topical insecticide formulations have proven to be effective in preventing sand fly bites, and subsequently infection. Parasite control occurs through chemotherapeutic or immunologic means, which decrease or prevent transmission to other animals, including humans. Leishmaniosis control programs that include a combination of coordinated measures, either in individuals or for prevention across reservoir populations, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christine Petersen
- College of Public Health, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Patrick Bourdeau
- Veterinary School of Nantes ONIRIS, University of Nantes, LUNAM, Nantes 44307, France
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Lluís Ferrer
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Gaetano Oliva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Food Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy
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Gomez SA, Picado A. Systemic insecticides used in dogs: potential candidates for phlebotomine vector control? Trop Med Int Health 2017; 22:755-764. [PMID: 28326655 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) is a public health problem endemic in some countries. Current control measures, in particular culling infected dogs, have not reduced ZVL incidence in humans. We evaluated the use of five systemic insecticides (spinosad, fluralaner, afoxolaner, sarolaner and moxidectin) currently used in dogs for other purposes (e.g. tick, flea control) in controlling ZVL transmission. The anti-phlebotomine capacity of these compounds confirmed in experimental studies makes their use in ZVL control programmes very promising. Limitations and benefits of using this new control tool are compared to current practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert Picado
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
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Papadopoulos E, Angelou A, Diakou A, Halos L, Beugnet F. Five-month serological monitoring to assess the effectiveness of permethrin/fipronil (Frontline Tri-Act®) spot-on in reducing the transmission of Leishmania infantum in dogs. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2016; 7:48-53. [PMID: 31014657 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine vector-borne diseases are highly endemic in European countries of the Mediterranean basin. The use of repellent insecticides aids to reduce the risk of pathogen transmission. The primary objective of this 5-month serological field study conducted in a highly endemic area of canine leishmaniosis in Greece was to comparatively assess the effectiveness of a topical formulation of fipronil/permethrin (Frontline Tri-Act®/Frontect®) and of a deltamethrin collar (Scalibor®) for the prevention of Leishmania infantum transmission. Initially, 72 clinically healthy owned dogs were sampled for inclusion. Ten out of the 72 (13.8%) were seropositive according to the Snap Leish® ELISA test and removed. Ultimately, a total of 56 dogs were followed from May to October 2015 with monthly blood samples and serological tests based on Snap Leish® and Snap 4Dx® ELISA tests. Twenty-five dogs were treated with deltamethrin collar (Scalibor®) (Group 1) and 31 were treated monthly with the topical fipronil/permethrin formulation (Group 2). In group 1, three dogs out of 25 (12%) seroconverted for Leishmania whereas none of the dogs (0/31) seroconverted in group 2. In addition, this trial provided means to serological assess the transmission of other vector-borne pathogens. Regarding Anaplasma spp., one dog in each group was seropositive at the beginning of the study and no dogs became positive during the study. For Ehrlichia canis, 9/25 (36%) dogs in group 1 and 5/31 (16.1%) in group 2 were seropositive at inclusion time. Two out of 16 (11.8%) and 3/26 (11.5%) dogs became positive for E. canis after 3months in groups 1 and 2, respectively. No Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato seropositive dog was found during the study. In regard to Dirofilaria immitis, 7/25 (28%) dogs and 12/31 (38.7%) were antigen-positive in groups 1 and 2, respectively, at inclusion. There was no significant difference between groups 1 and 2 in regard to new seroconversions during the trial. This study, conducted in a highly endemic area for vector-borne pathogen transmission, confirmed that the use of deltamethrin and permethrin is a suitable approach to reduce the risk of L. infantum infection by sandflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Angelou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lenaïg Halos
- Merial SAS, 29 Av Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
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Brianti E, Napoli E, Gaglio G, Falsone L, Giannetto S, Solari Basano F, Nazzari R, Latrofa MS, Annoscia G, Tarallo VD, Stanneck D, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Field Evaluation of Two Different Treatment Approaches and Their Ability to Control Fleas and Prevent Canine Leishmaniosis in a Highly Endemic Area. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004987. [PMID: 27632527 PMCID: PMC5025139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the efficacy of two collars for the treatment and prevention of flea infestations. Additionally the effect of these collars on the incidence of Leishmania infantum infection as compared with a group of vaccinated dogs was evaluated. A total of 224 young dogs from private animal shelters were enrolled in April/May into four groups: G1, 55 dogs treated with 10% imidacloprid + 4.5% flumethrin collar (Seresto, Bayer Animal Health); G2, 60 dogs treated with 4% deltamethrin collar (Scalibor protector band, MSD Animal Health); G3, 54 dogs vaccinated with CaniLeish (Virbac Animal Health); and G4, 55 dogs left non-treated as controls. Dogs were followed up at days 120 (September), 210 (December), and 360 (April-May). At those time points, clinical assessments, ectoparasite counts and blood, bone marrow and skin samples, to detect the presence of L. infantum, were performed. The efficacy of Seresto in protecting dogs from flea infestation was 100% (P < 0.01) on day 120 and 210, while animals treated with Scalibor showed a prevalence of the infestation ranging from 23.3% to 33.3% on day 120 and 210, respectively. At the end of the study, the incidence of L. infantum infection in collared dogs-based on animals being positive in any of the tests-was 5.5% in Seresto-treated dogs and 20% in Scalibor-treated dogs, resulting in overall efficacy of prevention of 88.3% for Seresto and 61.8% for Scalibor. No statistical difference was detected in L. infantum positive dogs for bone marrow PCR and/or cytology at day 360 between the CaniLeish (15.4%) and non-treated control dogs (10.0%). Both collars proved to be effective (P < 0.01) in preventing L. infantum infection throughout one transmission season, whereas no significant difference was recorded in the frequency of active infections between dogs vaccinated with CaniLeish and control dogs, emphasizing the importance of using repellent/insecticide actives as a priority measure for protection against canine leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Brianti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ettore Napoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gaglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Falsone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Giannetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giada Annoscia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
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Reguera RM, Morán M, Pérez-Pertejo Y, García-Estrada C, Balaña-Fouce R. Current status on prevention and treatment of canine leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 227:98-114. [PMID: 27523945 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a parasite-borne disease mainly induced by Leishmania infantum in the Old World and Leishmania chagasi (infantum) in the New World. CanL is a zoonosis transmitted by the bite of infected Phlebotominae flies that act as vectors. CanL is a very serious disease that usually produces death when remains untreated and can be a focus of transmission to other dogs or humans. Infected dogs and other domestic and wild animals act as reservoirs and are a real threat to uninfected/healthy dogs and humans in endemic areas where the sand flies are present. Prevention of new infections in dogs can help to stop the current increase of the disease in humans, reinforcing the concept of "One Health" approach. The management of CanL is being performed using prophylactic measures in healthy dogs - insecticides impregnated in collars or immunostimulants applied by spot-on devices - and chemotherapy in animals that suffer from the disease. Antimonials as first-line monotherapy have proven efficacy in reducing most of the clinical signs of CanL, but they need to be administered during several days, and no complete parasite clearance is achieved, favouring the presence of relapses among treated dogs. Therefore, new drugs, such as miltefosine, or combinations of this drug or antimonials with allopurinol are in the pipeline of clinical treatment of CanL. Recently, there has been an emergence of protective - prophylactic - and curative - autogenous vaccines - immunotherapy tools to face CanL, whose results are still under study. This review highlights the current use of preventive and eradicative weapons to fight against this disease, which is a scourge for dogs and a continuous threat to human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Miguel Morán
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Estrada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología de León (INBIOTEC), Parque Científico de León, Avenida Real, n° 1, 24006 León, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología de León (INBIOTEC), Parque Científico de León, Avenida Real, n° 1, 24006 León, Spain.
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Silvestrini P, Batchelor D, Allenspach K, Maunder C, Seth M, Mas A, Hill T, Serrano G, Roura X, Planellas M, German AJ, Pastor J. Clinical leishmaniasis in dogs living in the UK. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:453-8. [PMID: 27251904 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of leishmaniasis in dogs in the UK and to describe clinical presentation, clinicopathological abnormalities, therapeutic protocols and outcome in this non-endemic country. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records of dogs diagnosed with leishmaniasis at seven referral centres in the UK were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS The prevalence was between 0·007 and 0·04% with a higher number of cases in southern England. All dogs had a history of travel to or from an endemic country. Lethargy, dermatological disease, decreased appetite and lameness were the most common reasons for presentation. Allopurinol was used alone for treatment in the majority of cases. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although rare, leishmaniasis should be considered in dogs in the UK if they have compatible clinical signs and history of travel to or from endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Silvestrini
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - D Batchelor
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - K Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, Royal Veterinary College of London, North Mymms, Herts NW1 0TU
| | - C Maunder
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, North Somerset BS40 5DU
| | - M Seth
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU
| | - A Mas
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists Ltd, Winchester SO212LL
| | - T Hill
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG
| | - G Serrano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES
| | - X Roura
- Hospital Clinic Veterinari, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Planellas
- Hospital Clinic Veterinari, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A J German
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - J Pastor
- Hospital Clinic Veterinari, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum and is a systemic disease, which can present with variable clinical signs, and clinicopathological abnormalities. Clinical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to very severe systemic disease. Leishmaniosis is categorized as a neglected tropical disease and the complex immune responses associated with Leishmania species makes therapeutic treatments and vaccine development challenging for both dogs and humans. In this review, we summarize innate and adaptive immune responses associated with L. infantum infection in dogs, and we discuss the problems associated with the disease as well as potential solutions and the future direction of required research to help control the parasite.
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Goyena E, Pérez-Cutillas P, Chitimia L, Risueño J, García-Martínez J, Bernal L, Berriatua E. A cross-sectional study of the impact of regular use of insecticides in dogs on Canine Leishmaniosis seroprevalence in southeast Spain. Prev Vet Med 2016; 124:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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The neglected zoonoses—the case for integrated control and advocacy. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:433-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Brianti E, Gaglio G, Napoli E, Falsone L, Prudente C, Solari Basano F, Latrofa MS, Tarallo VD, Dantas-Torres F, Capelli G, Stanneck D, Giannetto S, Otranto D. Efficacy of a slow-release imidacloprid (10%)/flumethrin (4.5%) collar for the prevention of canine leishmaniosis. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:327. [PMID: 25023573 PMCID: PMC4105111 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of a slow-release insecticidal and repellent collar containing 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin (Seresto, Bayer Animal Health) in preventing Leishmania infantum infection was evaluated in a large population of dogs living in a hyper-endemic area of Sicily (Italy). Methods A total of 219 dogs, negative for L. infantum were enrolled in a multicentre, controlled study. Dogs were divided into two homogeneous groups, defined as G1 (n = 102) and G2 (n = 117). Before the start of the sand fly season, dogs in G1 were treated with the collar while animals in G2 were left untreated, serving as negative controls. Dogs were serially sampled on day D90, D180, D210 and D300 in order to assess Leishmania infection by IFAT, PCR on skin (D210-D300) and bone marrow (D300) and cytology on bone marrow aspirate (D300). Results Three dogs (2.9%) in G1 and 41 (40.2%) in G2 became positive for L. infantum in at least one of the diagnostic tests employed in the study. The number of seropositive dogs in G2 increased in the course of the study from 15 (D90) to 41 (D300), with some of them also positive in other diagnostic tests. Eight (19.6%) of the seropositive dogs in G2 showed an increase in antibody titers ranging from 1:160 to 1:1,280. At the last follow-up, some of dogs in G2 displayed overt clinical signs suggestive of leishmaniosis. The mean incidence density rate at the final follow-up was 4.0% for G1 and 60.7% for G2, leading to a mean efficacy of the collar in protecting dogs at both sites of 93.4%. Conclusions The slow-release collar tested in this study was shown to be safe and highly effective in preventing L. infantum infection in a large population of dogs. Protection conferred by a single collar (up to eight months) spanned an entire sand fly season in a hyper-endemic area of southern Italy. The regular use of collars, at least during the sand fly season, may represent a reliable and sustainable strategy for the prevention of leishmaniosis in dogs living in or travelling to an endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Brianti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
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Wylie CE, Carbonell-Antoñanzas M, Aiassa E, Dhollander S, Zagmutt FJ, Brodbelt DC, Solano-Gallego L. A systematic review of the efficacy of prophylactic control measures for naturally occurring canine leishmaniosis. Part II: topically applied insecticide treatments and prophylactic medications. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:19-27. [PMID: 25062787 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to systematically review the efficacy of topically applied insecticide treatments of dogs (impregnated collars, spot-ons), and prophylactic medications to prevent natural Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) infection in dogs. Randomised controlled trials (RCT), non-randomised clinical trials, cohort studies and case-control studies that investigated preventive efficacy for natural L. infantum infection in dogs were eligible for inclusion. Two review authors independently assessed each study against the inclusion criteria, independently extracted relevant data from all included studies and assessed the risk of methodological shortcomings in each individual study. The odds ratio (OR) and absolute risk reduction (ARR) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference for continuous outcomes were calculated. Meta-analysis was not performed due to heterogeneity of the studies identified. The search yielded 937 articles, from which 84 full text articles were selected for second stage screening. Eleven eligible studies were included; four on collars (two RCTs), three on spot-ons (two RCTs - one looking at two different dosing regimens), three on prophylactic medications (all RCTs) and one on both collars and spot-ons summarised in this paper. All of the studies were considered to be at a high risk of methodological shortcomings, with the exception of one spot-on study which was considered to be at an unclear risk of methodological shortcomings. Deltamethrin collars, 65% permethrin, 10% imidacloprid with 50% permethrin spot-ons and domperidone prophylactic medication tended to significantly reduce the proportion of dogs infected with L. infantum based on either parasitological or serological evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Wylie
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Campus Bellaterra, Edifici V, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Carbonell-Antoñanzas
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Campus Bellaterra, Edifici V, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Aiassa
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1/A, IT-43126 Parma, Italy
| | - S Dhollander
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1/A, IT-43126 Parma, Italy
| | - F J Zagmutt
- Epiχ Analytics, 1643 Spruce Street, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - D C Brodbelt
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - L Solano-Gallego
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Campus Bellaterra, Edifici V, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Martin V, Vouldoukis I, Moreno J, McGahie D, Gueguen S, Cuisinier AM. The protective immune response produced in dogs after primary vaccination with the LiESP/QA-21 vaccine (CaniLeish®) remains effective against an experimental challenge one year later. Vet Res 2014; 45:69. [PMID: 24964736 PMCID: PMC4086268 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of canine leishmaniasis is an important objective for the benefit of dogs living in or visiting endemic areas and for public health because of the zoonotic nature of this disease. Resistance or susceptibility to developing canine leishmaniasis after exposure to Leishmania infantum is primarily determined by the ability of the immune system to develop an appropriate Th1-dominated specific response to the parasite. For this reason there is a need for effective canine vaccines that can decrease the number of dogs developing progressive infections. In this study, we followed the impact of the LiESP/QA-21 canine vaccine (composed of excreted-secreted proteins of L. infantum and the QA-21 saponin adjuvant), recently launched commercially in Europe, on selected humoral and cellular immune parameters following an infectious intravenous challenge with L. infantum promastigotes administered one year after the primary vaccine course. We also followed parasitological parameters to determine the parasitological status of the challenged dogs. In contrast to controls, vaccinated dogs retained significantly stronger cell-mediated immune responses against the parasite despite a virulent challenge and had significantly lower mean parasite burdens at the end of the study, associated with a lower probability of developing active infections. These results confirm that the immune responses generated by vaccination with LiESP/QA-21 are still effective against an intravenous challenge one year after the primary vaccine course.
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Bourdeau P, Saridomichelakis MN, Oliveira A, Oliva G, Kotnik T, Gálvez R, Foglia Manzillo V, Koutinas AF, Pereira da Fonseca I, Miró G. Management of canine leishmaniosis in endemic SW European regions: a questionnaire-based multinational survey. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:110. [PMID: 24656172 PMCID: PMC3974741 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum is a widespread endemic disease in SW Europe. This study was designed to determine how veterinarians clinically manage CanL in this region by analysing information collected in a questionnaire completed by local veterinarians working in clinics in France, Portugal, Greece, Spain, Italy and Slovenia. Methods Over the period 2004–2011, a questionnaire on CanL was sent to 12,546 small animal clinics located in the six countries surveyed. The questionnaire with 10 items comprising open and closed questions sought to obtain comparable data regarding the main clinical manifestations of CanL, the diagnostic methods used, the treatment regimens selected, recommended preventive measures and awareness of the important public health implications of CanL. Results The data collected reflect similarities in the clinical manifestations reported although there was some variation in the concurrent diseases described, and wide variation in the clinical management of CanL among the countries examined in terms of dosing regimens, therapeutic agents and the criteria used to diagnose CanL. Most veterinarians properly informed dog owners about the preventive measures available and about the zoonotic implications of CanL. Conclusions This survey describes the current situation in SW endemic countries in Europe regarding the clinical management of CanL. The data collected reveal a need to unify criteria from evidence-based medicine to determine and similarly apply the best diagnostic and treatment methods available for this disease in the different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guadalupe Miró
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Saridomichelakis MN, Koutinas AF. Cutaneous involvement in canine leishmaniosis due toLeishmania infantum(syn.L.chagasi). Vet Dermatol 2014; 25:61-71, e22. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manolis N. Saridomichelakis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Clinic of Medicine; University of Thessaly; Trikalon Str. 224 GR-43100 Karditsa Greece
| | - Alexander F. Koutinas
- Companion Animal Clinic; School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Stavrou Voutyra 11 GR-54627 Thessaloniki Greece
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Davoust B, Roqueplo C, Parzy D, Watier-Grillot S, Marié JL. A twenty-year follow-up of canine leishmaniosis in three military kennels in southeastern France. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:323. [PMID: 24499552 PMCID: PMC3831825 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is enzootic in southeastern France, and military working dogs (MWD) posted in this area are highly exposed. To assess the efficiency of prevention, we performed a serological and clinical follow-up of 80 MWD in the Var and Corsica regions during the 20-year period from 1993 to 2012. The systematic and specific prevention of CanL using a deltamethrin-impregnated collar (DMC) was implemented in 2002. Findings Out of 80 dogs tested annually, the cumulative serological and clinical incidence was 42.5% (34/80) and 21.2% (17/80) respectively, during the first period, and these numbers decreased to 6.2% (5/80) and 2.5% (2/80) during the second period (p < 0.00001). Considering the incidence of serology since 2002, the CanL risk has been reduced by 85.2% and the level of protection of MWD reached 93.8%. Dogs without collars had a 10.4-fold greater chance of becoming infected than protected dogs. Although other ecological factors might have influenced the epidemiology of CanL, DMC usage was the main factor affecting dog exposure to CanL. Conclusions The prevention strategy based on DMC proved highly efficient in our population of MWD, as it effectively controlled the disease. This result is also of interest to public health, as dogs are reservoirs for Leishmania infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Davoust
- Animal Epidemiology Working Group of the Military Medical Service, Toulon, France.
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Risk factors for seroconversion by Leishmania infantum in a cohort of dogs from an endemic area of Brazil. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71833. [PMID: 23990996 PMCID: PMC3750039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has recently emerged in various urban and peri-urban areas of Brazil and other countries. Understanding the urbanization of VL requires identification of risk factors associated with human and canine infection. To determine the predictors of risk for canine VL, a survey was conducted of 1,443 dogs, from which a cohort was selected (n = 455) and evaluated for approximately 26 months. Serology was conducted with two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA): one conducted in the Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Belo Horizonte Health Department (LZOON) and the other in the Laboratory of Immunopathology of the Federal University of Ouro Preto (LIMP). A molecular diagnostic method (PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism) and a structured questionnaire were also used. To identify the factors associated with seroconversion, two time-dependent Cox regression models were performed with different sensitivities (model 1, seroconversion by ELISA/LZOON; model 2, seroconversion by ELISA/LIMP). The overall incidences of seroconversion were 6.5/1000 dogs-months and 11.2/1000 dogs-months for ELISA/LZOON and ELISA/LIMP, respectively. Increased risk of seroconversion was associated with short fur (model 1: hazard ratio [HR] 1.9), the presence of dry leaves (model 1: HR 2.8) or manure (model 1: HR 3.5) in the backyard, dogs sleeping predominantly in the backyard (model 2: HR 2.1), the presence of symptoms (model 2: HR 2.0), and positive molecular results during follow-up (model 2: HR 1.5). Decreased risk was associated with insecticide spraying in the house (model 2: HR 0.5). These results indicate that more-vulnerable domiciles, certain dog behaviors, lack of vector control measures, and positive molecular results were associated with the occurrence of canine VL. Furthermore, it is important to emphasize that PCR-positive dogs should be monitored, owing to the possibility of seroconversion. Identifying risk factors for seroconversion in dogs is crucial for developing adequate strategies for VL prevention and control.
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Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F. The prevention of canine leishmaniasis and its impact on public health. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:339-45. [PMID: 23746747 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum is a vector-borne disease of great veterinary and medical significance. Prevention of CanL requires a combined approach including measures focused on dogs and the environment where the vectors perpetuate. Over past decades, considerable effort has been put towards developing novel and cost-effective strategies against CanL. Vaccination is considered among the most promising tools for controlling CanL, and synthetic pyrethroids are useful and cost-effective in reducing risk of L. infantum infection in dogs. The effectiveness of the use of vaccines plus repellents in preventing L. infantum infection and subsequent disease development should be assessed by means of large-scale, randomized controlled field trials because this combined strategy may become the next frontier in the control of CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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Hamel D, Silaghi C, Pfister K. Arthropod-borne infections in travelled dogs in Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:9. [PMID: 23477298 PMCID: PMC3718538 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2013010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pet animal movement is ever increasing within the European Union and in that context canine vectorborne infections gained a considerable importance. Information on these infections in travelled dogs is nevertheless limited. A first prospective study on vector-borne infections was conducted in 106 dogs travelling from Germany to countries in South and South-East Europe. The dogs were screened prior to and consecutively up to three times after travel by haematological (Giemsa-stained buffy coat smears, Knott’s-Test), molecular biological (PCR) as well as serological (IFAT, DiroChek®-ELISA) methods for arthropod-borne infections. Seven animals were seropositive for antibodies against Babesia canis sspp., Leishmania spp. and/or Ehrlichia canis prior to travel to Italy, Spain, France, Croatia, Greece, or Hungary. In the consecutive screening after return there was no increase in the number of seropositive dogs. None was positive in direct methods. The mean duration of the stay was 17 days and 51% of the dogs were prophylactically treated with ectoparasiticidal formulations. Preliminary data from this study on canine vector-borne infections indicate a low risk for infection during a limited single stay in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Hamel
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Leopoldstraße 5, 80802 Munich, Germany
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Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, de Caprariis D, Di Paola G, Tarallo VD, Latrofa MS, Lia RP, Annoscia G, Breitshwerdt EB, Cantacessi C, Capelli G, Stanneck D. Prevention of canine leishmaniosis in a hyper-endemic area using a combination of 10% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56374. [PMID: 23451043 PMCID: PMC3581506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dogs are the main reservoir hosts of Leishmania infantum, the agent of human zoonotic visceral leishmaniosis. This study investigated the efficacy of a polymer matrix collar containing a combination of 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin as a novel prophylactic measure to prevent L. infantum infections in young dogs from a hyper-endemic area of southern Italy, with a view towards enhancing current control strategies against both human and canine leishmaniosis. Methodology/Principal Findings The study was carried out on 124 young dogs, of which 63 were collared (Group A) while 61 were left untreated (Group B), from March-April 2011 until March 2012. Blood and skin samples were collected at baseline (April 2011) and at the first, second, third and fourth follow-up time points (July, September 2011 and November 2011, and March 2012, respectively). Bone marrow and conjunctiva were sampled at baseline and at the fourth follow-up. Serological, cytological and molecular tests were performed to detect the presence of L. infantum in the different tissues collected. At the end of the trial, no dog from Group A proved positive for L. infantum at any follow-up, whereas 22 dogs from Group B were infected (incidence density rate = 45.1%); therefore, the combination of 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin was 100% efficacious for the prevention of L. infantum infection in young dogs prior to their first exposure to the parasite in a hyper-endemic area for CanL. Conclusions The use of collars containing 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin conferred long-term protection against infection by L. infantum to dogs located in a hyper-endemic area, thus representing a reliable and sustainable strategy to decrease the frequency and spread of this disease among the canine population which will ultimately result in the reduction of associated risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
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Molina R, Espinosa-Góngora C, Gálvez R, Montoya A, Descalzo M, Jiménez M, Dado D, Miró G. Efficacy of 65% permethrin applied to dogs as a spot-on against Phlebotomus perniciosus. Vet Parasitol 2012; 187:529-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Moreno J, Vouldoukis I, Martin V, McGahie D, Cuisinier AM, Gueguen S. Use of a LiESP/QA-21 vaccine (CaniLeish) stimulates an appropriate Th1-dominated cell-mediated immune response in dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1683. [PMID: 22724031 PMCID: PMC3378610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis is an important zoonotic disease of dogs. The clinical outcome of infection is variable, with the efficiency of the immune response being the key determining factor. There is now a general consensus that a predominant Th1 immune profile in an overall mixed Th1/Th2 response is associated with resistance in dogs, and the absence of a strong Th1 influence is associated with a progression to clinical disease. As a result, there has been a growing demand for vaccines that can induce a specific, strong Th1 response. In this study, we measured the impact of a primary course of a newly available LiESP/QA-21 vaccine on selected humoral and cellular markers of the canine immune response during the onset of immunity. All vaccinated dogs developed a humoral response characterised by IgG2 production. More importantly, vaccinated dogs developed significantly stronger cell-mediated immunity responses than did control dogs. Vaccination induced specific cellular reactivity to soluble Leishmania antigens, with a Leishmania-specific lymphoproliferation (p = 0.0072), characterised by an increased population of T lymphocytes producing IFN-γ (p = 0.0021) and a significant ability of macrophages to reduce intracellular parasite burdens in vitro after co-culture with autologous lymphocytes (p = 0.0014). These responses were correlated with induction of the NOS pathway and production of NO derivatives, which has been shown to be an important leishmanicidal mechanism. These results confirm that vaccination with LiESP/QA-21 induces an appropriate Th1-profile cell-mediated response within three weeks of completing the primary course, and that this response effectively reduces the parasite load in pre-infected macrophages in vitro. The dog is the principle reservoir of Leishmania infantum, a parasite spread from dog to dog by a sandfly vector. The reduction of canine leishmaniasis is therefore a key factor in the overall management of the epidemiology of this parasite. There is also a need for effective prevention on welfare grounds because of the clinical severity of this potentially fatal disease in dogs. The key factor determining the outcome of infection in dogs is the ability to mount a Th1-dominated immune response, because this is more effective against intracellular pathogens such as L. infantum. Until now, in Europe, only measures to reduce sandfly bites have been available, and for many years there has been a strong demand for a vaccine that provides specific and effective immunity. The recent launch of the first European canine leishmaniasis vaccine (CaniLeish) has provided a means to achieve this, but data on its impact on the dog's immune system are required. The data presented here demonstrate the specific stimulation of an effective Th1-dominated anti-L. infantum response within three weeks of the administration of the vaccine, and provides a basis for the understanding of the mode of action of this new tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ioannis Vouldoukis
- INSERM UMR S 945, Immunité et Infection, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Gálvez R, Miró G, Descalzo MA, Molina R. Questionnaire-based survey on the clinical management of canine leishmaniosis in the Madrid region (central Spain). Prev Vet Med 2011; 102:59-65. [PMID: 21821298 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a questionnaire designed to gain information on how veterinarians clinically manage canine leishmaniosis (CanL) in the Madrid region (central Spain). The present survey is one of the several similar questionnaire-based surveys conducted within the framework of the project EDEN (Emerging Diseases in a changing European eNvironment). The questionnaire sought to obtain data regarding the main clinical manifestations observed, the diagnostic methods used and the preventive measures recommended. Its Spanish version was sent by post to veterinary practitioners within the study area in two lots, one sent out in December 2006 and the other in March 2007. Only 174 of the 760 questionnaires sent were completed and returned (reply rate of 23%). Among the completed questionnaires, clinics differed widely in terms of features such as the habitats of the dogs (urban, peri-urban or rural) and patient volumes. Clinics attending dogs from peri-urban/rural habitats reported more suspected (p<0.001), confirmed (p=0.001) and newly diagnosed (p=0.001) cases/year than clinics providing service to a city clientele alone. According to the veterinary practitioners, skin lesions, lymphadenomegaly and weight loss were commonly observed, although these signs are not specific to CanL. Signs described to be of high diagnostic value were epistaxis and kidney disease. All the veterinarians polled reported that a suspicion of Leishmania infantum infection was confirmed by at least a serological method; the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) being the technique most used. To prevent the disease, most vets recommended topical synthetic pyrethroids applied as impregnated collars or spot-ons. It is observed that despite considerable progress is being made in clinical management and controlling the disease, in Madrid Region its incidence continues to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gálvez
- Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo s/n, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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