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Zhang D, Duan R, Liu J, Wang M, Yang Y, Zhao Y, Liu M, Sun S. Development and evaluation of time-resolved rapid immunofluorescence test for detection of TSOL18 specific antibody in porcine cysticercosis infections. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:182. [PMID: 38720329 PMCID: PMC11077887 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine cysticercosis, a serious zoonotic parasitic disease, is caused by the larvae of Taenia solium and has been acknowledged by the World Organization for Animal Health. The current detection methods of Cysticercus cellulosae cannot meet the needs of large-scale and rapid detection in the field. We hypothesized that the immunofluorescence chromatography test strip (ICS) for detecting Cysticercus cellulosae, according to optimization of a series of reaction systems was conducted, and sensitivity, specificity, and stability testing, and was finally compared with ELISA. This method utilizes Eu3+-labeled time-resolved fluorescent microspheres (TRFM) coupled with TSOL18 antigen to detect TSOL18 antibodies in infected pig sera. RESULTS ICS and autopsy have highly consistent diagnostic results (n = 133), as determined by Cohen's κ analysis (κ = 0.925). And the results showed that the proposed ICS are high sensitivity (0.9459) with specificity (0.9792). The ICS was unable to detect positive samples of other parasites. It can be stored for at least six months at 4℃. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we established a TRFM-ICS method with higher sensitivity and specificity than indirect ELISA. Results obtained from serum samples can be read within 10 min, indicating a rapid, user-friendly test suitable for large-scale field detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejia Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia MinZu University, Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - Rui Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia MinZu University, Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Qingdao Special Servicemen Recuperation Center of PLA Navy, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia MinZu University, Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yongjun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia MinZu University, Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225000, China.
| | - Shumin Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Arroyo G, Lescano AG, Gavidia CM, Lopez-Urbina T, Ara-Gomez M, Gomez-Puerta LA, Bustos JA, Jayashi CM, O’Neal SE, Gonzalez AE, Garcia HH. Antibody Banding Patterns on the Enzyme-Linked Immunoelectrotransfer Blot (EITB) Assay Clearly Discriminate Viable Cysticercosis in Naturally Infected Pigs. Pathogens 2023; 13:15. [PMID: 38251323 PMCID: PMC10820179 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) detects antibodies against seven Taenia solium larvae antigens in three protein families (GP50, T24/42, and 8-kDa) with different structures and functions. EITB banding patterns against these antigens in pigs provide information about the course of infection and may discriminate viable cysticercosis. We analyzed the banding patterns and infection outcomes (presence of viable cysts, degenerated cysts, and any cysts) of 512 rural pigs. Banding patterns were grouped into homogenous classes using latent class analysis, and relationships with infection outcomes were assessed. Four classes were identified: 1 (n = 308, EITB-negative or positive for the GP50 family), 2 (n = 127, positive for GP50 (GP50 family), GP42-39 and GP24 (T24/42 family), but negative for 8-kDa antigens), 3 (n = 22, positive for GP50 and T24/42 antigens (GP42-39 and GP24), as well as to 8-kDa bands GP13, GP14, and GP18, but negative for GP21), and 4 (n = 55, positive for GP50 and T24/42 antigens, as well as to 8-kDa antigens GP21 and GP18 in combination). Pigs in classes 3 and 4 were more likely to have viable cysts (72.6% and 96.4%, respectively) than pigs in classes 1 and 2 (0.7% and 27.6%, respectively; p < 0.001). The number of infections with any cysts was higher in classes 3 and 4 (77.3% and 98.2%, respectively) and lower in classes 2 and 1 (34.7% and 4.9%, respectively; p < 0.001). Pigs with viable cysts represented >90% of pigs with any cysts in classes 3 and 4 (94.1% and 98.2%, respectively), while degenerated cysts were frequent among pigs with any cysts in classes 1, 3, and 2 (86.7%, 47.1%, and 43.2%, respectively; p < 0.001). EITB banding patterns strongly correlate with cysticercosis infection status in rural pigs, with classes 3 and 4 being more predictive of viable infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Arroyo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (S.E.O.); (H.H.G.)
| | - Andres G. Lescano
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru;
| | - Cesar M. Gavidia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Teresa Lopez-Urbina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Miguel Ara-Gomez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Luis A. Gomez-Puerta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Javier A. Bustos
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (S.E.O.); (H.H.G.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru
| | - Cesar M. Jayashi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Seth E. O’Neal
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (S.E.O.); (H.H.G.)
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Sciences University-Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Armando E. Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Hector H. Garcia
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (S.E.O.); (H.H.G.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru
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Gonzales-Gustavson E, Pray IW, Gamboa R, Muro C, Vilchez P, Gomez-Puerta L, Vargas-Calla A, Bonnet G, Pizzitutti F, Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE, O’Neal SE. Evaluating the Role of Corrals and Insects in the Transmission of Porcine Cysticercosis: A Cohort Study. Pathogens 2023; 12:597. [PMID: 37111483 PMCID: PMC10143142 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread dispersion of pigs infected with cysticercosis across endemic villages, low cyst burden among infected pigs, and low prevalence of taeniasis all suggest that pig ingestion of human feces is not the only mode of transmission for Taenia solium. Our objective was to evaluate the risk of porcine cysticercosis associated with exposure to human feces, dung beetles, and flies in an endemic community setting. We used a cluster-randomized cohort design to compare the risk of developing antibodies and infection among 120 piglets raised in either free-roaming (FR), standard corral (SC), or netted corral environments (NC). We collected monthly blood samples to detect serum antibodies and necropsied all pigs after 10 months to identify cysts. A total of 66 piglets developed antibodies with the relative risk of seropositivity in FR vs. all corralled pigs increasing significantly after 18 weeks. Of 108 necropsied pigs, 15 had T. solium cysts, all belonging to the FR group. Corrals were protective against infection but less so against seropositivity. NC, which did not completely exclude insects, did not provide added protection against seropositivity as compared to SC. The results of this study suggest that dung beetles and flies do not play an important role in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Gonzales-Gustavson
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Salud Pública, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru
| | - Ian W. Pray
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ricardo Gamboa
- Center of Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru
| | - Claudio Muro
- Center of Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru
| | - Percy Vilchez
- Center of Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru
| | - Luis Gomez-Puerta
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Salud Pública, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru
| | - Ana Vargas-Calla
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Salud Pública, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru
| | - Gabrielle Bonnet
- Centre for the Mathematical Modeling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK
| | | | - Hector H. Garcia
- Center of Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru
- Cysticercosis Unit, National Institute of Neurological Sciences, Lima 15003, Peru
| | - Armando E. Gonzalez
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Salud Pública, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru
| | - Seth E. O’Neal
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Center of Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru
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Challenges in the Diagnosis of Taenia solium Cysticercosis and Taeniosis in Medical and Veterinary Settings in Selected Regions of Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vet Med Int 2022; 2022:7472051. [PMID: 35815231 PMCID: PMC9262556 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7472051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium (neuro) cysticercosis/taeniosis (TSCT) is a zoonotic disease complex. There is a perceived inefficient diagnosis of infections by either form, the adult pork tapeworm (taeniosis) and the larval stage of it (cysticercosis), in low-income settings, including Tanzania. This study aimed at identifying potential gaps around TSCT diagnosis and knowledge of primary healthcare providers (officers in charge (OICs) of primary healthcare facilities (PHFs)) and veterinarians (meat inspectors (MIs)) on various aspects of TSCT disease complex and addressing effective disease control in Tanzania. Methodology. A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and April 2020 in Manyara, Dodoma, Ruvuma, Iringa, and Arusha regions in Babati, Mbulu, Kongwa, Mbinga, and Nyasa districts. We interviewed 152 OICs of PHFs and 108 MIs using a structured questionnaire and 33 medical and veterinary officers from level I healthcare facilities and district livestock offices, respectively, from selected study districts to the respective ministerial level using key informant interviews. Results Quantitative data revealed inadequate microscopic diagnostic facilities (54.6%) and personnel (100%) for taeniosis diagnosis in PHFs (n = 152). Approximately 81.2% of MIs compared with only 42.1% of OICs of PHFs scored above average regarding T. solium cysticerci knowledge. Nevertheless, 61.2% of OICs of PHFs compared with only 42.6% of MIs scored above average regarding the adult T. solium tapeworm knowledge. Qualitative data revealed inadequate availability of advanced diagnostic facilities (neuroimaging) and trained personnel for specific diagnosis of TSCT with a focus on neurocysticercosis (NCC) in secondary and tertiary healthcare facilities. Inadequately number of qualified MIs, slaughter slabs, and resource facilitation challenged porcine cysticercosis diagnosis. Conclusion It is concluded that diagnostic capacity and knowledge of OICs of PHFs and MIs regarding TSCT are insufficient in both medical and veterinary sectors. A One Health approach should be adopted to improve TSCT diagnostic capacity and practitioners' knowledge in both medical and veterinary sectors.
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Pray IW, Pizzitutti F, Bonnet G, Gonzales-Gustavson E, Wakeland W, Pan WK, Lambert WE, Gonzalez AE, Garcia HH, O’Neal SE. Validation of a spatial agent-based model for Taenia solium transmission ("CystiAgent") against a large prospective trial of control strategies in northern Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009885. [PMID: 34705827 PMCID: PMC8575314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) is a parasitic helminth that imposes a major health and economic burden on poor rural populations around the world. As recognized by the World Health Organization, a key barrier for achieving control of T. solium is the lack of an accurate and validated simulation model with which to study transmission and evaluate available control and elimination strategies. CystiAgent is a spatially-explicit agent based model for T. solium that is unique among T. solium models in its ability to represent key spatial and environmental features of transmission and simulate spatially targeted interventions, such as ring strategy. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We validated CystiAgent against results from the Ring Strategy Trial (RST)-a large cluster-randomized trial conducted in northern Peru that evaluated six unique interventions for T. solium control in 23 villages. For the validation, each intervention strategy was replicated in CystiAgent, and the simulated prevalences of human taeniasis, porcine cysticercosis, and porcine seroincidence were compared against prevalence estimates from the trial. Results showed that CystiAgent produced declines in transmission in response to each of the six intervention strategies, but overestimated the effect of interventions in the majority of villages; simulated prevalences for human taenasis and porcine cysticercosis at the end of the trial were a median of 0.53 and 5.0 percentages points less than prevalence observed at the end of the trial, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The validation of CystiAgent represented an important step towards developing an accurate and reliable T. solium transmission model that can be deployed to fill critical gaps in our understanding of T. solium transmission and control. To improve model accuracy, future versions would benefit from improved data on pig immunity and resistance, field effectiveness of anti-helminthic treatment, and factors driving spatial clustering of T. solium infections including dispersion and contact with T. solium eggs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W. Pray
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Francesco Pizzitutti
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Bonnet
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Eloy Gonzales-Gustavson
- Tropical and Highlands Veterinary Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, EL Mantaro, Peru
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Wayne Wakeland
- Systems Science Program, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - William K. Pan
- Duke Global Health Institute & Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William E. Lambert
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Armando E. Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Hector H. Garcia
- School of Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru
| | - Seth E. O’Neal
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru
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Dixon MA, Winskill P, Harrison WE, Basáñez MG. Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis: From parasite biology and immunology to diagnosis and control. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 112:133-217. [PMID: 34024358 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) is responsible for a substantial global burden of disease, not only restricted to its impact on human health, but also resulting in a considerable economic burden to smallholder pig farmers due to pig cysticercosis infection. The life-cycle, parasitology and immunology of T. solium are complex, involving pigs (the intermediate host, harbouring the larval metacestode stage), humans (the definitive host, harbouring the adult tapeworm, in addition to acting as accidental intermediate hosts) and the environment (the source of infection with eggs/proglottids). We review the parasitology, immunology, and epidemiology of the infection associated with each of the T. solium life-cycle stages, including the pre-adult/adult tapeworm responsible for human taeniasis; post-oncosphere and cysticercus associated with porcine and human cysticercosis, and the biological characteristics of eggs in the environment. We discuss the burden associated, in endemic settings, with neurocysticercosis (NCC) in humans, and the broader cross-sectoral economic impact associated both with NCC and porcine cysticercosis, the latter impacting food-value chains. Existing tools for diagnostics and control interventions that target different stages of the T. solium transmission cycle are reviewed and their limitations discussed. Currently, no national T. solium control programmes have been established in endemic areas, with further work required to identify optimal strategies according to epidemiological setting. There is increasing evidence suggesting that cross-sectoral interventions which target the parasite in both the human and pig host provide the most effective approaches for achieving control and ultimately elimination. We discuss future avenues for research on T. solium to support the attainment of the goals proposed in the revised World Health Organisation neglected tropical diseases roadmap for 2021-2030 adopted at the 73rd World Health Assembly in November 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Dixon
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative Foundation (SCI Foundation), London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Winskill
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy E Harrison
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative Foundation (SCI Foundation), London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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7
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Dixon MA, Winskill P, Harrison WE, Whittaker C, Schmidt V, Sarti E, Bawm S, Dione MM, Thomas LF, Walker M, Basáñez MG. Force-of-infection of Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis: a modelling analysis to assess global incidence and prevalence trends. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17637. [PMID: 33077748 PMCID: PMC7572398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) called, in 2012, for a validated strategy towards Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis control and elimination. Estimating pig force-of-infection (FoI, the average rate at which susceptible pigs become infected) across geographical settings will help understand local epidemiology and inform effective intervention design. Porcine cysticercosis (PCC) age-prevalence data (from 15 studies in Latin America, Africa and Asia) were identified through systematic review. Catalytic models were fitted to the data using Bayesian methods, incorporating uncertainty in diagnostic performance, to estimate rates of antibody seroconversion, viable metacestode acquisition, and seroreversion/infection loss. There was evidence of antibody seroreversion across 5 studies, and of infection loss in 6 studies measured by antigen or necropsy, indicating transient serological responses and natural resolution of infection. Concerted efforts should be made to collect robust data using improved diagnostics to better understand geographical heterogeneities in T. solium transmission to support post-2020 WHO targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Dixon
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Peter Winskill
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Wendy E Harrison
- SCI Foundation, Edinburgh House, 170 Kennington Lane, London, SE11 5DP, UK
| | - Charles Whittaker
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Veronika Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elsa Sarti
- Sanofi Pasteur Latin America, Av. Universidad N° 1738, Colonia Coyoacán, 04000, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Saw Bawm
- University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - Michel M Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, 01 BP 1496, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lian F Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Martin Walker
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
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8
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Lescano AG, Pray IW, Gonzalez AE, Gilman RH, Tsang VCW, Gamboa R, Guezala MC, Aybar V, Rodriguez S, Moulton LH, Leontsini E, Gonzalvez G, O'Neal SE, Garcia HH, For The Cysticercosis Working Group In Peru. Clustering of Necropsy-Confirmed Porcine Cysticercosis Surrounding Taenia solium Tapeworm Carriers in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:314-322. [PMID: 30560769 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, is among the leading causes of preventable epilepsy in the world and is common in rural areas of developing countries where sanitation is limited and pigs have access to human feces. Prior studies in rural villages of Peru have observed clusters of T. solium cysticercosis among pigs that live near human tapeworm carriers. Such spatial analyses, however, have been limited by incomplete participation and substandard diagnostic tests. In this study, we evaluated the association between necropsy-confirmed cysticercosis in pigs and their distance to T. solium tapeworm carriers in six villages in northern Peru. A total of six (1.4%) tapeworm carriers were detected using copro-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and seven of 10 (70%) pigs belonging to the tapeworm carriers were found with viable cyst infection on necropsy. This was significantly greater than the prevalence of viable cyst infection among pigs living < 500 m (11%) and > 500 m (0.5%) from a tapeworm carrier (P < 0.001 for distance trend). Similar statistically significant prevalence gradients were observed after adjustment for possible confounders and for other pig-level outcomes including infection with > 10 viable cysts, degenerated cyst infection, and serological outcomes. This investigation confirms that porcine cysticercosis clusters strongly around tapeworm carriers in endemic rural regions of northern Peru and supports interventions that target these hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres G Lescano
- Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ian W Pray
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Research Department, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (Proyectos en Informatica, Salud, Medicina y Agricultura), Lima, Peru.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Victor C W Tsang
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ricardo Gamboa
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - M Claudia Guezala
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Viterbo Aybar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.,Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Silvia Rodriguez
- Instituto de Ciencias Neurológicas, Cysticercosis Unit, Lima, Peru
| | - Lawrence H Moulton
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elli Leontsini
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Guillermo Gonzalvez
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Seth E O'Neal
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Instituto de Ciencias Neurológicas, Cysticercosis Unit, Lima, Peru.,Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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9
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Nhancupe N, Noormahomed EV, Afonso S, Svard S, Lindh J. Further evaluation of recombinant Tsol-p27 by enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot for the serodiagnosis of cysticercosis in pigs from Mozambique. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:564. [PMID: 31775845 PMCID: PMC6880384 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine cysticercosis has a negative impact on human health and the meat industry, as it makes infected meat unaproprieted for consuption and it is the main etiology of epileptic seizures in developing countries. There are multiple serological assays that use crude antigens with high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of both porcine and human cysticercosis. Nonetheless, antigen preparation is time-consuming, needs a well-equipped laboratory and trained personnel and places those manipulating the meat at great risk for infection. New serodiagnostic approaches to the diagnosis of porcine and human cysticercosis have been directed towards the development of recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid technology for the generation of synthetic proteins that can serve as simplified, low-cost and harmless substitutes for native antigens. The aim of the present study was to further evaluate the recombinant Tsol-p27 protein as a target molecule in immunoassays for the serodiagnosis of porcine cysticercosis. From these data, we hoped to develop recommendations regarding its use in the serodiagnosis of porcine cysticercosis. RESULTS We studied a panel of 83 naturally infected pig sera from Angónia District, Mozambique, an endemic area for porcine and human cysticercosis. These sera were previously tested by antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA) to detect antigens of T. solium. The serum panel was processed by enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) assay against the recombinant Tsol-p27 protein and the Ag-ELISA assay results were used to compare and evaluate the performance of Tsol-p27 for the diagnosis of cysticercosis. Out of 83 sera, 24 (29.0%) were positive for Tsol-p27 and 59 (71%) were negative in the same assay. From the 37 sera that tested positive to Ag-ELISA, 11 (13.3%) were positive to Tsol-p27, while from 46 sera that tested negative to Ag-ELISA, 33 (39.7%) also tested negative to Tsol-p27. The sensitivity and specificity of Tsol-p27 was 29.7% and 71.7%, respectively, while the positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 45.8% and 55.9%, respectively, as calculated using Medcalc® version 15.0 software (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium). CONCLUSION While Tsol-p27 recombinant protein might be suitable for testing human sera, its performance in pigs is not acceptable, so other recombinant proteins should be evaluated alone or multiplexed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemia Nhancupe
- grid.8295.6Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique ,0000 0004 1936 9457grid.8993.bDepartment of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emilia V. Noormahomed
- grid.8295.6Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique ,0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, University of California, San Diego, USA ,Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Sonia Afonso
- grid.8295.6Department of Clinics, Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Staffan Svard
- 0000 0004 1936 9457grid.8993.bDepartment of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Lindh
- 0000 0004 1936 9457grid.8993.bDepartment of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Sithole MI, Bekker JL, Tsotetsi-Khambule AM, Mukaratirwa S. Ineffectiveness of meat inspection in the detection of Taenia solium cysticerci in pigs slaughtered at two abattoirs in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 17:100299. [PMID: 31303223 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine and human cysticercosis, caused by the larval stage of tapeworm Taenia solium, is a zoonosis in southern Africa and known to be endemic in South Africa, mainly in Eastern Cape Province. No efforts to control or eradicate this parasite have been made, despite the increasing occurrence in most Eastern Cape districts, except for routine meat inspection at local abattoirs. The parasite poses a potentially serious agricultural problem, public health risk and economic loss amongst Eastern Cape smallholder pig production communities. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of routine meat inspection for the detection of porcine cysticercosis in pigs from rural smallholder/subsistence production systems in Eastern Cape Province villages. The effectiveness of meat inspection, by registered meat inspectors, in the detection of pigs infected with T. solium cysts was assessed and compared with whole carcass dissection as the "gold standard" method. The commercial antigen enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (B158/B160 Ag-ELISA) kit screened all the slaughtered animals. The proportion of pigs found infected with T. solium cysts, as measured by meat inspection, was lower (5%, 9/180) than with carcass dissection (18.9%, 34/180) and B158/B60 Ag-ELISA test (21.6%, 38/176). Four out of 180 carcasses were heavily infested with T. solium cysts, evenly distributed throughout the carcasses, to a level impossible to enumerate. Of the remaining 176 carcasses, approximately 526 cysticerci, distributed at various anatomical regions of the pig, were counted during carcass dissection. Sites with higher cyst counts, such as the back and hind leg, do not form part of the normal meat inspection regime. The level of agreement (Kappa statistic) between dissection (gold standard) and meat inspection of the two districts was negative (-0.1955). There was a slight agreement in the Kappa statistic (0.0328) between dissection and B158/B60 Ag-ELISA. This study confirms that current meat inspection procedures alone are not sufficiently sensitive to detect all cases of porcine cysticercosis at the abattoirs and require modifications, or should be supplemented by other methods. A risk-based meat safety assurance system, such as HACCP, that considers specific food safety aspects before and after the abattoir (point of slaughter) should be followed. Before slaughter, aspects such as origin, husbandry practices and on-farm animal health control should be considered; after slaughter, the abattoir should inform the next entity in the supply chain of the limitations of meat inspections and the real meaning of an "Approval" stamp. New validated testing methods that can be routinely used should be developed, and government should develop policies and legislation that promotes a risk-based meat safety assurance system throughout the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Msawenkosi I Sithole
- Department of Environmental Health, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Johan L Bekker
- Department of Environmental Health, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | | | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
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11
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León-Janampa N, Liendo R, Gilman RH, Padilla C, García HH, Gonzales A, Sheen P, Pajuelo MJ, Zimic M. Characterization of a novel cathepsin L-like protease from Taenia solium metacestodes for the immunodiagnosis of porcine cysticercosis. Vet Parasitol 2019; 267:9-16. [PMID: 30878092 PMCID: PMC7010362 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine cysticercosis is an endemic parasitic disease caused by infection with Taenia solium that is found predominantly in developing countries. In order to aid in the development of simple diagnostic approaches, identification and characterization of potential new antigens for immunodiagnostic purposes is desired. The cysteine protease family has previously been found to have important immunodiagnostic properties. These proteases are expressed as zymogens which contain a signal peptide, pro-peptide, and an active domain. Subsequent catalytic cleavage of the pro-peptide converts these zymogens into enzymes. With the use of bioinformatic tools we identified an active domain of a novel cathepsin L-like cysteine protease (TsolCL) in the T. solium genome. The TsolCL gene includes 705 nucleotides (nt) within a single intron and a 633 nt exonic sequence encoding an active protein of 211 amino acids. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis suggest that the TsolCL gene is closely related to genes found in Echinoccocus granulosus and E. multiloculars. In addition, TsolCL was found to have a 61.9%-99.0% similarity to other cathepsin L proteins found in other helminths and mammals. We cloned, expressed, purified, and characterized the recombinant active TsolCL (27 kDa) using the baculovirus-insect cell expression system. TsolCL showed cysteine protease enzymatic activity with the capacity to hydrolyze the Z-Phe-Arg-AMC substrate as well as bovine serum albumin. However, TsolCL was not able to hydrolyze human immunoglobulin. In addition, TsolCL has cathepsin L conserved amino acid residues in the catalytic site (Gln8, Cys14, His159, Asn179 and Trp181) and the motif GCNGG. Using ELISA, TsolCL was able to distinguish circulating IgG antibodies between healthy animals and naturally infected pigs with cysticercosis, showing a moderate sensitivity of 83.33% (40/48; 95% CI: [69.8%-92.5 %]), and a specificity of 83.78% (31/37; 95% CI: [67.9%-93.8%]). In conclusion, a novel cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from a T. solium metacestode was expressed successfully in Baculovirus system and was evaluated as a candidate antigen to diagnose porcine cysticercosis using the ELISA immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy León-Janampa
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Ruddy Liendo
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | | | - Hector H García
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.
| | - Armando Gonzales
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.
| | - Patricia Sheen
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Mónica J Pajuelo
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Mirko Zimic
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
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12
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Braae UC, Gabriël S, Trevisan C, Thomas LF, Magnussen P, Abela-Ridder B, Ngowi H, Johansen MV. Stepwise approach for the control and eventual elimination of Taenia solium as a public health problem. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:182. [PMID: 30791888 PMCID: PMC6383216 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis is a public health and agricultural problem, especially in low-income countries, and has been ranked the top foodborne parasitic hazard globally. In 2012, the World Health Organization published a roadmap that called for a validated strategy for T. solium control and elimination by 2015. This goal has not been met, and validated evidence of effective control or elimination in endemic countries is still incomplete. Measuring and evaluating success of control programmes remains difficult, as locally acceptable targets have not been defined as part of the 2012 roadmap nor from other sources, and the performance of tools to measure effect are limited. Discussion We believe that an international agreement supported by the tripartite World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and World Organisation for Animal Health is needed to facilitate endemic countries in publicising SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable/attainable, Relevant, Time-bound) country-level control target goals. These goals should be achievable through locally acceptable adoption of options from within a standardised ‘intervention tool-kit’, and progress towards these goals should be monitored using standardised and consistent diagnostics. Several intervention tools are available which can contribute to control of T. solium, but the combination of these - the most effective control algorithm - still needs to be identified. In order to mount control efforts and ensure political commitment, stakeholder engagement and funding, we argue that a stepwise approach, as developed for Rabies control, is necessary if control efforts are to be successful and sustainable. Conclusions The stepwise approach can provide the framework for the development of realistic control goals of endemic areas, the implementation of intervention algorithms, and the standardised monitoring of the evaluation of the progress towards obtaining the control target goals and eventually elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uffe Christian Braae
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis. .,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lian F Thomas
- Institute for Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK.,International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Pascal Magnussen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Centre for Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health of Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bernadette Abela-Ridder
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Helena Ngowi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Maria Vang Johansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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13
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Mwang'onde BJ, Chacha MJ, Nkwengulila G. The status and health burden of neurocysticercosis in Mbulu district, northern Tanzania. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:890. [PMID: 30545404 PMCID: PMC6293552 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the extent and health burden of neurocysticercosis in the general community of the Mbulu district, northern Tanzania. About 1051 randomly select participants were screened for human cysticercosis. The Cysticercus Western Blot IgG and Computed Tomography scan were used to detect infection by cysticerci. The DALYs was used to assess the community's health burden vis-a-vis neurocysticercosis. RESULTS The sero-prevalence of HCC was 16.27%. About 76% of 25 selected human cysticercosis sero-positives had neurocysticercosis suggestive lesions on CT scan and 74% had history of epilepsy. Epilepsy caused 2.8 years of life lost and 2.2 healthy years of life lost due to disability per 1000 person-years in Mbulu. The average DALYs imposed due to neurocysticercosis and epilepsy were 3.0 and 3.9 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Neurocysticercosis is a serious public health concern in northern Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beda John Mwang'onde
- Department of Biosciences, Solomon Mahlangu College of Science and Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Mwita John Chacha
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, Wellcome Trust Fellow, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Gamba Nkwengulila
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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14
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Ng-Nguyen D, Noh J, Breen K, Stevenson MA, Handali S, Traub RJ. The epidemiology of porcine Taenia solium cysticercosis in communities of the Central Highlands in Vietnam. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:360. [PMID: 29929529 PMCID: PMC6014001 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taenia solium cysticercosis, recognized as a neglected tropical disease by the WHO, is distributed mostly in developing countries of Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Pigs and humans act as intermediate hosts, acquiring T. solium cysticerci (larval stage) in their tissue, through the ingestion of T. solium eggs shed in the faeces of humans infected with adult tapeworms. The disease has a negative impact on rural economies due to losses in productivity arising from human disease, pork carcass condemnations and loss of market access. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of T. solium cysticercosis in pigs in Dak Lak Province in the Central Highlands of Vietnam and to identify household level characteristics associated with T. solium porcine cysticercosis. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of household pigs in three districts of Dak Lak Province. A total of 408 households in six villages in three districts were visited between June and October 2015. A questionnaire was administered to the head of each household, and within each household, serum samples were collected from three pigs. Serum samples were analyzed using the recombinant T24H antigen in enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay and lentil lectin purified glycoprotein in EITB assay. A Bayesian, mixed-effects logistic regression model was developed to identify management factors associated with the probability of a household having at least one cysticercosis-positive pig. RESULTS The prevalence of porcine T. solium cysticercosis in this study was low at 0.94 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51-1.68] cases per 100 pigs at risk, in agreement with other studies conducted throughout Vietnam. Scavenging of food and coprophagy were associated with T. solium cysticercosis [odds ratios 1.98 (95% CrI: 0.55-4.74) and 2.57 (95% CrI: 1.22-4.66), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS This study proves that the seroprevalence of porcine cysticercosis in Dak Lak Province was as low as that of other studies conducted throughout Vietnam. Scavenging of food and coprophagy are modifiable factors, providing the opportunity to decrease the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis further in the province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Ng-Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. .,Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak, Vietnam.
| | - John Noh
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kathleen Breen
- Department of Livestock, Montana Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Mark Anthony Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Sukwan Handali
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rebecca Justine Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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15
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Del Brutto OH, O'Neal SE, Dorny P, García HH. Spontaneously Arrested Transmission of Cysticercosis in a Highly Endemic Village with a Very Low Migration Rate. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 98:776-778. [PMID: 29260655 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium cysticercosis is difficult to eliminate without interventions or societal development. Atahualpa is a rural Ecuadorian village with documented low migration rate, where domestic pig raising is common and human cysticercosis is endemic. To assess neurocysticercosis (NCC) prevalence, 1,273 villagers aged ≥ 20 years underwent neuroimaging studies, which showed calcified lesions in 121 (9.5%) individuals, but no active disease. Likewise, positive reactions, apparently nonspecific, were found in only 3/200 subjects by the use of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect T. solium antigens in urine. Only 2/418 pigs reacted to three antibody bands on serum western blot and none to more than three bands. This is the first time that spontaneously arrested T. solium transmission is documented in a known endemic village. Understanding why active transmission stopped could provide insights on potential targets for control interventions. Atahualpa could provide an optimal scenario for longitudinal studies on the consequences of calcified NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar H Del Brutto
- School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Seth E O'Neal
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Perú.,Portland State University, Portland, Oregon.,School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Héctor H García
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Perú.,Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Perú.,Department of Microbiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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16
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A hyperendemic focus of Taenia solium transmission in the Banke District of Nepal. Acta Trop 2017; 176:78-82. [PMID: 28739367 PMCID: PMC5644834 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of porcine cysticercosis was determined in pigs from the Banke District of Nepal. Slaughter-age animals were selected at random and underwent detailed necropsy examination. Thirty two of 110 animals were found to harbour T. solium cysticerci. This is one of the highest levels of porcine cysticercosis described for any region in the world. Measures are warranted to control this zoonotic disease in Nepal.
Neurocysticercosis is a major cause of epilepsy in countries where Taenia solium is endemic and the parasite is a major cause of food-borne disease globally. Pigs are the natural intermediate host involved in transmission of the parasite. T. solium is known to be endemic in Nepal, however there is limited reliable data about the prevalence of the disease in Nepal. The aim of this study was to determine accurately the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in slaughter age pigs in an area of Nepal where pigs are known to be free-roaming. Pigs were obtained from the Udaypur Village Development Committee (VDC) and Hirminiya & Betahani VDC of the Banke district in Nepal. One hundred and ten animals of slaughter age (approximately 8–16 months old) were purchased, slaughtered and the heart, liver, brain and half the body skeletal musculature were sliced using hand knives and the number and viability of T. solium cysts determined. Thirty two of the 110 animals were found to harbour T. solium cysticerci (29%), of which 30 (27%) were found to have viable cysticerci (93% of the infected animals). This is one of the highest prevalences of porcine cysticercosis that has been reported to date from the results of necropsy on randomly selected animals. This study highlights a high rate of transmission of T. solium in the Banke District of Nepal. It encourages further investigation of human and porcine cysticercosis in Nepal, as well as implementation of efforts to reduce transmission of the parasite and the associated human disease.
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17
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Chembensofu M, Mwape KE, Van Damme I, Hobbs E, Phiri IK, Masuku M, Zulu G, Colston A, Willingham AL, Devleesschauwer B, Van Hul A, Chota A, Speybroeck N, Berkvens D, Dorny P, Gabriël S. Re-visiting the detection of porcine cysticercosis based on full carcass dissections of naturally Taenia solium infected pigs. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:572. [PMID: 29145875 PMCID: PMC5693468 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium is a neglected zoonotic parasite. The performances of existing tools for the diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis need further assessment, and their shortcomings call for alternatives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of tongue palpation and circulating antigen detection for the detection of porcine cysticercosis in naturally infected pigs of slaughter age compared to full carcass dissections (considered the gold standard). Additionally, alternative postmortem dissection procedures were investigated. A total of 68 rural pigs of slaughter age randomly selected in the Eastern Province of Zambia were dissected. Dissections were conducted on full carcasses (or half carcass in case cysticerci were already detected in the first half), including all the organs. Total cysticercus counts, location and stages were recorded and collected cysticerci were identified morphologically and molecularly. All sera were analysed with the B158/B60 antigen detecting ELISA (Ag-ELISA). Results Key findings were the high occurrence of T. solium infected pigs (56%) and the presence of T. solium cysticerci in the livers of 26% of infected animals. More than half of the infected carcasses contained viable cysticerci. Seven carcasses had T. hydatigena cysticerci (10%), out of which five carcasses were co-infected with T. hydatigena and T. solium; two carcasses (3%) had only T. hydatigena cysticerci. Compared to full carcass dissection, the specificity of the Ag-ELISA to detect infected carcasses was estimated at 67%, the sensitivity at 68%, increasing to 90% and 100% for the detection of carcasses with one or more viable cysticerci, and more than 10 viable cysts, respectively. Tongue palpation only detected 10% of the cases, half carcass dissection 84%. Selective dissection of the diaphragm, tongue and heart or masseters can be considered, with an estimated sensitivity of 71%, increasing to 86% in carcasses with more than 10 cysticerci. Conclusions Depending on the aim of the diagnosis, a combination of Ag-ELISA and selective dissection, including investigating the presence of T. hydatigena, can be considered. Full carcass dissection should include the dissection of the liver, kidneys, spleen and lungs, and results should be interpreted carefully, as small cysticerci can easily be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwelwa Chembensofu
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - K E Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - I Van Damme
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Hobbs
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St Kitts, Saint Kitts and Nevis.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kronenburgstraat 25, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - I K Phiri
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - M Masuku
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - G Zulu
- District Medical Office, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 30205, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - A Colston
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines, P.O. Box 52773 - 00100, Valley Arcade, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A L Willingham
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St Kitts, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - B Devleesschauwer
- Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Van Hul
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kronenburgstraat 25, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A Chota
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - N Speybroeck
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), School of Public Health, 1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Berkvens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kronenburgstraat 25, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P Dorny
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kronenburgstraat 25, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S Gabriël
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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18
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Donadeu M, Fahrion AS, Olliaro PL, Abela-Ridder B. Target product profiles for the diagnosis of Taenia solium taeniasis, neurocysticercosis and porcine cysticercosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005875. [PMID: 28892472 PMCID: PMC5608417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Target Product Profiles (TPPs) are process tools providing product requirements to guide researchers, developers and manufacturers in their efforts to develop effective and useful products such as biologicals, drugs or diagnostics. During a WHO Stakeholders Meeting on Taenia solium diagnostics, several TPPs were initiated to address diagnostic needs for different stages in the parasite's transmission (taeniasis, human and porcine cysticercosis). Following the meeting, draft TPPs were completed and distributed for consultation to 100 people/organizations, including experts in parasitology, human and pig cysticercosis, diagnostic researchers and manufacturers, international organizations working with neglected or zoonotic diseases, Ministries of Health and Ministries of Livestock in some of the endemic countries, WHO regional offices and other interested parties. There were 53 respondents. All comments and feedback received were considered and discussions were held with different experts according to their area of expertise. The comments were consolidated and final TPPs are presented here. They are considered to be live documents which are likely to undergo review and updating in the future when new knowledge and technologies become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Donadeu
- The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Veterinary Clinical Centre, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
- Initiative for Neglected Animal Diseases (INAND), Midrand, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna S. Fahrion
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Piero L. Olliaro
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Bernadette Abela-Ridder
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Genève, Switzerland
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19
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Liu G, Liang P, Zhang S, Guo A, Wang L, Zheng Y, Luo X. TsPKA-r: a potential immunodiagnostic antigen for the detection of porcine cysticercosis. Acta Trop 2017; 171:80-85. [PMID: 28359828 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cysticercosis, caused by metacestodes of Taenia solium, has a significant soci-economic impact and is of considerable importance in public health. However, there are no specific diagnostic antigens to distinguish between T. solim and Taenia hydatigena. In the present study, cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit (TsPKA-r), an excretory/secretary (ES) antigen of T. solium, was used to establish a specific and sensitive diagnostic tool for detection of porcine cysticercosis. The full-length sequence encoding TsPKA-r was amplified by PCR, sequenced and then identified by bioinformatics. The fusion protein with 6×His-tags was expressed in E. coli, purified by Ni Sepharose™ 6 Fast Flow and used to test reactionogenicity by immunoblotting. TsPKA-r based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (iELISA) showed good performance in recognition of sera of pigs experimentally infected with T. solium metacestodes, with 93.88% sensitivity and 96.40% specificity. There were no cross-reactions against the sera from pigs experimentally infected with T. hydatigena, Toxoplasma gondii or Trichinella spiralis. These results indicate that the TsPKA-r is a promising immunodiagnostic antigen for detection of porcine cysticercosis.
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20
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Pray IW, Ayvar V, Gamboa R, Muro C, Moyano LM, Benavides V, Flecker RH, Garcia HH, O’Neal SE. Spatial relationship between Taenia solium tapeworm carriers and necropsy cyst burden in pigs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005536. [PMID: 28406898 PMCID: PMC5404875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taenia solium, a parasite that affects humans and pigs, is the leading cause of preventable epilepsy in the developing world. Geographic hotspots of pigs testing positive for serologic markers of T. solium exposure have been observed surrounding the locations of human tapeworm carriers. This clustered pattern of seropositivity in endemic areas formed the basis for geographically targeted control interventions, which have been effective at reducing transmission. In this study, we further explore the spatial relationship between human tapeworm carriers and infected pigs using necroscopic examination as a quantitative gold-standard diagnostic to detect viable T. solium cyst infection in pigs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed necroscopic examinations on pigs from 7 villages in northern Peru to determine the number of viable T. solium cysts in each pig. Participating humans in the study villages were tested for T. solium tapeworm infection (i.e., taeniasis) with an ELISA coproantigen assay, and the distances from each pig to its nearest human tapeworm carrier were calculated. We assessed the relationship between proximity to a tapeworm carrier and the prevalence of light, moderate, and heavy cyst burden in pigs. The prevalence of pig infection was greatest within 50 meters of a tapeworm carrier and decreased monotonically as distance increased. Pigs living less than 50 meters from a human tapeworm carrier were 4.6 times more likely to be infected with at least one cyst than more distant pigs. Heavier cyst burdens, however, were not more strongly associated with proximity to tapeworm carriers than light cyst burdens. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our study shows that human tapeworm carriers and pigs with viable T. solium cyst infection are geographically correlated in endemic areas. This finding supports control strategies that treat humans and pigs based on their proximity to other infected individuals. We did not, however, find sufficient evidence that heavier cyst burdens in pigs would serve as improved targets for geographically focused control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W. Pray
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Viterbo Ayvar
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru
| | - Ricardo Gamboa
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru
| | - Claudio Muro
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru
| | - Luz M. Moyano
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru
| | - Victor Benavides
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru
| | - Robert H. Flecker
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hector H. Garcia
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru
- School of Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Seth E. O’Neal
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru
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21
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Lightowlers MW, Garcia HH, Gauci CG, Donadeu M, Abela-Ridder B. Monitoring the outcomes of interventions against Taenia solium: options and suggestions. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:158-69. [PMID: 26538513 PMCID: PMC4819694 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in reducing the incidence of human neurocysticercosis, caused by infection with the larval stage of Taenia solium. Several intervention trials are currently assessing various options for control of T. solium transmission. A critical aspect of these trials will be the evaluation of whether the interventions have been successful. However, there is no consensus about the most appropriate or valuable methods that should be used. Here, we undertake a critical assessment of the diagnostic tests which are currently available for human T. solium taeniasis and human and porcine cysticercosis, as well as their suitability for evaluation of intervention trial outcomes. Suggestions are made about which of the measures that are available for evaluation of T. solium interventions would be most suitable, and which methodologies are the most appropriate given currently available technologies. Suggestions are also made in relation to the most urgent research needs in order to address deficiencies in current diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Lightowlers
- Veterinary Clinical Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - H H Garcia
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.,Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Centre for Global Health-Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - C G Gauci
- Veterinary Clinical Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - M Donadeu
- Veterinary Clinical Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - B Abela-Ridder
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Genève 27, Switzerland
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22
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Swastika K, Dharmawan NS, Suardita IK, Kepeng IN, Wandra T, Sako Y, Okamoto M, Yanagida T, Sasaki M, Giraudoux P, Nakao M, Yoshida T, Eka Diarthini LP, Sudarmaja IM, Purba IE, Budke CM, Ito A. Swine cysticercosis in the Karangasem district of Bali, Indonesia: An evaluation of serological screening methods. Acta Trop 2016; 163:46-53. [PMID: 27480240 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A serological assessment was undertaken on pigs from the Kubu and Abang sub-districts of Karangasem on the island of Bali, Indonesia, where earlier studies had detected patients with cysticercosis. Antigens purified from Taenia solium cyst fluid by cation-exchange chromatography were used to evaluate antibody responses in the pigs and the serological tests were also evaluated using sera from pigs experimentally infected with T. solium eggs. A total of 392 serum samples from naturally exposed pigs were tested using an ELISA that could be read based on both a colour change perceptible by the naked eye and an ELISA based on absorbance values. Twenty six (6.6%) pigs were found seropositive by the naked-eye ELISA and were categorized into three groups: strongly positive (absorbance values >0.8, n=6), moderately positive (absorbance values between 0.2 and 0.8, n=7), and weakly positive (absorbance values <0.2, n=13). Necropsies performed on 11 strongly and moderately positive pigs revealed that six strongly positive pigs were infected either solely with T. solium cysticerci (n=3), or co-infected with both T. solium and Taenia hydatigena (n=3). Four moderately positive pigs were infected solely with T. hydatigena. No cysticerci were found in one pig that was moderately positive by the naked-eye ELISA. Two experimentally infected pigs became antibody positive by 6 weeks post-infection, whereas eight control pigs remained negative. An additional 60 pigs slaughtered at authorized abattoirs on Bali were tested using the same ELISA. All 60 pigs were seronegative with no evidence of Taenia infection at necropsy. The results confirm the presence of porcine cysticercosis on Bali and, while the serological responses seen in T. solium infected animals were much stronger than those infected with T. hydatigena, the diagnostic antigens are clearly not species specific. Further studies are necessary to confirm if it is possible to draw a cut off line for differentiation of pig infected with T. solium from those infected with T. hydatigena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadek Swastika
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine' Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan; Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Nyoman Sadra Dharmawan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine' Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Ketut Suardita
- Karangasem District Livestock, Fisheries and Marine Office Services, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Nengah Kepeng
- Karangasem District Livestock, Fisheries and Marine Office Services, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Toni Wandra
- Directorate of Postgraduate, Sari Mutiara Indonesia University, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - Yasuhito Sako
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Munehiro Okamoto
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yanagida
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sasaki
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Chrono-environment Lab, UMR6249, University of Franche-Comté/CNRS and Institut Universitaire de France, Besançon, France
| | - Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Takahiko Yoshida
- Department of Health Science, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Luh Putu Eka Diarthini
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine' Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Made Sudarmaja
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine' Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ivan Elisabeth Purba
- Directorate of Postgraduate, Sari Mutiara Indonesia University, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - Christine M Budke
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
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Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis in Madagascar: Comparison of immuno-diagnostic techniques and estimation of the prevalence in pork carcasses traded in Antananarivo city. Vet Parasitol 2016; 219:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Vinaud MC, de Andrade LCM, Alves PFM, Fraga CM, Bezerra JCB, de Souza Lino Junior R. In vitro stressing factors altering the TCA cycle and morphology of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Lightowlers MW, Assana E, Jayashi CM, Gauci CG, Donadeu M. Sensitivity of partial carcass dissection for assessment of porcine cysticercosis at necropsy. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:815-8. [PMID: 26385439 PMCID: PMC4655835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Taenia solium cyst distribution was determined in the carcass musculature of 209 naturally exposed pigs. 81% of the infected animals had cysts in the tongue, masticatory muscles and/or heart muscles. Dissection of a limited proportion of the muscles of pigs could be used to assess the outcomes of cysticercosis control.
Many interventions against Taenia solium are evaluated by assessing changes in the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis ascertained by carcass dissection. Financial and logistical difficulties often prohibit dissection of entire pig carcasses. We assessed 209 pigs from rural areas of Cameroon and Peru for the presence of T. solium cysticerci and determined the distribution of parasites within the musculature of infected animals. Considering the presence of cysts in the tongue, masticatory muscles and heart, 31 of the 38 (81%) naturally infected animals were identified as having cysts. Dissection of only the tongue, masticatory muscles and heart provides a relatively sensitive and highly specific method for diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Lightowlers
- The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Veterinary Clinical Centre, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
| | - E Assana
- The University of Ngaoundere, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - C M Jayashi
- The University of Queensland, AIBN, Building 75, Cnr College Road & Old Cooper Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - C G Gauci
- The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Veterinary Clinical Centre, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - M Donadeu
- The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Veterinary Clinical Centre, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
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Recombinant protein- and synthetic peptide-based immunoblot test for diagnosis of neurocysticercosis. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:1429-34. [PMID: 24554747 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03260-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most well-characterized tests for diagnosing neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) assay developed at the CDC, which uses lentil lectin-bound glycoproteins (LLGP) extracted from Taenia solium cysticerci. Although the test is very reliable, the purification process for the LLGP antigens has been difficult to transfer to other laboratories because of the need for expensive equipment and technical expertise. To develop a simpler assay, we previously purified and cloned the diagnostic glycoproteins in the LLGP fraction. In this study, we evaluated three representative recombinant or synthetic antigens from the LLGP fraction, individually and in different combinations, using an immunoblot assay (recombinant EITB). Using a panel of 249 confirmed NCC-positive and 401 negative blood serum samples, the sensitivity of the recombinant EITB assay was determined to be 99% and the specificity was 99% for diagnosing NCC. We also tested a panel of 239 confirmed NCC-positive serum samples in Lima, Peru, and found similar results. Overall, our data show that the performance characteristics of the recombinant EITB assay are comparable to those of the LLGP-EITB assay. This new recombinant- and synthetic antigen-based assay is sustainable and can be easily transferred to other laboratories in the United States and throughout the world.
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