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Huang WRH, Braam C, Kretschmer C, Villanueva SL, Liu H, Ferik F, van der Burgh AM, Boeren S, Wu J, Zhang L, Nürnberger T, Wang Y, Seidl MF, Evangelisti E, Stuttmann J, Joosten MHAJ. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases of different subfamilies differentially regulate SOBIR1/BAK1-mediated immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4339. [PMID: 38773116 PMCID: PMC11109355 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface receptors form the front line of plant immunity. The leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-receptor-like kinases SOBIR1 and BAK1 are required for the functionality of the tomato LRR-receptor-like protein Cf-4, which detects the secreted effector Avr4 of the pathogenic fungus Fulvia fulva. Here, we show that the kinase domains of SOBIR1 and BAK1 directly phosphorylate each other and that residues Thr522 and Tyr469 of the kinase domain of Nicotiana benthamiana SOBIR1 are required for its kinase activity and for interacting with signalling partners, respectively. By knocking out multiple genes belonging to different receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK)-VII subfamilies in N. benthamiana:Cf-4, we show that members of RLCK-VII-6, -7, and -8 differentially regulate the Avr4/Cf-4-triggered biphasic burst of reactive oxygen species. In addition, members of RLCK-VII-7 play an essential role in resistance against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora. Our study provides molecular evidence for the specific roles of RLCKs downstream of SOBIR1/BAK1-containing immune complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen R H Huang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | - Ciska Braam
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carola Kretschmer
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Sergio Landeo Villanueva
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huan Liu
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Filiz Ferik
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Aranka M van der Burgh
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Teaching and Learning Centre, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jinbin Wu
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yulu Wang
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edouard Evangelisti
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE UMR 1355, CNRS UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, LEMiRE (Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere), 13115, Saint‑Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Ding H, Feng X, Yuan Y, Wang B, Wang Y, Zhang J. Genomic investigation of duplication, functional conservation, and divergence in the LRR-RLK Family of Saccharum. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:165. [PMID: 38336615 PMCID: PMC10854099 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) holds exceptional global significance as a vital crop, serving as a primary source of sucrose, bioenergy, and various by-products. The optimization of sugarcane breeding by fine-tuning essential traits has become crucial for enhancing crop productivity and stress resilience. Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLK) genes present promising targets for this purpose, as they are involved in various aspects of plant development and defense processes. RESULTS Here, we present a detailed overview of phylogeny and expression of 288 (495 alleles) and 312 (1365 alleles) LRR-RLK genes from two founding Saccharum species, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis categorized these genes into 15 subfamilies, revealing considerable expansion or reduction in certain LRR-type subfamilies. Compared to other plant species, both Saccharum species had more significant LRR-RLK genes. Examination of cis-acting elements demonstrated that SsLRR-RLK and SoLRR-RLK genes exhibited no significant difference in the types of elements included, primarily involved in four physiological processes. This suggests a broad conservation of LRR-RLK gene function during Saccharum evolution. Synteny analysis indicated that all LRR-RLK genes in both Saccharum species underwent gene duplication, primarily through whole-genome duplication (WGD) or segmental duplication. We identified 28 LRR-RLK genes exhibiting novel expression patterns in response to different tissues, gradient development leaves, and circadian rhythm in the two Saccharum species. Additionally, SoLRR-RLK104, SoLRR-RLK7, SoLRR-RLK113, and SsLRR-RLK134 were identified as candidate genes for sugarcane disease defense response regulators through transcriptome data analysis of two disease stresses. This suggests LRR-RLK genes of sugarcane involvement in regulating various biological processes, including leaf development, plant morphology, photosynthesis, maintenance of circadian rhythm stability, and defense against sugarcane diseases. CONCLUSIONS This investigation into gene duplication, functional conservation, and divergence of LRR-RLK genes in two founding Saccharum species lays the groundwork for a comprehensive genomic analysis of the entire LRR-RLK gene family in Saccharum. The results reveal LRR-RLK gene played a critical role in Saccharum adaptation to diverse conditions, offering valuable insights for targeted breeding and precise phenotypic adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xiaoxi Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Baiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jisen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
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Duarte CEM, Euclydes NC. Protein-Protein Interaction via Two-Hybrid Assay in Yeast. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2724:193-210. [PMID: 37987907 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3485-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The yeast two-hybrid assay enables detecting interactions between proteins, which makes this tool of particular interest for plant-virus interaction studies. Basically, the reporter gene expression (HIS3) is activated by the binding of a transcription factor GAL4, which, like eukaryotic transcription factors, is modular in nature and consists of two structurally independent domains: DNA-binding (DB) and activation (AD) domains. The two proteins under investigation are expressed separately, one fused to the BD domain and the other to the AD domain. In the yeast strain AH109, activation of the reporter gene occurs only in cells that contain interacting proteins, reconstituting the transcription factor GAL4 which then binds to the responsive promoter and results in yeast colony growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nivea Costa Euclydes
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory/Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa - MG, Brazil
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Pfrieme AK, Will T, Pillen K, Stahl A. The Past, Present, and Future of Wheat Dwarf Virus Management-A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3633. [PMID: 37896096 PMCID: PMC10609771 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Wheat dwarf disease (WDD) is an important disease of monocotyledonous species, including economically important cereals. The causative pathogen, wheat dwarf virus (WDV), is persistently transmitted mainly by the leafhopper Psammotettix alienus and can lead to high yield losses. Due to climate change, the periods of vector activity increased, and the vectors have spread to new habitats, leading to an increased importance of WDV in large parts of Europe. In the light of integrated pest management, cultivation practices and the use of resistant/tolerant host plants are currently the only effective methods to control WDV. However, knowledge of the pathosystem and epidemiology of WDD is limited, and the few known sources of genetic tolerance indicate that further research is needed. Considering the economic importance of WDD and its likely increasing relevance in the coming decades, this study provides a comprehensive compilation of knowledge on the most important aspects with information on the causal virus, its vector, symptoms, host range, and control strategies. In addition, the current status of genetic and breeding efforts to control and manage this disease in wheat will be discussed, as this is crucial to effectively manage the disease under changing environmental conditions and minimize impending yield losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Pfrieme
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany; (T.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Torsten Will
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany; (T.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Klaus Pillen
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Science, Plant Breeding, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany; (T.W.); (A.S.)
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5
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Jovanović I, Frantová N, Zouhar J. A sword or a buffet: plant endomembrane system in viral infections. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1226498. [PMID: 37636115 PMCID: PMC10453817 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1226498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The plant endomembrane system is an elaborate collection of membrane-bound compartments that perform distinct tasks in plant growth and development, and in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Most plant viruses are positive-strand RNA viruses that remodel the host endomembrane system to establish intricate replication compartments. Their fundamental role is to create optimal conditions for viral replication, and to protect replication complexes and the cell-to-cell movement machinery from host defenses. In addition to the intracellular antiviral defense, represented mainly by RNA interference and effector-triggered immunity, recent findings indicate that plant antiviral immunity also includes membrane-localized receptor-like kinases that detect viral molecular patterns and trigger immune responses, which are similar to those observed for bacterial and fungal pathogens. Another recently identified part of plant antiviral defenses is executed by selective autophagy that mediates a specific degradation of viral proteins, resulting in an infection arrest. In a perpetual tug-of-war, certain host autophagy components may be exploited by viral proteins to support or protect an effective viral replication. In this review, we present recent advances in the understanding of the molecular interplay between viral components and plant endomembrane-associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jovanović
- Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Nicole Frantová
- Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Zouhar
- Central European Institute of Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
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Breves SS, Silva FA, Euclydes NC, Saia TFF, Jean-Baptiste J, Andrade Neto ER, Fontes EPB. Begomovirus-Host Interactions: Viral Proteins Orchestrating Intra and Intercellular Transport of Viral DNA While Suppressing Host Defense Mechanisms. Viruses 2023; 15:1593. [PMID: 37515277 PMCID: PMC10384534 DOI: 10.3390/v15071593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses, which belong to the Geminiviridae family, are intracellular parasites transmitted by whiteflies to dicotyledonous plants thatsignificantly damage agronomically relevant crops. These nucleus-replicating DNA viruses move intracellularly from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and then, like other plant viruses, cause disease by spreading systemically throughout the plant. The transport proteins of begomoviruses play a crucial role in recruiting host components for the movement of viral DNA within and between cells, while exhibiting functions that suppress the host's immune defense. Pioneering studies on species of the Begomovirus genus have identified specific viral transport proteins involved in intracellular transport, cell-to-cell movement, and systemic spread. Recent research has primarily focused on viral movement proteins and their interactions with the cellular host transport machinery, which has significantly expanded understanding on viral infection pathways. This review focuses on three components within this context: (i) the role of viral transport proteins, specifically movement proteins (MPs) and nuclear shuttle proteins (NSPs), (ii) their ability to recruit host factors for intra- and intercellular viral movement, and (iii) the suppression of antiviral immunity, with a particular emphasis on bipartite begomoviral movement proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sâmera S Breves
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Bioagro, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - Fredy A Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Bioagro, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - Nívea C Euclydes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Bioagro, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - Thainá F F Saia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Bioagro, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - James Jean-Baptiste
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Bioagro, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - Eugenio R Andrade Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Bioagro, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P B Fontes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Bioagro, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
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Zhang J, Ma M, Liu Y, Ismayil A. Plant Defense and Viral Counter-Defense during Plant-Geminivirus Interactions. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020510. [PMID: 36851725 PMCID: PMC9964946 DOI: 10.3390/v15020510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are the largest family of plant viruses that cause severe diseases and devastating yield losses of economically important crops worldwide. In response to geminivirus infection, plants have evolved ingenious defense mechanisms to diminish or eliminate invading viral pathogens. However, increasing evidence shows that geminiviruses can interfere with plant defense response and create a suitable cell environment by hijacking host plant machinery to achieve successful infections. In this review, we discuss recent findings about plant defense and viral counter-defense during plant-geminivirus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Mengyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Asigul Ismayil
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Correspondence:
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Patil BL, Dasgupta I. Characterization of the functional domains of nuclear shuttle protein (NSP) of Indian cassava mosaic virus using green fluorescent protein as reporter. Virus Genes 2022; 58:308-318. [PMID: 35567667 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01909-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV), responsible for the cassava mosaic disease in India, harbours two circular genomic components, DNA-A and DNA-B; the former being responsible for the encapsidation and replication and the latter for intra- and inter-cellular movement of the viral DNA. Two proteins, encoded by DNA-B, the movement protein (MP) and the nuclear shuttle protein (NSP), act in concert on the newly replicated viral DNA to move it from the nucleus to the cell periphery. To map the functional domains of NSP, the intra-cellular localization of its full-length protein and deletion derivatives was studied in the epidermal cells of detached leaves of the laboratory host plant, Nicotiana benthamiana, where the target proteins were transiently expressed as GFP fusions. This analysis revealed domains for nuclear localization at the N-terminus, as well as for localization towards the cell periphery both at the C-terminus and center of the NSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaprabhu L Patil
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, 560089, India
| | - Indranil Dasgupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Chang H, Lee C, Chang C, Jan F. FKBP-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase interacts with the movement protein of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus and impacts viral replication in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:561-575. [PMID: 34984809 PMCID: PMC8916215 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses belonging to the family Geminiviridae are plant-infecting DNA viruses. Begomoviral movement protein (MP) has been reported to be required for virus movement, host range determination, and symptom development. In the present study, the FK506-binding protein (FKBP)-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (NbFKPPIase) of Nicotiana benthamiana was identified by a yeast two-hybrid screening system using the MP of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) oriental melon (OM) isolate (MPOM ) as bait. Transient silencing of the gene encoding NbFKPPIase increased replication of three test begomoviruses, and transient overexpression decreased viral replication, indicating that NbFKPPIase plays a role in defence against begomoviruses. However, infection of N. benthamiana by ToLCNDV-OM or overexpression of the gene encoding MPOM drastically reduced the expression of the gene encoding NbFKPPIase. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis revealed that MPOM interacted with NbFKPPIase in the periphery of cells. Expression of the gene encoding NbFKPPIase was induced by salicylic acid but not by methyl jasmonate or ethylene. Moreover, the expression of the gene encoding NbFKPPIase was down-regulated in response to 6-benzylaminopurine and up-regulated in response to gibberellin or indole-3-acetic acid, suggesting a role of NbFKPPIase in plant development. Transcriptome analysis and comparison of N. benthamiana transient silencing and overexpression of the gene encoding MPOM led to the identification of several differentially expressed genes whose functions are probably associated with cell cycle regulation. Our results indicate that begomoviruses could suppress NbFKPPIase-mediated defence and biological functions by transcriptional inhibition and physical interaction between MP and NbFKPPIase to facilitate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho‐Hsiung Chang
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Chia‐Hwa Lee
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial GenomicsNational Chung Hsing University and Academia SinicaTaichung and TaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chung‐Jan Chang
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of GeorgiaGriffinGeorgiaUSA
| | - Fuh‐Jyh Jan
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial GenomicsNational Chung Hsing University and Academia SinicaTaichung and TaipeiTaiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
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Harith-Fadzilah N, Lam SD, Haris-Hussain M, Ghani IA, Zainal Z, Jalinas J, Hassan M. Proteomics and Interspecies Interaction Analysis Revealed Abscisic Acid Signalling to Be the Primary Driver for Oil Palm's Response against Red Palm Weevil Infestation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2574. [PMID: 34961045 PMCID: PMC8709180 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The red palm weevil (RPW; Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera Curculionidae)) is an invasive insect pest that is difficult to manage due to its nature of infesting the host palm trees from within. A holistic, molecular-based approach to identify proteins that correlate with RPW infestation could give useful insights into the vital processes that are prevalent to the host's infestation response and identify the potential biomarkers for an early detection technique. Here, a shotgun proteomic analysis was performed on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis; OP) under untreated (control), wounding by drilling (wounded), and artificial larval infestation (infested) conditions at three different time points to characterise the RPW infestation response at three different stages. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed many overlapping pathways between the control, wounded, and infested groups. Further analysis via literature searches narrowed down biologically relevant proteins into categories, which were photosynthesis, growth, and stress response. Overall, the patterns of protein expression suggested abscisic acid (ABA) hormone signalling to be the primary driver of insect herbivory response. Interspecies molecular docking analysis between RPW ligands and OP receptor proteins provided putative interactions that result in ABA signalling activation. Seven proteins were selected as candidate biomarkers for early infestation detection based on their relevance and association with ABA signalling. The MS data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD028986. This study provided a deeper insight into the mechanism of stress response in OP in order to develop a novel detection method or improve crop management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmi Harith-Fadzilah
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.H.-F.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Su Datt Lam
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mohammad Haris-Hussain
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.-H.); (I.A.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Idris Abd Ghani
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.-H.); (I.A.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Zamri Zainal
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.H.-F.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Johari Jalinas
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.-H.); (I.A.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Maizom Hassan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.H.-F.); (Z.Z.)
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Gupta N, Reddy K, Bhattacharyya D, Chakraborty✉ S. Plant responses to geminivirus infection: guardians of the plant immunity. Virol J 2021; 18:143. [PMID: 34243802 PMCID: PMC8268416 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geminiviruses are circular, single-stranded viruses responsible for enormous crop loss worldwide. Rapid expansion of geminivirus diversity outweighs the continuous effort to control its spread. Geminiviruses channelize the host cell machinery in their favour by manipulating the gene expression, cell signalling, protein turnover, and metabolic reprogramming of plants. As a response to viral infection, plants have evolved to deploy various strategies to subvert the virus invasion and reinstate cellular homeostasis. MAIN BODY Numerous reports exploring various aspects of plant-geminivirus interaction portray the subtlety and flexibility of the host-pathogen dynamics. To leverage this pool of knowledge towards raising antiviral resistance in host plants, a comprehensive account of plant's defence response against geminiviruses is required. This review discusses the current knowledge of plant's antiviral responses exerted to geminivirus in the light of resistance mechanisms and the innate genetic factors contributing to the defence. We have revisited the defence pathways involving transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing, ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation pathway, protein kinase signalling cascades, autophagy, and hypersensitive responses. In addition, geminivirus-induced phytohormonal fluctuations, the subsequent alterations in primary and secondary metabolites, and their impact on pathogenesis along with the recent advancements of CRISPR-Cas9 technique in generating the geminivirus resistance in plants have been discussed. CONCLUSIONS Considering the rapid development in the field of plant-virus interaction, this review provides a timely and comprehensive account of molecular nuances that define the course of geminivirus infection and can be exploited in generating virus-resistant plants to control global agricultural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Kishorekumar Reddy
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Dhriti Bhattacharyya
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty✉
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
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12
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Liu X, Huang W, Zhai Z, Ye T, Yang C, Lai J. Protein modification: A critical modulator in the interaction between geminiviruses and host plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1707-1715. [PMID: 33506956 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are a large group of single-stranded DNA viruses that infect plants and cause severe agricultural losses worldwide. Given geminiviruses only have small genomes that encode a few proteins, viral factors have to interact with host components to establish an environment suitable for virus infection, whilst the host immunity system recognizes and targets these viral components during infection. Post-translational protein modifications, such as phosphorylation, lipidation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation and methylation, have been reported to be critical during the interplay between host plants and geminiviruses. Here we summarize the research progress, including phosphorylation and lipidation which usually control the activity and localization of viral factors; as well as ubiquitination and histone modification which are predominantly interfered with by viral components. We also discuss the dynamic competition on protein modifications between host defence and geminivirus efficient infection, as well as potential applications of protein modifications in geminivirus resistance. The summary and perspective of this topic will improve our understanding on the mechanism of geminivirus-plant interaction and contribute to further protection of plants from virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenqian Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tushu Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbin Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Geminivirus-Host Interactions: Action and Reaction in Receptor-Mediated Antiviral Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050840. [PMID: 34066372 PMCID: PMC8148220 DOI: 10.3390/v13050840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In plant−virus interactions, the plant immune system and virulence strategies are under constant pressure for dominance, and the balance of these opposing selection pressures can result in disease or resistance. The naturally evolving plant antiviral immune defense consists of a multilayered perception system represented by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and resistance (R) proteins similarly to the nonviral pathogen innate defenses. Another layer of antiviral immunity, signaling via a cell surface receptor-like kinase to inhibit host and viral mRNA translation, has been identified as a virulence target of the geminivirus nuclear shuttle protein. The Geminiviridae family comprises broad-host range viruses that cause devastating plant diseases in a large variety of relevant crops and vegetables and hence have evolved a repertoire of immune-suppressing functions. In this review, we discuss the primary layers of the receptor-mediated antiviral immune system, focusing on the mechanisms developed by geminiviruses to overcome plant immunity.
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14
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Plant virus-interactions: unraveling novel defense mechanisms under immune-suppressing pressure. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 70:108-114. [PMID: 33866213 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants have developed multilayered molecular defense strategies to combat pathogens. These defense layers have been predominantly identified and characterized in incompatible interactions, in which the plant immune system induces a rapid and efficient defense. Nevertheless, due to the constant evolutionary pressure between plants and pathogens for dominance, it is conceptually accepted that several mechanisms of plant defense may be hidden by the co-evolving immune-suppressing functions from pathogens. Recent studies focusing on begomovirus-host interactions have provided an in-depth view of how suppressed plant antiviral mechanisms can offer a more dynamic view of evolving pressures in the immune system also shared with nonviral pathogens. The emerging theme of crosstalk between host antiviral defenses and antibacterial immunity is also discussed. This interplay between immune responses allows bacteria and viruses to activate immunity against pathogens from a different kingdom, hence preventing multiple infections presumably to avoid competition.
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15
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Teixeira RM, Ferreira MA, Raimundo GAS, Fontes EPB. Geminiviral Triggers and Suppressors of Plant Antiviral Immunity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040775. [PMID: 33917649 PMCID: PMC8067988 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are circular single-stranded DNA plant viruses encapsidated into geminate virion particles, which infect many crops and vegetables and, hence, represent significant agricultural constraints worldwide. To maintain their broad-range host spectrum and establish productive infection, the geminiviruses must circumvent a potent plant antiviral immune system, which consists of a multilayered perception system represented by RNA interference sensors and effectors, pattern recognition receptors (PRR), and resistance (R) proteins. This recognition system leads to the activation of conserved defense responses that protect plants against different co-existing viral and nonviral pathogens in nature. Furthermore, a specific antiviral cell surface receptor signaling is activated at the onset of geminivirus infection to suppress global translation. This review highlighted these layers of virus perception and host defenses and the mechanisms developed by geminiviruses to overcome the plant antiviral immunity mechanisms.
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16
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Kleinow T, Happle A, Kober S, Linzmeier L, Rehm TM, Fritze J, Buchholz PCF, Kepp G, Jeske H, Wege C. Phosphorylations of the Abutilon Mosaic Virus Movement Protein Affect Its Self-Interaction, Symptom Development, Viral DNA Accumulation, and Host Range. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1155. [PMID: 32849713 PMCID: PMC7411133 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The genome of bipartite geminiviruses in the genus Begomovirus comprises two circular DNAs: DNA-A and DNA-B. The DNA-B component encodes a nuclear shuttle protein (NSP) and a movement protein (MP), which cooperate for systemic spread of infectious nucleic acids within host plants and affect pathogenicity. MP mediates multiple functions during intra- and intercellular trafficking, such as binding of viral nucleoprotein complexes, targeting to and modification of plasmodesmata, and release of the cargo after cell-to-cell transfer. For Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV), phosphorylation of MP expressed in bacteria, yeast, and Nicotiana benthamiana plants, respectively, has been demonstrated in previous studies. Three phosphorylation sites (T221, S223, and S250) were identified in its C-terminal oligomerization domain by mass spectrometry, suggesting a regulation of MP by posttranslational modification. To examine the influence of the three sites on the self-interaction in more detail, MP mutants were tested for their interaction in yeast by two-hybrid assays, or by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques in planta. Expression constructs with point mutations leading to simultaneous (triple) exchange of T221, S223, and S250 to either uncharged alanine (MPAAA), or phosphorylation charge-mimicking aspartate residues (MPDDD) were compared. MPDDD interfered with MP-MP binding in contrast to MPAAA. The roles of the phosphorylation sites for the viral life cycle were studied further, using plant-infectious AbMV DNA-B variants with the same triple mutants each. When co-inoculated with wild-type DNA-A, both mutants infected N. benthamiana plants systemically, but were unable to do so for some other plant species of the families Solanaceae or Malvaceae. Systemically infected plants developed symptoms and viral DNA levels different from those of wild-type AbMV for most virus-plant combinations. The results indicate a regulation of diverse MP functions by posttranslational modifications and underscore their biological relevance for a complex host plant-geminivirus interaction.
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17
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Gaafar YZA, Ziebell H. Aphid transmission of nanoviruses. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 104:e21668. [PMID: 32212397 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The genus Nanovirus consists of plant viruses that predominantly infect legumes leading to devastating crop losses. Nanoviruses are transmitted by various aphid species. The transmission occurs in a circulative nonpropagative manner. It was long suspected that a virus-encoded helper factor would be needed for successful transmission by aphids. Recently, a helper factor was identified as the nanovirus-encoded nuclear shuttle protein (NSP). The mode of action of NSP is currently unknown in contrast to helper factors from other plant viruses that, for example, facilitate binding of virus particles to receptors within the aphids' stylets. In this review, we are summarizing the current knowledge about nanovirus-aphid vector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Z A Gaafar
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kuehn Institute, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Heiko Ziebell
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kuehn Institute, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
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18
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Loriato VAP, Martins LGC, Euclydes NC, Reis PAB, Duarte CEM, Fontes EPB. Engineering resistance against geminiviruses: A review of suppressed natural defenses and the use of RNAi and the CRISPR/Cas system. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110410. [PMID: 32005374 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Geminiviridae family is one of the most successful and largest families of plant viruses that infect a large variety of important dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous crops and cause significant yield losses worldwide. This broad spectrum of host range is only possible because geminiviruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to overcome the arsenal of antiviral defenses in such diverse plant species. In addition, geminiviruses evolve rapidly through recombination and pseudo-recombination to naturally create a great diversity of virus species with divergent genome sequences giving the virus an advantage over the host recognition system. Therefore, it is not surprising that efficient molecular strategies to combat geminivirus infection under open field conditions have not been fully addressed. In this review, we present the anti-geminiviral arsenal of plant defenses, the evolved virulence strategies of geminiviruses to overcome these plant defenses and the most recent strategies that have been engineered for transgenic resistance. Although, the in vitro reactivation of suppressed natural defenses as well as the use of RNAi and CRISPR/Cas systems hold the potential for achieving broad-range resistance and/or immunity, potential drawbacks have been associated with each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgílio A P Loriato
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Laura G C Martins
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Nívea C Euclydes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro A B Reis
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Christiane E M Duarte
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P B Fontes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
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19
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Martins LGC, Raimundo GAS, Ribeiro NGA, Silva JCF, Euclydes NC, Loriato VAP, Duarte CEM, Fontes EPB. A Begomovirus Nuclear Shuttle Protein-Interacting Immune Hub: Hijacking Host Transport Activities and Suppressing Incompatible Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:398. [PMID: 32322262 PMCID: PMC7156597 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses (Geminiviridae family) represent a severe constraint to agriculture worldwide. As ssDNA viruses that replicate in the nuclei of infected cells, the nascent viral DNA has to move to the cytoplasm and then to the adjacent cell to cause disease. The begomovirus nuclear shuttle protein (NSP) assists the intracellular transport of viral DNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and cooperates with the movement protein (MP) for the cell-to-cell translocation of viral DNA to uninfected cells. As a facilitator of intra- and intercellular transport of viral DNA, NSP is predicted to associate with host proteins from the nuclear export machinery, the intracytoplasmic active transport system, and the cell-to-cell transport complex. Furthermore, NSP functions as a virulence factor that suppresses antiviral immunity against begomoviruses. In this review, we focus on the protein-protein network that converges on NSP with a high degree of centrality and forms an immune hub against begomoviruses. We also describe the compatible host functions hijacked by NSP to promote the nucleocytoplasmic and intracytoplasmic movement of viral DNA. Finally, we discuss the NSP virulence function as a suppressor of the recently described NSP-interacting kinase 1 (NIK1)-mediated antiviral immunity. Understanding the NSP-host protein-protein interaction (PPI) network will probably pave the way for strategies to generate more durable resistance against begomoviruses.
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20
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Li B, Ferreira MA, Huang M, Camargos LF, Yu X, Teixeira RM, Carpinetti PA, Mendes GC, Gouveia-Mageste BC, Liu C, Pontes CSL, Brustolini OJB, Martins LGC, Melo BP, Duarte CEM, Shan L, He P, Fontes EPB. The receptor-like kinase NIK1 targets FLS2/BAK1 immune complex and inversely modulates antiviral and antibacterial immunity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4996. [PMID: 31676803 PMCID: PMC6825196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants deploy various immune receptors to recognize pathogens and defend themselves. Crosstalk may happen among receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways in the same host during simultaneous infection of different pathogens. However, the related function of the receptor-like kinases (RLKs) in thwarting different pathogens remains elusive. Here, we report that NIK1, which positively regulates plant antiviral immunity, acts as an important negative regulator of antibacterial immunity. nik1 plants exhibit dwarfed morphology, enhanced disease resistance to bacteria and increased PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) responses, which are restored by NIK1 reintroduction. Additionally, NIK1 negatively regulates the formation of the FLS2/BAK1 complex. The interaction between NIK1 and FLS2/BAK1 is enhanced upon flg22 perception, revealing a novel PTI regulatory mechanism by an RLK. Furthermore, flg22 perception induces NIK1 and RPL10A phosphorylation in vivo, activating antiviral signalling. The NIK1-mediated inverse modulation of antiviral and antibacterial immunity may allow bacteria and viruses to activate host immune responses against each other. Plants deploy numerous receptor-like kinases (RLKs) to respond to pathogens. Here the authors show that NIK1, an RLK that positively regulates antiviral immunity, negatively regulates the response to bacteria by modulating FLS2/BAK1 complex formation, suggesting crosstalk between bacterial and viral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China. .,The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Marco Aurélio Ferreira
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Mengling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Luiz Fernando Camargos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Federal Institute of Education from Goias, Science and Technology, Urutaí, GO, 75790-000, Brazil
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ruan M Teixeira
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Paola A Carpinetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Giselle C Mendes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Catarinense, Rio do Sul, SC, 89163-356, Brazil
| | - Bianca C Gouveia-Mageste
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Chenglong Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Claudia S L Pontes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Otávio J B Brustolini
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Laboratório Nacional de Computação Cientifica (LNCC), Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Laura G C Martins
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Bruno P Melo
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Christiane E M Duarte
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Elizabeth P B Fontes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.
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21
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Mansi, Kushwaha NK, Singh AK, Karim MJ, Chakraborty S. Nicotiana benthamiana phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type II regulates chilli leaf curl virus pathogenesis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1408-1424. [PMID: 31475785 PMCID: PMC6792133 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are single-stranded DNA viruses that can cause significant losses in economically important crops. In recent years, the role of different kinases in geminivirus pathogenesis has been emphasized. Although geminiviruses use several host kinases, the role of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K) remains obscure. We isolated and characterized phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type II from Nicotiana benthamiana (NbPI4KII) which interacts with the replication initiator protein (Rep) of a geminivirus, chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV). NbPI4KII-mGFP was localized into cytoplasm, nucleus or both. NbPI4KII-mGFP was also found to be associated with the cytoplasmic endomembrane systems in the presence of ChiLCV. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Rep protein directly interacts with NbPI4KII protein and influenced nuclear occurrence of NbPI4KII. The results obtained in the present study revealed that NbPI4KII is a functional protein kinase lacking lipid kinase activity. Downregulation of NbPI4KII expression negatively affects ChiLCV pathogenesis in N. benthamiana. In summary, NbPI4KII is a susceptible factor, which is required by ChiLCV for pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Nirbhay Kumar Kushwaha
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Mir Jishan Karim
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
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22
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Teixeira RM, Ferreira MA, Raimundo GAS, Loriato VAP, Reis PAB, Fontes EPB. Virus perception at the cell surface: revisiting the roles of receptor-like kinases as viral pattern recognition receptors. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1196-1202. [PMID: 31094066 PMCID: PMC6715618 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Activation of antiviral innate immune responses depends on the recognition of viral components or viral effectors by host receptors. This virus recognition system can activate two layers of host defence, pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). While ETI has long been recognized as an efficient plant defence against viruses, the concept of antiviral PTI has only recently been integrated into virus-host interaction models, such as the RNA silencing-based defences that are triggered by viral dsRNA PAMPs produced during infection. Emerging evidence in the literature has included the classical PTI in the antiviral innate immune arsenal of plant cells. Therefore, our understanding of PAMPs has expanded to include not only classical PAMPS, such as bacterial flagellin or fungal chitin, but also virus-derived nucleic acids that may also activate PAMP recognition receptors like the well-documented phenomenon observed for mammalian viruses. In this review, we discuss the notion that plant viruses can activate classical PTI, leading to both unique antiviral responses and conserved antipathogen responses. We also present evidence that virus-derived nucleic acid PAMPs may elicit the NUCLEAR SHUTTLE PROTEIN-INTERACTING KINASE 1 (NIK1)-mediated antiviral signalling pathway that transduces an antiviral signal to suppress global host translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan M. Teixeira
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Ferreira
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
| | - Gabriel A. S. Raimundo
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
- Agronomy Institute, Universidade Federal de ViçosaCampus FlorestalFlorestalMinas Gerais35690‐000Brazil
| | - Virgílio A. P. Loriato
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
| | - Pedro A. B. Reis
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P. B. Fontes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
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Kumar RV. Plant Antiviral Immunity Against Geminiviruses and Viral Counter-Defense for Survival. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1460. [PMID: 31297106 PMCID: PMC6607972 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Geminiviridae includes plant-infecting viruses whose genomes are composed of one or two circular non-enveloped ssDNAs(+) of about 2.5-5.2 kb each in size. These insect-transmissible geminiviruses cause significant crop losses across continents and pose a serious threat to food security. Under the control of promoters generally located within the intergenic region, their genomes encode five to eight ORFs from overlapping viral transcripts. Most proteins encoded by geminiviruses perform multiple functions, such as suppressing defense responses, hijacking ubiquitin-proteasomal pathways, altering hormonal responses, manipulating cell cycle regulation, and exploiting protein-signaling cascades. Geminiviruses establish complex but coordinated interactions with several host elements to spread and facilitate successful infection cycles. Consequently, plants have evolved several multilayered defense strategies against geminivirus infection and distribution. Recent studies on the evasion of host-mediated resistance factors by various geminivirus proteins through novel mechanisms have provided new insights into the development of antiviral strategies against geminiviruses. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning virus movement within and between cells, as well as the recent advances in our understanding of the biological roles of virus-encoded proteins in manipulating host-mediated responses and insect transmission. This review also highlights unexplored areas that may increase our understanding of the biology of geminiviruses and how to combat these important plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Vinoth Kumar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
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The Tug-of-War between Plants and Viruses: Great Progress and Many Remaining Questions. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030203. [PMID: 30823402 PMCID: PMC6466000 DOI: 10.3390/v11030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are persistently challenged by various phytopathogens. To protect themselves, plants have evolved multilayered surveillance against all pathogens. For intracellular parasitic viruses, plants have developed innate immunity, RNA silencing, translation repression, ubiquitination-mediated and autophagy-mediated protein degradation, and other dominant resistance gene-mediated defenses. Plant viruses have also acquired diverse strategies to suppress and even exploit host defense machinery to ensure their survival. A better understanding of the defense and counter-defense between plants and viruses will obviously benefit from the development of efficient and broad-spectrum virus resistance for sustainable agriculture. In this review, we summarize the cutting edge of knowledge concerning the defense and counter-defense between plants and viruses, and highlight the unexploited areas that are especially worth investigating in the near future.
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Calil IP, Fontes EPB. Plant immunity against viruses: antiviral immune receptors in focus. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:711-723. [PMID: 27780814 PMCID: PMC5604577 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the environmental limitations that affect plant growth, viruses cause major crop losses worldwide and represent serious threats to food security. Significant advances in the field of plant-virus interactions have led to an expansion of potential strategies for genetically engineered resistance in crops during recent years. Nevertheless, the evolution of viral virulence represents a constant challenge in agriculture that has led to a continuing interest in the molecular mechanisms of plant-virus interactions that affect disease or resistance. SCOPE AND CONCLUSION This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of the antiviral immune system in plants and the latest breakthroughs reported in plant defence against viruses. Particular attention is given to the immune receptors and transduction pathways in antiviral innate immunity. Plants counteract viral infection with a sophisticated innate immune system that resembles the non-viral pathogenic system, which is broadly divided into pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity. An additional recently uncovered virus-specific defence mechanism relies on host translation suppression mediated by a transmembrane immune receptor. In all cases, the recognition of the virus by the plant during infection is central for the activation of these innate defences, and, conversely, the detection of host plants enables the virus to activate virulence strategies. Plants also circumvent viral infection through RNA interference mechanisms by utilizing small RNAs, which are often suppressed by co-evolving virus suppressors. Additionally, plants defend themselves against viruses through hormone-mediated defences and activation of the ubiquitin-26S proteasome system (UPS), which alternatively impairs and facilitates viral infection. Therefore, plant defence and virulence strategies co-evolve and co-exist; hence, disease development is largely dependent on the extent and rate at which these opposing signals emerge in host and non-host interactions. A deeper understanding of plant antiviral immunity may facilitate innovative biotechnological, genetic and breeding approaches for crop protection and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara P. Calil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular/National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions/Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P. B. Fontes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular/National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions/Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- For correspondence. E-mail
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26
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Machado JPB, Calil IP, Santos AA, Fontes EPB. Translational control in plant antiviral immunity. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:292-304. [PMID: 28199446 PMCID: PMC5452134 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the limited coding capacity of viral genomes, plant viruses depend extensively on the host cell machinery to support the viral life cycle and, thereby, interact with a large number of host proteins during infection. Within this context, as plant viruses do not harbor translation-required components, they have developed several strategies to subvert the host protein synthesis machinery to produce rapidly and efficiently the viral proteins. As a countermeasure against infection, plants have evolved defense mechanisms that impair viral infections. Among them, the host-mediated translational suppression has been characterized as an efficient mean to restrict infection. To specifically suppress translation of viral mRNAs, plants can deploy susceptible recessive resistance genes, which encode translation initiation factors from the eIF4E and eIF4G family and are required for viral mRNA translation and multiplication. Additionally, recent evidence has demonstrated that, alternatively to the cleavage of viral RNA targets, host cells can suppress viral protein translation to silence viral RNA. Finally, a novel strategy of plant antiviral defense based on suppression of host global translation, which is mediated by the transmembrane immune receptor NIK1 (nuclear shuttle protein (NSP)-Interacting Kinase1), is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo B Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36571.000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Iara P Calil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36571.000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Anésia A Santos
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36571.000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P B Fontes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36571.000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Gouveia BC, Calil IP, Machado JPB, Santos AA, Fontes EPB. Immune Receptors and Co-receptors in Antiviral Innate Immunity in Plants. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2139. [PMID: 28105028 PMCID: PMC5214455 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to pathogens using an innate immune system that is broadly divided into PTI (pathogen-associated molecular pattern- or PAMP-triggered immunity) and ETI (effector-triggered immunity). PTI is activated upon perception of PAMPs, conserved motifs derived from pathogens, by surface membrane-anchored pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). To overcome this first line of defense, pathogens release into plant cells effectors that inhibit PTI and activate effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS). Counteracting this virulence strategy, plant cells synthesize intracellular resistance (R) proteins, which specifically recognize pathogen effectors or avirulence (Avr) factors and activate ETI. These coevolving pathogen virulence strategies and plant resistance mechanisms illustrate evolutionary arms race between pathogen and host, which is integrated into the zigzag model of plant innate immunity. Although antiviral immune concepts have been initially excluded from the zigzag model, recent studies have provided several lines of evidence substantiating the notion that plants deploy the innate immune system to fight viruses in a manner similar to that used for non-viral pathogens. First, most R proteins against viruses so far characterized share structural similarity with antibacterial and antifungal R gene products and elicit typical ETI-based immune responses. Second, virus-derived PAMPs may activate PTI-like responses through immune co-receptors of plant PTI. Finally, and even more compelling, a viral Avr factor that triggers ETI in resistant genotypes has recently been shown to act as a suppressor of PTI, integrating plant viruses into the co-evolutionary model of host-pathogen interactions, the zigzag model. In this review, we summarize these important progresses, focusing on the potential significance of antiviral immune receptors and co-receptors in plant antiviral innate immunity. In light of the innate immune system, we also discuss a newly uncovered layer of antiviral defense that is specific to plant DNA viruses and relies on transmembrane receptor-mediated translational suppression for defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C. Gouveia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosa, Brazil
| | - Iara P. Calil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosa, Brazil
| | - João Paulo B. Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosa, Brazil
| | - Anésia A. Santos
- Department of General Biology, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosa, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P. B. Fontes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosa, Brazil
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28
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Brustolini OJ, Machado JPB, Condori-Apfata JA, Coco D, Deguchi M, Loriato VA, Pereira WA, Alfenas-Zerbini P, Zerbini FM, Inoue-Nagata AK, Santos AA, Chory J, Silva FF, Fontes EP. Sustained NIK-mediated antiviral signalling confers broad-spectrum tolerance to begomoviruses in cultivated plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1300-1311. [PMID: 25688422 PMCID: PMC4857726 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Begomovirus-associated epidemics currently threaten tomato production worldwide due to the emergence of highly pathogenic virus species and the proliferation of a whitefly B biotype vector that is adapted to tomato. To generate an efficient defence against begomovirus, we modulated the activity of the immune defence receptor nuclear shuttle protein (NSP)-interacting kinase (NIK) in tomato plants; NIK is a virulence target of the begomovirus NSP during infection. Mutation of T474 within the kinase activation loop promoted the constitutive activation of NIK-mediated defences, resulting in the down-regulation of translation-related genes and the suppression of global translation. Consistent with these findings, transgenic lines harbouring an activating mutation (T474D) were tolerant to the tomato-infecting begomoviruses ToYSV and ToSRV. This phenotype was associated with reduced loading of coat protein viral mRNA in actively translating polysomes, lower infection efficiency and reduced accumulation of viral DNA in systemic leaves. Our results also add some relevant insights into the mechanism underlying the NIK-mediated defence. We observed that the mock-inoculated T474D-overexpressing lines showed a constitutively infected wild-type transcriptome, indicating that the activation of the NIK-mediated signalling pathway triggers a typical response to begomovirus infection. In addition, the gain-of-function mutant T474D could sustain an activated NIK-mediated antiviral response in the absence of the virus, further confirming that phosphorylation of Thr-474 is the crucial event that leads to the activation of the kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otávio J.B. Brustolini
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Joao Paulo B. Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Jorge A. Condori-Apfata
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniela Coco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Michihito Deguchi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Virgílio A.P. Loriato
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Welison A. Pereira
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Poliane Alfenas-Zerbini
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Francisco M. Zerbini
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Alice K. Inoue-Nagata
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Embrapa Vegetables, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Anesia A. Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Joanne Chory
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fabyano F. Silva
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P.B. Fontes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence (Tel +55 31 3899 2948; fax +55-31-38992864; )
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29
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Machado JPB, Brustolini OJB, Mendes GC, Santos AA, Fontes EPB. NIK1, a host factor specialized in antiviral defense or a novel general regulator of plant immunity? Bioessays 2015; 37:1236-42. [PMID: 26335701 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
NIK1 is a receptor-like kinase involved in plant antiviral immunity. Although NIK1 is structurally similar to the plant immune factor BAK1, which is a key regulator in plant immunity to bacterial pathogens, the NIK1-mediated defenses do not resemble BAK1 signaling cascades. The underlying mechanism for NIK1 antiviral immunity has recently been uncovered. NIK1 activation mediates the translocation of RPL10 to the nucleus, where it interacts with LIMYB to fully down-regulate translational machinery genes, resulting in translation inhibition of host and viral mRNAs and enhanced tolerance to begomovirus. Therefore, the NIK1 antiviral immunity response culminates in global translation suppression, which represents a new paradigm for plant antiviral defenses. Interestingly, transcriptomic analyses in nik1 mutant suggest that NIK1 may suppress antibacterial immune responses, indicating a possible opposite effect of NIK1 in bacterial and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao P B Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Otavio J B Brustolini
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Giselle C Mendes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Anésia A Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P B Fontes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Involvement of host regulatory pathways during geminivirus infection: a novel platform for generating durable resistance. Funct Integr Genomics 2015; 14:47-58. [PMID: 24233104 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-013-0346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are widely distributed throughout the world and cause devastating yield losses in almost all the economically important crops. In this review, the newly identified roles of various novel plant factors and pathways participating in plant–virus interaction are summarized with a particular focus on the exploitation of various pathways involving ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway, small RNA pathways, cell division cycle components, and the epigenetic mechanism as defense responses during plant–pathogen interactions. Capturing the information on these pathways for the development of strategies against geminivirus infection is argued to provide the basis for new genetic approaches to resistance.
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31
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Wei Z, Wang J, Yang S, Song Y. Identification and expression analysis of the LRR-RLK gene family in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Heinz 1706. Genome 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/gen-2015-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As the largest subfamily of receptor-like kinases (RLKs), leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) regulate the growth, development, and stress responses of plants. Through a reiterative process of sequence analysis and re-annotation, 234 LRR-RLK genes were identified in the genome of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) ‘Heinz 1706’, which were further grouped into 10 major groups based on their sequence similarity. In comparison to the significant role of tandem duplication in the expansion process of this gene family in other species, only approximately 12% (29 out of 234) of SlLRR-RLK genes arose from tandem duplication. Using the multiple expectation maximization for motif elicitation (MEME) method, the motif composition and arrangement were found to be variably conserved within each SlLRR-RLK group, indicating their different extent of functional divergence. Expression profiling analyses by qRT-PCR data revealed that SlLRR-RLK genes were differentially expressed in various tomato organs and tissues, and some SlLRR-RLK genes exhibited preferential expression in fruits at distinct developmental stages, suggesting that SlLRR-RLK may take important roles in fruit development and ripening process. The results of this study provide an overview of the LRR-RLK gene family in tomato Heinz 1706, one important species of Solanaceae, and will be helpful for future functional analysis of this important protein family in fleshy fruit-bearing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiehua Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shaohui Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yingjin Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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32
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Zorzatto C, Machado JPB, Lopes KVG, Nascimento KJT, Pereira WA, Brustolini OJB, Reis PAB, Calil IP, Deguchi M, Sachetto-Martins G, Gouveia BC, Loriato VAP, Silva MAC, Silva FF, Santos AA, Chory J, Fontes EPB. NIK1-mediated translation suppression functions as a plant antiviral immunity mechanism. Nature 2015; 520:679-82. [PMID: 25707794 DOI: 10.1038/nature14171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants and plant pathogens are subject to continuous co-evolutionary pressure for dominance, and the outcomes of these interactions can substantially impact agriculture and food security. In virus-plant interactions, one of the major mechanisms for plant antiviral immunity relies on RNA silencing, which is often suppressed by co-evolving virus suppressors, thus enhancing viral pathogenicity in susceptible hosts. In addition, plants use the nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) domain-containing resistance proteins, which recognize viral effectors to activate effector-triggered immunity in a defence mechanism similar to that employed in non-viral infections. Unlike most eukaryotic organisms, plants are not known to activate mechanisms of host global translation suppression to fight viruses. Here we demonstrate in Arabidopsis that the constitutive activation of NIK1, a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) identified as a virulence target of the begomovirus nuclear shuttle protein (NSP), leads to global translation suppression and translocation of the downstream component RPL10 to the nucleus, where it interacts with a newly identified MYB-like protein, L10-INTERACTING MYB DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN (LIMYB), to downregulate translational machinery genes fully. LIMYB overexpression represses ribosomal protein genes at the transcriptional level, resulting in protein synthesis inhibition, decreased viral messenger RNA association with polysome fractions and enhanced tolerance to begomovirus. By contrast, the loss of LIMYB function releases the repression of translation-related genes and increases susceptibility to virus infection. Therefore, LIMYB links immune receptor LRR-RLK activation to global translation suppression as an antiviral immunity strategy in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Zorzatto
- 1] Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil [2] National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Paulo B Machado
- 1] Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil [2] National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kênia V G Lopes
- 1] Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil [2] National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kelly J T Nascimento
- 1] Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil [2] National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Welison A Pereira
- 1] Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil [2] National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Otávio J B Brustolini
- 1] Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil [2] National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro A B Reis
- 1] Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil [2] National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Iara P Calil
- 1] Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil [2] National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michihito Deguchi
- 1] Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil [2] National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Sachetto-Martins
- 1] National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil [2] Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21944.970 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca C Gouveia
- 1] Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil [2] National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Virgílio A P Loriato
- 1] Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil [2] National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos A C Silva
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabyano F Silva
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anésia A Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Joanne Chory
- 1] National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Elizabeth P B Fontes
- 1] Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil [2] National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Allie F, Pierce EJ, Okoniewski MJ, Rey C. Transcriptional analysis of South African cassava mosaic virus-infected susceptible and tolerant landraces of cassava highlights differences in resistance, basal defense and cell wall associated genes during infection. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1006. [PMID: 25412561 PMCID: PMC4253015 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cassava mosaic disease is caused by several distinct geminivirus species, including South African cassava mosaic virus-[South Africa:99] (SACMV). To date, there is limited gene regulation information on viral stress responses in cassava, and global transcriptome profiling in SACMV-infected cassava represents an important step towards understanding natural host responses to plant geminiviruses. RESULTS A RNA-seq time course (12, 32 and 67 dpi) study, monitoring gene expression in SACMV-challenged susceptible (T200) and tolerant (TME3) cassava landraces, was performed using the Applied Biosystems (ABI) SOLiD next-generation sequencing platform. The multiplexed paired end sequencing run produced a total of 523 MB and 693 MB of paired-end reads for SACMV-infected susceptible and tolerant cDNA libraries, respectively. Of these, approximately 50.7% of the T200 reads and 55.06% of TME3 reads mapped to the cassava reference genome available in phytozome. Using a log2 fold cut-off (p<0.05), comparative analysis between the six normalized cDNA libraries showed that 4181 and 1008 transcripts in total were differentially expressed in T200 and TME3, respectively, across 12, 32 and 67 days post infection, compared to mock-inoculated. The number of responsive transcripts increased dramatically from 12 to 32 dpi in both cultivars, but in contrast, in T200 the levels did not change significantly at 67 dpi, while in TME3 they declined. GOslim functional groups illustrated that differentially expressed genes in T200 and TME3 were overrepresented in the cellular component category for stress-related genes, plasma membrane and nucleus. Alterations in the expression of other interesting genes such as transcription factors, resistance (R) genes, and histone/DNA methylation-associated genes, were observed. KEGG pathway analysis uncovered important altered metabolic pathways, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, sucrose and starch metabolism, and plant hormone signalling. CONCLUSIONS Molecular mechanisms for TME3 tolerance are proposed, and differences in patterns and levels of transcriptome profiling between T200 and TME3 with susceptible and tolerant phenotypes, respectively, support the hypothesis that viruses rearrange their molecular interactions in adapting to hosts with different genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhahna Allie
- />School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000 South Africa
| | - Erica J Pierce
- />School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000 South Africa
| | - Michal J Okoniewski
- />Functional Genomics Center, Zurich, UNI ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chrissie Rey
- />School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000 South Africa
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Pierce EJ, Rey MEC. Assessing Global Transcriptome Changes in Response to South African Cassava Mosaic Virus [ZA-99] Infection in Susceptible Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67534. [PMID: 23826319 PMCID: PMC3694866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In susceptible plant hosts, co-evolution has favoured viral strategies to evade host defenses and utilize resources to their own benefit. The degree of manipulation of host gene expression is dependent on host-virus specificity and certain abiotic factors. In order to gain insight into global transcriptome changes for a geminivirus pathosystem, South African cassava mosaic virus [ZA:99] and Arabidopsis thaliana, 4×44K Agilent microarrays were adopted. After normalization, a log2 fold change filtering of data (p<0.05) identified 1,743 differentially expressed genes in apical leaf tissue. A significant increase in differential gene expression over time correlated with an increase in SACMV accumulation, as virus copies were 5-fold higher at 24 dpi and 6-fold higher at 36 dpi than at 14 dpi. Many altered transcripts were primarily involved in stress and defense responses, phytohormone signalling pathways, cellular transport, cell-cycle regulation, transcription, oxidation-reduction, and other metabolic processes. Only forty-one genes (2.3%) were shown to be continuously expressed across the infection period, indicating that the majority of genes were transient and unique to a particular time point during infection. A significant number of pathogen-responsive genes were suppressed during the late stages of pathogenesis, while during active systemic infection (14 to 24 dpi), there was an increase in up-regulated genes in several GO functional categories. An adaptive response was initiated to divert energy from growth-related processes to defense, leading to disruption of normal biological host processes. Similarities in cell-cycle regulation correlated between SACMV and Cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV), but differences were also evident. Differences in gene expression between the two geminiviruses clearly demonstrated that, while some global transcriptome responses are generally common in plant virus infections, temporal host-specific interactions are required for successful geminivirus infection. To our knowledge this is the first geminivirus microarray study identifying global differentially expressed transcripts at 3 time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J. Pierce
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M. E. Chrissie Rey
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Sakamoto T, Deguchi M, Brustolini OJB, Santos AA, Silva FF, Fontes EPB. The tomato RLK superfamily: phylogeny and functional predictions about the role of the LRRII-RLK subfamily in antiviral defense. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:229. [PMID: 23198823 PMCID: PMC3552996 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) play key roles during development and in responses to the environment. Despite the relevance of the RLK family and the completion of the tomato genome sequencing, the tomato RLK family has not yet been characterized, and a framework for functional predictions of the members of the family is lacking. RESULTS To generate a complete list of all the members of the tomato RLK family, we performed a phylogenetic analysis using the Arabidopsis family as a template. A total of 647 RLKs were identified in the tomato genome, which were organized into the same subfamily clades as Arabidopsis RLKs. Only eight of 58 RLK subfamilies exhibited specific expansion/reduction compared to their Arabidopsis counterparts. We also characterized the LRRII-RLK family by phylogeny, genomic analysis, expression profile and interaction with the virulence factor from begomoviruses, the nuclear shuttle protein (NSP). The LRRII subfamily members from tomato and Arabidopsis were highly conserved in both sequence and structure. Nevertheless, the majority of the orthologous pairs did not display similar conservation in the gene expression profile, indicating that these orthologs may have diverged in function after speciation. Based on the fact that members of the Arabidopsis LRRII subfamily (AtNIK1, AtNIK2 and AtNIK3) interact with the begomovirus nuclear shuttle protein (NSP), we examined whether the tomato orthologs of NIK, BAK1 and NsAK genes interact with NSP of Tomato Yellow Spot Virus (ToYSV). The tomato orthologs of NSP interactors, SlNIKs and SlNsAK, interacted specifically with NSP in yeast and displayed an expression pattern consistent with the pattern of geminivirus infection. In addition to suggesting a functional analogy between these phylogenetically classified orthologs, these results expand our previous observation that NSP-NIK interactions are neither virus-specific nor host-specific. CONCLUSIONS The tomato RLK superfamily is made-up of 647 proteins that form a monophyletic tree with the Arabidopsis RLKs and is divided into 58 subfamilies. Few subfamilies have undergone expansion/reduction, and only six proteins were lineage-specific. Therefore, the tomato RLK family shares functional and structural conservation with Arabidopsis. For the LRRII-RLK members SlNIK1 and SlNIK3, we observed functions analogous to those of their Arabidopsis counterparts with respect to protein-protein interactions and similar expression profiles, which predominated in tissues that support high efficiency of begomovirus infection. Therefore, NIK-mediated antiviral signaling is also likely to operate in tomato, suggesting that tomato NIKs may be good targets for engineering resistance against tomato-infecting begomoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Sakamoto
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Michihito Deguchi
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Otávio JB Brustolini
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Anésia A Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabyano F Silva
- Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth PB Fontes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Poornima Priyadarshini CG, Ambika MV, Tippeswamy R, Savithri HS. Functional characterization of coat protein and V2 involved in cell to cell movement of Cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus-Dabawali. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26929. [PMID: 22110597 PMCID: PMC3217939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional attributes of coat protein (CP) and V2 of the monopartite begomovirus, Cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus- Dabawali were analyzed in vitro and in vivo by their overexpression in E. coli, insect cells and transient expression in the plant system. Purified recombinant V2 and CP proteins were shown to interact with each other using ELISA and surface plasmon resonance. Confocal microscopy of Sf21 cells expressing V2 and CP proteins revealed that V2 localized to the cell periphery and CP to the nucleus. Deletion of the N terminal nuclear localization signal of CP restricted its distribution to the cytoplasm. GFP-V2 and YFP-CP transiently expressed in N. benthamiana plants by agroinfiltration substantiated the localization of V2 to the cell periphery and CP predominantly to the nucleus. Interestingly, upon coinfiltration, CP was found both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm along with V2. These results suggest that the interaction of V2 and CP may have important implications in the cell to cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. V. Ambika
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - R. Tippeswamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - H. S. Savithri
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Zhou Y, Rojas MR, Park MR, Seo YS, Lucas WJ, Gilbertson RL. Histone H3 interacts and colocalizes with the nuclear shuttle protein and the movement protein of a geminivirus. J Virol 2011; 85:11821-32. [PMID: 21900168 PMCID: PMC3209288 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00082-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are plant-infecting viruses with small circular single-stranded DNA genomes. These viruses utilize nuclear shuttle proteins (NSPs) and movement proteins (MPs) for trafficking of infectious DNA through the nuclear pore complex and plasmodesmata, respectively. Here, a biochemical approach was used to identify host factors interacting with the NSP and MP of the geminivirus Bean dwarf mosaic virus (BDMV). Based on these studies, we identified and characterized a host nucleoprotein, histone H3, which interacts with both the NSP and MP. The specific nature of the interaction of histone H3 with these viral proteins was established by gel overlay and in vitro and in vivo coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays. The NSP and MP interaction domains were mapped to the N-terminal region of histone H3. These experiments also revealed a direct interaction between the BDMV NSP and MP, as well as interactions between histone H3 and the capsid proteins of various geminiviruses. Transient-expression assays revealed the colocalization of histone H3 and NSP in the nucleus and nucleolus and of histone H3 and MP in the cell periphery and plasmodesmata. Finally, using in vivo co-IP assays with a Myc-tagged histone H3, a complex composed of histone H3, NSP, MP, and viral DNA was recovered. Taken together, these findings implicate the host factor histone H3 in the process by which an infectious geminiviral DNA complex forms within the nucleus for export to the cell periphery and cell-to-cell movement through plasmodesmata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchen Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Maria R. Rojas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Mi-Ri Park
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - William J. Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Robert L. Gilbertson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Pallas V, García JA. How do plant viruses induce disease? Interactions and interference with host components. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2691-2705. [PMID: 21900418 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.034603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are biotrophic pathogens that need living tissue for their multiplication and thus, in the infection-defence equilibrium, they do not normally cause plant death. In some instances virus infection may have no apparent pathological effect or may even provide a selective advantage to the host, but in many cases it causes the symptomatic phenotypes of disease. These pathological phenotypes are the result of interference and/or competition for a substantial amount of host resources, which can disrupt host physiology to cause disease. This interference/competition affects a number of genes, which seems to be greater the more severe the symptoms that they cause. Induced or repressed genes belong to a broad range of cellular processes, such as hormonal regulation, cell cycle control and endogenous transport of macromolecules, among others. In addition, recent evidence indicates the existence of interplay between plant development and antiviral defence processes, and that interference among the common points of their signalling pathways can trigger pathological manifestations. This review provides an update on the latest advances in understanding how viruses affect substantial cellular processes, and how plant antiviral defences contribute to pathological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Pallas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de las Plantas, CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio García
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Nolan KE, Kurdyukov S, Rose RJ. Characterisation of the legume SERK-NIK gene superfamily including splice variants: implications for development and defence. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:44. [PMID: 21385462 PMCID: PMC3061892 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SERK) genes are part of the regulation of diverse signalling events in plants. Current evidence shows SERK proteins function both in developmental and defence signalling pathways, which occur in response to both peptide and steroid ligands. SERKs are generally present as small gene families in plants, with five SERK genes in Arabidopsis. Knowledge gained primarily through work on Arabidopsis SERKs indicates that these proteins probably interact with a wide range of other receptor kinases and form a fundamental part of many essential signalling pathways. The SERK1 gene of the model legume, Medicago truncatula functions in somatic and zygotic embryogenesis, and during many phases of plant development, including nodule and lateral root formation. However, other SERK genes in M. truncatula and other legumes are largely unidentified and their functions unknown. RESULTS To aid the understanding of signalling pathways in M. truncatula, we have identified and annotated the SERK genes in this species. Using degenerate PCR and database mining, eight more SERK-like genes have been identified and these have been shown to be expressed. The amplification and sequencing of several different PCR products from one of these genes is consistent with the presence of splice variants. Four of the eight additional genes identified are upregulated in cultured leaf tissue grown on embryogenic medium. The sequence information obtained from M. truncatula was used to identify SERK family genes in the recently sequenced soybean (Glycine max) genome. CONCLUSIONS A total of nine SERK or SERK-like genes have been identified in M. truncatula and potentially 17 in soybean. Five M. truncatula SERK genes arose from duplication events not evident in soybean and Lotus. The presence of splice variants has not been previously reported in a SERK gene. Upregulation of four newly identified SERK genes (in addition to the previously described MtSERK1) in embryogenic tissue cultures suggests these genes also play a role in the process of somatic embryogenesis. The phylogenetic relationship of members of the SERK gene family to closely related genes, and to development and defence function is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Nolan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, School of Environmental and Life Sciences. The University of Newcastle. University Dr. Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Sergey Kurdyukov
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, School of Environmental and Life Sciences. The University of Newcastle. University Dr. Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ray J Rose
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, School of Environmental and Life Sciences. The University of Newcastle. University Dr. Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Niehl A, Heinlein M. Cellular pathways for viral transport through plasmodesmata. PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:75-99. [PMID: 21125301 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses use plasmodesmata (PD) to spread infection between cells and systemically. Dependent on viral species, movement through PD can occur in virion or non-virion form, and requires different mechanisms for targeting and modification of the pore. These mechanisms are supported by viral movement proteins and by other virus-encoded factors that interact among themselves and with plant cellular components to facilitate virus movement in a coordinated and regulated fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
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Santos AA, Lopes KVG, Apfata JAC, Fontes EPB. NSP-interacting kinase, NIK: a transducer of plant defence signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:3839-45. [PMID: 20624762 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The NSP-interacting kinase, NIK, belongs to the five leucine-rich repeats-containing receptor-like serine/threonine kinase subfamily that includes members involved in plant development and defence. NIK was first identified by its capacity to interact with the geminivirus nuclear shuttle protein (NSP) and has been strongly associated with plant defence against geminivirus. Recent studies corroborate its function in transducing a defence signal against virus infection and describe components of the NIK-mediated antiviral signalling pathway. This mini-review describes the role of NIK as a transducer of a novel layer of plant innate defence, presents new data on NIK function, and discusses its possible involvement in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anésia A Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36571.000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Mills-Lujan K, Deom CM. Geminivirus C4 protein alters Arabidopsis development. PROTOPLASMA 2010; 239:95-110. [PMID: 20091067 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-009-0086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The C4 protein of beet curly top virus [BCTV-B (US:Log:76)] induces hyperplasia in infected phloem tissue and tumorigenic growths in transgenic plants. The protein offers an excellent model for studying cell cycle control, cell differentiation, and plant development. To investigate the role of the C4 protein in plant development, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants were generated in which the C4 transgene was expressed under the control of an inducible promoter. A detailed analysis of the developmental changes that occur in cotyledons and hypocotyls of seedlings expressing the C4 transgene showed extensive cell division in all tissues types examined, radically altered tissue layer organization, and the absence of a clearly defined vascular system. Induced seedlings failed to develop true leaves, lateral roots, and shoot and root apical meristems, as well as vascular tissue. Specialized epidermis structures, such as stomata and root hairs, were either absent or developmentally impaired in seedlings that expressed C4 protein. Exogenous application of brassinosteroid and abscisic acid weakly rescued the C4-induced phenotype, while induced seedlings were hypersensitive to gibberellic acid and kinetin. These results indicate that ectopic expression of the BCTV C4 protein in A. thaliana drastically alters plant development, possibly through the disruption of multiple hormonal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Mills-Lujan
- Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7274, USA
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Dogra SC, Eini O, Rezaian MA, Randles JW. A novel shaggy-like kinase interacts with the Tomato leaf curl virus pathogenicity determinant C4 protein. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 71:25-38. [PMID: 19533382 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tomato leaf curl virus-Australia (ToLCV) C4 protein has been shown to be associated with virus pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that C4 acts as a suppressor of gene silencing. To understand the multifunctional role of C4, a novel shaggy-like kinase (SlSK) from tomato, which interacts with ToLCV C4 in a yeast two-hybrid assay, was isolated and interaction between these proteins was confirmed in vitro and in planta. Using deletion analysis of C4, a 12 amino acid region in the C-terminal part of C4 was identified which was shown to be essential for its binding to SlSK. We further demonstrate that this region is not only important for the interaction of C4 with SlSK, but is also required for C4 function to suppress gene silencing activity and to induce virus symptoms in a PVX system. The potential significance of ToLCV C4 and SlSK interaction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish C Dogra
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia.
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Pinheiro GL, Marques CS, Costa MDBL, Reis PAB, Alves MS, Carvalho CM, Fietto LG, Fontes EPB. Complete inventory of soybean NAC transcription factors: sequence conservation and expression analysis uncover their distinct roles in stress response. Gene 2009; 444:10-23. [PMID: 19497355 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We performed an inventory of soybean NAC transcription factors, in which 101 NAC domain-containing proteins were annotated into 15 different subgroups, showing a clear relationship between structure and function. The six previously described GmNAC proteins (GmNAC1 to GmNAC6) were located in the nucleus and a transactivation assay in yeast confirmed that GmNAC2, GmNAC3, GmNAC4 and GmNAC5 function as transactivators. We also analyzed the expression of the six NAC genes in response to a variety of stress conditions. GmNAC2, GmNAC3 and GmNAC4 were strongly induced by osmotic stress. GmNAC3 and GmNAC4 were also induced by ABA, JA and salinity but differed in their response to cold. Consistent with an involvement in cell death programs, the transient expression of GmNAC1, GmNAC5 and GmNAC6 in tobacco leaves resulted in cell death and enhanced expression of senescence markers. Our results indicate that the described soybean NACs are functionally non-redundant transcription factors involved in response to abiotic stresses and in cell death events in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme L Pinheiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Kleinow T, Nischang M, Beck A, Kratzer U, Tanwir F, Preiss W, Kepp G, Jeske H. Three C-terminal phosphorylation sites in the Abutilon mosaic virus movement protein affect symptom development and viral DNA accumulation. Virology 2009; 390:89-101. [PMID: 19464722 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV, Geminiviridae) DNA B component encodes a movement protein (MP), which facilitates viral transport within plants and affects pathogenicity. The presence of phosphorylated serine and threonine residues was confirmed for MP expressed in yeast and Nicotiana benthamiana by comparative Western blot analysis using phospho-amino acid- and MP-specific immunodetection. Mass spectrometry of yeast-derived MP identified three phosphorylation sites located in the C-terminal domain (Thr-221, Ser-223 and Ser-250). To assess their functional relevance in plants, several point mutations were generated in the MP gene of DNA B, which replace Thr-221, Ser-223 and Ser-250, either singly or in combinations, with either an uncharged alanine or a phosphorylation-mimicking aspartate residue. When co-inoculated with DNA A, all mutants were infectious. In systemically infected plants the symptoms and/or viral DNA accumulation were significantly altered for several of the mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Kleinow
- Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Fu HC, Hu JM, Hung TH, Su HJ, Yeh HH. Unusual events involved in Banana bunchy top virus strain evolution. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2009; 99:812-822. [PMID: 19522579 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-99-7-0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) can be transmitted by aphids and consists of at least six integral components (DNA-R, -U3, -S, -M, -C, and -N). Several additional replication-competent components (additional Reps) are associated with some BBTV isolates. A collected BBTV strain (TW3) that causes mild symptoms was selected to study the processes in BBTV evolution. Southern blot hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and real-time PCR did not detect DNA-N in TW3. Real-time PCR quantification of BBTV components revealed that, except for the copy number of TW3 DNA-U3, each detected integral component of BBTV TW3 was at least two orders lower than that of the severe strains. No infection was observed in plants inoculated with aphids, which were first given acquisition access to the TW3-infected banana leaves. Recombination analysis revealed recombination between the integral component TW3 DNA-U3 and the additional Rep DNA-Y. All BBTV integral components contain a replication initiation region (stem-loop common region) that share high sequence identity. Sequence alignment revealed that TW3 DNA-R, -S, -M, and -C all have a stem-loop common region containing a characteristic 9-nucleotide deletion found only in all reported DNA-N. Our data suggest that the additional Rep DNAs can serve as sources of additional genetic diversity for integral BBTV components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chuan Fu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Agriculture, National Taiwan University, 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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Santos AA, Carvalho CM, Florentino LH, Ramos HJO, Fontes EPB. Conserved threonine residues within the A-loop of the receptor NIK differentially regulate the kinase function required for antiviral signaling. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5781. [PMID: 19492062 PMCID: PMC2686266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NSP-interacting kinase (NIK1) is a receptor-like kinase identified as a virulence target of the begomovirus nuclear shuttle protein (NSP). We found that NIK1 undergoes a stepwise pattern of phosphorylation within its activation-loop domain (A-loop) with distinct roles for different threonine residues. Mutations at Thr-474 or Thr-468 impaired autophosphorylation and were defective for kinase activation. In contrast, a mutation at Thr-469 did not impact autophosphorylation and increased substrate phosphorylation, suggesting an inhibitory role for Thr-469 in kinase function. To dissect the functional significance of these results, we used NSP-expressing virus infection as a mechanism to interfere with wild type and mutant NIK1 action in plants. The NIK1 knockout mutant shows enhanced susceptibility to virus infections, a phenotype that could be complemented with ectopic expression of a 35S-NIK1 or 35S-T469A NIK1 transgenes. However, ectopic expression of an inactive kinase or the 35S-T474A NIK1 mutant did not reverse the enhanced susceptibility phenotype of knockout lines, demonstrating that Thr-474 autophosphorylation was needed to transduce a defense response to geminiviruses. Furthermore, mutations at Thr-474 and Thr-469 residues antagonistically affected NIK-mediated nuclear relocation of the downstream effector rpL10. These results establish that NIK1 functions as an authentic defense receptor as it requires activation to elicit a defense response. Our data also suggest a model whereby phosphorylation-dependent activation of a plant receptor-like kinase enables the A-loop to control differentially auto- and substrate phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anésia A. Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Claudine M. Carvalho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lilian H. Florentino
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Humberto J. O. Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P. B. Fontes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Abstract
Plant pathogenic geminiviruses have been proliferating worldwide and have, therefore, attracted considerable scientific interest during the past three decades. Current knowledge concerning their virion and genome structure, their molecular biology of replication, recombination, transcription, and silencing, as well as their transport through plants and dynamic competition with host responses are summarized. The topics are chosen to provide a comprehensive introduction for animal virologists, emphasizing similarities and differences to the closest functional relatives, polyomaviruses and circoviruses.
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Regulated nuclear trafficking of rpL10A mediated by NIK1 represents a defense strategy of plant cells against virus. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000247. [PMID: 19112492 PMCID: PMC2597721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The NSP-interacting kinase (NIK) receptor-mediated defense pathway has been identified recently as a virulence target of the geminivirus nuclear shuttle protein (NSP). However, the NIK1–NSP interaction does not fit into the elicitor–receptor model of resistance, and hence the molecular mechanism that links this antiviral response to receptor activation remains obscure. Here, we identified a ribosomal protein, rpL10A, as a specific partner and substrate of NIK1 that functions as an immediate downstream effector of NIK1-mediated response. Phosphorylation of cytosolic rpL10A by NIK1 redirects the protein to the nucleus where it may act to modulate viral infection. While ectopic expression of normal NIK1 or a hyperactive NIK1 mutant promotes the accumulation of phosphorylated rpL10A within the nuclei, an inactive NIK1 mutant fails to redirect the protein to the nuclei of co-transfected cells. Likewise, a mutant rpL10A defective for NIK1 phosphorylation is not redirected to the nucleus. Furthermore, loss of rpL10A function enhances susceptibility to geminivirus infection, resembling the phenotype of nik1 null alleles. We also provide evidence that geminivirus infection directly interferes with NIK1-mediated nuclear relocalization of rpL10A as a counterdefensive measure. However, the NIK1-mediated defense signaling neither activates RNA silencing nor promotes a hypersensitive response but inhibits plant growth and development. Although the virulence function of the particular geminivirus NSP studied here overcomes this layer of defense in Arabidopsis, the NIK1-mediated signaling response may be involved in restricting the host range of other viruses. Plants are constantly exposed to microorganisms and, like animals, developed innate immune systems to prevent infections. Although these immune systems protect plants against most potential pathogens, the molecular mechanisms underlying nonhost immunity remain obscure. Here, we describe a novel strategy of plant defenses identified as a target of the geminivirus nuclear shuttle protein (NSP) that suppresses the activity of the transmembrane receptor NIK (NSP-interacting kinase). In addition, we identified a ribosomal protein, rpL10A, as the immediate downstream component of the pathway. Based on our findings, we propose that this pathway is elicited by activation of the receptor NIK1, which results in phosphorylation and translocation of rpL10A to the nucleus. We also provided genetic and biochemical evidence that this regulated trafficking of rpL10A may effectively mount a defense strategy that negatively impacts geminivirus proliferation or movement. Nevertheless, the virulence function of NSP from the bipartite geminivirus CaLCuV (Cabbage leaf curl virus) is capable of overcoming the NIK1-mediated defense and thereby enhances the pathogenicity of CaLCuV in Arabidopsis. The NIK1-mediated signaling response may be involved in restricting the host range of other viruses.
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