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Davenport K, Liu J, Sarquis J, Beall M, Montoya A, Drexel J, Denis T, Toste R, Traversa D, Miró G. Performance of a point-of-care test for the detection of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies is associated with immunofluorescent antibody titer and clinical stage of leishmaniosis in dogs from endemic regions. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 53:101061. [PMID: 39025539 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is caused by the protozoal parasite Leishmania infantum, which is transmitted by sand flies in warm climates across the world. Because dogs are considered a primary domestic reservoir for the parasite that causes leishmaniosis in humans, it is important from a One Health perspective that CanL be properly managed. In endemic regions, CanL is a common differential diagnosis in sick dogs because the clinical signs and clinicopathological disorders of the disease are non-specific, variable, and may overlap those of other common conditions. Diagnosis is based on the presence of compatible clinical signs, laboratory abnormalities, and confirmation by serological and parasitological evidence of infection. Here, we describe the performance of a point-of-care (POC) immunoassay that uses recombinant antigens to detect canine anti- L. infantum antibodies in a convenience sample set from a diagnostic laboratory, a group of canine patients with clinical staging, and in apparently healthy dogs from endemic areas. An immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) was used as the semiquantitative reference method. In the convenience sample set with high IFAT titers (≥ 1:800), the POC immunoassay demonstrated perfect agreement with IFAT (100%; 90/90). Using samples from dogs staged as either LeishVet Stage 2 or 3 or LeishVet Stage 1, positive agreement of the POC immunoassay with the IFAT was 98.8% (82/83) and 83.8% (31/37), respectively. The negative agreement with IFAT was 98.9% (272/275) in apparently healthy dogs from endemic areas of Greece and Italy. Since the performance of the POC immunoassay was associated with IFAT titer and clinical stage of CanL, the test may help veterinarians when determining if CanL is likely responsible for a patient's clinical picture or when evaluating an apparently healthy patient prior to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joe Liu
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA.
| | | | - Melissa Beall
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA.
| | - Ana Montoya
- Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jan Drexel
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA.
| | - Tori Denis
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA.
| | - Ryan Toste
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA.
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Priolo V, Ippolito D, Rivas-Estanga K, De Waure C, Martínez-Orellana P. Canine leishmaniosis global prevalence over the last three decades: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 112:102211. [PMID: 39096882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Leishmaniosis by Leishmania infantum is a zoonotic vector-borne disease transmitted to humans and dogs by the bite of female sand-flies. The domestic dog is the main reservoir and infected dogs may show or not clinical symptoms. The prevalence of infection in dogs varies according to the population studied, the geographic area, and the diagnostics employed. This study aims to estimate the global prevalence, subgrouping per continent, country, diagnostic test and selected risk factors. Cross-sectional studies (n=150; from 1990 to 2020) estimating the prevalence of the infection by Leishmania infantum were extracted from four electronic databases. The pooled global prevalence obtained by random-effects meta-analysis was 15.2 % (95 %CI 13.6-16.9), mostly in rural (19.5 %) and owned dogs (16.5 %). Prevalence varied if the diagnosis was made by western blot (WB, 32.9 %), cellular immunity tests (27.5 %), ELISA (17 %), PCR (16.9 %), IFAT (15.9 %), rapid tests and direct agglutination test (DAT, 11.5 %), cytology/immunohistochemistry (13.1 %), culture (8.6 %). A small studies bias (P<0.005) in the overall prevalence meta-analysis, due to the impact of small-size studies on the overall results was found. Moreover, a continent-related bias was found regarding rapid test, DAT (P=0.021), and WB (P<0.001), as these assays are mainly used in South American studies. A study period bias (P=0.033) and a publication year bias (P=0.002) were detected for PCR, as the test was not employed before the year 2000. In conclusion, a high prevalence of canine leishmaniosis worldwide and high heterogeneity among studies were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Priolo
- Master student University Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Dorotea Ippolito
- Unit of Emerging Zoonoses Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Kalú Rivas-Estanga
- Clínica Veterinaria Laika, Departamento de Montevideo, Av. Mariscal Francisco Solano López 1450, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Chiara De Waure
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza L. Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Pamela Martínez-Orellana
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park Galleria Padriciano, 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
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Brito MCP, Sousa MDF, Sampaio RAG, Linhares MT, Riquelme LF, Lacerda WK, Lucena RB. Canine Leishmaniosis Associated with Acute Pleural Effusion and Sudden Death in a Dog. Vet Sci 2024; 11:254. [PMID: 38922000 PMCID: PMC11209352 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A two-year-old female crossbreed dog, previously a stray with no known owner, was adopted and subsequently spayed. The dog exhibited weight loss over a period of two months and died suddenly during a leashed walk. Upon necropsy, enlargement of the submandibular, prescapular, and popliteal lymph nodes was noted. The intrathoracic cavity contained a substantial volume of yellowish-white fluid. Lymph nodes in the mediastinal and ventral thoracic centers were also enlarged, hemorrhagic, and friable. Microscopic examination revealed significant architectural changes in the lymph nodes, characterized by a pronounced cellular infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes and histiocytes, along with macrophages containing intracytoplasmic Leishmania amastigotes. Immunohistochemical analysis of the lymph nodes confirmed positive staining for Leishmania amastigotes. This case represents the first report of canine leishmaniasis associated with acute pleural effusion and sudden death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caroline Pereira Brito
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil; (M.C.P.B.); (M.d.F.S.); (L.F.R.); (W.K.L.)
- Clinic 4Patas, João Pessoa 58030-330, PB, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Sousa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil; (M.C.P.B.); (M.d.F.S.); (L.F.R.); (W.K.L.)
- Casa dos Criadores, João Pessoa 58040-330, PB, Brazil
| | - Rubia Avlade Guedes Sampaio
- Graduate Program in Animal Science and Health, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil;
| | - Markyson Tavares Linhares
- Undergraduate Course in Veterinary Medicine, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil;
| | - Lourdes Fernandez Riquelme
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil; (M.C.P.B.); (M.d.F.S.); (L.F.R.); (W.K.L.)
| | - Wellida Karinne Lacerda
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil; (M.C.P.B.); (M.d.F.S.); (L.F.R.); (W.K.L.)
| | - Ricardo Barbosa Lucena
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil; (M.C.P.B.); (M.d.F.S.); (L.F.R.); (W.K.L.)
- Graduate Program in Animal Science and Health, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil
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Silva RG, Kiupel M, Langohr IM, Wise A, Pereira SA, Gonçalves NP, da Conceição GMS, Ferreira LC, de Campos MP, Miranda LDFC, Figueiredo FB, de Oliveira RDVC, Keidel L, Menezes RC. Comparative Study of Colorimetric In Situ Hybridization and Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Diagnosis of Infection by Leishmania infantum in Dogs in Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Skin. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:91. [PMID: 38668552 PMCID: PMC11054412 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and dogs are reservoirs for this parasite. For the diagnosis of Leishmania at the species level in dogs in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin (FFPES) samples, colorimetric in situ hybridization (CISH) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) are options, but their sensitivities are not well established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of these two techniques in FFPES for the diagnosis of the L. infantum infection in dogs using culture as the reference standard. The FFPES of 48 dogs with cutaneous infection by L. infantum confirmed by culture and by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis were examined by CISH and qPCR using specific probes for L. infantum. The sensitivities of qPCR, CISH and their combination were, respectively, 77.0%, 58.0% and 83.3%. The sensitivities of qPCR in dogs with and without clinical signs were, respectively, 74.2% and 82.4%. The sensitivities of CISH in dogs with and without clinical signs were, respectively, 61.3% and 52.9%. The CISH and qPCR showed satisfactory sensitivities for the diagnosis of L. infantum in the FFPES of dogs, even in dogs without clinical signs, and their combination increases the sensitivity for this diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gonçalves Silva
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.G.S.); (S.A.P.); (L.C.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (M.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Ingeborg Maria Langohr
- Sanofi, Global Discovery Pathology, Translational Models Research Platform, 350 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA;
| | - Annabel Wise
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (M.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.G.S.); (S.A.P.); (L.C.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Natália Pedra Gonçalves
- Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (N.P.G.); (G.M.S.d.C.)
| | | | - Luiz Cláudio Ferreira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.G.S.); (S.A.P.); (L.C.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Monique Paiva de Campos
- Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil; (M.P.d.C.); (F.B.F.)
| | - Luciana de Freitas Campos Miranda
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance of Leishmaniasis, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | - Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil; (M.P.d.C.); (F.B.F.)
| | | | - Lucas Keidel
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.G.S.); (S.A.P.); (L.C.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.G.S.); (S.A.P.); (L.C.F.); (L.K.)
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Mahdavi R, Martinkovic F, Shams-Eldin H, Pereira IE, Reis AB, Latz A, Heinz D, Aira C, Fresco-Taboada A, Abass E, Romero-Olmedo J, Teixeira HC, Steinhoff U. Comparative Study of a Novel Lateral Flow Rapid Test with Conventional Serological Test Systems for the Diagnosis of Canine Leishmaniosis in Croatia and Brazil. Pathogens 2024; 13:109. [PMID: 38392847 PMCID: PMC10892489 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Control of canine infections with Leishmania infantum (L. infantum), a major zoonotic disease in Brazil and southern Europe, is becoming increasingly important due to its close proximity to humans, the increasing import of dogs from endemic regions and the impact of climate change on vector spreading. Simple, rapid and reliable diagnostic tests are therefore needed to detect infected dogs. Here, we re-evaluated different serological methods for the diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) in Croatia and Brazil. The diagnostic performance of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and the VetLine® Leishmania ELISA (GSD Frankfurt, Germany) was compared with three rKLi8.3-based diagnostic test systems, the rKLi8.3 ELISA (GSD Frankfurt, Germany), the INgezim® Leishma CROM (GSD Madrid, Spain) lateral flow test (LFT) and the VetBlot®Leishmania LineBlot (GSD Frankfurt, Germany). CanL symptomatic dogs were efficiently diagnosed by all tests, except the VetLine® Leishmania ELISA, which is based on whole Leishmania antigens. The advantage of rKLi8.3 was also observed in oligo- and asymptomatic dogs from Brazil and Croatia, although with reduced diagnostic efficiency compared to symptomatic dogs. Similar to IFAT and rKLi8.3 ELISA, the LFT did not cross-react with other common canine pathogens; it showed very high specificity for healthy dogs from endemic regions in both countries and did not react with healthy, vaccinated dogs in Brazil. In conclusion, serodiagnostic tests based on the rKLi8.3 antigens are superior to whole parasite antigens, and the LFT has the advantage of providing a laboratory-independent, rapid and specific diagnosis of CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouzbeh Mahdavi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Phillips University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (R.M.); (H.S.-E.); (J.R.-O.)
| | - Franjo Martinkovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, HR-1000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Hosam Shams-Eldin
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Phillips University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (R.M.); (H.S.-E.); (J.R.-O.)
| | - Ingrid E. Pereira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil (H.C.T.)
| | - Alexandre B. Reis
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil;
| | - Andreas Latz
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Frankfurt (GSD Frankfurt), 63128 Dietzenbach, Germany; (A.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Daniela Heinz
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Frankfurt (GSD Frankfurt), 63128 Dietzenbach, Germany; (A.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Cristina Aira
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid S.A. (GSD Madrid), 28037 Madrid, Spain; (C.A.); (A.F.-T.)
| | - Alba Fresco-Taboada
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid S.A. (GSD Madrid), 28037 Madrid, Spain; (C.A.); (A.F.-T.)
| | - Elfadil Abass
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Jelena Romero-Olmedo
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Phillips University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (R.M.); (H.S.-E.); (J.R.-O.)
| | - Henrique C. Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil (H.C.T.)
| | - Ulrich Steinhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Phillips University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (R.M.); (H.S.-E.); (J.R.-O.)
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Carneiro LA, Lima LV, Campos MB, Vasconcelos Dos Santos T, Ramos PK, Laurenti MD, Silveira FT. Prevalence and incidence of canine visceral leishmaniasis and its clinical-immunological features in an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2463-2474. [PMID: 37654028 PMCID: PMC10650335 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cohort study for 2 years period analysed the prevalence, incidence and clinical-immunological features of canine Leishmania (L.) chagasi-infection in 316 mongrel dogs in a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic area in Pará State, Brazil. OBJECTIVE/METHODS Diagnosis of infection was performed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT-IgG), the leishmanin skin test (LST) and a parasite search (from the popliteal lymph node aspiration) at the beginning of the study and at 6, 12 and 24 months intervals. RESULTS IFAT/LST revealed three immune profiles of infection: (I) IFAT(+) /LST(-) (81), (II) IFAT(-) /LST(+) (17) and (III) IFAT(+) /LST(+) (13). Prevalence of profiles I, II and III were 25.6, 5.4 and 4.1%, and an overall prevalence 35.1%. Incidence of profiles I, II and III were 5.4, 0.3 and 0.0%, and an overall incidence 5.7% dogs per month. Incidence at the age ranges <1 year, ≥1 year, <7 years and ≥7 years evidenced a highest rate in the age range <1 year (6.6% dogs per month). Parasitological diagnosis was positive in 19% dogs at the prevalence (85.7% profile I), and in 11% at the incidence (100% profile I). The clinical picture of 179 infected dogs showed 145 (81%) of profile I (82% subclinical); 21 (11.7%) of profile II (100% subclinical); and 13 (7.3%) of profile III (84.6% subclinical). Conversion from subclinical to sick dogs was higher (p < 0.05) in profile I (40.2%) than in profiles II (5.8%) and III (9%). Immunological conversion showed that only 3.2% of profile I dogs (prevalence) converted to LST(+) (two at the end of the first 6 months and 1 after 24 months), while 82.3% of profile II dogs converted to IFAT(+) (11 in the first 6 months, whereas three after 12 months). A 100% death rate was observed in dogs from profile I alone. CONCLUSION These results reinforce the need of adopting preventive strategies against CVL as early as in the first semester of the dog's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane A Carneiro
- Primates Manegement Section, National Center of Primates (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Pará State, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luciana V Lima
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marliane B Campos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Thiago Vasconcelos Dos Santos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Patrícia K Ramos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- Pathology Department, Medical School of São Paulo University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando T Silveira
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Kim HJ, Kim EJ, Choi JW, Kim YC, Lee HI, Shin HI. A Rare Case of Imported Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania infantum in the Republic of Korea, 2021. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8040223. [PMID: 37104348 PMCID: PMC10142730 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease and an infectious disease transmitted by sandflies that occurs worldwide. In the absence of physicians seeking to identify the causes of disease in non-endemic areas, appropriate diagnoses cannot be made, thereby hampering effective treatment. In this report, we examined a nodular lesion on a patient's chin by performing a biopsy and molecular analysis. The biopsy finding led to the identification of a Leishmania amastigote. On the basis of PCR analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 1 gene and 5.8 S ribosomal RNA with a subsequent BLAST search, we identified the causal organism as Leishmania infantum. The patient, who had visited Spain from 1 July to 31 August 2018, was accordingly diagnosed with cutaneous leishmaniasis and was administered liposomal amphotericin B, which successfully treated the skin lesion. Travel history plays an important role in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis, and physicians should bear in mind that travelers can also introduce diseases and pathogens to non-endemic areas. Identification of Leishmania at the species level will increase the efficacy of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kim
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science and Infectious Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Woong Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - You Chan Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Il Lee
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Il Shin
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
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8
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Siqueira WF, Cardoso MS, Clímaco MDC, Silva ALT, Heidt B, Eersels K, van Grinsven B, Bartholomeu DC, Bueno LL, Cleij T, Fujiwara RT. Serodiagnosis of leishmaniasis in asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs by use of the recombinant dynamin-1-like protein from Leishmania infantum: A preliminary study. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106827. [PMID: 36610530 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal manifestation of an infection caused by intracellular protozoa of the Leishmania genus. In New World countries, VL is classified as a zoonotic disease with domestic dogs acting as its main reservoir. Asymptomatic dogs are as competent to transmit Leishmania to the vectors as symptomatic dogs, however current diagnostic tests are limited and present low sensitivity for this important group. The development of accurate tests is fundamental to the early diagnosis, treatment, and control of canine leishmaniasis. In this study, we investigated the use of a recombinant protein (dynamin-1-like protein, Dyn-1) from L. infantum, as a potential target antigen for leishmaniasis serodiagnosis in both symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. The antigenic performance of the protein was evaluated by means of ELISA assays using sera from symptomatic (n = 25), asymptomatic (n = 34) and non-infected dogs (n = 36) using ELISA. In addition, sera from dogs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (n = 49) and naturally infected with Babesia sp. (n = 8) were tested to evaluate possible cross-reactivity. A crude soluble antigen (CSA) of Leishmania was used as an antigen control and K39 and K26 were used as reference antigens because they are already widely used in commercial tests. rDyn-1-based assay showed the highest sensitivity (97%) compared to the antigens K39 (88%), K26 (86%) and crude extract (95%). The highest specificity among the tests was also obtained with the protein rDyn-1 (94%), compared with the other antigens K39 (81%), K26 (87%), and crude extract (77%). This study showed that the rDyn-1 ELISA assay was able to identify 100% of asymptomatic dogs, establishing its potential as a target for the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Williane Fernanda Siqueira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil; Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
| | - Mariana Santos Cardoso
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Marianna de Carvalho Clímaco
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | | | - Benjamin Heidt
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
| | - Kasper Eersels
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
| | - Bart van Grinsven
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
| | - Daniella Castanheira Bartholomeu
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Lilian Lacerda Bueno
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Thomas Cleij
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil.
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9
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Garcia VS, Guerrero SA, Burna A, Demonte A, Gugliotta LM, Gonzalez VDG. Validation of an immunochromatographic assay kit based on colored latex particles for the identification of the canine visceral leishmaniasis. Res Vet Sci 2023; 155:69-75. [PMID: 36641975 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonotic infectious disease with a severe impact on humans and animals. Infection is transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. The dogs are main reservoir for human infection. A rapid and accurate diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis is essential for an efficient surveillance program. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of a rapid immunochromatographic strip test based on functionalized colored particles and a new recombinant antigenic protein, as a visual "in situ" method for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. The results were evaluated using an in-house ELISA assay with the same antigen. Both tests produced concordant results and the immunochromatographic strip test showed good diagnostic sensitivity (98%) and specificity (95%). Finally, meta-analysis was used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the here developed test with the results of commercial immunochromatographic strip tests obtained from literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria S Garcia
- INTEC (CONICET and Universidad Nacional del Litoral), Santa Fe 3000, Argentina.
| | - Sergio A Guerrero
- IAL (CONICET and Universidad Nacional del Litoral), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina.
| | - Alexis Burna
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Ana Demonte
- IAL (CONICET and Universidad Nacional del Litoral), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Luis M Gugliotta
- INTEC (CONICET and Universidad Nacional del Litoral), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina.
| | - Verónica D G Gonzalez
- INTEC (CONICET and Universidad Nacional del Litoral), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina.
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Schäfer I, Müller E, Naucke TJ. Ein Update zur Leishmaniose des Hundes: Diagnostik, Therapie und Monitoring. TIERÄRZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE K: KLEINTIERE / HEIMTIERE 2022; 50:431-445. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1970-9590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungAufgrund von steigenden Importzahlen von Hunden aus dem Ausland, zunehmendem Reiseverkehr sowie den Veränderungen klimatischer Bedingungen in Europa gewinnen Infektionen mit Leishmania (L.) infantum bei Hunden in Deutschland zunehmend an Bedeutung. Daher sollten auch Hunde aus dem Ausland, die keine klinischen Symptome zeigen, direkt nach Import sowie erneut 6 Monate später auf vektorübertragene Infektionserreger getestet werden. Bei Hunden mit klinischer Symptomatik, die hinweisend auf eine Leishmaniose sind, werden direkte und indirekte Nachweisverfahren sowie eine hämatologische und biochemische Untersuchung unter Einbezug von Serumeiweißelektrophorese sowie Bestimmung des C-reaktiven Proteins empfohlen. Als Leitfaden für die Therapie sowie das Monitoring stehen die LeishVet-Guidelines zur Verfügung. Es stehen leishmanizide und leishmaniostatische Wirkstoffe zur Verfügung, die in first-line, second-line und third-line unterschieden werden. Zur Anpassung der Allopurinol-Dosierung wird der Stufenplan empfohlen. Aufgrund der Veränderung der klimatischen Bedingungen kommt es zu einer Ausbreitung der Habitate von Sandmücken, die als Vektoren der Leishmaniose bekannt sind. Als weitere Infektionsquellen sind Deckakte, transplazentare Infektionen, Bisswunden und Bluttransfusionen beschrieben. Leishmania infantum hat zoonotisches Potential und ist daher auch in Hinblick auf den „One-Health“-Gedanken bedeutend.
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11
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Konno H, Yokoyama N, Tamura Y, Aoshima K, Nakao R, Takiguchi M, Katakura K. An experimental challenge model for Leishmania donovani in beagle dogs, showing a similar pattern of parasite burden in the peripheral blood and liver. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3569-3579. [PMID: 36222954 PMCID: PMC9554375 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum are closely related species. However, the former is considered the causative agent for anthroponotic visceral leishmaniasis (AVL), while the latter is known to be responsible for zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) with dogs as the main reservoir host. Although molecular detection of L. donovani from naturally infected dogs has been reported in AVL endemic areas, the experimental infection of dogs with this species is very limited. Here, we constructed an experimental canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) model with L. donovani infection using beagle dogs. During an observation period of 8 months after parasite inoculation, few clinical symptoms were observed in the three inoculated dogs. The overall hematological and biochemical data of the dogs showed normal levels, and there were no remarkable changes in the peripheral CD4+, CD8+, CD25+, or FoxP3+ T cell populations. Liver biopsy sampling was conducted to monitor the parasite burden in the liver. A similar pattern of the amount of mitochondrial kinetoplast DNA was observed in the peripheral blood and liver by real-time PCR analysis. In addition, parasite antigens were detected from the liver biopsy sections by immunohistochemical analysis, further supporting the existence of parasites in the liver. These results showed a subclinical CVL model for L. donovani in beagle dogs with a similar kinetics of parasite burden in the peripheral blood and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Konno
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yokoyama
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yu Tamura
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.,Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ken Katakura
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
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12
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Morales-Yuste M, Martín-Sánchez J, Corpas-Lopez V. Canine Leishmaniasis: Update on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080387. [PMID: 36006301 PMCID: PMC9416075 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog are the main reservoir of Leishmania infantum, causing canine leishmaniasis, an incurable multisystemic disease that leads to death in symptomatic dogs, when not treated. This parasite causes visceral, cutaneous, and mucosal leishmaniasis in people in the Mediterranean Basin, North Africa, South America, and West Asia. This disease is mostly unknown by veterinarians outside the endemic areas, but the disease is expanding in the Northern Hemisphere due to travel and climate change. New methodologies to study the epidemiology of the disease have found new hosts of leishmaniasis and drawn a completely new picture of the parasite biological cycle. Canine leishmaniasis diagnosis has evolved over the years through the analysis of new samples using novel molecular techniques. Given the neglected nature of leishmaniasis, progress in drug discovery is slow, and the few drugs that reach clinical stages in humans are unlikely to be commercialised for dogs, but several approaches have been developed to support chemotherapy. New-generation vaccines developed during the last decade are now widely used, along with novel prevention strategies. The implications of the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of canine leishmaniasis are fundamental to public health.
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13
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Humoral and Cellular Immune Response in Asymptomatic Dogs with Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060947. [PMID: 35746555 PMCID: PMC9229064 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is one of the deadliest parasitic diseases in the world and affects both humans and dogs. The host immune response to Leishmania infection plays a critical role in the evolution of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and consequently in the manifestation of clinical signs. The asymptomatic form of the disease is a major concern in the diagnosis of CVL and in the transmission control of Leishmania infection. Asymptomatic dogs are found in large proportions in endemic areas and are an unquantifiable source of infection. The present review analyzes the possible relationship between the activation of the antigen-specific immune response of the host and resistance or susceptibility to CVL. The review focuses on works that address the characterization of the humoral and cellular immune response profile, at both the functional and phenotypic levels, in infected dogs. Most studies relate the absence of clinical symptomatology to an increased proliferative response and a Th1 cytokine profile. Despite the numerous findings pointing to a differential immune response in asymptomatic dogs, the contradictory results reported in this review highlight the importance of establishing a precise clinical classification of the disease, performing more longitudinal studies, and including a higher number of animals in trials.
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14
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Maia C, Fraga DBM, Cristóvão J, Borja LS, da Silva Solcà M, Campino L, Veras PST, Gonçalves L. Leishmania exposure in dogs from two endemic countries from New and Old Worlds (Brazil and Portugal): evaluation of three serological tests using Bayesian Latent Class Models. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:202. [PMID: 35698163 PMCID: PMC9195323 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is endemic in several countries of the Mediterranean Basin, Latin America, and Asia. Dogs are the main hosts and reservoirs of human infection. Thus, from a One Health perspective, early diagnosis of Leishmania infection in dogs is essential to control the dissemination of the parasite among other dogs and to humans. The aim of this study was to estimate the diagnosis accuracy of three serological tests to detect antibodies to Leishmania in dogs from two endemic settings using Bayesian latent class models (BLCM). METHODS A total of 378 dogs from two Portuguese and Brazilian endemic areas of leishmaniosis (194 animals from Portugal and 184 from Brazil) were screened. Detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies was performed using two commercial ELISA (L. infantum IgG-ELISA® and EIE-LVC®) and a rapid immunochromatographic test (DPP-LVC®). Bayesian latent class models were used to estimate Leishmania infection prevalence, together with sensitivities and specificities of the three diagnostic tests, in the two dog populations simultaneously. Predictive values were also calculated. Credibility intervals (CI) were obtained, considering different types of prior information. RESULTS A posterior median Leishmania seroprevalence of 13.4% (95% CI 9.0-18.7) and of 21.6% (15.0-28.3) was estimated to the Portuguese and Brazilian dog subpopulations, respectively. The Bayesian analysis indicated that all tests were highly specific (specificity above 90%), and that the DPP-LVC® was more sensitive (96.6%; 83.1-99.9) than both ELISAs in the Portuguese subpopulation, while in the Brazilian subpopulation, EIE-LVC® and L. infantum IgG-ELISA®, had the highest sensitivity (88.2%; 73.7-97.0) and specificity (98.7%; 95.1-99.9), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In general, the levels of diagnosis accuracy of the three serological tests to detect Leishmania antibodies assessed by BLCM indicate their utility in canine epidemiological studies. The same approach should be used to assess the performance of these techniques in the clinical management of infected and sick dogs using representative samples from the wide spectrum of clinical situations, namely from subclinical infection to manifest disease. The low positive predictive value of the serological tests used in the current protocol of the Brazilian Ministry of Health suggests that they should not be used individually and may not be sufficient to target reservoir-based control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
- Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Deborah Bittencourt Mothé Fraga
- Laboratório de Interação Parasito-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Produção Animal, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Bahia, Brazil
| | - José Cristóvão
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
- Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lairton Souza Borja
- Laboratório de Interação Parasito-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Manuela da Silva Solcà
- Laboratório de Interação Parasito-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Produção Animal, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lenea Campino
- Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratório de Interação Parasito-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luzia Gonçalves
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
- International Public Health and Biostatistics Unit, IHMT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Villanueva-Saz S, Martínez M, Ramirez JD, Herrera G, Marteles D, Servián M, Verde M, Giner J, Lacasta D, Ruíz H, Yzuel A, Fernández A. Evaluation of five different rapid immunochromatographic tests for canine leishmaniosis in Spain. Acta Trop 2022; 229:106371. [PMID: 35181302 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania parasites. Serological methods are the most common tests used for the diagnosis. This study aimed to evaluate and compare different serological commercial immunochromatographic rapid tests available in Spain to detect anti-Leishmania canine antibodies. The immunochromatographic tests were evaluated in different groups of dogs (healthy seronegative dogs (n = 21), naturally-sick dogs with moderate anti-Leishmania antibodies (n = 39), naturally-sick dogs with high anti-Leishmania antibodies (n = 37), dogs with the serological result of other pathogens infection (n = 20) and exposed dogs (n = 33)) admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Zaragoza (Spain) according to the clinical information sent with the sample to the laboratory for diagnostic purposes. The serology status was also routinely recorded through an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an in-house indirect immunofluorescence test (IFAT). The qualitative commercial serological immunochromatographic tests used were: FASTest LEISH, Uranotest Leishmania, Uranotest Leishmania 2.0, Speed Leish K, Witness Leishmania, and DFV Test Leishmania. Performance measures analyzed for each test were: sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver-operating (ROC) curve. The maximum specificity (1.00) was attained for Uranotest Leishmania and DFT Test Leishmania, followed by FASTest LEISH (0.98), Uranotest Leishmania 2.0 (0.98), Speed Leish K (0.98), and Witness Leishmania (0.95). The maximum sensitivity was attained for FASTest LEISH (1.00), followed by Uranotest 2.0 (0.97), Speed Leish K (0.97), Uranotest (0.96), and the lowest results with Witness (0.84) and DFV Test (0.59). Regarding the ROC curve, the maximum value was attained with the FASTest LEISH (0.99), followed by Uranotest (0.98), Uranotest 2.0 (0.97), Speed Leish K (0.97), Witness (0.90), and the lowest result with DFV Test (0.79). Efforts in the field of diagnosis should focus on establishing a commercial immunochromatographic test with high sensitivity and specificity with a reasonable cost-benefit balance.
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Beasley EA, Pessôa-Pereira D, Scorza BM, Petersen CA. Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113206. [PMID: 34827938 PMCID: PMC8614518 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Canine leishmaniosis (CanL), the most severe, visceralizing form of disease caused by Leishmania infantum transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. CanL is frequently diagnosed in the Mediterranean basin and South America, although it is also found in other regions, including the United States (U.S.). Dogs in these regions are at risk for co-infections, prominently tick-borne diseases. Our review examines epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic mechanisms found during the most common eight CanL co-infections reported in published literature. Co-infections alter immunologic processes and disease progression impacting CanL diagnosis, therapeutic responses, and prognosis. Abstract Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a vector-borne, parasitic disease. CanL is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and South America but also found in Northern Africa, Asia, and the U.S. Regions with both competent sand fly vectors and L. infantum parasites are also endemic for additional infectious diseases that could cause co-infections in dogs. Growing evidence indicates that co-infections can impact immunologic responses and thus the clinical course of both CanL and the comorbid disease(s). The aim for this review is to summarize epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic factors contributing to eight primary co-infections reported with CanL: Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Borrelia spp., Babesia spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii, Dirofilaria immitis, Paracoccidioides braziliensis. Co-infection causes mechanistic differences in immunity which can alter diagnostics, therapeutic management, and prognosis of dogs with CanL. More research is needed to further explore immunomodulation during CanL co-infection(s) and their clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Beasley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Danielle Pessôa-Pereira
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Breanna M. Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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Akhtardanesh B, Mostafavi M, Khedri J, Fakhri A, Sharifi I, Shahraki MK. Seroepidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis among free-roaming dogs and children in Zahedan city, southeast of Iran, 2018-2020. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105234. [PMID: 34653543 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar is an endemic zoonotic disease in Iran. Domestic dogs are the primary reservoir host and source of VL infection. The high-risk populations are children and immune-deficient adults. OBJECTIVE Based on the lack of published reports about the VL in Sistan and Baluchestan province in the southeast of Iran, this study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of diseae in free-roaming dogs and children under 12 years old using indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed between 2018 and 2020 in Zahedan city, Sistan, and Baluchestan province. Blood samples were taken from 400 children under 12 years old with a fever history accompanied by at least another specific clinical presentation. In the same period, blood samples were collected from 150 stray dogs. Demographic characteristics and clinical manifestations in both humans and dogs were recorded. The IFA test examined all blood samples for the detection of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies. RESULTS Overall, the IFA test results were positive in 8 dogs (5.33%). Only two seropositive dogs (25%) showed obvious clinical symptoms. There was a significant correlation between the positive cases, clinical signs (P = 0.046), and age (P = 0.037) in infected dogs. None of the collected sera from 400 febrile children were positive. CONCLUSION According to the present finding, it seems that VL is not endemic in Zahedan city, Sistan, and Baluchestan province, but the domestic cycle of L. infantum has been established in this area. Further investigations would be needed to estimate the status of VL infection in wild canines as a secondary potential reservoir host. Furthermore, periodic monitoring of disease must not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baharak Akhtardanesh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran; Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mahshid Mostafavi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Javad Khedri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ayoob Fakhri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshsima Shahraki
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Science, Zabol, Iran
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Canine Leishmaniosis in Greece: An Updated Countrywide Serological Study and Associated Risk Factors. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091129. [PMID: 34578159 PMCID: PMC8470449 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum) is a zoonotic disease that affects dogs worldwide. Greece is enzootic for this disease, and updated data for its current distribution are of major importance. The aim of this cross-sectional serological study was primarily to update the current knowledge of Leishmania infantum seropositivity status within the asymptomatic Greek canine population and, furthermore, to assess the possible climatological and other risk factors. In total, sera of 1265 asymptomatic dogs were collected from all prefectures of the country. A questionnaire that included all individual dog information was completed for all animals. The Speed Leish K® canine Leishmania antibody test kit (BVT Groupe Virbac, France) was employed. Potential risk factors were evaluated utilizing logistic regression models. Overall, 13.8% (n = 175) of the sampled dogs were seropositive to Leishmania infantum originating from all geographical departments of the country, whereas most prefectures had at least one seropositive animal. Outdoor living, high mean humidity, low mean wind speed and high total annual rainfall were found to increase the seropositivity status against the parasite. Conclusively, Leishmania infantum remains a common parasite challenge in the asymptomatic canine population of Greece, and therefore, its early diagnosis and effective prevention are significant in the country.
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Cacheiro-Llaguno C, Parody N, Escutia MR, Carnés J. Role of Circulating Immune Complexes in the Pathogenesis of Canine Leishmaniasis: New Players in Vaccine Development. Microorganisms 2021; 9:712. [PMID: 33808383 PMCID: PMC8066116 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL), due to Leishmania infantum (L. infantum), uncontrolled infection leads to a strong humoral immune response. As a consequence of the production of high antibody levels and the prolonged presence of parasite antigens, circulating immune complexes (CIC) are formed, which can be deposited in certain organs and tissues, inducing vasculitis, uveitis, dermatitis and especially glomerulonephritis and renal failure. A method to detect CIC and quantify their levels in serum samples from dogs infected with L. infantum has been recently described. It allowed demonstration of a correlation between CIC levels and disease severity. Thus, CIC measurement may be useful for diagnosis, assessment of disease progression and monitoring response to treatment. This is an interesting finding, considering that there remains an urgent need for identification of novel biomarkers to achieve a correct diagnosis and for optimal disease staging of dogs suffering from Leishmania infection. The objective of the present review is to shed light on the role of CIC in CanL, as well as to highlight their potential use not only as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers but also as a valuable tool in vaccine development and new immunotherapy strategies to prevent or control disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jerónimo Carnés
- R&D Unit Allergy & Immunology, LETI Pharma, S.L.U., Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (C.C.-L.); (N.P.); (M.R.E.)
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20
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Muñoz-Calderón A, Lucero RH, Brusés BL, Formichelli L, Koscinczuk P, Pedelhez M, Schijman AG. Detection and identification of Kinetoplastids of zoonotic interest by HRM-qPCR analysis in Canis lupus familiaris from Argentinean Mesopotamia. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 24:100557. [PMID: 34024373 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to conduct a first PCR-based approach for differential diagnosis of kinetoplastidean infections in dogs. Diagnosis of Kinetoplastid infections in domestic animals is difficult, since parasitemia is intermittent and signs are nonspecific; it is mainly based on parasitological smears or concentration techniques, which lack sensitivity and depend on operator` expertise. Dogs are relevant reservoirs in transmission of Kinetoplastids; they function as sentinels to detect active transmission cycles before they involve humans. Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma evansi, and various species of Leishmania genus are multi-host parasites, capable of parasitizing dogs among a vast number of reservoirs. An algorithm based on sequential Real-Time PCR-High Resolution Melting (HRM) (qPCR-HRM) assays directed at 24S alpha ribosomal DNA, ITS1 and Hsp70 designed to distinguish among T. cruzi, T. rangeli, T. evansi and Leishmania spp. was tested in fourteen dogs with suspicion of kinetoplastid diseases. A qPCR control of DNA integrity in the tested sample, targeted to the mammalian interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) gene fragment was incorporated to the algorithm. T. evansi was detected in four dogs and L. infantum in one. Two of five qPCR positive cases were smear negative. Smear and T. evansi qPCR positive cases corresponded to animals that died despite being treated, indicating the association of parasitemia with disease severity. This laboratory tool increases the possibility of confirming outbreaks of kinetoplastid diseases with zoonotic potential and identify the etiological agents involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Muñoz-Calderón
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr Héctor Torres" (INGEBI), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Raul Horacio Lucero
- Area de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Argentina
| | - Bettina L Brusés
- Area de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Argentina
| | - Laura Formichelli
- Area de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Argentina
| | - Patricia Koscinczuk
- Patología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Argentina
| | - Mariana Pedelhez
- Area de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Argentina
| | - Alejandro G Schijman
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr Héctor Torres" (INGEBI), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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21
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Pugliese M, Sfacteria A, Oliva G, Falcone A, Gizzarelli M, Passantino A. Clinical Significance of ROMs, OXY, SHp and HMGB-1 in Canine Leishmaniosis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:754. [PMID: 33803468 PMCID: PMC7998487 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of oxidative stress parameters (ROMs, OXY, SHp), the Oxidative Stress index (OSi), and High Mobility Group Box-1 protein (HMGB-1) in canine leishmaniosis (CanL). For this study, thirty dogs, naturally infected with Leishmania spp. (Leishmania Group, LEISH) and ten healthy adult dogs (control group, CTR) were included. The diagnosis of CanL was performed by a cytological examination of lymph nodes, real time polymerase chain reaction on biological tissues (lymph nodes and whole blood), and an immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies associated with clinical signs such as dermatitis, lymphadenopathy, onychogryphosis, weight loss, cachexia, lameness, conjunctivitis, epistaxis, and hepatosplenomegaly. The HMGB-1 and oxidative stress parameters of the LEISH Group were compared with the values recorded in the CTR group (Mann Whitney Test, p < 0.05). Spearman rank correlation was applied to evaluate the correlation between the HMGB-1, oxidative stress biomarkers, hematological and biochemical parameters in the LEISH Group. Results showed statistically significant higher values of SHp in the LEISH Group. Specific correlation between the ROMs and the number of red blood cells, and between HGMB-1 and SHp were recorded. These preliminary data may suggest the potential role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of CanL. Further studies are undoubtedly required to evaluate the direct correlation between inflammation parameters with the different stages of CanL. Similarly, further research should investigate the role of ROMs in the onset of anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pugliese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandra Sfacteria
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Gaetano Oliva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy;
| | - Annastella Falcone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Manuela Gizzarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy;
| | - Annamaria Passantino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.P.)
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22
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Chagas ÚMR, de Avelar DM, Marcelino AP, Paz GF, Gontijo CMF. Correlations between tissue parasite load and common clinical signs in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 2021; 291:109368. [PMID: 33556846 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
qPCR is being used for the quantification of parasite load in different tissues of dogs infected by Leishmania infantum with or without clinical manifestations. It may be employed in the diagnosis, monitoring of the infection during treatment, and clinical studies for validation of vaccines. Aimed at enhancing the molecular diagnosis and the subsequent monitoring of the infection, this study evaluated the parasite load in several tissues from dogs infected by Leishmania infantum, showing different clinical status. Thus, the qPCR was performed on skin, conjunctival swab, popliteal lymph node, and bone marrow puncture samples taken from 65 dogs naturally infected by L. infantum. Dogs were divided into three groups per clinical score: group 1 (n = 12), included animals with zero points and no clinical manifestations of the disease; group 2 (n = 35), included animals with a score ranging from 1 to 5 points and moderate clinical manifestations; and group 3 (n = 18), included dogs with a score ranging from 6 to 11 points and intensive clinical manifestations. Another analysis was performed classifying the animals into two groups, considering the presence of, or lack of clinical signs of the disease. Analyses of these results showed that the skin was the tissue with a higher parasite load, followed by popliteal lymph node and bone marrow punctures, and conjunctival swab samples having the lowest loads. Furthermore, the skin was also the tissue with the highest parasite load when evaluating the groups individually. Animals in group 3, with intensive clinical manifestations, showed a higher parasite load in different tissues when compared to animals from groups 1 and 2. Finally, animals with clinical manifestations of the disease showed a higher parasite load when compared to dogs with no manifestations. The importance of the dog as a reservoir of L. infantum in nature is reinforced by the demonstration of skin having the highest amount of parasites/μL in this study's analysis, as well as the fact that skin is the main point of access to the parasite vector. Also, a strong and positive correlation between the intensity of clinical manifestations and the increase of parasite load in the skin was observed. In conclusion, skin was the tissue that was demonstrated to be the best option for the molecular diagnosis of L. infantum infection in dogs with varying clinical statuses used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Úrsula Maira Russo Chagas
- Study Group in Leishmaniosis, Instituto René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Moreira de Avelar
- Clinical Research and Public Politics Group in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Instituto de Pesquisa René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
| | - Andreza Pain Marcelino
- Clinical Research and Surveillance Laboratory in Leishmaniosis, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/RJ), 4365 Brasil Avenue, Pavilhão Maria Deane, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), CEP 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Fontes Paz
- Study Group in Leishmaniosis, Instituto René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
| | - Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo
- Study Group in Leishmaniosis, Instituto René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
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23
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Rombolà P, Barlozzari G, Carvelli A, Scarpulla M, Iacoponi F, Macrì G. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with exposure to Leishmania infantum in dogs, in an endemic Mediterranean region. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244923. [PMID: 33395452 PMCID: PMC7781377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Leishmania infantum in the Mediterranean area and transmitted by phlebotomine sand fly vectors. The domestic dog is the main reservoir host. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different individual, environmental and spatial risk factors on the dog exposure to L. infantum and to estimate the seroprevalence among owned and kennel dogs, in the Lazio region (central Italy), where canine leishmaniasis is endemic. In the period 2010-2014, 13,292 sera from kennel and owned dogs were collected by official and private veterinarians. The presence of anti-Leishmania IgG was analysed by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), using a 1:80 titre cut-off. At the univariable analysis, CanL seropositivity was associated with sex, size, breed, coat length, living with other dogs and forest/semi-natural land cover. At the multivariable analysis, age, ownership and attitude were confirmed as risk factors, being more than 2 years old, owned, and hunting dogs at higher risk. Being a Maremma sheepdog was a protective factor. A true overall seroprevalence of 6.7% (95% CI: 6.2-7.2) was estimated in the whole population while 7.3% (95% CI: 6.8-7.8) was estimated in kennel dogs and 74.3% (95% CI: 70.8-77.6) in owned dogs. The role of kennels as a key component for CanL active and passive surveillance was also highlighted. This study confirmed the endemicity of CanL in the Lazio region and focused some factors that can influence the seropositivity of dogs in a Mediterranean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Rombolà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Barlozzari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carvelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Scarpulla
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Iacoponi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Gladia Macrì
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’, Rome, Italy
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24
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Tamponi C, Scarpa F, Carta S, Knoll S, Sanna D, Gai C, Pipia AP, Dessì G, Casu M, Varcasia A, Scala A. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Leishmania infantum in dogs in Sardinia (Italy), an endemic island for leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:289-300. [PMID: 33205238 PMCID: PMC7846507 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a widespread, vector-borne parasitosis causing clinical manifestations in animals and in humans. In dogs, Canine Leishmaniasis has been reported in as much as 50 countries and the Mediterranean basin is known to be one of the most affected zones. Within these areas, the Island of Sardinia (Italy) has long been considered endemic for leishmaniasis and the presence of two arthropod vectors has recently been reported there. Nevertheless, to date, no epidemiological surveys regarding CanL have been carried out on the island. Hence, for the first time, the seroprevalence and the risk factors were investigated. Blood samples, as well as clinical and general information from 1.147 dogs, were collected and analyzed. Dogs consisted of two distinct populations, namely "owned dogs" and "kennel dogs." Anti-Leishmania IgG antibodies were detected using IFAT and samples were scored as positive at a cut-off dilution of 1:80. Data was analyzed using a Chi-squared test and bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Overall, 15.4% of dogs were found to be infected with CanL while only 44.1% of these animals exhibited clinical signs. Owned dogs (27.2%) were found to be infected more often than kennel dogs (10.6%); male dogs were found to be more frequently infected than female dogs and the number of infected animals increases with age. The present survey confirmed the endemic nature of leishmaniasis in Sardinia with a similar seroprevalence as mainland Italy. The results obtained serve as validation for the hypothesis that, in endemic areas, clinical CanL representations constitute only a fraction of the leishmaniasis cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tamponi
- Parassitologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Parassitologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Carta
- Parassitologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Stephane Knoll
- Parassitologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Daria Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Carolina Gai
- Parassitologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Pipia
- Parassitologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgia Dessì
- Parassitologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Casu
- Parassitologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Parassitologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Scala
- Parassitologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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25
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Buczek A, Buczek W. Importation of Ticks on Companion Animals and the Risk of Spread of Tick-Borne Diseases to Non-Endemic Regions in Europe. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:ani11010006. [PMID: 33375145 PMCID: PMC7822119 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased human mobility elevates the risk of exposure of companion animals travelling with their owners or imported from other regions to tick attacks. In this study, we highlight the potential role of dogs and cats taken for tourist trips or imported animals in the spread of ticks and tick-borne pathogens. The Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick, which is a vector of numerous pathogens causing diseases in animals and humans, is imported most frequently from endemic areas to many European countries. Additionally, alien tick species with high epizootic and epidemiological importance can be imported on dogs from other continents. Companion animals play an even greater role in the spread of autochthonous tick species and transmission of tick pathogens to other animals and humans. Although the veterinary and medical effects of the parasitism of ticks carried by companion animals travelling with owners or imported animals are poorly assessed, these animals seem to play a role in the rapid spread of tick-borne diseases. Development of strategies for protection of the health of companion animals in different geographic regions should take into account the potential emergence of unknown animal tick-borne diseases that can be transmitted by imported ticks.
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26
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Basurco A, Natale A, Capello K, Fernández A, Verde MT, González A, Yzuel A, Giner J, Villanueva-Saz S. Evaluation of the performance of three serological tests for diagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs using latent class analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:e018020. [PMID: 33295380 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a disease caused by Leishmania infantum. Serological methods are the most common diagnostic techniques used for the diagnosis of the CanL. The objective of our study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of one in-house ELISA kit (ELISA UNIZAR) and three commercially available serological tests (MEGACOR Diagnostik GmbH) including an immunochromatographic rapid test (FASTest LEISH®), an immunofluorescent antibody test (MegaFLUO LEISH®) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MegaELISA LEISH®), using latent class models in a Bayesian analysis. Two hundred fifteen serum samples were included. The highest sensitivity was achieved for FASTest LEISH® (99.38%), ELISA UNIZAR (99.37%), MegaFLUO LEISH® (99.36%) followed by MegaELISA LEISH® (98.49%). The best specificity was obtained by FASTest LEISH® (98.43%), followed by ELISA UNIZAR (97.50%), whilst MegaFLUO LEISH® and MegaELISA LEISH® obtained the lower specificity (91.94% and 91.93%, respectively). The results of present study indicate that the immunochromatographic rapid test evaluated FASTest LEISH® show similar levels of sensitivity and specificity to the quantitative commercial tests. Among quantitative serological tests, sensitivity and specificity were similar considering ELISA or IFAT techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Basurco
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España.,Laboratorio de Inmunopatología Clínica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
| | - Alda Natale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Katia Capello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España.,Laboratorio de Inmunopatología Clínica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
| | - María Teresa Verde
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España.,Laboratorio de Inmunopatología Clínica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
| | - Ana González
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
| | - Andrés Yzuel
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología Clínica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
| | - Jacobo Giner
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología Clínica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología Clínica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España.,Departamento de Farmacologia y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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27
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Garcia VS, Guerrero SA, Gugliotta LM, Gonzalez VD. A lateral flow immunoassay based on colored latex particles for detection of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2020; 212:105643. [PMID: 32692976 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is the major source of human visceral leishmaniasis. To control the spread of this disease, early and accurate detection of infected dogs is critical but challenging. The serological diagnosis of CVL remains problematic because there are no reliable commercially available tests. Most laboratories use enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. These tests use Leishmania chagasi recombinant antigens K39 or K26 assembled with either gold-labelled Staphylococcus aureus protein A or protein G from Streptococcus pyogenes. In this work, we propose the development, optimization and standardization of a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) based on functionalized colored particles and a specific recombinant antigen, as a visual in situ method for the diagnosis of CVL. The following analysis variables were considered: (i) the concentration of the latex-protein complex; (ii) the dilution of the serum; (iii) the composition of the employed buffers; (iv) the nominal capillary flow time through the nitrocellulose membrane; (v) the concentration of reagents fixed in the test and control lines; (vi) the particle size of the colored latex; and (vii) the conjugation method. Then, the obtained strips were evaluated as a visual diagnostic tool based on a panel of positive and negative sera. It was observed that because of its simplicity and performance the LFIA test is a quick and reliable alternative for the diagnosis of CVL either in conventional laboratories or for remote areas where laboratories are not readily accessible for conventional assays.
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28
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Roura X, Cortadellas O, Day MJ, Benali SL, Zatelli A. Canine leishmaniosis and kidney disease: Q&A for an overall management in clinical practice. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 62:E1-E19. [PMID: 33107613 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - O Cortadellas
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - M J Day
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 6150, Murdoch, Australia
| | - S L Benali
- Laboratorio La Vallonea, 20017, Milano, Italy
| | | | - A Zatelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70010, Bari, Italy
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29
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Parasitemia and its daily variation in canine leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3541-3548. [PMID: 32803333 PMCID: PMC7429123 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06845-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate, through qPCR, the prevalence of parasitemia in sick kennel dogs naturally infected by canine leishmaniasis. An evaluation of daily changes of the parasitic load in peripheral blood was also performed. A comprehensive clinical examination and the collection of several samples (blood, lymph node, skin, and conjunctiva) were performed in 140 dogs living in an endemic area. Among these, only the dogs with clinically evident leishmaniasis were enrolled (39/140; 27.9%). Twelve (30.8%) out of 39 showed parasitemia, with a low load (median: 4 Leishmania/ml) despite a high lymph node parasite load (median: 4000 Leishmania/ml) and high IFAT titers (≥ 1:640). Seven sick dogs were sampled every 4 h for 6 times during a 24-h period, in order to obtain light- and dark-span samples. Only one (14.3%) out of the seven serial sampled dogs showed Leishmania DNA in the peripheral blood in two samples (2/42; 4.8%). Surprisingly, Leishmania DNA was also detected in the peripheral blood of asymptomatic dogs, negative to both serology and PCR performed on samples other than blood (6/101; 5.9%). The present study confirms that in canine leishmaniasis parasitemia is uncommon and even transitory. Even if recommended, microscopic examination is confirmed as a low sensitivity method with a lower diagnostic utility in canine leishmaniasis than qPCR. Moreover, circulating Leishmania DNA can be found even in healthy dogs. This finding is important in clinical practice because in endemic areas it suggests a transfusion risk and a possible transmission to the vector.
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First detection of Leishmania infantum in common urban bats Pipistrellus pipistrellus in Europe. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:172-176. [PMID: 32593861 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is a protozoan causing leishmaniasis in humans and in dogs, among other animals, which is an endemic disease in the Mediterranean basin. In recent years, the role of wildlife as a possible reservoir of the disease was analyzed and several species of carnivores were reported to have the highest infection rates, with foxes and wolves being the more widely studied species; the role of rabbits and hares as reservoirs of leishmaniasis has also been described. In addition, several studies highlighted the role of bats as suitable hosts for Leishmania species (L. braziliensis, L. major, L. mexicana, and L. tropica) in South and Central America and Africa, but no Leishmania spp. infection in Chiroptera has been reported in Europe. In this study, samples from spleen, hair, and blood were analyzed to detect L. infantum DNA in bats from the Community of Madrid (Spain). Infection by L. infantum was detected in 59.2% of the bats studied (n = 16/27), with the spleen being selected as the site for detection, yielding 14/16 positive results (87.5% sensitivity), followed by hair (n = 7/16) and blood (n = 6/16). In two animals, samples from all three anatomical sites tested positive (7.4% of the total animals), while in four animals the spleen and hair samples tested positive (14.8%), in one animal the blood and hair samples tested positive (3.7%), and in another animal the blood sample only tested positive (3.7%). This is the first report of L. infantum detection in the common urban bat (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) in Europe.
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Villanueva‐Saz S, Peréz Sala C, Yzuel Estévez A, Fernández A, Verde MT. Antibodies to
Leishmania infantum
in peritoneal effusion from a dog with atypical signs of leishmaniosis: treatment and follow‐up. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Villanueva‐Saz
- Pharmacology and Physiology Department and Clinical Immunology LaboratoryUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaAragónSpain
| | | | | | - Antonio Fernández
- Animal Pathology Department and Clinical Immunology LaboratoryUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaAragónSpain
| | - María Teresa Verde
- Animal Pathology Department and Clinical Immunology LaboratoryUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaAragónSpain
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Maia C, Cristóvão J, Pereira A, Kostalova T, Lestinova T, Sumova P, Volf P, Campino L. Monitoring Leishmania infection and exposure to Phlebotomus perniciosus using minimal and non-invasive canine samples. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:119. [PMID: 32312325 PMCID: PMC7171869 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3993-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In endemic areas of zoonotic leishmaniosis caused by L. infantum, early detection of Leishmania infection in dogs is essential to control the dissemination of the parasite to humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serological and/or molecular diagnostic performance of minimally and non-invasive samples (conjunctiva cells (CS) and peripheral blood (PB)) for monitoring Leishmania infection/exposure to Phlebotomus perniciosus salivary antigens in dogs at the beginning and the end of sand fly seasonal activity (May and October, respectively) and to assess associated risks factors. METHODS A total of 208 sheltered dogs from endemic areas of leishmaniosis were screened. Leishmania DNA detection in PB on filter paper and CS was performed by nested-PCR (nPCR), while the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies was performed using IFAT and ELISA. The exposure to P. perniciosus salivary antigens (SGH, rSP01 and rSP03B + rSP01) was measured by ELISA. RESULTS Ninety-seven (46.6%) and 116 (55.8%) of the 208 dogs were positive to Leishmania antibodies or DNA by at least one test at the beginning and end of the sand fly season, respectively. IFAT and ELISA presented a substantial agreement in the serodiagnosis of leishmaniosis. Discrepant PB nPCR results were obtained between sampling points. Leishmania DNA was detected in CS of 72 dogs at the end of the phlebotomine season. The presence of antibodies to the parasite measured by ELISA was significantly higher in dogs presenting clinical signs compatible with leishmaniosis at both sampling points. Phlebotomus perniciosus salivary antibodies were detected in 179 (86.1%) and 198 (95.2%) of the screened dogs at the beginning and end of the phlebotomine season, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The association between ELISA positivity and clinical signs suggests its usefulness to confirm a clinical suspicion. CS nPCR seems to be an effective and non-invasive method for assessing early exposure to the parasite. PB nPCR should not be used as the sole diagnostic tool to monitor Leishmania infection. The correlation between the levels of antibodies to P. perniciosus saliva and Leishmania antibodies suggests the use of a humoral response to sand fly salivary antigens as biomarkers of L. infantum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal. .,Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - José Cristóvão
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal.,Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André Pereira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal.,Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Kostalova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Lestinova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Sumova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenea Campino
- Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
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Ramírez L, de Moura LD, Mateus NLF, de Moraes MH, do Nascimento LFM, de Jesus Melo N, Taketa LB, Catecati T, Huete SG, Penichet K, Piranda EM, de Oliveira AG, Steindel M, Barral-Netto M, do Socorro Pires e Cruz M, Barral A, Soto M. Improving the serodiagnosis of canine Leishmania infantum infection in geographical areas of Brazil with different disease prevalence. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 8:e00126. [PMID: 31832561 PMCID: PMC6890974 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Serodiagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs relies on the detection of antibodies against leishmanial crude extracts or parasitic defined antigens. The expansion of canine leishmaniasis from geographical areas of Brazil in which the infection is endemic to regions in which the disease is emerging is occurring. This fact makes necessary the analysis of the serodiagnostic capabilities of different leishmanial preparations in distinct geographical locations. In this article sera from dogs infected with Leishmania and showing the clinical form of the disease, were collected in three distinct Brazilian States and were tested against soluble leishmanial antigens or seven parasite individual antigens produced as recombinant proteins. We show that the recognition of soluble leishmanial antigens by sera from these animals was influenced by the geographical location of the infected dogs. Efficacy of the diagnosis based on this crude parasite preparation was higher in newly endemic regions when compared with areas of high disease endemicity. We also show that the use of three of the recombinant proteins, namely parasite surface kinetoplastid membrane protein of 11 kDa (KMP-11), and two members of the P protein family (P2a and P0), can improve the degree of sensitivity without adversely affecting the specificity of the diagnostic assays for canine leishmaniasis, independently of the geographical area of residence. In addition, sera from dogs clinically healthy but infected were also assayed with some of the antigen preparations. We demonstrate that the use of these proteins can help to the serodiagnosis of Leishmania infected animals with subclinical infections. Finally, we propose a diagnostic protocol using a combination of KMP-11, P2a y P0, together with total leishmanial extracts.
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Key Words
- Antibodies
- BB, blocking buffer
- CanL, Canine visceral leishmaniasis
- Canine leishmaniasis
- EDCB, ELISA denaturant coating buffer
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- HSP, Heat shock protein
- KMP-11, Kinetoplastid-membrane protein of 11 kDa
- LR, Likelihood ratio
- Leishmania
- MS, Mato Grosso do Sul State (Brazil)
- PBS, phosphate saline buffer
- PI, Piaui State (Brazil)
- ROC, Receiver Operating Characteristic
- RR, Relative reactivity
- RT, Room temperature
- Recombinant proteins
- SC, Santa Catarina State (Brazil)
- SLA, Soluble leishmanial antigen
- Serodiagnosis
- VL, Visceral leishmaniosis
- WB, Washing buffer
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ramírez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luana Dias de Moura
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, 64049-550 PI, Brazil
| | - Natalia Lopes Fontoura Mateus
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Milene Hoehr de Moraes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900 SC, Brazil
| | | | - Nailson de Jesus Melo
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, 64049-550 PI, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bezerra Taketa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Catecati
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900 SC, Brazil
| | - Samuel G. Huete
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karla Penichet
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliane Mattos Piranda
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Gutierrez de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande 79070-900 MS, Brazil
| | - Mario Steindel
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900 SC, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz- FIOCRUZ). Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador 40296-710 BA, Brazil
| | | | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz- FIOCRUZ). Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador 40296-710 BA, Brazil
| | - Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Velez R, Domenech E, Cairó J, Gállego M. The impact of canine leishmaniosis vaccination with Canileish® in Leishmania infantum infection seroprevalence studies. Acta Trop 2020; 202:105259. [PMID: 31703952 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Effective vaccines against Leishmania parasites are a goal for the scientific community working with both canine and human leishmaniosis. However, possible side effects of vaccination should also be considered and evaluated, preferably before vaccine licensing and marketing. One of these possible effects is the cross-reaction of vaccine-induced antibodies with standard serological tests for detection of Leishmania infantum infection. Longitudinal studies were performed on the type of humoral profile induced by Brazilian marketed canine leishmaniosis vaccines, but little is known regarding the European situation. In this study, an annual follow-up of 85 CaniLeish® vaccinated dogs and 83 non-vaccinated control dogs was performed. Blood samples were taken for all animals at pre-determined time points: before vaccination; immediately before each one of the two following vaccine doses (at 21 days intervals); and then one, four, six, nine and 12 months after finishing the vaccination course. All samples were tested by an in-house ELISA, using a whole promastigote antigen, for the presence of anti-L. infantum antibodies. Humoral response detectable by the used serological diagnostic method was significantly higher in the vaccine group when compared with the control group (p < 0.01) until one-month post-vaccination. Results show that CaniLeish® vaccine-induced antibodies cross-react with a commonly used serological test for diagnosis of L. infantum natural infection. Implications of this interference are discussed, with special emphasis on a possible negative impact on canine leishmaniosis surveillance studies.
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Melendez-Lazo A, Jasensky AK, Jolly-Frahija IT, Kehl A, Müller E, Mesa-Sánchez I. Clonality testing in the lymph nodes from dogs with lymphadenomegaly due to Leishmania infantum infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226336. [PMID: 31841533 PMCID: PMC6913964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In southern European countries, multicentric lymphoma and leishmaniosis are the main differential diagnoses in dogs presented with generalized lymphadenomegaly. The cytological examination is in some cases inconclusive and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) has become a common method to confirm or rule out a lymphoproliferative neoplasia. According to the literature, leishmaniosis may lead to clonal arrangements and therefore to a false diagnosis of lymphoma, but this assumption is made from a single leishmania infected dog. Therefore, the objective of this study was to prospectively evaluate results from PARR in dogs with lymphadenomegaly due to clinical leishmaniosis at the moment of diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS 31 dogs with a diagnosis of leishmaniosis based on the LeishVet guidelines were included in the study. Samples from enlarged lymph nodes were taken for cytological examination, clonality testing and Leishmania infantum PCR. RESULTS All 31 dogs had medium to high positive antibody titers against Leishmania spp. and 30/31 had a positive Leishmania PCR from the lymph node. A polyclonal arrangement for B cells (immunoglobulin heavy chain gene) and T cells (T-cell receptor gamma chain gene) antigen receptors was found in 28/31 dogs. Two out of 31 dogs showed a monoclonal arrangement for Ig with high (1:2) and low (1:7) polyclonal background respectively; and one of the 31 dogs showed a monoclonal arrangement for T cell receptor with low (1:3) polyclonal background. CONCLUSION Infections with Leishmania infantum resulted in clonal rearrangement, and therefore in a possible false diagnosis of lymphoma, in 3 out of 31 dogs (9.7%). Although, PARR is a useful method to differentiate lymphoma from reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in dogs with leishmaniosis, mono-/biclonal results should be interpreted carefully, especially in the presence of any degree of polyclonal background, and together with other clinicopathological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Melendez-Lazo
- LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
- Laboratorio Veterinario LABOKLIN, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Veterinario Puchol, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Cantos-Barreda A, Escribano D, Egui A, López MC, Cerón JJ, Bernal LJ, Martínez-Subiela S. Evaluation of the circadian rhythm of anti-Leishmania IgG2 and IgA antibodies in serum and saliva of dogs with clinical leishmaniosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 68:101389. [PMID: 31760362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the circadian rhythm of IgG2 and IgA specific antibodies in serum and saliva samples of 6 dogs experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum was assessed. Sampling was performed at 8.00, 12.00, 16.00, 20.00, and 00.00 h on two consecutive days. Anti-Leishmania antibody levels in serum were expressed without any correction, whereas in saliva were shown in different ways: without any correction, adjusted by protein concentration and corrected by the salivary flow rate. No significant differences in anti-Leishmania IgG2 antibody levels in serum and saliva samples with or without correction were found. Significant differences were found when anti-Leishmania IgA levels were corrected by the salivary flow rate. In addition, a greater intra-individual variation of antibody levels was observed in saliva than in serum. However, this variation did not modify the serological status of the dogs. Therefore, it could be concluded that there is no circadian rhythm in serum and saliva samples and sampling can be performed at any time of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cantos-Barreda
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Adriana Egui
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Molecular Biology Department, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel C López
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Molecular Biology Department, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis J Bernal
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Guerra JM, Fernandes NCCA, Réssio RA, Magno JA, Kimura LM, Barbosa JEDR, Bertollo DMB, Taniguchi HH, Hiramoto RM, Motoie G, Tolezano JE, Cogliati B. Evaluation of Cytopathological Techniques for the Diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniosis with Lymph Node Samples. J Comp Pathol 2019; 172:62-71. [PMID: 31690418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The identification of the parasite in cytological smears of lymph node aspirates is a widely applied technique for the direct diagnosis of Leishmania spp. infection, especially in endemic areas. Although very specific, this method has limited sensitivity, and improving the technique would be highly desirable. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of conventional smear cytology (SC), liquid-based cytology (LBC), cell block (CB) stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE) and immunocytochemistry (ICC), and formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded tissue immunohistochemistry (FFPE-IHC) compared with serology and polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL) in lymphoid tissue. The use of a preservative medium and centrifugation for cytological samples reduced the number of unsatisfactory artefacts/background. Moreover, LBC allowed excellent cellular preservation and the application of ancillary techniques, such as CB and ICC. SC was the most accurate morphological diagnostic method (45.0%). CB-ICC alone or associated with SC demonstrated significantly higher sensitivity (70.0% and 72.0%, respectively) when compared with SC alone (34.00%). CB-ICC was found to be more effective in the detection of infected animals with mild clinical signs, similar to FFPE-IHC. The specificity and positive predictive value were similar between all methods. Finally, the detection limit for CB-ICC and SC + CB-ICC was identical (18.46 amastigotes/mm2). Our study suggests that CB-ICC is a promising tool for improvement of the cytopathological diagnosis of CVL and may be applied in routine epidemiological screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Guerra
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - N C C A Fernandes
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R A Réssio
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J A Magno
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L M Kimura
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J E de R Barbosa
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D M B Bertollo
- Centro de Laboratório Regional Instituto Adolfo Lutz São José do Rio Preto, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Rua Alberto Sufredini Bertoni, 2325, Maceno, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H H Taniguchi
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R M Hiramoto
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Motoie
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J E Tolezano
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B Cogliati
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cantos-Barreda A, Escribano D, Egui A, Thomas MC, López MC, Tecles F, Bernal LJ, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S. One-year follow-up of anti-Leishmania antibody concentrations in serum and saliva from experimentally infected dogs. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:893-900. [PMID: 31525372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The quantification of anti-Leishmania antibodies in serum and saliva by a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay is useful for the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of dogs with clinical leishmaniasis. We compared the kinetics of anti-Leishmania IgG2 and IgA antibodies in serum and saliva from 11 Beagle dogs experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum. Most dogs showed detectable concentrations of anti-Leishmania IgG2 earlier in serum (between 3 and 4 months p.i.) than in saliva (between 4 and 6 months p.i.). Overall, a high correlation between concentrations of anti-Leishmania IgG2 in serum and saliva (r = 0.853; P < 0.0001) was observed. The quantification of anti-Leishmania IgA showed less diagnostic value than IgG2, since detectable amounts of IgA were not observed in the saliva of four dogs and in the serum of one dog. In addition, a very low correlation between anti-Leishmania IgA in serum and saliva (r = 0.289; P < 0.001) was observed. Our results indicate that the antibodies against L. infantum in saliva appear approximately 1 month later than in serum, and suggest that there is a threshold for the passing of immunoglobulins from serum to saliva in dogs. These facts should be taken into consideration for a proper interpretation of saliva assays for quantification of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cantos-Barreda
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Adriana Egui
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - M Carmen Thomas
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel C López
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis J Bernal
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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39
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Parody N, Cacheiro-Llaguno C, Osuna C, Renshaw-Calderón A, Alonso C, Carnés J. Circulating immune complexes levels correlate with the progression of canine leishmaniosis in naturally infected dogs. Vet Parasitol 2019; 274:108921. [PMID: 31536867 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dogs are the main domestic reservoir of Leishmania infantum, and in cases of uncontrolled infection, a strong humoral immune response is elicited, which is inefficient against the parasites. Previous studies have suggested that an adequate antigen/antibody ratio, with a moderate prevalence of antigens with respect to the antibodies, could result in the formation of circulating immune complexes (CIC) in canine leishmaniosis (CanL). Deposition of these complexes in tissues has been associated with vasculitis, uveitis, arthritis, dermatitis and especially glomerulonephritis and renal failure. However, little is known about the relationship between the presence of CIC and disease progression. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum CIC level and its correlation with disease severity in infected dogs with different stages of disease and non-infected animals as a control. A total of 60 dogs were included in the study, classified according to the proposed LeishVet classification criteria: healthy non-infected (n = 13); healthy infected (n = 12); sick stage I (n = 9); sick stage II (n = 17); sick stage III (n = 8); and sick stage IV (n = 1). CIC were isolated from serum samples using a modified polyethylene glycol precipitation method, and their levels measured by ELISA and bicinchoninic acid protein assay. A nanoparticle tracking analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the molecular size distribution of the CIC and disease progression. In conclusion, the results confirmed a positive association between CIC levels, their molecular size and disease progression that suggests a potential use of CIC as biomarkers of CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Parody
- R&D Department, Laboratorios LETI S.L., Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Osuna
- R&D Department, Laboratorios LETI S.L., Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Renshaw-Calderón
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Carnés
- R&D Department, Laboratorios LETI S.L., Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
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40
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Ribeiro VM, Miranda JB, Marcelino AP, de Andrade HM, Reis IA, Cardoso MS, Gontijo CMF, Paz GF. Performance of different serological tests in the diagnosis of natural infection by Leishmania infantum in dogs. Vet Parasitol 2019; 274:108920. [PMID: 31493694 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum and the dog is its main reservoir in rural and urban areas. The diagnosis of infection is mainly based on the presence of anti-Leishmania IgG antibodies in the serum of infected dogs. In this study, the sensitivity and specificity of qualitative rapid tests (RTs) dual path platform (DPP) Bio-Manguinhos, rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) IDEXX, Kalazar Detect and ALERE, as well as quantitative ELISA Bio-Manguinhos and in-house indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) tests were analyzed in sera from infected and uninfected dogs. Serial dilutions of the in-house IFA were compared with RTs and ELISA Bio-Manguinhos. The results showed that none of the tests reached 100% sensitivity and specificity. There was no statistical difference between the analyzed RTs. The most sensitive test was the DPP Bio-Manguinhos (97.9%), while the rapid ELISA IDEXX showed higher specificity (100%). In the treatment setting of infected and/or diseased animals, quantitative tests for monitoring the evolution of antibody titers are required, which indicates the maintenance of in-house IFA in animal handling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the RTs present higher sensitivity in serum samples with superior antibody titers obtained in the in-house IFA. However, the RTs exhibited false negatives in samples with low titers of antibodies. Among the RTs, only the DPP Bio-Manguinhos presented better performance in this situation. Therefore, the use of RTs for the diagnosis of VL in dogs with low titers of antibodies, such as asymptomatic, should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Márcio Ribeiro
- Santo Agostinho Hospital Veterinário, 30180-003, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Escola de Veterinária, PUC Minas, 32604-115, Betim, Brazil; Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Julia Bahia Miranda
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Andreza Pain Marcelino
- Serviço de Doenças Parasitárias, Divisão de Epidemiologia e Controle de Doenças, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Hélida Monteiro de Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ilka Afonso Reis
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Estatística, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Santos Cardoso
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Fontes Paz
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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41
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Ortega-García MV, Salguero FJ, Rodríguez-Bertos A, Moreno I, García N, García-Seco T, Luz Torre G, Domínguez L, Domínguez M. A pathological study of Leishmania infantum natural infection in European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis). Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2474-2481. [PMID: 31339665 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the pathology of Leishmania infantum infection in naturally infected wild Leporidae and compare diagnosis of infection using histopathology, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) assay, immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Tissues were analysed from 52 European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and 7 Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis) from the Community of Madrid (Spain). Our results show that L. infantum infection is associated with only minimal histopathological lesions and that L. infantum amastigotes can be detected by DFA assay in all tissues types tested, including skin. These results were confirmed by qPCR on fresh frozen tissues in 13% of rabbits and 100% of hares. However, L. infantum DNA could not be detected by qPCR on paraffin-embedded tissue obtained by laser capture microdissection. Using the DFA assay to diagnose L. infantum, infection may provide further insights into this disease in wild animals and may allow the precise tissue localization of L. infantum, thereby guiding follow-up tests with more accurate qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Ortega-García
- Subdirección General de Sistemas Terrestres, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Campus La Marañosa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,PHE Porton Down, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Bertos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Animal Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Moreno
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Área de Inmunología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea García
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa García-Seco
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriela Luz Torre
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Domínguez
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Área de Inmunología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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42
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Villanueva-Saz S, Basurco A, Martín V, Fernández A, Loste A, Verde MT. Comparison of a qualitative immunochromatographic test with two quantitative serological assays for the detection of antibodies to Leishmania infantum in dogs. Acta Vet Scand 2019; 61:38. [PMID: 31391084 PMCID: PMC6686240 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-019-0473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis is a disease caused by Leishmania infantum, a vector-borne parasite. Due to the zoonotic potential of canine leishmaniosis, infected dogs must be identified. Serological assays are the most common methods for the detection of L. infantum infection in dogs used in veterinary practice. The aim of the study was to assess the performance of a rapid immunochromatographic test (FASTest LEISH®, MEGACOR Diagnostik) for the detection of specific antibodies to that of the L. infantum in dog sera. The results were simultaneously compared using a commercial brand of indirect immunofluorescence antibody test and an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as references. Between the two reference tests, 232 serum samples out of 244, produced concordant results while 12 exhibited discordant results. Of the 232 concordant samples, 121 were classified as L. infantum seropositive, and 111 samples were previously classified as L. infantum seronegative by a combination of the reference assays. All samples that were seropositive by the reference tests were also positive according to the rapid test, and only one sample that was seronegative according to the two reference assays was positive according to the rapid test. Compared with the reference tests, the rapid test sensitivity was 100%, specificity was 99.1%, accuracy was 99.6%, Cohen’s kappa coefficient was 0.99, and the area under receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.995. The FASTest LEISH® is a rapid, qualitative in-clinic test with high sensitivity and specificity.
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43
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Fernandes MA, Leonel JAF, Isaac JA, Benassi JC, Silva DT, Spada JCP, Pereira NWB, Ferreira HL, Keid LB, Soares RM, Oliveira TMFDS. Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum DNA according to clinical stages of leishmaniasis in dog. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:194-202. [PMID: 31188942 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare molecular tests used to diagnose Leishmania spp. in dogs with different stages of infection. Blood and conjunctival swab (CS) samples from dogs classified in four clinical stages were subjected to different PCR protocols (13A/13B, MC1/MC2, LITSR/L5.8S and LEISH-1/LEISH-2 primers). To the study, 22.3% (48/215) of dogs were classified as without clinical signs, 67.5% (145/215) stage I (mild disease), 7.0% (15/215) stage II (moderate disease) and 3.2% (7/215) stage III (severe disease). The results showed that in blood samples, 13A/13B detected a significant higher number of positive dogs in stage I (25/145) and in total (42/215) (p≤0.05). However, when CS samples were tested, no difference was observed (p>0.05). On the other hand, in blood samples, MC1/MC2 detected significantly fewer positive dogs classified as without clinical signs (0/48), in stage I (0/145) and in total (1/215) (p≤0.05). Likewise, in CS samples, this primers showed also lower detection (1/215) (p≤0.05). So than, we can conclude that PCR on blood samples with 13A/13B primers has greater capacity to detect positive dogs, mainly at the initial of clinical disease than do other primers and MC1/MC2 are not a good choice to detect Leishmania infantum infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Antônio Fernandes
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - João Augusto Franco Leonel
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Anzolin Isaac
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Julia Cristina Benassi
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Diogo Tiago Silva
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Julio Cesar Pereira Spada
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Nuno Wolfgang Balbini Pereira
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Helena Lage Ferreira
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Lara Borges Keid
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Martins Soares
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Trícia Maria Ferreira de Sousa Oliveira
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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44
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Soutter F, Solano-Gallego L, Attipa C, Gradoni L, Fiorentino E, Foglia Manzillo V, Oliva G, Tasker S, Helps C, Catchpole B. An investigation of polymorphisms in innate and adaptive immune response genes in canine leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2019; 269:34-41. [PMID: 31079826 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of infection with Leishmania infantum in dogs is variable, which is thought to be due to the nature of the immune response mounted by the host. As a consequence, the clinical signs and severity of canine leishmaniosis vary between individual dogs. Host immunogenetic factors might play an important role in determining the outcome of infection. The aim of this study was to examine polymorphisms in innate and adaptive immune response genes, to determine whether any of these were associated with susceptibility or resistance to L. infantum infection. Genomic DNA was obtained from two groups: pet dogs in endemic regions of Europe and a group of Beagles exposed to sand fly infection as part of a vaccine study. Genotyping was performed using a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array for selected immune response genes. The first part of the study compared 62 clinical cases with 101 clinically unaffected dogs that were seronegative for Leishmania antibodies. One SNP in the CIITA gene demonstrated a significantly higher minor allele frequency in the case group, compared with the control group at the individual SNP level after permutation, but was not significant after correction for multiple testing. The second part of the study examined 48 Beagle dogs exposed to L. infantum over two transmission seasons. Twenty-seven dogs with a resistant phenotype (no evidence of clinical disease, seronegative at the end of the study period, negative on lymph node culture and only transiently PCR positive in bone marrow) were compared with 21 dogs demonstrating a susceptible phenotype (clinical disease, seropositive, positive lymph node culture and consistently PCR positive in bone marrow). Three SNPs in TLR3, two SNPs in PTPN22 and one SNP in TLR4 and IL1A were associated with the susceptible phenotype in the Beagle group at the individual SNP level after permutation analysis, but were not significant after correction for multiple testing. Further validation of these SNPs is required in a larger cohort of dogs, ideally with extreme phenotypes to confirm an association with the outcome of L. infantum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Soutter
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charalampos Attipa
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK; Cyvets Veterinary Center, Paphos, Cyprus
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fiorentino
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Oliva
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Naples University, Naples, Italy
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Chris Helps
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Brian Catchpole
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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45
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Sebastián-Marcos P, Santarelli G, Gómez S, Palacio MJFD. Canine leishmaniasis associated with pericardial effusion in a 4-year-old dog. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 23:32-37. [PMID: 31174727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 4-year-old crossbreed dog presented with a two-day history of lethargy and abdominal effusion. Physical examination and echocardiography revealed pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade. Pericardiocentesis was performed. Intracytoplasmic Leishmania amastigotes were found on cytological examination of the pericardial fluid. The animal was treated with N-methylglucamine antimoniate and allopurinol. After an initial favorable response, cardiac tamponade reoccurred one month later. The dog died during a pericardiectomy four months after the initial diagnosis. Histology confirmed the presence of chronic pericarditis. The presence of Leishmania amastigotes on cytological examination of pericardial effusion suggests a possible association between canine leishmaniasis and chronic pericarditis. This finding also supports the importance of cytological examination of pericardial fluid in areas endemic for canine leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sebastián-Marcos
- Division of Veterinary Cardiology-Pulmonology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - G Santarelli
- Division of Veterinary Cardiology-Pulmonology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Gómez
- Department of Compared Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M J Fernández-Del Palacio
- Division of Veterinary Cardiology-Pulmonology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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46
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47
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Velez R, Ballart C, Domenech E, Abras A, Fernández-Arévalo A, Gómez SA, Tebar S, Muñoz C, Cairó J, Gállego M. Seroprevalence of canine Leishmania infantum infection in the Mediterranean region and identification of risk factors: The example of North-Eastern and Pyrenean areas of Spain. Prev Vet Med 2018; 162:67-75. [PMID: 30621900 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean basin is an endemic region for canine leishmaniosis (CanL), where it represents a major veterinary problem and raises human health concerns. However, the distribution of the disease is heterogeneous and not all countries and locations have been equally studied and characterized. This work describes the situation of CanL in Girona province (Catalonia, Spain), for which no data has been previously reported, and presents a relevant study to exemplify other areas with similar characteristics across the region. Four cross-sectional seroprevalence surveys were performed from 2012 to 2016 throughout the province, including 36 sampling stations in 26 localities and a total of 593 dogs. For each animal, individual and location variables were also collected. Additionally, each dog owner answered a questionnaire about their knowledge of CanL and preventive methods used. Blood samples were analysed by an in-house ELISA and a mixed logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between pre-determined variables and dog seropositivity. A Spearman's correlation was used to assess the association between dog owners' perceived risk of CanL and Leishmania infantum seropositivity in dogs at a given location. The overall true seroprevalence estimated for Girona province was 19.5% (95%CI: 15.5-23.5), of which only 6.8% (10/146) were considered symptomatic. Age of the dog [OR = 1.21 (95%CI: 1.11-1.31); p < 0.001] and altitude [OR = 0.02 (95%CI: 0.001-0.19); p = 0.001] were identified as risk factors for the infection. The results obtained in this study are expected to aid in the implementation of directed control programmes in CanL endemic areas throughout Europe, as well as to provide suitable data for the design of better risk assessment maps of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Velez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - C Ballart
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - E Domenech
- Hospital Veterinari Canis, Girona, Spain.
| | - A Abras
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Laboratori d'Ictiologia Genètica, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - A Fernández-Arévalo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - S A Gómez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - S Tebar
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - C Muñoz
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - J Cairó
- Hospital Veterinari Canis, Girona, Spain.
| | - M Gállego
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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48
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Maia C, Campino L. Biomarkers Associated With Leishmania infantum Exposure, Infection, and Disease in Dogs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:302. [PMID: 30237985 PMCID: PMC6136405 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a vector-borne disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum species [syn. L. (L.) infantum chagasi species in the Americas] which is transmitted by the bite of a female phlebotomine sand fly. This parasitosis is endemic and affect millions of dogs in Asia, the Americas and the Mediterranean basin. Domestic dogs are the main hosts and the main reservoir hosts for human zoonotic leishmaniosis. The outcome of infection is a consequence of intricate interactions between the protozoan and the immunological and genetic background of the host. Clinical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to very severe disease. Early detection of infected dogs, their close surveillance and treatment are essential to control the dissemination of the parasite among other dogs, being also a pivotal element for the control of human zoonotic leishmaniosis. Hence, the identification of biomarkers for the confirmation of Leishmania infection, disease and determination of an appropriate treatment would represent an important tool to assist clinicians in diagnosis, monitoring and in giving a realistic prognosis to subclinical infected and sick dogs. Here, we review the recent advances in the identification of Leishmania infantum biomarkers, focusing on those related to parasite exposure, susceptibility to infection and disease development. Markers related to the pathogenesis of the disease and to monitoring the evolution of leishmaniosis and treatment outcome are also summarized. Data emphasizes the complexity of parasite-host interactions and that a single biomarker cannot be used alone for CanL diagnosis or prognosis. Nevertheless, results are encouraging and future research to explore the potential clinical application of biomarkers is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lenea Campino
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
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Cantos-Barreda A, Escribano D, Cerón JJ, Bernal LJ, Furlanello T, Tecles F, Pardo-Marín L, Martínez-Subiela S. Relationship between serum anti-Leishmania antibody levels and acute phase proteins in dogs with canine leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2018; 260:63-68. [PMID: 30197018 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between two serologic assays which quantify anti-Leishmania antibodies (a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (TR-IFMA)) and selected acute phase proteins (APPs) and analytes related to protein concentration. Data were obtained from 205 canine serum samples from different veterinary clinics located in an area in which canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is endemic. The samples were submitted to the Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Spain, for analysis. The biochemical analytes evaluated were serum ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin, paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) and albumin as APPs and total proteins and globulins as indicative analytes of protein concentration. Samples were submitted for the initial diagnosis of CanL, or to monitor the response to treatment in patients with CanL. The evaluation of the biochemical analytes did not show differences between Leishmania-seronegative and Leishmania-seropositive dogs. However, dogs with high antibody titers showed more pronounced clinicopathological abnormalities. Both serological assays had correlations of different significance with the biochemical analytes, showing higher significant correlations with total proteins and globulins than with the rest of the analytes. When the samples submitted for diagnosis and treatment monitoring were analyzed separately, serological assays showed lower correlation in samples for treatment monitoring (r = 0.531, p < 0.0001) than in samples for diagnosis (r = 0.769, p < 0.0001). In addition, higher correlations were found between TR-IFMA and analytes such as serum ferritin and CRP in the treatment monitoring group than with the ELISA. These results may help to clarify the relationship between anti-Leishmania antibody levels and selected biochemical analytes related to inflammation and protein concentration in CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cantos-Barreda
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis J Bernal
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Pardo-Marín
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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50
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Dias RCF, Thomaz-Soccol V, Pasquali AKS, Alban SM, Fendrich RC, Pozzolo EM, Chiyo L, Bisetto Júnior A, Ferreira FP, Desto SS, Freire RL, Mitsuka-Breganó R, Navarro IT. Variables associated with the prevalence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in dogs on the tri-border of Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2018; 27:338-347. [PMID: 30184001 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in dogs from localities in the city of Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná state, Brazil, on the border with Argentina and Paraguay. Blood samples dogs were collected to perform the following serologic tests: immunochromatographic DPP® rapid test, indirect immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). In 2012, 285 dogs were analyzed on Argentina border, and in 2013, serum samples from 396 dogs on the border of Paraguay were collected. Using ELISA for screening and IFA for the confirmatory test, the results showed that the antibody prevalence was 1.8% (5/285) on the border of Argentina and 3.0% (12/396) on Paraguay border. When using the DPP® for screening and ELISA as a confirmatory analysis, we observed a seroreagent prevalence in dogs of 2.5% (7/285) on Argentina border and 5.1% (20/396) on Paraguay border. The non-public collection of domestic waste (p= 0.0004) was shown to be associated with leishmaniasis. This study shows the presence of leishmaniasis and suggest the emergence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in state of Paraná due to the confirmed occurrence of seroreactive dogs on Argentina and Paraguay border, which has environmental and geographical characteristics that favor the spread of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanete Thomaz-Soccol
- Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Silvana Maria Alban
- Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Cancio Fendrich
- Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Luciana Chiyo
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Prefeitura de Foz do Iguaçu, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Fernanda Pinto Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Stela Silva Desto
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Roberta Lemos Freire
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Regina Mitsuka-Breganó
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Italmar Teodorico Navarro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
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