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Tomé-Poderti L, Olivero-Deibe N, Carrión F, Portela MM, Obal G, Cabrera G, Bianchi S, Lima A, Addiego A, Durán R, Moratorio G, Pritsch O. Characterization and application of recombinant Bovine Leukemia Virus Env protein. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12190. [PMID: 38806566 PMCID: PMC11133380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) Envelope (Env) glycoprotein complex is instrumental in viral infectivity and shapes the host's immune response. This study presents the production and characterization of a soluble furin-mutated BLV Env ectodomain (sBLV-EnvFm) expressed in a stable S2 insect cell line. We purified a 63 kDa soluble protein, corresponding to the monomeric sBLV-EnvFm, which predominantly presented oligomannose and paucimannose N-glycans, with a high content of core fucose structures. Our results demonstrate that our recombinant protein can be recognized from specific antibodies in BLV infected cattle, suggesting its potential as a powerful diagnostic tool. Moreover, the robust humoral immune response it elicited in mice shows its potential contribution to the development of subunit-based vaccines against BLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Tomé-Poderti
- Immunovirology Lab, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Morphogenesis and Antigenicity of HIV and Hepatitis Viruses (MAVIVH), INSERM Unit 1259, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.
| | | | - Federico Carrión
- Immunovirology Lab, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Magdalena Portela
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable/Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Obal
- Immunovirology Lab, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gleysin Cabrera
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable/Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sergio Bianchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomarkers, Department of Physiopathology, University Hospital, Universidad de la República, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Analia Lima
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable/Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Addiego
- Immunovirology Lab, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rosario Durán
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable/Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Moratorio
- Experimental Evolution of Viruses, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Otto Pritsch
- Immunovirology Lab, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Immunobiology Department School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
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2
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Collignon L, Holmbeck K, Just A, Verhoye L, Velázquez-Moctezuma R, Fahnøe U, Carlsen THR, Law M, Prentoe J, Scheel TKH, Gottwein JM, Meuleman P, Bukh J. JFH1-based Core-NS2 genotype variants of HCV with genetic stability in vivo and in vitro: Important tools in the evaluation of virus neutralization. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00854. [PMID: 38652584 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS HCV infection continues to be a major global health burden despite effective antiviral treatments. The urgent need for a protective vaccine is hindered by the scarcity of suitable HCV-permissive animal models tractable in vaccination and challenge studies. Currently, only antibody neutralization studies in infectious cell culture systems or studies of protection by passive immunization of human liver chimeric mice offer the possibility to evaluate the effect of vaccine-induced antibodies. However, differences between culture-permissive and in vivo-permissive viruses make it a challenge to compare analyses between platforms. To address this problem, we aimed at developing genotype-specific virus variants with genetic stability both in vitro and in vivo. APPROACH AND RESULTS We demonstrated infection of human liver chimeric mice with cell culture-adapted HCV JFH1-based Core-NS2 recombinants of genotype 1-6, with a panel of 10 virus strains used extensively in neutralization and receptor studies. Clonal re-engineering of mouse-selected mutations resulted in virus variants with robust replication both in Huh7.5 cells and human liver chimeric mice, with genetic stability. Furthermore, we showed that, overall, these virus variants have similar in vitro neutralization profiles as their parent strains and demonstrated their use for in vivo neutralization studies. CONCLUSIONS These mouse-selected HCV recombinants enable the triage of new vaccine-relevant antibodies in vitro and further allow characterization of protection from infection in vivo using identical viruses in human liver chimeric mice. As such, these viruses will serve as important resources in testing novel antibodies and can thus guide strategies to develop an efficient protective vaccine against HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Collignon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Kenn Holmbeck
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ashley Just
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lieven Verhoye
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Rodrigo Velázquez-Moctezuma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Fahnøe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas H R Carlsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mansun Law
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jannick Prentoe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troels K H Scheel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Judith M Gottwein
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Jens Bukh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Liang R, Ye ZW, Qin Z, Xie Y, Yang X, Sun H, Du Q, Luo P, Tang K, Hu B, Cao J, Wong XHL, Ling GS, Chu H, Shen J, Yin F, Jin DY, Chan JFW, Yuen KY, Yuan S. PMI-controlled mannose metabolism and glycosylation determines tissue tolerance and virus fitness. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2144. [PMID: 38459021 PMCID: PMC10923791 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Host survival depends on the elimination of virus and mitigation of tissue damage. Herein, we report the modulation of D-mannose flux rewires the virus-triggered immunometabolic response cascade and reduces tissue damage. Safe and inexpensive D-mannose can compete with glucose for the same transporter and hexokinase. Such competitions suppress glycolysis, reduce mitochondrial reactive-oxygen-species and succinate-mediated hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, and thus reduce virus-induced proinflammatory cytokine production. The combinatorial treatment by D-mannose and antiviral monotherapy exhibits in vivo synergy despite delayed antiviral treatment in mouse model of virus infections. Phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) knockout cells are viable, whereas addition of D-mannose to the PMI knockout cells blocks cell proliferation, indicating that PMI activity determines the beneficial effect of D-mannose. PMI inhibition suppress a panel of virus replication via affecting host and viral surface protein glycosylation. However, D-mannose does not suppress PMI activity or virus fitness. Taken together, PMI-centered therapeutic strategy clears virus infection while D-mannose treatment reprograms glycolysis for control of collateral damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Liang
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zi-Wei Ye
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhenzhi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yubin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong- Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiaohui Du
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Peng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kaiming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Bodan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jianli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xavier Hoi-Leong Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Guang-Sheng Ling
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong- Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Feifei Yin
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong- Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong- Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong- Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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4
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Genotyping and In Silico Analysis of Delmarva (DMV/1639) Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Spike 1 (S1) Glycoprotein. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091617. [PMID: 36140785 PMCID: PMC9498812 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity and evolution of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are mainly impacted by mutations in the spike 1 (S1) gene. This study focused on whole genome sequencing of an IBV isolate (IBV/Ck/Can/2558004), which represents strains highly prevalent in Canadian commercial poultry, especially concerning features related to its S1 gene and protein sequences. Based on the phylogeny of the S1 gene, IBV/Ck/Can/2558004 belongs to the GI-17 lineage. According to S1 gene and protein pairwise alignment, IBV/Ck/Can/2558004 had 99.44–99.63% and 98.88–99.25% nucleotide (nt) and deduced amino acid (aa) identities, respectively, with five Canadian Delmarva (DMV/1639) IBVs isolated in 2019, and it also shared 96.63–97.69% and 94.78–97.20% nt and aa similarities with US DMV/1639 IBVs isolated in 2011 and 2019, respectively. Further homology analysis of aa sequences showed the existence of some aa substitutions in the hypervariable regions (HVRs) of the S1 protein of IBV/Ck/Can/2558004 compared to US DMV/1639 isolates; most of these variant aa residues have been subjected to positive selection pressure. Predictive analysis of potential N-glycosylation and phosphorylation motifs showed either loss or acquisition in the S1 glycoprotein of IBV/Ck/Can/2558004 compared to S1 of US DMV/1639 IBV. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis showed some of the aa changes within the S1 protein of IBV/Ck/Can/2558004 have been predicted to impact the function and structure of the S1 protein, potentially leading to a lower binding affinity of the S1 protein to its relevant ligand (sialic acid). In conclusion, these findings revealed that the DMV/1639 IBV isolates are under continuous evolution among Canadian poultry.
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5
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Hassan SU, Donia A, Sial U, Zhang X, Bokhari H. Glycoprotein- and Lectin-Based Approaches for Detection of Pathogens. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090694. [PMID: 32847039 PMCID: PMC7558909 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases alone are estimated to result in approximately 40% of the 50 million total annual deaths globally. The importance of basic research in the control of emerging and re-emerging diseases cannot be overemphasized. However, new nanotechnology-based methodologies exploiting unique surface-located glycoproteins or their patterns can be exploited to detect pathogens at the point of use or on-site with high specificity and sensitivity. These technologies will, therefore, affect our ability in the future to more accurately assess risk. The critical challenge is making these new methodologies cost-effective, as well as simple to use, for the diagnostics industry and public healthcare providers. Miniaturization of biochemical assays in lab-on-a-chip devices has emerged as a promising tool. Miniaturization has the potential to shape modern biotechnology and how point-of-care testing of infectious diseases will be performed by developing smart microdevices that require minute amounts of sample and reagents and are cost-effective, robust, and sensitive and specific. The current review provides a short overview of some of the futuristic approaches using simple molecular interactions between glycoproteins and glycoprotein-binding molecules for the efficient and rapid detection of various pathogens at the point of use, advancing the emerging field of glyconanodiagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammer-ul Hassan
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
- Correspondence: (S.H); (H.B.)
| | - Ahmed Donia
- Biosciences Department, Faculty of Science, Comsats University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan; (A.D.); (U.S.)
| | - Usman Sial
- Biosciences Department, Faculty of Science, Comsats University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan; (A.D.); (U.S.)
| | - Xunli Zhang
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Biosciences Department, Faculty of Science, Comsats University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan; (A.D.); (U.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.H); (H.B.)
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6
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Morozov VA, Lagaye S. Hepatitis C virus: Morphogenesis, infection and therapy. World J Hepatol 2018; 10:186-212. [PMID: 29527256 PMCID: PMC5838439 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v10.i2.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver diseases including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Approximately 3% of the world population is infected with HCV. Thus, HCV infection is considered a public healthy challenge. It is worth mentioning, that the HCV prevalence is dependent on the countries with infection rates around 20% in high endemic countries. The review summarizes recent data on HCV molecular biology, the physiopathology of infection (immune-mediated liver damage, liver fibrosis and lipid metabolism), virus diagnostic and treatment. In addition, currently available in vitro, ex vivo and animal models to study the virus life cycle, virus pathogenesis and therapy are described. Understanding of both host and viral factors may in the future lead to creation of new approaches in generation of an efficient therapeutic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Alexei Morozov
- Center for HIV and Retrovirology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Sylvie Lagaye
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, Paris 75015, France
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7
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Carranza C, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Santander Parra SH, Nuñez LFN, Penzes Z, Chacón JL, Sesti L, Chacón RD, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Genetic characterisation and analysis of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from Brazilian flocks between 2010 and 2015. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:610-623. [PMID: 28805451 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1365116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants in Brazil were isolated during 2010-2015 for epidemiological and molecular analysis to characterise the different variants and perform a bioinformatic analysis to compare with sequences of variants collected over the previous 40 years. 2. Of the 453 samples examined, 61.4% were positive for IBV and 75.9% of these were considered to have the BR-I genotype and were detected in birds of all ages distributed in all five Brazilian regions. 3. The ratio of non-synonymous substitutions per non-synonymous site (dN) to synonymous substitutions per synonymous site (dS), i.e. dN/dS, revealed a predominance of codons with non-synonymous substitutions in the first third of the S1 gene and a dN/dS ratio of 0.67. Additionally, prediction of N-glycosylation sites showed that most of the BR-I variants (from 2003 to early 2014) had an extra site at amino acid position 20, whereas the newest variants lacked this extra site. 4. These results suggest that Brazilian IBV variants probably underwent drastic mutations at various points between 1983 and 2003 and that the selection processes became silent after achieving a sufficiently effective antigenic structure for invasion and replication in their hosts. Brazilian IBV genotype BR-I is currently the predominant genotype circulating in Brazil and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carranza
- a Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Silvana H Santander Parra
- a Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Luis F N Nuñez
- a Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Sesti
- c CEVA Animal Health , Campinas , Brazil
| | - Ruy D Chacón
- a Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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8
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Yap SSL, Nguyen-Khuong T, Rudd PM, Alonso S. Dengue Virus Glycosylation: What Do We Know? Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1415. [PMID: 28791003 PMCID: PMC5524768 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In many infectious diseases caused by either viruses or bacteria, pathogen glycoproteins play important roles during the infection cycle, ranging from entry to successful intracellular replication and host immune evasion. Dengue is no exception. Dengue virus glycoproteins, envelope protein (E) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) are two popular sub-unit vaccine candidates. E protein on the virion surface is the major target of neutralizing antibodies. NS1 which is secreted during DENV infection has been shown to induce a variety of host responses through its binding to several host factors. However, despite their critical role in disease and protection, the glycosylated variants of these two proteins and their biological importance have remained understudied. In this review, we seek to provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on protein glycosylation in DENV, and its role in virus biogenesis, host cell receptor interaction and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally S L Yap
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| | - Terry Nguyen-Khuong
- Analytics Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A∗STARSingapore, Singapore
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- Analytics Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A∗STARSingapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
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9
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Ren Y, Min YQ, Liu M, Chi L, Zhao P, Zhang XL. N-glycosylation-mutated HCV envelope glycoprotein complex enhances antigen-presenting activity and cellular and neutralizing antibody responses. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1764-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Costa GCDS, Nunes MRT, Jesus JG, Novaes T, Cardoso JF, Sousa Júnior EC, Santos EDS, Galvão-Castro B, Zanette DL, Gonçalves MDS, Alcantara LCJ. Amino- and Carboxyl-Terminal CCR5 Mutations in Brazilian HIV-1-Infected Women and Homology Model of p.L55Q CCR5 Mutant. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:685-91. [PMID: 25825809 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors from an HIV-1 host can affect the rate of progression to AIDS and HIV infection. To investigate the frequency of mutations in the CCR5 gene, HIV-1 samples from infected women and uninfected individuals were selected for sequencing of the CCR5 gene regions encoding the N- and C-terminal protein domains. Physicochemical CCR5 modeling and potential protein domain analysis were performed in order to evaluate the impact of the mutations found in the properties and structure of CCR5. The p.L55Q mutation in the N-terminal protein domain was observed only in uninfected individuals, with an allelic frequency of 1.8%. Physicochemical analysis revealed that the p.L55Q mutation magnified the flexibility and accessibility profiles and the modeling of CCR5 structures showed resulting in a small deviation to the right, as well as a hydrophobic to hydrophilic property alteration. The p.L55Q mutation also resulted in a slight modification of the electrostatic load of this region. Additionally, three novel silent mutations were found at the C-terminal coding region among HIV-1-infected women. The results suggest that the p.L55Q mutation might alter CCR5 conformation. Further studies should be conducted to verify the role of this mutation in HIV-1 susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Calasans de Souza Costa
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcio Roberto T. Nunes
- Bioinformatic Core, Center for Technological Innovation, Evandro Chagas Institute, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Goes Jesus
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Thiago Novaes
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jedson Ferreira Cardoso
- Bioinformatic Core, Center for Technological Innovation, Evandro Chagas Institute, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Marilda de Souza Gonçalves
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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11
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Gededzha MP, Mphahlele MJ, Selabe SG. Characterization of HCV genotype 5a envelope proteins: implications for vaccine development and therapeutic entry target. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2014; 14:e23660. [PMID: 25598792 PMCID: PMC4286708 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.23660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the major causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma with an estimation of 185 million people with infection. The E2 is the main target for neutralizing antibody responses and the variation of this region is related to maintenance of persistent infection by emerging escape variants and subsequent development of chronic infection. While both E1 and E2 are hypervariable in nature, it is difficult to design vaccines or therapeutic drugs against them. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to characterize genotype 5a E1 and E2 sequences to determine possible glycosylation sites, conserved B-cell epitopes and peptides in HCV that could be useful targets in design of vaccine and entry inhibitors. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was conducted through PCR amplification of E1 and E2 regions, sequencing, prediction of B-cell epitopes, analysis of N-linked glycosylation and peptide design in 18 samples of HCV genotype 5a from South African. RESULTS Differences in the probability of glycosylation in E1 and E2 regions were observed in this study. Three conserved antigenic B-cell epitopes were predicted in the E2 regions and also 11 short peptides were designed from the highly conserved residues. CONCLUSIONS This study provided conserved B-cell epitopes and peptides that can be useful for designing entry inhibitors and vaccines able to cover a global population, especially where genotype 5a is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maemu Petronella Gededzha
- Department of Virology, HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus/National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
- Corresponding Author: Maemu Petronella Gededzha, Department of Virology, HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus/National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa. Tel: +27-125213631, Fax: +27-125215794, E-mail:
| | - Maphahlanganye Jeffrey Mphahlele
- Department of Virology, HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus/National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Selokela Gloria Selabe
- Department of Virology, HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus/National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
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12
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Kanwal S, Mahmood T. Occurrence of genetic modifications in core, 5'UTR and NS5b of HCV associated with viral response to treatment. Virol J 2014; 11:171. [PMID: 25270660 PMCID: PMC4289283 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is becoming progressively more understandable that genetic variability of viruses is a major challenge in translating the laboratory findings to clinic. Genetic variability is the underlying cause of variant viral proteins which are not targetable by host immunological machinery. Methods 500 patients were enrolled in study and amongst them, 451 patients were followed and categorized into two groups on the basis of their treatment response. Group 1 consisting of the 376 patients exhibited SVR while group 2 comprised 75 patients who were non-responders on the basis of viral load as evidenced by Real-Time PCR. Comparative sequence analysis was done between 75 non-responders and 75 responders (randomly picked from 376) by targeting three genomic regions, 5′UTR, core and NS5B and amplified products were directly sequenced and obtained sequences were cleaned, aligned and submitted to GenBank. Maximum Parsimony (MP) method was used for phylogenetic analysis and dendrograms were dragged using MEGA 5. Heterogeneity at nucleotide and amino acid level was determined using software BioEdit and DNAman while phosphorylation and N-linked glycosylation sites were determined using NetPhos 2.0 and SignalP-NN. Results Genotype 3 was prevalent in group 1 whereas non-responders indicated rare genotypes of Pakistan i.e. 4 and 5, genotype 6q and 6v were reported first time from Pakistan in this study. At nucleotide and amino acid level, the genetic distance and mutation, number of predicted N-phosphorylation and N-glycosylation sites was higher in group 2 as compared to group 1. Difference in percentage composition of individual amino acids was noted to be different between the two groups. Conclusions It can be concluded that heterogeneity both at nucleotide and amino acid level contributed in developing drug resistant phenotype. Moreover, occurrence of rare genotypes might hurdle the way to positive response of conventional treatment. Furthermore, prediction of phosphorylation and glycosylation sites could help in targeting the proper sites for drug designing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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13
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Hao J, Xue C, He L, Wang Y, Cao Y. Bioinformatics insight into the spike glycoprotein gene of field porcine epidemic diarrhea strains during 2011-2013 in Guangdong, China. Virus Genes 2014; 49:58-67. [PMID: 24771495 PMCID: PMC7088867 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Three strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) were isolated from dead or diseased pigs at different swine farms in Guangdong during 2011-2013, and their S genes were sequenced. In the same period, seven PEDV strains were also isolated in Guangdong by other laboratories. The spike sequences of 10 Guangdong isolates were compared with vaccine strains and reference pathogenic isolates using six bioinformatics tools. The results revealed that 10 Guangdong strains, excluding strain GDS03, had distinct characteristics in terms of primary structure, secondary structure, high-specificity N-glycosylation sites, potential phosphorylation sites, and palmitoylation sites. Phylogenetic analysis also confirmed these findings and revealed that all PEDV strains were clustered into three distinct groups. Ten Guangdong strains, not including GDS03, belong to Group 1, whereas four vaccine strains and GDS03 belong to Group 3, which is evolutionarily distant from Group 1. Alignment analysis of the neutralizing region amino acid sequences indicated that the amino acid substitutions of Y/D766S, T549S, and G594S that are present in the Guangdong strains, not including GDS03, were a sign of predominant genetic changes among the isolated strains. GDS03 is closely related to the 83P-5 vaccine strain, which suggests that it might represent re-isolation of the vaccine strain or vaccine variants. Taken together, these results indicate that there have been predominant new strains circulating in Guangdong from 2011 to 2013, and the circulating PEDV strains have a genetic composition that is distant from reference strains, especially the vaccine strains; however, the vaccinations might also provide some level of cross-protection, as there have been no changes in the neutralizing epitopes of SS2 and 2C10. This explains why there have been constant but infrequent outbreaks recently in comparison to late 2010 in which PEDV outbreaks were more frequent and severe. In addition, the USA-Colorado-2013 strain had the same amino acid substitutions in the neutralizing regions as the Guangdong strains except GDS03, which suggests that the information and strategies in this study may play role in PEDV variant research in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 People’s Republic of China
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14
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Hundt J, Li Z, Liu Q. Post-translational modifications of hepatitis C viral proteins and their biological significance. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:8929-8939. [PMID: 24379618 PMCID: PMC3870546 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i47.8929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) depends on the interaction of viral proteins with various host cellular proteins and signalling pathways. Similar to cellular proteins, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of HCV proteins are essential for proper protein function and regulation, thus, directly affecting viral life cycle and the generation of infectious virus particles. Cleavage of the HCV polyprotein by cellular and viral proteases into more than 10 proteins represents an early protein modification step after translation of the HCV positive-stranded RNA genome. The key modifications include the regulated intramembranous proteolytic cleavage of core protein, disulfide bond formation of core, glycosylation of HCV envelope proteins E1 and E2, methylation of nonstructural protein 3 (NS3), biotinylation of NS4A, ubiquitination of NS5B and phosphorylation of core and NS5B. Other modifications like ubiquitination of core and palmitoylation of core and NS4B proteins have been reported as well. For some modifications such as phosphorylation of NS3 and NS5A and acetylation of NS3, we have limited understanding of their effects on HCV replication and pathogenesis while the impact of other modifications is far from clear. In this review, we summarize the available information on PTMs of HCV proteins and discuss their relevance to HCV replication and pathogenesis.
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15
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Takebe Y, Saucedo CJ, Lund G, Uenishi R, Hase S, Tsuchiura T, Kneteman N, Ramessar K, Tyrrell DLJ, Shirakura M, Wakita T, McMahon JB, O'Keefe BR. Antiviral lectins from red and blue-green algae show potent in vitro and in vivo activity against hepatitis C virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64449. [PMID: 23700478 PMCID: PMC3660260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a significant public health problem with over 170,000,000 chronic carriers and infection rates increasing worldwide. Chronic HCV infection is one of the leading causes of hepatocellular carcinoma which was estimated to result in ∼10,000 deaths in the United States in the year 2011. Current treatment options for HCV infection are limited to PEG-ylated interferon alpha (IFN-α), the nucleoside ribavirin and the recently approved HCV protease inhibitors telaprevir and boceprevir. Although showing significantly improved efficacy over the previous therapies, treatment with protease inhibitors has been shown to result in the rapid emergence of drug-resistant virus. Here we report the activity of two proteins, originally isolated from natural product extracts, which demonstrate low or sub-nanomolar in vitro activity against both genotype I and genotype II HCV. These proteins inhibit viral infectivity, binding to the HCV envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 and block viral entry into human hepatocytes. In addition, we demonstrate that the most potent of these agents, the protein griffithsin, is readily bioavailable after subcutaneous injection and shows significant in vivo efficacy in reducing HCV viral titers in a mouse model system with engrafted human hepatocytes. These results indicate that HCV viral entry inhibitors can be an effective component of anti-HCV therapy and that these proteins should be studied further for their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Takebe
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Carrie J. Saucedo
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Rie Uenishi
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saiki Hase
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayo Tsuchiura
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Koreen Ramessar
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Takaji Wakita
- Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James B. McMahon
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barry R. O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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16
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Li C, Njouom R, Pépin J, Nakano T, Bennett P, Pybus OG, Lu L. Characterization of full-length hepatitis C virus sequences for subtypes 1e, 1h and 1l, and a novel variant revealed Cameroon as an area in origin for genotype 1. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1780-1790. [PMID: 23677792 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.048835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the full-length genome sequences of seven hepatitis C virus (HCV) isolates belonging to genotype 1. These represent the first complete genomes for HCV subtypes 1e, 1h, 1l, plus one novel variant that qualifies for a new but unassigned subtype. The genomes were characterized using 19-22 overlapping fragments. Each was 9400-9439 nt long and contained a single ORF encoding 3019-3020 amino acids. All viruses were isolated in the sera of seven patients residing in, or originating from, Cameroon. Predicted amino acid sequences were inspected and unique patterns of variation were noted. Phylogenetic analysis using full-length sequences provided evidence for nine genotype 1 subtypes, four of which are described for the first time here. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis of 141 partial NS5B sequences further differentiated 13 subtypes (1a-1m) and six additional unclassified lineages within genotype 1. As a result of this study, there are now seven HCV genotype 1 subtypes (1a-1c, 1e, 1g, 1h, 1l) and two unclassified genotype 1 lineages with full-length genomes characterized. Further analysis of 228 genotype 1 sequences from the HCV database with known countries is consistent with an African origin for genotype 1, and with the hypothesis of subsequent dissemination of some subtypes to Asia, Europe and the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Li
- Center for Viral Oncology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Richard Njouom
- Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jacques Pépin
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Tatsunori Nakano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University Nanakuri Sanatorium Otoricho 424-1, Tsu, Mie 514-1295, Japan
| | - Phil Bennett
- Micropathology Ltd, University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry CV4 7EZ, UK
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Ling Lu
- Center for Viral Oncology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Park JH, Jee MH, Kwon OS, Keum SJ, Jang SK. Infectivity of hepatitis C virus correlates with the amount of envelope protein E2: development of a new aptamer-based assay system suitable for measuring the infectious titer of HCV. Virology 2013; 439:13-22. [PMID: 23485371 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Various forms of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related particles are produced from HCV-infected cells. Measuring infectivity of a HCV sample with the conventional 'foci counting method' is laborious and time-consuming. Moreover, the infectivity of a HCV sample does not correlate with the amount of viral RNA that can be measured by real-time RT-PCR. Here we report a new assay suitable for quantifying infectious HCV particles using aptamers against HCV E2, which is named 'Enzyme Linked Apto-Sorbent Assay (ELASA)'. The readout value of HCV ELASA linearly correlates with the infectious dose of an HCV sample, but not with the amount of HCV RNA. We also demonstrated that the activities of anti-HCV drugs can be monitored by HCV ELASA. Therefore, HCV ELASA is a quick-and-easy method to quantify infectious units of HCV stocks and to monitor efficacies of potential anti-HCV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Park
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, POSTECH Biotech Center, Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
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18
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Abro SH, Ullman K, Belák S, Baule C. Bioinformatics and evolutionary insight on the spike glycoprotein gene of QX-like and Massachusetts strains of infectious bronchitis virus. Virol J 2012; 9:211. [PMID: 22992336 PMCID: PMC3502414 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a Gammacoronavirus of the family Coronaviridae and is a causative agent of an economically important disease in poultry. The spike glycoprotein of IBV is essential for host cell attachment, neutralization, and is involved in the induction of protective immunity. Previously obtained sequence data of the spike gene of IBV QX-like and Massachusetts strains were subjected to bioinformatics analysis. Findings On analysis of potential phosphorylation sites, the Ser542 and Ser563 sites were not present in Massachusetts strains, while QX-like isolates did not have the Ser534 site. Massachusetts and QX-like strains showed different cleavage site motifs. The N-glycosylation sites ASN-XAA-SER/THR-55, 147, 200 and 545 were additionally present in QX-like strains. The leucine-rich repeat regions in Massachusetts strains consisted of stretches of 63 to 69 amino acids, while in the QX-like strains they contained 59 amino acids in length. An additional palmitoylation site was observed in CK/SWE/082066/2010 a QX-like strain. Primary structure data showed difference in the physical properties and hydrophobic nature of both genotypes. The comparison of secondary structures revealed no new structural domains in the genotypic variants. The phylogenetic analyses based on avian and mammalian coronaviruses showed the analysed IBV as closely related to turkey coronaviruses and distantly related to thrush and munia coronaviruses. Conclusion The study demonstrated that spike glycoprotein of the Massachusetts and the QX-like variants of IBV are molecularly distinct and that this may reflect in differences in the behavior of these viruses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Hussain Abro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Virology, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls Väg 2B, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
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19
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Hikosaka K, Noritake H, Kimura W, Sultana N, Sharkar MTK, Tagawa YI, Uezato T, Kobayashi Y, Wakita T, Miura N. Expression of human factors CD81, claudin-1, scavenger receptor, and occludin in mouse hepatocytes does not confer susceptibility to HCV entry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 32:143-50. [PMID: 21551950 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.32.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
No suitable mouse model is available for studying chronic liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). CD81, claudin-1, scavenger receptor class B type I, and occludin were recently reported to be the important factors in HCV entry into hepatocytes. We made transgenic mice (Alb-CCSO) expressing the four human proteins and examined whether HCV from a patient serum or HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpp) were capable of infecting them. HCV was not detected in the mouse serum after injecting the mice with HCV from a patient serum. We also found no indications of HCVpp entry into primary hepatocytes from Alb-CCSO mice. In addition, HCV-infectible Hep3B cells were fused with HCV-resistant primary mouse hepatocytes and the fused cells showed 35-fold lower infectivity compared to wild-type Hep3B cells, indicating that primary mouse hepatocytes have the inhibitory factor(s) in HCVpp entry. Our results suggest that the expression of the human factors does not confer susceptibility to HCV entry into the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Hikosaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handa-yama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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20
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Protein glycosylation in infectious disease pathobiology and treatment. Open Life Sci 2011; 6:802. [PMID: 32215117 PMCID: PMC7088636 DOI: 10.2478/s11535-011-0050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A host of bacteria and viruses are dependent on O-linked and N-linked glycosylation to perform vital biological functions. Pathogens often have integral proteins that participate in host-cell interactions such as receptor binding and fusion with host membrane. Fusion proteins from a broad range of disparate viruses, such as paramyxovirus, HIV, ebola, and the influenza viruses share a variety of common features that are augmented by glycosylation. Each of these viruses contain multiple glycosylation sites that must be processed and modified by the host post-translational machinery to be fusogenically active. In most viruses, glycosylation plays a role in biogenesis, stability, antigenicity and infectivity. In bacteria, glycosylation events play an important role in the formation of flagellin and pili and are vitally important to adherence, attachment, infectivity and immune evasion. With the importance of glycosylation to pathogen survival, it is clear that a better understanding of the processes is needed to understand the pathogen requirement for glycosylation and to capitalize on this requirement for the development of novel therapeutics.
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Ashfaq UA, Masoud MS, Khaliq S, Nawaz Z, Riazuddin S. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus 3a genotype entry through Glanthus Nivalis Agglutinin. Virol J 2011; 8:248. [PMID: 21599979 PMCID: PMC3117843 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) has two envelop proteins E1 and E2 which is highly glycosylated and play an important role in cell entry. Inhibition of virus at entry step is an important target to find antiviral drugs against HCV. Glanthus Nivalis Agglutinin (GNA) is a mannose binding lectin which has tendency for specific recognition and reversible binding to the sugar moieties of a wide variety of glycoproteins of enveloped viruses. Results In the present study, HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpp) for genotype 3a were produced to investigate the ability of GNA to block the HCV entry. The results demonstrated that GNA inhibit the infectivity of HCVpp and HCV infected serum in a dose-dependent manner and resulted in 50% reduction of virus at 1 ± 2 μg concentration. Molecular docking of GNA and HCV glycoproteins (E1 and E2) showed that GNA inhibit HCV entry by binding N-linked glycans. Conclusion These results demonstrated that targeting the HCV glycans is a new approach to develop antiviral drugs against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman A Ashfaq
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Ashfaq UA, Javed T, Rehman S, Nawaz Z, Riazuddin S. An overview of HCV molecular biology, replication and immune responses. Virol J 2011; 8:161. [PMID: 21477382 PMCID: PMC3086852 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes acute and chronic hepatitis which can eventually lead to permanent liver damage, hepatocellular carcinoma and death. Currently, there is no vaccine available for prevention of HCV infection due to high degree of strain variation. The current treatment of care, Pegylated interferon α in combination with ribavirin is costly, has significant side effects and fails to cure about half of all infections. In this review, we summarize molecular virology, replication and immune responses against HCV and discussed how HCV escape from adaptive and humoral immune responses. This advance knowledge will be helpful for development of vaccine against HCV and discovery of new medicines both from synthetic chemistry and natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman A Ashfaq
- Division of Molecular Medicine, National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Humphreys I, Fleming V, Fabris P, Parker J, Schulenberg B, Brown A, Demetriou C, Gaudieri S, Pfafferott K, Lucas M, Collier J, Huang KHG, Pybus OG, Klenerman P, Barnes E. Full-length characterization of hepatitis C virus subtype 3a reveals novel hypervariable regions under positive selection during acute infection. J Virol 2009; 83:11456-66. [PMID: 19740991 PMCID: PMC2772701 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00884-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus subtype 3a is a highly prevalent and globally distributed strain that is often associated with infection via injection drug use. This subtype exhibits particular phenotypic characteristics. In spite of this, detailed genetic analysis of this subtype has rarely been performed. We performed full-length viral sequence analysis in 18 patients with chronic HCV subtype 3a infection and assessed genomic viral variability in comparison to other HCV subtypes. Two novel regions of intragenotypic hypervariability within the envelope protein E2, of HCV genotype 3a, were identified. We named these regions HVR495 and HVR575. They consisted of flanking conserved hydrophobic amino acids and central variable residues. A 5-amino-acid insertion found only in genotype 3a and a putative glycosylation site is contained within HVR575. Evolutionary analysis of E2 showed that positively selected sites within genotype 3a infection were largely restricted to HVR1, HVR495, and HVR575. Further analysis of clonal viral populations within single hosts showed that viral variation within HVR495 and HVR575 were subject to intrahost positive selecting forces. Longitudinal analysis of four patients with acute HCV subtype 3a infection sampled at multiple time points showed that positively selected mutations within HVR495 and HVR575 arose early during primary infection. HVR495 and HVR575 were not present in HCV subtypes 1a, 1b, 2a, or 6a. Some variability that was not subject to positive selection was present in subtype 4a HVR575. Further defining the functional significance of these regions may have important implications for genotype 3a E2 virus-receptor interactions and for vaccine studies that aim to induce cross-reactive anti-E2 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isla Humphreys
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia, School of Anatomy and Human Biology and Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Australia, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vicki Fleming
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia, School of Anatomy and Human Biology and Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Australia, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Fabris
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia, School of Anatomy and Human Biology and Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Australia, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Parker
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia, School of Anatomy and Human Biology and Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Australia, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bodo Schulenberg
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia, School of Anatomy and Human Biology and Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Australia, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Brown
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia, School of Anatomy and Human Biology and Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Australia, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charis Demetriou
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia, School of Anatomy and Human Biology and Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Australia, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Silvana Gaudieri
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia, School of Anatomy and Human Biology and Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Australia, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Pfafferott
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia, School of Anatomy and Human Biology and Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Australia, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Lucas
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia, School of Anatomy and Human Biology and Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Australia, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Collier
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia, School of Anatomy and Human Biology and Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Australia, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kuan-Hsiang Gary Huang
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia, School of Anatomy and Human Biology and Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Australia, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver G. Pybus
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia, School of Anatomy and Human Biology and Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Australia, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia, School of Anatomy and Human Biology and Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Australia, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia, School of Anatomy and Human Biology and Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Australia, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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24
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Alteration of the N-linked glycosylation condition in E1 glycoprotein of Classical Swine Fever Virus strain Brescia alters virulence in swine. Virology 2009; 386:210-6. [PMID: 19203774 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
E1, along with E(rns) and E2 is one of the three envelope glycoproteins of Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV). Previously we showed that glycosylation status of virulent CSFV strain Brescia E2 or E(rns) affects virus virulence. Here, the three putative glycosylation sites of E1 were serially removed by means of site directed mutagenesis of a CSFV Brescia infectious clone (BICv) and their effect on virulence assessed in swine. Removal of all three putative glycosylation sites in E1, at CSFV positions N500, N513 and N594, yielded nonviable progeny, while single or dual site mutants excluding N594 were viable. Individual N594A (E1.N3 virus) or combined N500A/N513A (E1.N1N2 virus) substitutions resulted in BICv attenuation. Furthermore infection with E1.N3 or E1.N1N2 viruses efficiently protected swine from challenge with virulent BICv at 3 and 28 days post-infection. As previously observed with E(rns) and E2 and here with E1 data suggest that modification of glycosylation patterns could be used for developing CSFV live-attenuated vaccines.
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25
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Belair M, Dovat M, Foley B, Mayerat C, Pantaleo G, Graziosi C. The polymorphic nature of HIV type 1 env V4 affects the patterns of potential N-glycosylation sites in proviral DNA at the intrahost level. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:199-206. [PMID: 19239359 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that env V4 from HIV-1 plasma RNA is highly heterogeneous within a single patient, due to indel-associated polymorphism. In this study, we have analyzed the variability of V4 in proviral DNA from unfractionated PBMC and sorted T and non-T cell populations within individual patients. Our data show that the degree of sequence variability and length polymorphism in V4 from HIV provirus is even higher than we previously reported in plasma. The data also show that the sequence of V4 depends largely on the experimental approach chosen. We could observe no clear trend for compartmentalization of V4 variants in specific cell types. Of interest is the fact that some variants that had been found to be predominant in plasma were not detected in any of the cell subsets analyzed. Consistently with our observations in plasma, V3 was found to be relatively conserved at both interpatient and intrapatient level. Our data show that V4 polymorphism involving insertions and deletions in addition to point mutations results in changes in the patterns of sequons in HIV-1 proviral DNA as well as in plasma RNA. These rearrangements may result in the coexistence, within the same individual, of a swarm of different V4 regions, each characterized by a different carbohydrate surface shield. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism responsible for the variability observed in V4 and its role in HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magali Dovat
- Institut Universitaire de Médecine Légale, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brian Foley
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544
| | - Claude Mayerat
- Laboratory of AIDS Immunopathogenesis, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Cecilia Graziosi
- Laboratory of AIDS Immunopathogenesis, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Tarr AW, Owsianka AM, Jayaraj D, Brown RJP, Hickling TP, Irving WL, Patel AH, Ball JK. Determination of the human antibody response to the epitope defined by the hepatitis C virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody AP33. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2991-3001. [PMID: 17947521 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide and there is a pressing need for the development of a preventative vaccine as well as new treatments. It was recently demonstrated that the mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) AP33 potently neutralizes infectivity of HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpp) carrying E1E2 envelopes representative of all of the major genotypes of HCV. This study determined the prevalence of human serum antibodies reactive to the region of HCV E2 recognized by AP33. Antibodies recognizing this region were present in less than 2.5 % of sera obtained from individuals with chronic HCV infection. A similar prevalence was found in a smaller cohort of individuals who had experienced an acute infection, suggesting that AP33-like antibodies do not play a major role in natural clearance of HCV infection. Sera exhibited different patterns of reactivity to a panel of peptides representing circulating variants, highlighting the presence of distinct epitopes in this region. Only two sera contained antibodies that could recognize a specific AP33-reactive peptide mimotope. AP33-like antibodies made a measurable contribution to the ability of these sera to inhibit E2-CD81 interaction, but not to the overall neutralization of cell entry. Together, these data show that antibodies to the AP33 epitope are not commonly generated during natural infection and that generation of such antibodies via vaccination may require modified immunogens to focus the generation of specific antibodies. Importantly, individuals harbouring AP33-like antibodies are an important potential source of human mAbs for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Tarr
- The Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Division of Microbiology, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ania M Owsianka
- MRC Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Dhanya Jayaraj
- The Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Division of Microbiology, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Richard J P Brown
- The Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Division of Microbiology, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Timothy P Hickling
- The Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Division of Microbiology, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - William L Irving
- The Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Division of Microbiology, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Arvind H Patel
- MRC Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Jonathan K Ball
- The Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Division of Microbiology, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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27
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Vigerust DJ. Pathobiology of virus glycosylation: implications to disease and prospects for treatment. Future Virol 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.6.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Changes to the overall glycosylation profile of viral glycoproteins have been shown to be advantageous to virus survival and virulence. Many human viral pathogens rely on specific oligosaccharides to evade detection by the host immune system. Viruses such as HIV, Hendra, SARS-CoV, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis and West Nile virus rely on N-linked and O-Linked glycosylation for critical functions such as entry into host cells, proteolytic processing and protein trafficking. Recent findings demonstrate the importance of glycosylation to viral virulence, infectivity and immune evasion in several virus families impacting on human health. This review considers the role of glycosylation in viral infection and will detail several potential therapies for these important human pathogens and emerging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Vigerust
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Program in Vaccine Sciences, 1161 21st Avenue South, T-0107 MCN (Mailing), T-2219 MCN (Lab), Nashville, TN 37232-2007, USA
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28
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Martínez-Donato G, Capdesuñer Y, Acosta-Rivero N, Rodríguez A, Morales-Grillo J, Martínez E, González M, Alvarez-Obregon JC, Dueñas-Carrera S. Multimeric HCV E2 protein obtained from Pichia pastoris cells induces a strong immune response in mice. Mol Biotechnol 2007; 35:225-35. [PMID: 17652786 DOI: 10.1007/bf02686008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Production of immunogenic hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope proteins will assist in the future development of preventive or therapeutics applications. Only properly folded monomeric E2 protein is able to bind a putative cellular co-receptor CD81, but this interaction may modulate cell immune function. Recombinant E2 proteins, similar to the native form, but lacking undesirable immunoregulatory features, might be promising components of vaccine candidates against HCV. To obtain E2 suitable for structural as well as functional studies, a recombinant E2 variant (E2680) was produced in Pichia pastoris cells. E2680, comprising amino acids 384 to 680 of the HCV polyprotein, was secreted into the culture supernatant in the N-glycosilated form and was mainly composed of disulfide-linked multimers. Both monomeric and oligomeric forms of E2680 were recognized by conformational-sensitive MAb H53. In addition, antibodies in sera from 70% of HCVpositive patients were reactive against E2680. By immunizing E2680 in BALB/c mice, both a specific cellular immune response and anti-E2680 IgG antibody titers of 1:200,000 were induced. Our data suggest that recombinant E2680 could be useful to successfully induce strong anti-HCV immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Martínez-Donato
- Hepatitis C Department, Biomedical Research, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Ave. 31 e/ 158 y 190, Cubanacán, Playa, Apdo. 6162, Habana 10600, Cuba
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29
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Falkowska E, Kajumo F, Garcia E, Reinus J, Dragic T. Hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E2 glycans modulate entry, CD81 binding, and neutralization. J Virol 2007; 81:8072-9. [PMID: 17507469 PMCID: PMC1951298 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00459-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major human pathogen that causes serious liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The primary target cells of HCV are hepatocytes, and entry is restricted by interactions of the envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2, with cellular receptors. E1 and E2 form noncovalently linked heterodimers and are heavily glycosylated. Glycans contribute to protein folding and transport as well as protein function. In addition, glycans associated with viral envelopes mask important functional domains from the immune system and attenuate viral immunogenicity. Here, we explored the role of N- and O-linked glycans on E2, which is the receptor binding subunit of the HCV envelope. We identified a number of glycans that are critical for viral entry. Importantly, we showed that the removal of several glycans significantly increased the inhibition of entry by sera from HCV-positive individuals. Only some of the glycans that affected entry and neutralization were also important for CD81 binding. Our results show that HCV envelope-associated glycans play a crucial role in masking functionally important regions of E2 and suggest a new strategy for eliciting highly neutralizing antibodies against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Falkowska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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30
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Bertaux C, Daelemans D, Meertens L, Cormier EG, Reinus JF, Peumans WJ, Van Damme EJM, Igarashi Y, Oki T, Schols D, Dragic T, Balzarini J. Entry of hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus is selectively inhibited by carbohydrate-binding agents but not by polyanions. Virology 2007; 366:40-50. [PMID: 17498767 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We studied the antiviral activity of carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs), including several plant lectins and the non-peptidic small-molecular-weight antibiotic pradimicin A (PRM-A). These agents efficiently prevented hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of target cells by inhibiting the viral entry. CBAs were also shown to prevent HIV and HCV capture by DC-SIGN-expressing cells. Surprisingly, infection by other enveloped viruses such as herpes simplex viruses, respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza-3 virus was not inhibited by these agents pointing to a high degree of specificity. Mannan reversed the antiviral activity of CBAs, confirming their association with viral envelope-associated glycans. In contrast, polyanions such as dextran sulfate-5000 and sulfated polyvinylalcohol inhibited HIV entry but were devoid of any activity against HCV infection, indicating that they act through a different mechanism. CBAs could be considered as prime drug leads for the treatment of chronic viral infections such as HCV by preventing viral entry into target cells. They may represent an attractive new option for therapy of HCV/HIV coinfections. CBAs may also have the potential to prevent HCV/HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bertaux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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31
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Vigerust DJ, Shepherd VL. Virus glycosylation: role in virulence and immune interactions. Trends Microbiol 2007; 15:211-8. [PMID: 17398101 PMCID: PMC7127133 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The study of N-linked glycosylation as it relates to virus biology has become an area of intense interest in recent years due to its ability to impart various advantages to virus survival and virulence. HIV and influenza, two clear threats to human health, have been shown to rely on expression of specific oligosaccharides to evade detection by the host immune system. Additionally, other viruses such as Hendra, SARS-CoV, influenza, hepatitis and West Nile rely on N-linked glycosylation for crucial functions such as entry into host cells, proteolytic processing and protein trafficking. This review focuses on recent findings on the importance of glycosylation to viral virulence and immune evasion for several prominent human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Vigerust
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Vaccine Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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32
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Garcia JE, Fierro R, Puentes A, Cortés J, Bermúdez A, Cifuentes G, Vanegas M, Patarroyo ME. Monosaccharides modulate HCV E2 protein-derived peptide biological properties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 355:409-18. [PMID: 17306766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A hepatitis C virus E(2) protein-derived sequence was selected for studying the effect of N-glycosylation on the peptide chain's conformational structure. The results suggested that the (534)TDVF(537) motif contained in peptide 33402 ((529)WGENDTDVFVLNNTRY(544)) had a type III beta-turn, relevant in antigen recognition of polyclonal antibodies, binding to human cells, and binding to HLA DRB1 *0401 molecules. N-Glycopeptides derived from this sequence contained monosaccharides in Asn(532). N-Glycopeptides presented differences in peptide chain structure compared to non-glycosylated peptides. Peptide 33402 specifically bound to human cells, specificity becoming lost when it was N-glycosylated. N-Glycosylation decreased antigen recognition of mouse polyclonal sera against this sequence. N-Glycopeptide binding to HLA DRB1 *0401 molecules was similar to that presented by non-glycosylated peptide, indicating that N-glycosylation did not affect binding to HLA DRB1 *0401 molecules. N-Glycosylation induced changes at structural and functional level which could be relevant for modulating human cell binding properties and antibody recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier E Garcia
- Fundación Instituto de Immunología de Colombia, Carrera 50 #26-00, Bogotá, Colombia
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33
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Risatti GR, Holinka LG, Fernandez Sainz I, Carrillo C, Lu Z, Borca MV. N-linked glycosylation status of classical swine fever virus strain Brescia E2 glycoprotein influences virulence in swine. J Virol 2006; 81:924-33. [PMID: 17108025 PMCID: PMC1797485 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01824-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
E2 is one of the three envelope glycoproteins of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Previous studies indicate that E2 is involved in several functions, including virus attachment and entry to target cells, production of antibodies, induction of protective immune response in swine, and virulence. Here, we have investigated the role of E2 glycosylation of the highly virulent CSFV strain Brescia in infection of the natural host. Seven putative glycosylation sites in E2 were modified by site-directed mutagenesis of a CSFV Brescia infectious clone (BICv). A panel of virus mutants was obtained and used to investigate whether the removal of putative glycosylation sites in the E2 glycoprotein would affect viral virulence/pathogenesis in swine. We observed that rescue of viable virus was completely impaired by removal of all putative glycosylation sites in E2 but restored when mutation N185A reverted to wild-type asparagine produced viable virus that was attenuated in swine. Single mutations of each of the E2 glycosylation sites showed that amino acid N116 (N1v virus) was responsible for BICv attenuation. N1v efficiently protected swine from challenge with virulent BICv at 3 and 28 days postinfection, suggesting that glycosylation of E2 could be modified for development of classical swine fever live attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Risatti
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, PO Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944-0848, USA
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34
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Troesch M, Meunier I, Lapierre P, Lapointe N, Alvarez F, Boucher M, Soudeyns H. Study of a novel hypervariable region in hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 envelope glycoprotein. Virology 2006; 352:357-67. [PMID: 16781757 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 04/30/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A large share of hepatitis C virus amino acid sequence variation is concentrated within two hypervariable regions located at the N-terminus of the E2 envelope glycoprotein (HVR1 and HVR2). Interhost and intrahost comparison of 391 E2 sequences derived from 17 subjects infected with HCV using amino acid entropy revealed clustering of amino acid variability at a third site (residues 431-466), which was termed HVR3. Genetic distance analysis supported the division of HVR3 into three subdomains (HVR3a, HVR3b, and HVR3c). Study of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleic acid substitutions confirmed that HVR3a was subjected to strong intrahost-selective pressure. Physicochemical and antigenicity predictions, conservation of key residues, and molecular modeling were concordant with one another and further validated the proposed organization of HVR3. Taken together, these results are suggestive of a role for HVR3 in cell surface receptor binding and viral entry akin to that proposed for HVR1 and HVR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Troesch
- Unité d'immunopathologie virale, Centre de recherche du CHU mère-enfant Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5
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35
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Martinez-Donato G, Acosta-Rivero N, Morales-Grillo J, Musacchio A, Vina A, Alvarez C, Figueroa N, Guerra I, Garcia J, Varas L, Muzio V, Dueñas-Carrera S. Expression and processing of hepatitis C virus structural proteins in Pichia pastoris yeast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342:625-31. [PMID: 16488393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Development of heterologous systems to produce useful HCV vaccine candidates is an important part of HCV research. In this study different HCV structural region variants were designed to express the first 120 aa, 176 aa, 339 aa, and 650 aa of HCV polyprotein, and aa 384 to 521, or aa 384-605 or aa 384-746 of HCV E2 protein fused to the leader sequence of sucrose invertase 2 allowing the secretion of recombinant E2 proteins. Low expression levels were observed for HCV core protein (HCcAg) variants expressing the first 120 aa and 176 aa (HCcAg.120 and HCcAg.176, respectively). Higher expression levels were observed when HCcAg was expressed as a polypeptide with either E1 or E1 and E2 proteins. In addition, HCcAg was processed to produce two antigenic bands with 21 and 23kDa (P21 and P23, respectively) when expressed as a polypeptide with HCV E1 and E2 proteins. Results also suggest E1 processing in the context of HCcAg.E1.E2 polyprotein. On the other hand, E2.521, E2.605, and E2.680 were efficiently excreted to the culture medium. However, the entire E2.746 variant predominantly localized in the insoluble fraction of ruptured cells. Results suggest that the hydrophobic C-terminal E2 region from aa 681 to 746 is critical for intracellular retention of recombinant E2.746 protein in Pichia pastoris cells. Endo H or PNGase F treatment suggests that E2.746 was modified with high-mannose type oligosaccharides in P. pastoris. These data justify the usefulness of P. pastoris expression system to express HCV structural viral proteins which may be useful targets for HCV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Martinez-Donato
- Division of Vaccines, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, C.P. 10600, City of Havana, Cuba.
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Owsianka A, Tarr AW, Juttla VS, Lavillette D, Bartosch B, Cosset FL, Ball JK, Patel AH. Monoclonal antibody AP33 defines a broadly neutralizing epitope on the hepatitis C virus E2 envelope glycoprotein. J Virol 2005; 79:11095-104. [PMID: 16103160 PMCID: PMC1193588 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.17.11095-11104.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a significant threat to the general health of the world's population, and there is a pressing need for the development of new treatments and preventative vaccines. Here, we describe the generation of retrovirus-based pseudoparticles (HCVpp) incorporating a panel of full-length E1E2 clones representative of the major genotypes 1 through 6, and their application to assess the reactivity and neutralizing capability of antisera and monoclonal antibodies raised against portions of the HCV E2 envelope protein. Rabbit antisera raised against either the first hypervariable region or ectodomain of E2 showed limited and strain specific neutralization. By contrast, the monoclonal antibody (MAb) AP33 demonstrated potent neutralization of infectivity against HCVpp carrying E1E2 representative of all genotypes tested. The concentration of AP33 required to achieve 50% inhibition of infection by HCVpp of diverse genotypes ranged from 0.6 to 32 mug/ml. The epitope recognized by MAb AP33 is linear and highly conserved across different genotypes of HCV. Thus, identification of a broadly neutralizing antibody that recognizes a linear epitope is likely to be of significant benefit to future vaccine and therapeutic antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Owsianka
- MRC Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, UK
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Goffard A, Callens N, Bartosch B, Wychowski C, Cosset FL, Montpellier C, Dubuisson J. Role of N-linked glycans in the functions of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins. J Virol 2005; 79:8400-9. [PMID: 15956584 PMCID: PMC1143753 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.13.8400-8409.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) encodes two viral envelope glycoproteins. E1 contains 4 or 5 N-linked glycosylation sites and E2 contains up to 11, with most of the sites being well conserved, suggesting that they play an essential role in some functions of these proteins. For this study, we used retroviral pseudotyped particles harboring mutated HCV envelope glycoproteins to study these glycans. The mutants were named with an N followed by a number related to the relative position of the potential glycosylation site in each glycoprotein (E1N1 to E1N4 for E1 mutants and E2N1 to E2N11 for E2 mutants). The characterization of these mutants allowed us to define three phenotypes. For the first group (E1N3, E2N3, E2N5, E2N6, E2N7, and E2N9), the infectivities of the mutants were close to that of the wild type. The second group (E1N1, E1N2, E1N4, E2N1, and E2N11) contained mutants that were still infectious but whose infectivities were reduced to <50% that of the wild type. The third group (E2N2, E2N4, E2N8, and E2N10) contained mutants that had almost totally lost infectivity. The absence of infectivity of the E2N8 and E2N10 mutants was due to the lack of incorporation of the E1E2 heterodimer into HCVpp, which was due to misfolding of the heterodimer, as shown by immunoprecipitation with conformation-sensitive antibodies and by a CD81 pull-down assay. The absence of infectivity of the E2N2 and E2N4 mutants indicated that these two glycans are involved in controlling HCV entry. Altogether, the data indicate that some glycans of HCV envelope glycoproteins play a major role in protein folding and others play a role in HCV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Goffard
- CNRS-UPR2511, Institut de Biologie de Lille, France
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Pande A, Carr BV, Wong SYC, Dalton K, Jones IM, McCauley JW, Charleston B. The glycosylation pattern of baculovirus expressed envelope protein E2 affects its ability to prevent infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Virus Res 2005; 114:54-62. [PMID: 15993973 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the role of glycosylation of the envelope glycoprotein E2 of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), produced in insect cells, in BVDV infection. When amino acids predicated to code for the C-terminal N-linked glycosylation site were mutated the resulting protein was less efficient than wild type protein at preventing infection of susceptible cells with BVDV. In addition, mutational analysis showed that a further two predicted N-terminal N-linked glycosylation sites of E2 are required for efficient production of recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pande
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
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Genovese D, Dettori S, Argentini C, Villano U, Chionne P, Angelico M, Rapicetta M. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 isolates in Egypt and analysis of the variability of envelope proteins E1 and E2 in patients with chronic hepatitis. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:1902-9. [PMID: 15815016 PMCID: PMC1081338 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.4.1902-1909.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 isolates circulating in the Alexandria District (Egypt) in terms of genetic divergence and the presence of different subtypes. Hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) and the NH2 region of the E2 protein were characterized, and the heterogeneity of subtype 4a isolates was evaluated by analyzing epitope frequencies, immunoproteasome prediction, and possible glycosylation patterns. The heterogeneity of the nucleotide sequences was greater than that found in previous studies, which reported only subtype 4a. Subtype 4a was most common (78% of cases), yet four new subtypes were found, with subtype 4m representing 11% of the cases and the other three subtypes representing another 11%. Substantial heterogeneity was also found when the intrasubtype 4a sequences were analyzed. Differences in the probability of glycosylation and in the positions of the different sites were also observed. The analysis of the predicted cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte epitopes showed differences in both the potential proteosome cleavage and the prediction score. The Egyptian isolates in our study also showed high variability in terms of the HVR1 neutralization epitope. Five of these isolates showed amino acid substitutions never previously observed (a total of six positions). Four of these residues (in four different isolates) were in positions involved in anchoring to the E2 glycoprotein core and in maintaining the HVR1 conformation. The results of this study indicate that HCV genotype 4 in Egypt is extremely variable, not only in terms of sequence, but also in terms of functional and immunological determinants. These data should be taken into account in planning the development of vaccine trials in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Genovese
- Viral Hepatitis Unit, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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