1
|
Taghizadeh MS, Niazi A, Afsharifar A. Virus-like particles (VLPs): A promising platform for combating against Newcastle disease virus. Vaccine X 2024; 16:100440. [PMID: 38283623 PMCID: PMC10811427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The global poultry industry plays a pivotal role in providing eggs and meat for human consumption. However, outbreaks of viral disease, especially Newcastle virus disease (NDV), within poultry farms have detrimental effects on various zootechnical parameters, such as body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, as well as the quality of egg and meat production. Cases of vaccine failure have been reported in regions where highly pathogenic strains of NDV are prevalent. To tackle this challenge, virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as a potential solution. VLPs closely resemble natural viruses, offering biocompatibility and immune-stimulating properties that make them highly promising for therapeutic applications against NDV. Hence, this review emphasizes the significance of NDV and the need for effective treatments. The manuscript will contain several key aspects, starting with an exploration of the structure and properties of NDV. Subsequently, the paper will delve into the characteristics and benefits of VLPs compared to conventional drug delivery systems. A comprehensive analysis of VLPs as potential vaccine candidates targeting NDV will be presented, along with a discussion on strategies for loading cargo into these NDV-targeting VLPs. The review will also examine various expression systems utilized in the production of NDV-targeting VLPs. Additionally, the manuscript will address future prospects and challenges in the field, concluding with recommendations for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Niazi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Afsharifar
- Plant Virus Research Center, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xue Q, Swevers L, Taning CNT. Plant and insect virus-like particles: emerging nanoparticles for agricultural pest management. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2975-2991. [PMID: 37103223 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) represent a biodegradable, biocompatible nanomaterial made from viral coat proteins that can improve the delivery of antigens, drugs, nucleic acids, and other substances, with most applications in human and veterinary medicine. Regarding agricultural viruses, many insect and plant virus coat proteins have been shown to assemble into VLPs accurately. In addition, some plant virus-based VLPs have been used in medical studies. However, to our knowledge, the potential application of plant/insect virus-based VLPs in agriculture remains largely underexplored. This review focuses on why and how to engineer coat proteins of plant/insect viruses as functionalized VLPs, and how to exploit VLPs in agricultural pest control. The first part of the review describes four different engineering strategies for loading cargo at the inner or the outer surface of VLPs depending on the type of cargo and purpose. Second, the literature on plant and insect viruses the coat proteins of which have been confirmed to self-assemble into VLPs is reviewed. These VLPs are good candidates for developing VLP-based agricultural pest control strategies. Lastly, the concepts of plant/insect virus-based VLPs for delivering insecticidal and antiviral components (e.g., double-stranded RNA, peptides, and chemicals) are discussed, which provides future prospects of VLP application in agricultural pest control. In addition, some concerns are raised about VLP production on a large scale and the short-term resistance of hosts to VLP uptake. Overall, this review is expected to stimulate interest and research exploring plant/insect virus-based VLP applications in agricultural pest management. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xue
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Clauvis Nji Tizi Taning
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Demir AB, Benvenuto D, Karacicek B, Erac Y, Spoto S, Angeletti S, Ciccozzi M, Tosun M. Implications of Possible HBV-Driven Regulation of Gene Expression in Stem Cell-like Subpopulation of Huh-7 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12122065. [PMID: 36556285 PMCID: PMC9786676 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12122065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of STIM1, an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensor/buffering protein, appear to be correlated with poor cancer prognosis in which microRNAs are also known to play critical roles. The purpose of this study is to investigate possible HBV origins of specific microRNAs we identified in a stem cell-like subpopulation of Huh-7 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines with enhanced STIM1 and/or Orai1 expression that mimicked poor cancer prognosis. Computational strategies including phylogenetic analyses were performed on miRNome data we obtained from an EpCAM- and CD133-expressing Huh-7 HCC stem cell-like subpopulation with enhanced STIM1 and/or Orai1 expression originally cultured in the present work. Results revealed two putative regions in the HBV genome based on the apparent clustering pattern of stem loop sequences of microRNAs, including miR3653. Reciprocal analysis of these regions identified critical human genes, of which their transcripts are among the predicted targets of miR3653, which was increased significantly by STIM1 or Orai1 enhancement. Briefly, this study provides phylogenetic evidence for a possible HBV-driven epigenetic remodeling that alters the expression pattern of Ca2+ homeostasis-associated genes in STIM1- or Orai1 overexpressing liver cancer stem-like cells for a possible mutual survival outcome. A novel region on HBV-X protein may affect liver carcinogenesis in a genotype-dependent manner. Therefore, detection of the viral genotype would have a clinical impact on prognosis of HBV-induced liver cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Banu Demir
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir University of Economics, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Domenico Benvenuto
- Faculty of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome (UCBM), 200 Rome, Italy
| | - Bilge Karacicek
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Erac
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Silvia Spoto
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine Division, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 200 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Clinical Laboratory Science Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome (UCBM), 200 Rome, Italy
- Clinical Laboratory Research Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (M.T.); Tel.: +39-06225411461 (S.A.); +90-2324889843 (M.T.)
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome (UCBM), 200 Rome, Italy
| | - Metiner Tosun
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir University of Economics, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (M.T.); Tel.: +39-06225411461 (S.A.); +90-2324889843 (M.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Virus-Like Particles as Nanocarriers for Intracellular Delivery of Biomolecules and Compounds. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091905. [PMID: 36146711 PMCID: PMC9503347 DOI: 10.3390/v14091905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are nanostructures assemble from viral proteins. Besides widely used for vaccine development, VLPs have also been explored as nanocarriers for cargo delivery as they combine the key advantages of viral and non-viral vectors. While it protects cargo molecules from degradation, the VLP has good cell penetrating property to mediate cargo passing the cell membrane and released into cells, making the VLP an ideal tool for intracellular delivery of biomolecules and drugs. Great progresses have been achieved and multiple challenges are still on the way for broad applications of VLP as delivery vectors. Here we summarize current advances and applications in VLP as a delivery vector. Progresses on delivery of different types of biomolecules as well as drugs by VLPs are introduced, and the strategies for cargo packaging are highlighted which is one of the key steps for VLP mediated intracellular delivery. Production and applications of VLPs are also briefly reviewed, with a discussion on future challenges in this rapidly developing field.
Collapse
|
5
|
Qu Y, Sun Y, Yang Z, Ding C. Calcium Ions Signaling: Targets for Attack and Utilization by Viruses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:889374. [PMID: 35859744 PMCID: PMC9289559 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.889374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium, as a second intracellular messenger, participate in various physiological and biochemical processes, including cell growth and proliferation, energy metabolism, information transfer, cell death, and immune response. Ca2+ channels or pumps in plasma and organelle membranes and Ca2+-related proteins maintain Ca2+ homeostasis by regulating Ca2+ inflow, outflow and buffering to avoid any adverse effects caused by Ca2+ overload or depletion. Thus, Ca2+ signaling also provides a target for virus invasion, replication, proliferation and release. After hijacking the host cell, viruses exploit Ca2+ signaling to regulate apoptosis and resist host immunity to establish persistent infection. In this review, we discuss cellular Ca2+ signaling and channels, interaction of calcium-associated proteins with viruses, and host cell fate, as well as the role of Ca2+ in cell death and antiviral response during viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Zengqi Yang,
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chan Ding,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang Y, Yan Y, Yin J, Hu J, Cai X, Hu J, Xia J, Wang K, Tang N, Huang L. Structure-Based Discovery of N-Sulfonylpiperidine-3-carboxamides as Novel Capsid Assembly Modulators for Potent Inhibition of HBV Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020348. [PMID: 35215939 PMCID: PMC8876525 DOI: 10.3390/v14020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key element during HBV replication, a nucleocapsid is considered a promising target for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. The present study aimed to identify small molecules as novel capsid assembly modulators with antiviral activity. Structure-based virtual screening of an integrated compound library led to the identification of several types of HBV inhibitors. Among these inhibitors, N-sulfonylpiperidine-3-carboxamides (SPCs) potently reduced the amount of secreted HBV DNA. Through structure–activity relationship studies, we identified an SPC derivative, namely, C-39, which exhibited the highest antiviral activity without causing cytotoxicity. Mechanism studies showed that C-39 dose-dependently inhibited the formation of HBV capsid, synthesis of cccDNA, e antigen (HBeAg), viral pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), and HBV DNA levels, thereby restraining HBV replication. In summary, SPCs represent a new class of capsid assembly modulators. Further optimization of SPCs is expected to obtain new antiviral drugs against HBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ni Tang
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (L.H.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kong F, Zhang F, Liu X, Qin S, Yang X, Kong D, Pan X, You H, Zheng K, Tang R. Calcium signaling in hepatitis B virus infection and its potential as a therapeutic target. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:82. [PMID: 34362380 PMCID: PMC8349099 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a ubiquitous second messenger, calcium (Ca2+) can interact with numerous cellular proteins to regulate multiple physiological processes and participate in a variety of diseases, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, which is a major cause of hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated that depends on the distinct Ca2+ channels on the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, as well as mitochondria, HBV can elevate cytosolic Ca2+ levels. Moreover, within HBV-infected cells, the activation of intracellular Ca2+ signaling contributes to viral replication via multiple molecular mechanisms. Besides, the available evidence indicates that targeting Ca2+ signaling by suitable pharmaceuticals is a potent approach for the treatment of HBV infection. In the present review, we summarized the molecular mechanisms related to the elevation of Ca2+ signaling induced by HBV to modulate viral propagation and the recent advances in Ca2+ signaling as a potential therapeutic target for HBV infection. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanyun Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Fulong Zhang
- Imaging Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong China
| | - Xiangye Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Suping Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Delong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiucheng Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Hongjuan You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Sciences Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Renxian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Sciences Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Panda S, Behera S, Alam MF, Syed GH. Endoplasmic reticulum & mitochondrial calcium homeostasis: The interplay with viruses. Mitochondrion 2021; 58:227-242. [PMID: 33775873 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) act as secondary messengers in a plethora of cellular processes and play crucial role in cellular organelle function and homeostasis. The average resting concentration of Ca2+ is nearly 100 nM and in certain cells it can reach up to 1 µM. The high range of Ca2+ concentration across the plasma membrane and intracellular Ca2+ stores demands a well-coordinated maintenance of free Ca2+ via influx, efflux, buffering and storage. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Mitochondria depend on Ca2+ for their function and also serve as major players in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. The ER-mitochondria interplay helps in orchestrating cellular calcium homeostasis to avoid any detrimental effect resulting from Ca2+ overload or depletion. Since Ca2+ plays a central role in many biological processes it is an essential component of the virus-host interactions. The large gradient across membranes enable the viruses to easily modulate this buffered environment to meet their needs. Viruses exploit Ca2+ signaling to establish productive infection and evade the host immune defense. In this review we will detail the interplay between the viruses and cellular & ER-mitochondrial calcium signaling and the significance of these events on viral life cycle and disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swagatika Panda
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Virus-Host Interaction Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Suchismita Behera
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Clinical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Mohd Faraz Alam
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Virus-Host Interaction Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Gulam Hussain Syed
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Virus-Host Interaction Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Matsarskaia O, Roosen‐Runge F, Schreiber F. Multivalent ions and biomolecules: Attempting a comprehensive perspective. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1742-1767. [PMID: 32406605 PMCID: PMC7496725 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ions are ubiquitous in nature. They play a key role for many biological processes on the molecular scale, from molecular interactions, to mechanical properties, to folding, to self-organisation and assembly, to reaction equilibria, to signalling, to energy and material transport, to recognition etc. Going beyond monovalent ions to multivalent ions, the effects of the ions are frequently not only stronger (due to the obviously higher charge), but qualitatively different. A typical example is the process of binding of multivalent ions, such as Ca2+ , to a macromolecule and the consequences of this ion binding such as compaction, collapse, potential charge inversion and precipitation of the macromolecule. Here we review these effects and phenomena induced by multivalent ions for biological (macro)molecules, from the "atomistic/molecular" local picture of (potentially specific) interactions to the more global picture of phase behaviour including, e. g., crystallisation, phase separation, oligomerisation etc. Rather than attempting an encyclopedic list of systems, we rather aim for an embracing discussion using typical case studies. We try to cover predominantly three main classes: proteins, nucleic acids, and amphiphilic molecules including interface effects. We do not cover in detail, but make some comparisons to, ion channels, colloidal systems, and synthetic polymers. While there are obvious differences in the behaviour of, and the relevance of multivalent ions for, the three main classes of systems, we also point out analogies. Our attempt of a comprehensive discussion is guided by the idea that there are not only important differences and specific phenomena with regard to the effects of multivalent ions on the main systems, but also important similarities. We hope to bridge physico-chemical mechanisms, concepts of soft matter, and biological observations and connect the different communities further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Roosen‐Runge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Faculty of Health and SocietyMalmö UniversitySweden
- Division of Physical ChemistryLund UniversitySweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xiao Y, Liu C, Tang W, Zhang H, Chen X. Evans Blue Inhibits HBV Replication Through a Dual Antiviral Mechanism by Targeting Virus Binding and Capsid Assembly. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2638. [PMID: 31798562 PMCID: PMC6868041 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a global health problem caused by human hepatitis B virus (HBV). Current treatment with interferons and nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) can cause population tolerance and drug resistance. Therefore, new antiviral drugs, especially those targeting host factors, are urgently needed. Here, we identified Evans blue as a new HBV inhibitor by screening an FDA drug library using Huh7DhNTCP cells and confirmed the antiviral activity in primary human hepatocytes and human sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (hNTCP)-transfected porcine primary hepatocytes. Our efficacy study showed that Evans blue has an IC50 of 2 μM against HBV infection in Huh7DhNTCP cells, and no apparent toxicity at up to 1000 μM. The IC50 of Evans blue against HBV in primary human hepatocytes was approximately 5 μM. Mechanism studies revealed that Evans blue has a dual anti-HBV effect. It inhibits both the binding of viral preS1 to host cells through the host factor NTCP and the virus capsid assembly by targeting the host factor BK channel. The KD of the direct interaction between Evans blue and NTCP is 8.82E-8 M. Evans blue can suppress capsid assembly at micromolar concentrations by reducing the cytosolic calcium ion concentration. Since the antiviral effects on HBV binding and assembly are both achieved through targeting host factors, Evans blue inhibits the infection of nucleos(t)ide analog drug-resistant HBV strains in Huh7DhNTCP cells. Taken together, our results suggest that Evans blue may be a promising anti-HBV drug candidate in the classes of both entry and assembly inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xulin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ciclopirox inhibits Hepatitis B Virus secretion by blocking capsid assembly. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2184. [PMID: 31097716 PMCID: PMC6522524 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can cause cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and is therefore a serious public health problem. Infected patients are currently treated with nucleoside/nucleotide analogs and interferon α, but this approach is not curative. Here, we screen 978 FDA-approved compounds for their ability to inhibit HBV replication in HBV-expressing HepG2.2.15 cells. We find that ciclopirox, a synthetic antifungal agent, strongly inhibits HBV replication in cells and in mice by blocking HBV capsid assembly. The crystal structure of the HBV core protein and ciclopirox complex reveals a unique binding mode at dimer-dimer interfaces. Ciclopirox synergizes with nucleoside/nucleotide analogs to prevent HBV replication in cells and in a humanized liver mouse model. Therefore, orally-administered ciclopirox may provide a novel opportunity to combat chronic HBV infection by blocking HBV capsid assembly.
Collapse
|
12
|
Moreno-Altamirano MMB, Kolstoe SE, Sánchez-García FJ. Virus Control of Cell Metabolism for Replication and Evasion of Host Immune Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:95. [PMID: 31058096 PMCID: PMC6482253 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been significant advances in the understanding of the cross-talk between metabolism and immune responses. It is now evident that immune cell effector function strongly depends on the metabolic pathway in which cells are engaged in at a particular point in time, the activation conditions, and the cell microenvironment. It is also clear that some metabolic intermediates have signaling as well as effector properties and, hence, topics such as immunometabolism, metabolic reprograming, and metabolic symbiosis (among others) have emerged. Viruses completely rely on their host's cell energy and molecular machinery to enter, multiply, and exit for a new round of infection. This review explores how viruses mimic, exploit or interfere with host cell metabolic pathways and how, in doing so, they may evade immune responses. It offers a brief outline of key metabolic pathways, mitochondrial function and metabolism-related signaling pathways, followed by examples of the mechanisms by which several viral proteins regulate host cell metabolic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Maximina B Moreno-Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Simon E Kolstoe
- School of Health Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Javier Sánchez-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Seo HW, Seo JP, Cho Y, Ko E, Kim YJ, Jung G. Cetylpyridinium chloride interaction with the hepatitis B virus core protein inhibits capsid assembly. Virus Res 2019; 263:102-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
14
|
Makjaroen J, Somparn P, Hodge K, Poomipak W, Hirankarn N, Pisitkun T. Comprehensive Proteomics Identification of IFN-λ3-regulated Antiviral Proteins in HBV-transfected Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2197-2215. [PMID: 30097535 PMCID: PMC6210224 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon lambda (IFN-λ) is a relatively unexplored, yet promising antiviral agent. IFN-λ has recently been tested in clinical trials of chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHB), with the advantage that side effects may be limited compared with IFN-α, as IFN-λ receptors are found only in epithelial cells. To date, IFN-λ's downstream signaling pathway remains largely unelucidated, particularly via proteomics methods. Here, we report that IFN-λ3 inhibits HBV replication in HepG2.2.15 cells, reducing levels of both HBV transcripts and intracellular HBV DNA. Quantitative proteomic analysis of HBV-transfected cells was performed following 24-hour IFN-λ3 treatment, with parallel IFN-α2a and PBS treatments for comparison using a dimethyl labeling method. The depth of the study allowed us to map the induction of antiviral proteins to multiple points of the viral life cycle, as well as facilitating the identification of antiviral proteins not previously known to be elicited upon HBV infection (e.g. IFITM3, XRN2, and NT5C3A). This study also shows up-regulation of many effectors involved in antigen processing/presentation indicating that this cytokine exerted immunomodulatory effects through several essential molecules for these processes. Interestingly, the 2 subunits of the immunoproteasome cap (PSME1 and PSME2) were up-regulated whereas cap components of the constitutive proteasome were down-regulated upon both IFN treatments, suggesting coordinated modulation toward the antigen processing/presentation mode. Furthermore, in addition to confirming canonical activation of interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) transcription through the JAK-STAT pathway, we reveal that IFN-λ3 restored levels of RIG-I and RIG-G, proteins known to be suppressed by HBV. Enrichment analysis demonstrated that several biological processes including RNA metabolism, translation, and ER-targeting were differentially regulated upon treatment with IFN-λ3 versus IFN-α2a. Our proteomic data suggests that IFN-λ3 regulates an array of cellular processes to control HBV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiradej Makjaroen
- From the ‡Medical Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- §Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- ¶Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poorichaya Somparn
- §Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- ¶Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kenneth Hodge
- ¶Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Witthaya Poomipak
- ¶Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattiya Hirankarn
- §Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- ¶Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sun X, Li D, Wang Z, Liu Q, Wei Y, Liu T. A dimorphism shift of hepatitis B virus capsids in response to ionic conditions. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:16984-16989. [PMID: 30183040 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03370f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The dimorphism of HBV capsids (coexistence of T = 3 and T = 4 capsids) was found to be regulatable by controlling the rate of capsid nucleation using cations such as K+ or Ca2+: a quick addition of highly concentrated monovalent and/or multivalent counter-cations resulted in a morphism transition from a thermodynamically more stable, T = 4 capsid-dominant state (>80% of total capsids) to a new state containing ∼1 : 1 amounts of T = 3 and T = 4 capsids. These results suggested that the salts with strong charge screening ability could narrow the difference in nucleation energy barriers between the two states, which were not inter-convertible once formed. The effect of salts was more significant than other factors such as pH or protein concentration in achieving such a dimorphism shift. The general mechanism of HBV capsid dimorphism described here provides a new perspective in understanding the virus assembly during infection and directing the design of non-infectious capsids for nanotechnology applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Sun
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Suffian IM, Wang JTW, Faruqu FN, Benitez J, Nishimura Y, Ogino C, Kondo A, Al-Jamal KT. Engineering Human Epidermal Growth Receptor 2-Targeting Hepatitis B Virus Core Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery in Vitro and in Vivo. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2018; 1:3269-3282. [PMID: 30613831 PMCID: PMC6312360 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.8b00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus core (HBc) particles acquire the capacity to disassemble and reassemble in a controlled manner, allowing entrapment and delivery of drugs and macromolecules to cells. HBc particles are made of 180-240 copies of 21 kDa protein monomers, assembled into 30-34 nm diameter icosahedral particles. In this study, we aimed at formulating HBc particles for the delivery of siRNA for gene silencing in vitro and in vivo. We have previously reported recombinant HBc particles expressing ZHER2 affibodies, specifically targeting human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER2)-expressing cancer cells (ZHER2-ΔHBc). siRNA was encapsulated within the ZHER2-ΔHBc particles following disassembly and reassembly. The ZHER2-ΔHBc-siRNA hybrids were able to secure the encapsulated siRNA from serum and nucleases in vitro. Enhanced siRNA uptake in HER2-expressing cancer cells treated with ZHER2-ΔHBc-siRNA hybrids was observed compared to the nontargeted HBc-siRNA hybrids in a time- and dose-dependent manner. A successful in vitro polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) gene knockdown was demonstrated in cancer cells treated with ZHER2-ΔHBc-siPLK1 hybrids, to levels comparable to commercial transfecting reagents. Interestingly, ZHER2-ΔHBc particles exhibit intrinsic capability of reducing the solid tumor mass, independent of siPLK1 therapy, in an intraperitoneal tumor model following intraperitoneal injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izzat
F. M. Suffian
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s
College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Julie T.-W. Wang
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s
College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Farid N. Faruqu
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s
College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Julio Benitez
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s
College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Yuya Nishimura
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Khuloud T. Al-Jamal
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s
College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
- K.T.A.-J. Tel: +44(0)20-7848-4525. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sun X, Li D, Wang Z, Yin P, Hu R, Li H, Liu Q, Gao Y, Ren B, Zheng J, Wei Y, Liu T. Role of Protein Charge Density on Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Formation. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4384-4391. [PMID: 31458664 PMCID: PMC6641633 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The role of electrostatic interactions in the viral capsid assembly process was studied by comparing the assembly process of a truncated hepatitis B virus capsid protein Cp149 with its mutant protein D2N/D4N, which has the same conformational structure but four fewer charges per dimer. The capsid protein self-assembly was investigated under a wide range of protein surface charge densities by changing the protein concentration, buffer pH, and solution ionic strength. Lowering the protein charge density favored the capsid formation. However, lowering charge beyond a certain point resulted in capsid aggregation and precipitation. Interestingly, both the wild-type and D2N/D4N mutant displayed identical assembly profiles when their charge densities matched each other. These results indicated that the charge density was optimized by nature to ensure an efficient and effective capsid proliferation under the physiological pH and ionic strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Sun
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Dong Li
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Zhaoshuai Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Panchao Yin
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Rundong Hu
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Hui Li
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Yunyi Gao
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Baiping Ren
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Yinan Wei
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- E-mail: (Y.W.)
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- E-mail: (T.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hadden JA, Perilla JR, Schlicksup CJ, Venkatakrishnan B, Zlotnick A, Schulten K. All-atom molecular dynamics of the HBV capsid reveals insights into biological function and cryo-EM resolution limits. eLife 2018; 7:32478. [PMID: 29708495 PMCID: PMC5927769 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus capsid represents a promising therapeutic target. Experiments suggest the capsid must be flexible to function; however, capsid structure and dynamics have not been thoroughly characterized in the absence of icosahedral symmetry constraints. Here, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations are leveraged to investigate the capsid without symmetry bias, enabling study of capsid flexibility and its implications for biological function and cryo-EM resolution limits. Simulation results confirm flexibility and reveal a propensity for asymmetric distortion. The capsid’s influence on ionic species suggests a mechanism for modulating the display of cellular signals and implicates the capsid’s triangular pores as the location of signal exposure. A theoretical image reconstruction performed using simulated conformations indicates how capsid flexibility may limit the resolution of cryo-EM. Overall, the present work provides functional insight beyond what is accessible to experimental methods and raises important considerations regarding asymmetry in structural studies of icosahedral virus capsids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi A Hadden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, United States
| | - Juan R Perilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, United States
| | | | | | - Adam Zlotnick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Klaus Schulten
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States.,Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yao JH, Liu ZJ, Yi JH, Wang J, Liu YN. Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Upregulates Intracellular Calcium Signaling by Binding C-terminal of Orail Protein. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:26-34. [PMID: 30074148 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein plays a pivotal role in the development of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Although regulation of cytosolic calcium is essential for HBV replication and is mediated by HBx protein, the mechanism of HBx protein regulating intracellular calcium level remains poorly understood. The present study examined whether HBx protein elevated the intracellular calcium through interacting with storeoperated calcium entry (SOCE) components, Orail and stromal interaction molecule 1, and then identified the targets of HBx protein, with an attempt to understand the mechanism of HBx protein upsetting intracellular calcium homeostasis. By employing co-immunoprecipitation and GST-pull-down assay, we found that Orail protein interacted with HBx protein, and the C-terminus of Orail was implicated in the interaction. Confocal microscopy also revealed that HBx protein could co-localize with full-length Orail protein in HEK293 cells. Moreover, live cell calcium imaging exhibited that HBx protein elevated intracellular calcium, possibly by binding to SOCE components. Our results suggest that HBx protein binds to STIM1-Orail complexes to positively regulate the activity of plasma membrane store-operated calcium channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hong Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zi-Jian Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Ya-Nan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Huang J, Zhao L, Yang P, Chen Z, Ruan XZ, Huang A, Tang N, Chen Y. Fatty acid translocase promoted hepatitis B virus replication by upregulating the levels of hepatic cytosolic calcium. Exp Cell Res 2017; 358:360-368. [PMID: 28697919 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is designated a "metabolovirus" due to the intimate connection between the virus and host metabolism. The nutrition state of the host plays a relevant role in the severity of HBV infection. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is prone to increasing HBV DNA loads and accelerating the progression of liver disease in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), also named fatty acid translocase, is known to facilitate long-chain fatty acid uptake and contribute to the development of MS. We recently found that CD36 overexpression enhanced HBV replication. In this study, we further explored the mechanism by which CD36 overexpression promotes HBV replication. Our data showed that CD36 overexpression increased HBV replication, and CD36 knockdown inhibited HBV replication. RNA sequencing found some of the differentially expressed genes were involved in calcium ion homeostasis. CD36 overexpression elevated the cytosolic calcium level, and CD36 knockdown decreased the cytosolic calcium level. Calcium chelator BAPTA-AM could override the HBV replication increased by CD36 overexpression, and the calcium activator thapsigargin could improve the HBV replication reduced by CD36 knockdown. We further found that CD36 overexpression activated Src kinase, which plays an important role in the regulation of the store-operated Ca2+ channel. An inhibitor of Src kinase (SU6656) significantly reduced the CD36-induced HBV replication. We identified a novel link between CD36 and HBV replication, which is associated with cytosolic calcium and the Src kinase pathway. CD36 may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of CHB patients with MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiong Z Ruan
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London, NW3 2PF, United Kingdom; The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (CCID), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ailong Huang
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (CCID), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Yaxi Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yield Optimisation of Hepatitis B Virus Core Particles in E. coli Expression System for Drug Delivery Applications. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43160. [PMID: 28256592 PMCID: PMC5335696 DOI: 10.1038/srep43160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An E. coli expression system offers a mean for rapid, high yield and economical production of Hepatitis B Virus core (HBc) particles. However, high-level production of HBc particles in bacteria is demanding and optimisation of HBc particle yield from E. coli is required to improve laboratory-scale productivity for further drug delivery applications. Production steps involve bacterial culture, protein isolation, denaturation, purification and finally protein assembly. In this study, we describe a modified E. coli based method for purifying HBc particles and compare the results with those obtained using a conventional purification method. HBc particle morphology was confirmed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Protein specificity and secondary structure were confirmed by Western Blot and Circular Dichroism (CD), respectively. The modified method produced ~3-fold higher yield and greater purity of wild type HBc particles than the conventional method. Our results demonstrated that the modified method produce a better yield and purity of HBc particles in an E. coli-expression system, which are fully characterised and suitable to be used for drug delivery applications.
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen S, Dong Z, Yang P, Wang X, Jin G, Yu H, Chen L, Li L, Tang L, Bai S, Yan H, Shen F, Cong W, Wen W, Wang H. Hepatitis B virus X protein stimulates high mobility group box 1 secretion and enhances hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. Cancer Lett 2017; 394:22-32. [PMID: 28216372 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) plays an important role in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Here we reported that overexpression of HBx in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells could induce the secretion of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) to promote invasion and metastasis of HCC in an autocrine/paracrine manner. HBx triggered an increase of cytoplasmic calcium and activated CAMKK/CAMKIV pathway, leading to subsequent translocation and release of HMGB1. HMGB1 neutralizing antibody, as well as calcium chelator or inhibitors of CAMKK/CAMKIV, could remarkably reduce invasion and metastasis of HCC cells in vitro and in a murine HCC metastasis model in vivo. Furthermore, the level of HMGB1 in patient serum and tumor tissues was positively correlated with HBV DNA load. We demonstrate an inverse relationship between HMGB1 in tumor cytoplasm and overall prognosis of HCC patients. CONCLUSION HBx promotes the progression of HCC through translocation and secretion of HMGB1 from tumor cells via calcium dependent cascades. These data indicates that HMGB1 could serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for HBV-related HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Chen
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zihui Dong
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Pinghua Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianming Wang
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guangzhi Jin
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Yu
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Chen
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liang Li
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liang Tang
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shilei Bai
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hexin Yan
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenming Cong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Wen
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hongyang Wang
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory on Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Casciano JC, Duchemin NJ, Lamontagne RJ, Steel LF, Bouchard MJ. Hepatitis B virus modulates store-operated calcium entry to enhance viral replication in primary hepatocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168328. [PMID: 28151934 PMCID: PMC5289456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses modulate calcium (Ca2+) signaling to create a cellular environment that is more permissive to viral replication, but for most viruses that regulate Ca2+ signaling, the mechanism underlying this regulation is not well understood. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) HBx protein modulates cytosolic Ca2+ levels to stimulate HBV replication in some liver cell lines. A chronic HBV infection is associated with life-threatening liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and HBx modulation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels could have an important role in HBV pathogenesis. Whether HBx affects cytosolic Ca2+ in a normal hepatocyte, the natural site of an HBV infection, has not been addressed. Here, we report that HBx alters cytosolic Ca2+ signaling in cultured primary hepatocytes. We used single cell Ca2+ imaging of cultured primary rat hepatocytes to demonstrate that HBx elevates the cytosolic Ca2+ level in hepatocytes following an IP3-linked Ca2+ response; HBx effects were similar when expressed alone or in the context of replicating HBV. HBx elevation of the cytosolic Ca2+ level required extracellular Ca2+ influx and store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) entry and stimulated HBV replication in hepatocytes. We used both targeted RT-qPCR and transcriptome-wide RNAseq analyses to compare levels of SOC channel components and other Ca2+ signaling regulators in HBV-expressing and control hepatocytes and show that the transcript levels of these various proteins are not affected by HBV. We also show that HBx regulation of SOC-regulated Ca2+ accumulation is likely the consequence of HBV modulation of a SOC channel regulatory mechanism. In support of this, we link HBx enhancement of SOC-regulated Ca2+ accumulation to Ca2+ uptake by mitochondria and demonstrate that HBx stimulates mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in primary hepatocytes. The results of our study may provide insights into viral mechanisms that affect Ca2+ signaling to regulate viral replication and virus-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Casciano
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Duchemin
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - R. Jason Lamontagne
- Program in Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laura F. Steel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang J, Zhao L, Yang P, Chen Z, Tang N, Z. Ruan X, Chen Y. Genome-Wide Transcriptome Analysis of CD36 Overexpression in HepG2.2.15 Cells to Explore Its Regulatory Role in Metabolism and the Hepatitis B Virus Life Cycle. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164787. [PMID: 27749922 PMCID: PMC5066966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatocyte-specific DNA virus whose gene expression and replication are closely associated with hepatic metabolic processes. Thus, a potential anti-viral strategy is to target the host metabolic factors necessary for HBV gene expression and replication. Recent studies revealed that fatty acid translocase CD36 is involved in the replication, assembly, storage, and secretion of certain viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the relationship between CD36 and the HBV life cycle remains unclear. Here, we showed, for the first time, that increased CD36 expression enhances HBV replication in HepG2.2.15 cells. To understand the underlying molecular basis, we performed genome-wide sequencing of the mRNA from HepG2.2.15-CD36 overexpression (CD36OE) cells and HepG2.2.15-vector cells using RNA Sequencing (RNA-seq) technology to analyze the differential transcriptomic profile. Our results identified 141 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to CD36 overexpression, including 79 upregulated genes and 62 downregulated genes. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that some of the DEGs were involved in various metabolic processes and the HBV life cycle. The reliability of the RNA-Seq data was confirmed by qPCR analysis. Our findings provide clues to build a link between CD36, host metabolism and the HBV life cycle and identified areas that require further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiong Z. Ruan
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yaxi Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang L, Liu C, Xiao Y, Chen X. Oxethazaine inhibits hepatitis B virus capsid assembly by blocking the cytosolic calcium-signalling pathway. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1198-1209. [PMID: 26838678 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious public health problem and may progress to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is currently treated with PEGylated IFN-α2a and nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (NAs). However, PEGylated IFN treatment has problems of high cost, low efficiency and side effects. Long-term administration of NAs is necessary to avoid virus relapse, which can cause drug resistance and side effects. New efforts are now being directed to develop novel anti-HBV drugs targeting either additional viral targets other than viral DNA polymerase or host targets to improve the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. In this study, we discovered that oxethazaine, approved for clinic use in a few countries such as Japan, India, South Africa and Brazil, can dose-dependently reduce the levels of HBV envelope antigen, extracellular HBV DNA in supernatants and intracellular HBV total DNA. However, the levels of HBV cccDNA and HBV RNAs were not affected by oxethazaine treatment. Further study confirmed that oxethazaine acts on the virus assembly stage of the HBV life cycle. A study of the mechanisms of oxethazaine suggested that this drug inhibits HBV replication and capsid assembly by blocking the cytosolic calcium-signalling pathway. Moreover, oxethazaine could inhibit the replication of lamivudine/entecavir-dual-resistant and adefovir-resistant HBV mutants. In conclusion, our study suggests that oxethazaine may serve as a promising drug, or could be used as a starting point for anti-HBV drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PRChina.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049, PRChina
| | - Chunlan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PRChina
| | - Yu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PRChina.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049, PRChina
| | - Xulin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PRChina.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049, PRChina
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Selzer L, Zlotnick A. Assembly and Release of Hepatitis B Virus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:cshperspect.a021394. [PMID: 26552701 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein is a dynamic and versatile protein that directs many viral processes. During capsid assembly, core protein allosteric changes ensure efficient formation of a stable capsid that assembles while packaging viral RNA-polymerase complex. Reverse transcription of the RNA genome as well as transport of the capsid to multiple cellular compartments are directed by dynamic phosphorylation and structural changes of core protein. Subsequently, interactions of the capsid with the surface proteins and/or host proteins trigger envelopment and release of the viral capsids or the transport to the nucleus. Held together by many weak protein-protein interactions, the viral capsid is an extraordinary metastable machine that is stable enough to persist in the cellular and extracellular environment but dissociates to allow release of the viral genome at the right time during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Selzer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Uncoating Mechanism of Carnation Mottle Virus Revealed by Cryo-EM Single Particle Analysis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14825. [PMID: 26442593 PMCID: PMC4595797 DOI: 10.1038/srep14825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome uncoating is a prerequisite for the successful infection of plant viruses in host plants. Thus far, little is known about the genome uncoating of the Carnation mottle virus (CarMV). Here, we obtained two reconstructions of CarMV at pH7 in the presence (Ca-pH7) and absence (EDTA-pH7) of calcium ions by Cryo-EM single particle analysis, which achieved 6.4 Å and 8 Å resolutions respectively. Our results showed that chelation of the calcium ions under EDTA-pH7 resulted in reduced interaction between the subunits near the center of the asymmetric unit but not overall size change of the viral particles, which indicated that the role of the calcium ions in CarMV was not predominantly for the structural preservation. Part of the genomic RNA closest to the capsid was found to be located near the center of the asymmetric unit, which might result from the interaction between genomic RNA and Lys194 residues. Together with the electrostatic potential analysis on the inner surface of the asymmetric unit, the reduced interaction near the center of the asymmetric unit under EDTA-pH7 suggested that the genome release of CarMV might be realized through the center of the asymmetric unit.
Collapse
|
28
|
Vashishta M, Khan N, Mehto S, Sehgal D, Natarajan K. Pneumococal Surface Protein A (PspA) Regulates Programmed Death Ligand 1 Expression on Dendritic Cells in a Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Calcium Dependent Manner. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26214513 PMCID: PMC4516265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia leads to high mortality in children under the age of five years worldwide, resulting in close to 20 percent of all deaths in this age group. Therefore, investigations into host-pathogen interactions during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection are key in devising strategies towards the development of better vaccines and drugs. To that end, in this study we investigated the role of S. pneumoniae and its surface antigen Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) in modulating the expression of co-stimulatory molecule Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on dendritic cells (DCs) and the subsequent effects of increased PD-L1 on key defence responses. Our data indicate that stimulation of DCs with PspA increases the surface expression of PD-L1 in a time and dose dependent manner. Characterization of mechanisms involved in PspA induced expression of PD-L1 indicate the involvement of Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) and calcium homeostasis. While calcium release from intracellular stores positively regulated PD-L1 expression, calcium influx from external milieu negatively regulated PD-L1 expression. Increase in PD-L1 expression, when costimulated with PspA and through TLR2 was higher than when stimulated with PspA or through TLR2. Further, knockdown of TLR2 and the intermediates in the TLR signaling machinery pointed towards the involvement of a MyD88 dependent pathway in PspA induced PD-L1 expression. Incubation of DCs with S. pneumoniae resulted in the up-regulation of PD-L1 expression, while infection with a strain lacking surface PspA failed to do so. Our data also suggests the role of PspA in ROS generation. These results suggest a novel and specific role for PspA in modulating immune responses against S. pneumoniae by regulating PD-L1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Vashishta
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (MV); (KN); (DS)
| | - Naeem Khan
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhash Mehto
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Devinder Sehgal
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (MV); (KN); (DS)
| | - Krishnamurthy Natarajan
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (MV); (KN); (DS)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cho MH, Jeong H, Kim YS, Kim JW, Jung G. 2-amino-N-(2,6-dichloropyridin-3-yl)acetamide derivatives as a novel class of HBV capsid assembly inhibitor. J Viral Hepat 2014; 21:843-52. [PMID: 24372792 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Capsid structure is crucial for the maturation and maintenance of the stable hepatitis B virion. Therefore, chemicals that inhibit capsid assembly might potentially act as potent antiviral compounds. However, only a few chemicals are known to block the capsid assembly process and further viral proliferation. In this study, we present a novel family of capsid assembly inhibitors that act against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Based on X-ray crystallographic data of the HBV core protein (Cp), we built dimer and hexamer structural models to be used in library searches. Several chemicals in the 2-amino-N-(2,6-dichloropyridin-3-yl)acetamide family were predicted to have high affinity for the groove structure in Cp. Using in vitro assembly and the HepG2.2.15 cell culture test, we verified that these chemicals demonstrated inhibitory effects on capsid assembly. Furthermore, we investigated the combinatorial effects of these assembly inhibitor chemicals with lamivudine and revealed that, in combination, they have synergistic inhibitory effects on decreasing viral concentration. We propose that these inhibitors could be utilized as an effective combination treatment against HBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Interaction between nucleophosmin and HBV core protein increases HBV capsid assembly. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:851-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
31
|
Using Proteomics to Unravel the Mysterious Steps of the HBV-Life-Cycle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 806:453-81. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06068-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
32
|
Abstract
Intracellular free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) is a highly versatile second messenger that regulates a wide range of functions in every type of cell and tissue. To achieve this versatility, the Ca(2+) signaling system operates in a variety of ways to regulate cellular processes that function over a wide dynamic range. This is particularly well exemplified for Ca(2+) signals in the liver, which modulate diverse and specialized functions such as bile secretion, glucose metabolism, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. These Ca(2+) signals are organized to control distinct cellular processes through tight spatial and temporal coordination of [Ca(2+)]i signals, both within and between cells. This article will review the machinery responsible for the formation of Ca(2+) signals in the liver, the types of subcellular, cellular, and intercellular signals that occur, the physiological role of Ca(2+) signaling in the liver, and the role of Ca(2+) signaling in liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jimena Amaya
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Anand SK, Tikoo SK. Viruses as modulators of mitochondrial functions. Adv Virol 2013; 2013:738794. [PMID: 24260034 PMCID: PMC3821892 DOI: 10.1155/2013/738794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles with diverse roles including energy production and distribution, apoptosis, eliciting host immune response, and causing diseases and aging. Mitochondria-mediated immune responses might be an evolutionary adaptation by which mitochondria might have prevented the entry of invading microorganisms thus establishing them as an integral part of the cell. This makes them a target for all the invading pathogens including viruses. Viruses either induce or inhibit various mitochondrial processes in a highly specific manner so that they can replicate and produce progeny. Some viruses encode the Bcl2 homologues to counter the proapoptotic functions of the cellular and mitochondrial proteins. Others modulate the permeability transition pore and either prevent or induce the release of the apoptotic proteins from the mitochondria. Viruses like Herpes simplex virus 1 deplete the host mitochondrial DNA and some, like human immunodeficiency virus, hijack the host mitochondrial proteins to function fully inside the host cell. All these processes involve the participation of cellular proteins, mitochondrial proteins, and virus specific proteins. This review will summarize the strategies employed by viruses to utilize cellular mitochondria for successful multiplication and production of progeny virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K. Anand
- Vaccine & Infection Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
- Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
| | - Suresh K. Tikoo
- Vaccine & Infection Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
- Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The L60V variation in hepatitis B virus core protein elicits new epitope-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and enhances viral replication. J Virol 2013; 87:8075-84. [PMID: 23678186 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00577-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the core protein (HBc) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) are associated with aggressive hepatitis and advanced liver diseases in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). In this study, we identified the L60V variation in HBc that generates a new HLA-A2-restricted CD8(+) T cell epitope by screening an overlapping 9-mer peptide pool covering HBc and its variants. The nonameric epitope V60 was determined by structural and immunogenic analysis. The HBc L60V variation is correlated with hepatic necroinflammation and higher viral levels, and it may be associated with a poor prognosis in CHB patients. Immunization with the defined HBV epitope V60 peptide elicited specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-induced liver injury in HLA-A2(+) HBV transgenic mice. In addition, in vitro and in vivo experiments both demonstrated that the HBc L60V variation facilitates viral capsid assembly and increases HBV replication. These data suggest that the HBc L60V variation can impact both HBV replication and HBV-specific T cell responses. Therefore, our work provides further dissection of the impact of the HBc L60V variation, which orchestrates HBV replication, viral persistence, and immunopathogenesis during chronic viral infection.
Collapse
|
35
|
Hepatitis B virus X protein targets the Bcl-2 protein CED-9 to induce intracellular Ca2+ increase and cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:18465-70. [PMID: 23091037 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204652109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HBx is a multifunctional hepatitis B virus (HBV) protein that is crucial for HBV infection and pathogenesis and a contributing cause of hepatocyte carcinogenesis. However, the host targets and mechanisms of action of HBx are poorly characterized. We show here that expression of HBx in Caenorhabditis elegans induces both necrotic and apoptotic cell death, mimicking an early event of liver infection by HBV. Genetic and biochemical analyses indicate that HBx interacts directly with the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) homolog CED-9 (cell death abnormal) through a Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3)-like motif to trigger both cytosolic Ca(2+) increase and cell death. Importantly, Bcl-2 can substitute for CED-9 in mediating HBx-induced cell killing in C. elegans, suggesting that CED-9 and Bcl-2 are conserved cellular targets of HBx. A genetic suppressor screen of HBx-induced cell death has produced many mutations, including mutations in key regulators from both apoptosis and necrosis pathways, indicating that this screen can identify new apoptosis and necrosis genes. Our results suggest that C. elegans could serve as an animal model for identifying crucial host factors and signaling pathways of HBx and aid in development of strategies to treat HBV-induced liver disorders.
Collapse
|
36
|
Hepatitis B virus X protein targets the Bcl-2 protein CED-9 to induce intracellular Ca2+ increase and cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:18471-6. [PMID: 23091037 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204668109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HBx is a multifunctional hepatitis B virus (HBV) protein that is crucial for HBV infection and pathogenesis and a contributing cause of hepatocyte carcinogenesis. However, the host targets and mechanisms of action of HBx are poorly characterized. We show here that expression of HBx in Caenorhabditis elegans induces both necrotic and apoptotic cell death, mimicking an early event of liver infection by HBV. Genetic and biochemical analyses indicate that HBx interacts directly with the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) homolog CED-9 (cell death abnormal) through a Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3)-like motif to trigger both cytosolic Ca(2+) increase and cell death. Importantly, Bcl-2 can substitute for CED-9 in mediating HBx-induced cell killing in C. elegans, suggesting that CED-9 and Bcl-2 are conserved cellular targets of HBx. A genetic suppressor screen of HBx-induced cell death has produced many mutations, including mutations in key regulators from both apoptosis and necrosis pathways, indicating that this screen can identify new apoptosis and necrosis genes. Our results suggest that C. elegans could serve as an animal model for identifying crucial host factors and signaling pathways of HBx and aid in development of strategies to treat HBV-induced liver disorders.
Collapse
|
37
|
Cho MH, Song JS, Kim HJ, Park SG, Jung G. Structure-based design and biochemical evaluation of sulfanilamide derivatives as hepatitis B virus capsid assembly inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:916-25. [PMID: 22803663 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.694879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus capsid structure is essential in virion maturation and durability, so disrupting capsid assembly could be an effective way to reduce virion count and cure viral diseases. However, currently there is no known antiviral which affects capsid inhibition, and only a small number of assembly inhibitors were experimentally successful. In this present study, we aimed to find hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid assembly inhibitor which binds to the HBV core protein and changes protein conformation. Several candidate molecules were found to bind to certain structure in core protein with high specificity. Furthermore, these molecules significantly changed the protein conformation and reduced assembly affinity of core protein, leading to decrease of the number of assembled capsid or virion, both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, prediction also suggests that improvements in inhibition efficiency could be possible by changing functional groups and ring structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hyung Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
The hepatitis B virus X protein elevates cytosolic calcium signals by modulating mitochondrial calcium uptake. J Virol 2011; 86:313-27. [PMID: 22031934 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06442-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The HBV X protein (HBx) is thought to play an important role in the development of HBV-associated HCC. One fundamental HBx function is elevation of cytosolic calcium signals; this HBx activity has been linked to HBx stimulation of cell proliferation and transcription pathways, as well as HBV replication. Exactly how HBx elevates cytosolic calcium signals is not clear. The studies described here show that HBx stimulates calcium entry into cells, resulting in an increased plateau level of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)-linked calcium signals. This increased calcium plateau can be inhibited by blocking mitochondrial calcium uptake and store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). Blocking SOCE also reduced HBV replication. Finally, these studies also demonstrate that there is increased mitochondrial calcium uptake in HBx-expressing cells. Cumulatively, these studies suggest that HBx can increase mitochondrial calcium uptake and promote increased SOCE to sustain higher cytosolic calcium and stimulate HBV replication.
Collapse
|
39
|
Shim HY, Quan X, Yi YS, Jung G. Heat shock protein 90 facilitates formation of the HBV capsid via interacting with the HBV core protein dimers. Virology 2011; 410:161-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
40
|
Brechot C, Kremsdorf D, Soussan P, Pineau P, Dejean A, Paterlini-Brechot P, Tiollais P. Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): molecular mechanisms and novel paradigms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 58:278-87. [PMID: 20667665 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Most HCCs complicate the evolution of an active or inactive cirrhosis. However, some tumors occur on livers with minimal histological changes; the prevalence of such cases varies from one geographical region to the other, being much higher in the Southern half of Africa (around 40% of HCCs) than in Asia, America and Europe, where at least 90% of HCCs are associated in the cirrhosis. This heterogeneity is probably a reflection of different environmental and genetic factors. This review will summarise the current knowledge on the mechanisms involved in HBV-related liver carcinogenesis. It will show in particular how viruses can be viewed as tools to discover and dissect new cellular pathways involved in cancer development and emphasize the potential synergistic effects between HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV), as well as between viral infections and other environmental factors, such as alcohol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Brechot
- Inserm U785, Liver Hepatology centre, Paul Brousse Hospital, university Paris-XI, 12, avenue Paul-Vaillant-Couturier, 94804 Villejuif cedex 15, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lee SJ, Shim HY, Hsieh A, Min JY, Jung GH. Hepatitis B virus core interacts with the host cell nucleolar protein, nucleophosmin 1. J Microbiol 2010; 47:746-52. [PMID: 20127469 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-009-2720-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome replication requires the packaging of viral factors (pregenomic RNA and polymerase) as well as host factors, including heat shock proteins and protein kinase C. Previous reports have suggested that there are several unidentified host factors that affect this encapsidation step. In this study, we identified a new host factor, nucleophosmin (B23) that interacts with the HBV core protein 149 (Cpl49). We analyzed this factor using NHS-activated sepharose resin and MALDI-TOF MS. Using the BIAcore analysis system, we were also able to deduce that the B23.1 residues 259-294 were required for the interaction between Cpl49 and B23.1 in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhou Y, Frey TK, Yang JJ. Viral calciomics: interplays between Ca2+ and virus. Cell Calcium 2009; 46:1-17. [PMID: 19535138 PMCID: PMC3449087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ is one of the most universal and versatile signaling molecules and is involved in almost every aspect of cellular processes. Viruses are adept at utilizing the universal Ca2+ signal to create a tailored cellular environment that meets their own demands. This review summarizes most of the known mechanisms by which viruses perturb Ca2+ homeostasis and utilize Ca2+ and cellular Ca2+-binding proteins to their benefit in their replication cycles. Ca2+ plays important roles in virion structure formation, virus entry, viral gene expression, posttranslational processing of viral proteins and virion maturation and release. As part of the review, we introduce an algorithm to identify linear “EF-hand” Ca2+-binding motifs which resulted in the prediction of a total of 93 previously unrecognized Ca2+-binding motifs in virus proteins. Many of these proteins are nonstructural proteins, a class of proteins among which Ca2+ interactions had not been formerly appreciated. The presence of linear Ca2+-binding motifs in viral proteins enlarges the spectrum of Ca2+–virus interplay and expands the total scenario of viral calciomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur St., Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tong A, Gou L, Lau QC, Chen B, Zhao X, Li J, Tang H, Chen L, Tang M, Huang C, Wei YQ. Proteomic profiling identifies aberrant epigenetic modifications induced by hepatitis B virus X protein. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1037-46. [PMID: 19117405 DOI: 10.1021/pr8008622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus-encoded X (HBx) protein coactivates transcription of a variety of viral and cellular genes and it is believed to play essential roles in viral replication and hepatocarcinogenesis. To examine the pleiotropic effects of HBx protein on host cell protein expression, we utilized 2-DE and MS analysis to compare and identify differentially expressed proteins between a stable HBx-transfected cell line (HepG2-HBx), constitutively expressing HBx, and vector control cells. Of the 60 spots identified as differentially expressed (+/- over 2-fold, p < 0.05) between the two cell lines, 54 spots were positively identified by MS/MS analysis. Several recent studies suggested that HBx was involved in regional hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes and global hypomethylation of satellite 2 repeats during hepatocarcinogenesis; however, no specific gene has been reported as hypomethylated by HBx. Promoter methylation analysis was examined for those protein spots showing significant alterations, and our results revealed that specific genes, such as aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), can be hypomethylated by HBx, and two calcium ion-binding proteins, S100A6 and S100A4, were hypermethylated by HBx and could be re-expressed by AZA (DNA methylase inhibitor) treatment. Moreover, via cluster and pathway analysis, we proposed a hypothetical model for the HBx regulatory circuit involving aberrant methylation of retinol metabolism-related genes and calcium homeostasis-related genes. In summary, we profiled proteome alterations between HepG2-HBx and control cells, and found that HBx not only induces regional hypermethylation but also specific hypomethylation of host cell genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Tong
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Phosphorylation of hepatitis B virus core C-terminally truncated protein (Cp149) by PKC increases capsid assembly and stability. Biochem J 2008; 416:47-54. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20080724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The HBV (hepatitis B virus) core is a phosphoprotein whose assembly, replication, encapsidation and localization are regulated by phosphorylation. It is known that PKC (protein kinase C) regulates pgRNA (pregenomic RNA) encapsidation by phosphorylation of the C-terminus of core, which is a component packaged into capsid. Neither the N-terminal residue phosphorylated by PKC nor the role of the C-terminal phosphorylation have been cleary defined. In the present study we found that HBV Cp149 (core protein C-terminally truncated at amino acid 149) expressed in Escherichia coli was phosphorylated by PKC at Ser106. PKC-mediated phosphorylation increased core affinity, as well as assembly and capsid stability. In vitro phosphorylation with core mutants (S26A, T70A, S106A and T114A) revealed that the Ser106 mutation inhibited phosphorylation of core by PKC. CD analysis also revealed that PKC-mediated phosphorylation stabilized the secondary structure of capsid. When either pCMV/FLAG-Cp149[WT (wild-type)] or pCMV/FLAG-S106A Cp149 was transfected into Huh7 human hepatoma cells, mutant capsid level was decreased by 2.06-fold with the S106A mutant when compared with WT, although the same level of total protein was expressed in both cases. In addition, when pUC1.2x and pUC1.2x/S106A were transfected, mutant virus titre was decreased 2.31-fold compared with WT virus titre. In conclusion, PKC-mediated phosphorylation increased capsid assembly, stability and structural stability.
Collapse
|
46
|
Tong A, Wu L, Lin Q, Lau QC, Zhao X, Li J, Chen P, Chen L, Tang H, Huang C, Wei YQ. Proteomic analysis of cellular protein alterations using a hepatitis B virus-producing cellular model. Proteomics 2008; 8:2012-23. [PMID: 18491315 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major etiological factors responsible for acute and chronic liver disease and for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To determine the effects of HBV replication on host cell-protein expression, we utilized 2-DE and MS/MS analysis to compare and identify differentially expressed proteins between an HBV-producing cell line HepG2.2.15 and its parental cell line HepG2. Of the 66 spots identified as differentially expressed (+/- over twofold, p <0.05) between the two cell lines, 62 spots (corresponding to 61 unique proteins) were positively identified by MS/MS analysis. These proteins could be clearly divided into three major groups by cluster and metabolic/signaling pathway analysis: proteins involved in retinol metabolism pathway, calcium ion-binding proteins, and proteins associated with protein degradation pathways. Other proteins identified include those that function in diverse biological processes such as signal transduction, immune regulation, molecular chaperone, electron transport/redox regulation, cell proliferation/differentiation, and mRNA splicing. In summary, we profiled proteome alterations between HepG2.2.15 and HepG2 cells. The proteins identified in this study would be useful in revealing the mechanisms underlying HBV-host cell interactions and the development of HCC. This study can also provide some useful clues for antiviral research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Tong
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hilmer JK, Zlotnick A, Bothner B. Conformational equilibria and rates of localized motion within hepatitis B virus capsids. J Mol Biol 2007; 375:581-94. [PMID: 18022640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional analysis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) core particles has associated a number of biological roles with the C terminus of the capsid protein. One set of functions require the C terminus to be on the exterior of the capsid, while others place this domain on the interior. According to the crystal structure of the capsid, this segment is strictly internal to the capsid shell and buried at a protein-protein interface. Using kinetic hydrolysis, a form of protease digestion assayed by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry, the structurally and biologically important C-terminal region of HBV capsid protein assembly domain (Cp149, residues 1-149) has been shown to be dynamic in both dimer and capsid forms. HBV is an enveloped virus with a T=4 icosahedral core that is composed of 120 copies of a homodimer capsid protein. Free dimer and assembled capsid forms of the protein are readily hydrolyzed by trypsin and thermolysin, around residues 127-128, indicating that this region is dynamic and exposed to the capsid surface. The measured conformational equilibria have an opposite temperature dependence between free dimer and assembled capsid. This work helps to explain the previously described allosteric regulation of assembly and functional properties of a buried domain. These observations make a critical connection between structure, dynamics, and function: made possible by the first quantitative measurements of conformational equilibria and rates of conversion between protein conformers for a megaDalton complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Hilmer
- Montana State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chemistry and Biochemistry Building, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chami M, Benali NL, Bréchot C, Paterlini-Bréchot P. [Impact of calcium signaling in liver carcinogenesis]. Med Sci (Paris) 2007; 23:133-5. [PMID: 17291421 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2007232133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Chami
- Inserm U807, Faculté de Médecine Necker-Enfants malades, Université Paris V, 156, rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chami M, Oulès B, Paterlini-Bréchot P. Cytobiological consequences of calcium-signaling alterations induced by human viral proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1344-62. [PMID: 17059849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Since calcium-signaling regulates specific and fundamental cellular processes, it represents the ideal target of viral proteins, in order for the virus to control cellular functions and favour its persistence, multiplication and spread. A detailed analysis of reports focused on the impact of viral proteins on calcium-signaling has shown that virus-related elevations of cytosolic calcium levels allow increased viral protein expression (HIV-1, HSV-1/2), viral replication (HBx, enterovirus 2B, HTLV-1 p12(I), HHV-8, EBV), viral maturation (rotavirus), viral release (enterovirus 2B) and cell immortalization (EBV). Interestingly, virus-induced decreased cytosolic calcium levels have been found to be associated with inhibition of immune cells functions (HIV-1 Tat, HHV-8 K15, EBV LMP2A). Finally, several viral proteins are able to modulate intracellular calcium-signaling to control cell viability (HIV-1 Tat, HTLV-1 p13(II), HCV core, HBx, enterovirus 2B, HHV-8 K7). These data point out calcium-signaling as a key cellular target for viral infection and should stimulate further studies exploring new calcium-related therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
50
|
Kang H, Lee S, Park S, Yu J, Kim Y, Jung G. Phosphorylation of hepatitis B virus Cp at Ser87 facilitates core assembly. Biochem J 2006; 398:311-7. [PMID: 16740137 PMCID: PMC1550306 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions can be regulated by protein modifications such as phosphorylation. Some of the phosphorylation sites (Ser155, Ser162 and Ser170) of HBV (hepatitis B virus) Cp have been discovered and these sites are implicated in the regulation of viral genome encapsidation, capsid localization and nucleocapsid maturation. In the present report, the dimeric form of HBV Cp was phosphorylated by PKA (protein kinase A), but not by protein kinase C in vitro, and the phosphorylation of dimeric Cp facilitated HBV core assembly. Matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight analysis revealed that the HBV Cp was phosphorylated at Ser87 by PKA. This was further confirmed using a mutant HBV Cp with S87G mutation. The S87G mutation inhibited the phosphorylation and, as a result, the in vitro HBV core assembly was not facilitated by PKA. In addition, when either pCMV/FLAG-Core(WT) or pCMV/FLAG-Core(S87G) was transfected into HepG2 cells, few mutant Cps (S87G) assembled into capsids compared with the wild-type (WT) Cps, although the same level of total Cps was expressed in both cases. In conclusion, PKA facilitates HBV core assembly through phosphorylation of the HBV Cp at Ser87.
Collapse
Key Words
- core protein (cp)
- core assembly
- hepatitis b virus (hbv)
- phosphorylation
- protein kinase a (pka)
- cp, core protein
- fc, flow cell
- hbv, hepatitis b virus
- maldi–tof, matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization–time-of-flight
- orf, open reading frame
- pka, protein kinase a
- pkc, protein kinase c
- pgrna, pregenomic rna
- ru, response unit
- spr, surface plasmon resonance
- srpk1, serine/arginine protein-specific kinase 1
- tem, transmission electron microscopy
- wt, wild-type
- wt pka, pka-treated wild-type
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yong Kang
- *School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Shillim-dong, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Seungkeun Lee
- *School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Shillim-dong, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Sung Gyoo Park
- *School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Shillim-dong, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
- †Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Shillim-dong, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Jaehoon Yu
- ‡Department of Chemistry Education, Seoul National University, Shillim-dong, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- §Molecular Genomic Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Yongon-dong, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
- ∥Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Yongon-dong, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Guhung Jung
- *School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Shillim-dong, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|