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Larbi I, Arbi M, Souiai O, Tougorti H, Butcher GD, Nsiri J, Badr C, Behi IE, Lachhab J, Ghram A. Phylogeographic Dynamics of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses in Tunisia. Virus Res 2024; 344:199348. [PMID: 38467378 PMCID: PMC10995884 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 is endemic in commercial poultry in Tunisia. This subtype affects poultry and wild birds in Tunisia and poses a potential zoonotic risk. Tunisian H9N2 strains carry, in their hemagglutinins, the human-like marker 226 L that is most influential in avian-to-human viral transmission. For a better understanding of how ecological aspects of the H9N2 virus and its circulation in poultry, migratory birds and environment shapes the spread of the dissemination of H9N2 in Tunisia, herein, we investigate the epidemiological, evolutionary and zoonotic potential of seven H9N2 poultry isolates and sequence their whole genome. Phylogeographic and phylodymanic analysis were used to examine viral spread within and among wild birds, poultry and environment at geographical scales. Genetic evolution results showed that the eight gene sequences of Tunisian H9N2 AIV were characterized by molecular markers involved with virulence and mammalian infections. The geographical distribution of avian influenza virus appears as a network interconnecting countries in Europe, Asia, North Africa and West Africa. The spatiotemporal dynamics analysis showed that the H9N2 virus was transmitted from Tunisia to neighboring countries notably Libya and Algeria. Interestingly, this study also revealed, for the first time, that there was a virus transmission between Tunisia and Morocco. Bayesian analysis showed exchanges between H9N2 strains of Tunisia and those of the Middle Eastern countries, analysis of host traits showed that duck, wild birds and environment were ancestry related to chicken. The subtypes phylodynamic showed that PB1 segment was under multiple inter-subtype reassortment events with H10N7, H12N5, H5N2 and H6N1 and that PB2 was also a subject of inter-subtype reassortment with H10N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Larbi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia.
| | - Marwa Arbi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, LR16IPT09, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Oussama Souiai
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, LR16IPT09, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Halima Tougorti
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Gary David Butcher
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jihene Nsiri
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Chaima Badr
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Imen El Behi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Lachhab
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
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Pinotti F, Lourenço J, Gupta S, Das Gupta S, Henning J, Blake D, Tomley F, Barnett T, Pfeiffer D, Hoque MA, Fournié G. EPINEST, an agent-based model to simulate epidemic dynamics in large-scale poultry production and distribution networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011375. [PMID: 38381804 PMCID: PMC10911595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid intensification of poultry production raises important concerns about the associated risks of zoonotic infections. Here, we introduce EPINEST (EPIdemic NEtwork Simulation in poultry Transportation systems): an agent-based modelling framework designed to simulate pathogen transmission within realistic poultry production and distribution networks. We provide example applications to broiler production in Bangladesh, but the modular structure of the model allows for easy parameterization to suit specific countries and system configurations. Moreover, the framework enables the replication of a wide range of eco-epidemiological scenarios by incorporating diverse pathogen life-history traits, modes of transmission and interactions between multiple strains and/or pathogens. EPINEST was developed in the context of an interdisciplinary multi-centre study conducted in Bangladesh, India, Vietnam and Sri Lanka, and will facilitate the investigation of the spreading patterns of various health hazards such as avian influenza, Campylobacter, Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance in these countries. Furthermore, this modelling framework holds potential for broader application in veterinary epidemiology and One Health research, extending its relevance beyond poultry to encompass other livestock species and disease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Lourenço
- Católica Biomedical Research, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Suman Das Gupta
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Joerg Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Damer Blake
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Barnett
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- The Firoz Lalji Centre for Africa, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Pfeiffer
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Md. Ahasanul Hoque
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université de Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, 69280, France
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Saint Genès Champanelle, 63122, France
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3
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Sagong M, Kang YM, Kim NY, Noh EB, Heo GB, An SH, Lee YJ, Choi YK, Lee KN. Development of a Novel Korean H9-Specific rRT-PCR Assay and Its Application for Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance in Korea. J Microbiol 2023; 61:929-936. [PMID: 38010587 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Since the 2000s, the Y439 lineage of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been the predominant strain circulating in poultry in Korea; however, in 2020, the Y280 lineage emerged and spread rapidly nationwide, causing large economic losses. To prevent further spread and circulation of such viruses, rapid detection and diagnosis through active surveillance programs are crucial. Here, we developed a novel H9 rRT-PCR assay that can detect a broad range of H9Nx viruses in situations in which multiple lineages of H9 AIVs are co-circulating. We then evaluated its efficacy using a large number of clinical samples. The assay, named the Uni Kor-H9 assay, showed high sensitivity for Y280 lineage viruses, as well as for the Y439 lineage originating in Korean poultry and wild birds. In addition, the assay showed no cross-reactivity with other subtypes of AIV or other avian pathogens. Furthermore, the Uni Kor-H9 assay was more sensitive, and had higher detection rates, than reference H9 rRT-PCR methods when tested against a panel of domestically isolated H9 AIVs. In conclusion, the novel Uni Kor-H9 assay enables more rapid and efficient diagnosis than the "traditional" method of virus isolation followed by subtyping RT-PCR. Application of the new H9 rRT-PCR assay to AI active surveillance programs will help to control and manage Korean H9 AIVs more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yeong Kim
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bi Noh
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Beom Heo
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hee An
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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Genetic, Antigenic, and Pathobiological Characterization of H9 and H6 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Vietnam from 2014 to 2018. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020244. [PMID: 36838209 PMCID: PMC9962344 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The H9 and H6 subtypes of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) cause substantial economic losses in poultry worldwide, including Vietnam. Herein, we characterized Vietnamese H9 and H6 LPAIVs to facilitate the control of avian influenza. The space-time representative viruses of each subtype were selected based on active surveillance from 2014 to 2018 in Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis using hemagglutinin genes revealed that 54 H9 and 48 H6 Vietnamese LPAIVs were classified into the sublineages Y280/BJ94 and Group II, respectively. Gene constellation analysis indicated that 6 and 19 genotypes of the H9 and H6 subtypes, respectively, belonged to the representative viruses. The Vietnamese viruses are genetically related to the previous isolates and those in neighboring countries, indicating their circulation in poultry after being introduced into Vietnam. The antigenicity of these subtypes was different from that of viruses isolated from wild birds. Antigenicity was more conserved in the H9 viruses than in the H6 viruses. Furthermore, a representative H9 LPAIV exhibited systemic replication in chickens, which was enhanced by coinfection with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O2. Although H9 and H6 were classified as LPAIVs, their characterization indicated that their silent spread might significantly affect the poultry industry.
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NS2 is a key determinant of compatibility in reassortant avian influenza virus with heterologous H7N9-derived NS segment. Virus Res 2023; 324:199028. [PMID: 36572153 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.199028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are common pathogens with high prevalence worldwide and potential for pandemic spread. While influenza A infections typically elicit robust cellular innate immune responses, the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) antagonizes host anti-viral responses and is critical for efficient virus replication and virulence. The avian influenza virus (AIV) H7N9 initially emerged in China in 2013 and has since crossed the avian-human barrier, causing severe disease in humans. To investigate the influence of the H7N9 NS gene (NS079) on viral replication and innate immune response, we generated several recombinant AIVs bearing various NS079 segments on the backbone of H6N1 (strain 0702). Intriguingly, the recombinant virus bearing the heterologous NS079 gene was highly attenuated compared with virus carrying the homologous NS gene (NS0702). Furthermore, we generated a NS079-0702R virus that expresses a chimeric NS gene in which part of the NS079 effector domain was replaced with the sequence from NS0702. The NS079-0702R virus exhibited significantly enhanced viral yield, approximately 100-fold more than virus bearing NS079. The high infection rate of NS079-0702R virus was reflected by strong induction of IFN and Mx expression in human A549 cells. Intriguingly, our in vitro comparative analysis suggested that the increased NS079-0702R infection capacity was independent of the ability of NS1 to interact with cellular partners, such as PKR and CPSF30. Since partial substitution of the effector domain from NS0702 altered the coding sequence of NS2, we further generated another recombinant virus with NS2 derived from H7N9. Surprisingly, the virus with H7N9-derived NS2 exhibited growth characteristics similar to NS079. Our data demonstrate that swapping NS2 components changes infection efficiency, suggesting a key role for NS2 as a determinant of viral compatibility upon reassortment. These findings warrant further investigation into the precise mechanisms by which NS2 contributes to viral replication and host immunity.1.
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Le KT, Stevenson MA, Isoda N, Nguyen LT, Chu DH, Nguyen TN, Nguyen LV, Tien TN, Le TT, Matsuno K, Okamatsu M, Sakoda Y. A systematic approach to illuminate a new hot spot of avian influenza virus circulation in South Vietnam, 2016-2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e831-e844. [PMID: 34734678 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In South Vietnam, live bird markets (LBMs) are key in the value chain of poultry products and spread of avian influenza virus (AIV) although they may not be the sole determinant of AIV prevalence. For this reason, a risk analysis of AIV prevalence was conducted accounting for all value chain factors. A cross-sectional study of poultry flock managers and poultry on backyard farms, commercial (high biosecurity) farms, LBMs and poultry delivery stations (PDSs) in four districts of Vinh Long province was conducted between December 2016 and August 2017. A total of 3597 swab samples were collected from birds from 101 backyard farms, 50 commercial farms, 58 sellers in LBMs and 19 traders in PDSs. Swab samples were submitted for AIV isolation. At the same time a questionnaire was administered to flock managers asking them to provide details of their knowledge, attitude and practices related to avian influenza. Multiple correspondence analysis and a mixed-effects multivariable logistic regression model were developed to identify enterprise and flock manager characteristics that increased the risk of AIV positivity. A total of 274 birds were positive for AIV isolation, returning an estimated true prevalence of 7.6% [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.8%-8.5%]. The odds of a bird being AIV positive if it was from an LBM or PDS were 45 (95% CI: 3.4-590) and 25 (95% CI: 1.4-460), respectively, times higher to the odds of a bird from a commercial poultry farm being AIV positive. The odds of birds being AIV positive for respondents with a mixed (uncertain or inconsistent) level and a low level of knowledge about AI were 5.0 (95% CI: 0.20-130) and 3.5 (95% CI: 0.2-62), respectively, times higher to the odd of birds being positive for respondents with a good knowledge of AI. LBMs and PDSs should receive specific emphasis in AI control programs in Vietnam. Our findings provide evidence to support the hypothesis that incomplete respondent knowledge of AI and AIV spread mechanism were associated with an increased risk of AIV positivity. Delivery of education programs specifically designed for those in each enterprise will assist in this regard. The timing and frequency of delivery of education programs are likely to be important if the turnover of those working in LBMs and PDSs is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Trung Le
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mark A Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Lam Thanh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Duc-Huy Chu
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Tien Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Long Van Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Tien Ngoc Tien
- Regional Animal Health Office VII, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Tung Thanh Le
- Sub-Departments of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vinh Long, Vietnam
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Shaban S, Kyei F, Awuni J, Danquah A, Odoom T, Yingar DNYT, Ababio PT, Emikpe BO. Dynamics of influenza A (avian influenza) virus in poultry in the Greater Accra region of Ghana amongst the production levels. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2021; 43:1952426. [PMID: 34355640 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2021.1952426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This research explores, through active surveillance, influenza A prevalence at different production levels in the Greater Accra region of Ghana, a study area with previous outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus. The prevalence of influenza A was determined by rtRTPCR. This was achieved by screening 2040 samples comprising tracheal and cloacal swabs from chicken, ducks, pigeons, guinea fowls, and turkeys. Influenza A prevalence by production levels and species was computed at 95% confidence interval (CI) using the exact binomial interval. Structured questionnaires were also administered to 50 randomly selected poultry traders in the live bird markets. The overall influenza A prevalence was 7.7% (95% CI, 6.6, 8.9). Live bird market recorded 13.5% (n = 139, 95% CI, 11.5, 15.7), backyard poultry was 1.4% (95% CI, 0.6, 2.7), and commercial poultry 2.4% (95% CI, 1.2, 4.3). There was evidence of influenza A in all the poultry species sampled except for turkey. Subtyping of the M-gene has revealed the circulation of H9 in the three production levels. Live bird market has demonstrated high prevalence coupled with low level of biosecurity consciousness among the poultry operators. This is suggestive of live bird market serving as a potential basket for genetic reassortment with unpredictable future consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salisu Shaban
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Foster Kyei
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Joseph Awuni
- Directorate Ministry Food and Agriculture, Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Veterinary Services, Accra, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrews Danquah
- University of Cape Coast, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Theophilus Odoom
- Directorate Ministry Food and Agriculture, Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Veterinary Services, Accra, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Patrick Tetteh Ababio
- Directorate Ministry Food and Agriculture, Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Veterinary Services, Accra, Accra, Ghana
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Genetic Characteristics of Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Wild Birds in South Korea, 2019-2020. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030381. [PMID: 33673635 PMCID: PMC7997295 DOI: 10.3390/v13030381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds, a natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), transmit AIVs to poultry farms, causing huge economic losses. Therefore, the prevalence and genetic characteristics of AIVs isolated from wild birds in South Korea from October 2019 to March 2020 were investigated and analyzed. Fresh avian fecal samples (3256) were collected by active monitoring of 11 wild bird habitats. Twenty-eight AIVs were isolated. Seven HA and eight NA subtypes were identified. All AIV hosts were Anseriformes species. The HA cleavage site of 20 representative AIVs was encoded by non-multi-basic amino acid sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the eight segment genes of the AIVs showed that most genes clustered within the Eurasian lineage. However, the HA gene of H10 viruses and NS gene of four viruses clustered within the American lineage, indicating intercontinental reassortment of AIVs. Representative viruses likely to infect mammals were selected and evaluated for pathogenicity in mice. JB21-58 (H5N3), JB42-93 (H9N2), and JB32-81 (H11N2) were isolated from the lungs, but JB31-69 (H11N9) was not isolated from the lungs until the end of the experiment at 14 dpi. None of infected mice showed clinical sign and histopathological change in the lung. In addition, viral antigens were not detected in lungs of all mice at 14 dpi. These data suggest that LPAIVs derived from wild birds are unlikely to be transmitted to mammals. However, because LPAIVs can reportedly infect mammals, including humans, continuous surveillance and monitoring of AIVs are necessary, despite their low pathogenicity.
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Soda K, Kashiwabara M, Miura K, Ung TTH, Nguyen HLK, Ito H, Le MQ, Ito T. Characterization of H3 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry in Vietnam. Virus Genes 2020; 56:712-723. [PMID: 32996077 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To date, avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have persisted in domestic poultry in wet markets in East Asian countries. We have performed ongoing virus surveillance in poultry populations in Vietnam since 2011, with the goal of controlling avian influenza. Throughout this study, 110 H3 AIVs were isolated from 2760 swab samples of poultry in markets and duck farms. H3 hemagglutinin (HA) genes of the isolates were phylogenetically classified into eight groups (I-VIII). Genetic diversity was also observed in the other seven gene segments. Groups I-IV also included AIVs from wild waterbirds. The epidemic strains in poultry switched from groups I-III and VI to groups I, IV, V, and VIII around 2013. H3 AIVs in groups I and V were maintained in poultry until at least 2016, which likely accompanied their dissemination from the northern to the southern regions of Vietnam. Groups VI-VIII AIVs were antigenically distinct from the other groups. Some H3 AIV isolates had similar N6 neuraminidase and matrix genes as H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). These results reveal that genetically and antigenically different H3 AIVs have been co-circulating in poultry in Vietnam. Poultry is usually reared outside in this country and is at risk of infection with wild waterbird-originating AIVs. In poultry flocks, the intruded H3 AIVs must have experienced antigenic drift/shift and genetic reassortment, which could contribute to the emergence of H5 HPAIVs with novel gene constellations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Soda
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Mina Kashiwabara
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kozue Miura
- Vietnam Research Station, Nagasaki University, c/o National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trang T H Ung
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hang L K Nguyen
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Mai Q Le
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan. .,Faculty of Agriculture, Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.
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Youk SS, Lee DH, Jeong JH, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Song CS, Swayne DE. Live bird markets as evolutionary epicentres of H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Korea. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:616-627. [PMID: 32183621 PMCID: PMC7144223 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1738903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBMs) in Korea have been recognized as a reservoir, amplifier, and source of avian influenza viruses (AIVs); however, little was known about the role of LBMs in the epidemiology of AIVs in Korea until recently. Through 10 years of surveillance (2006–2016) we have isolated and sequenced H9N2 viruses in Korean LBMs. To understand how H9N2 evolves and spreads in Korea, a statistical Bayesian phylogenetic model was used. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that three separate introductions of progenitor gene pools, Korean domestic duck-origin and two wild aquatic bird-origin AIVs, contributed to the generation of the five genotypes of H9N2 viruses in Korea. Phylogenetic reconstruction of ecological states infer that the LBMs are where chickens become infected with the virus, with domestic ducks playing a major role in the transmission and evolution of the H9N2 viruses. Three increases in the genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses were observed and coincided with transitions in host species and the locations (domestic farm, LBM, slaughterhouse, and wild aquatic bird habitat) where the viruses were isolated, accompanying genetic reassortment. Following the introduction of a wild aquatic bird-origin AIVs in 2008, six genes of the Korean lineage H9N2 virus were replaced with genes originating from wild aquatic birds, and viruses with this new genotype became predominant in Korean LBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Su Youk
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.,Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Pathobiology & Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jei-Hyun Jeong
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
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11
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Cho HK, Kang YM, Kim HM, Lee CH, Kim DY, Choi SH, Lee MH, Kang HM. Sales and immunogenicity of commercial vaccines to H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in Korea from 2007 to 2017. Vaccine 2020; 38:3191-3195. [PMID: 32169392 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to monitor sales activity and immunogenicity of commercial H9N2 vaccines produced in Korea from 2007 to 2017. Recorded sales of H9N2 vaccine were around 671 million doses, with 10 million doses sold in 2007, rising to a peak of 93 million doses in 2016, with a slight fall in 2017. Multivalent combined vaccines made up around 90% of all vaccine sales, and around 30% of all vaccines were distributed by regional governments for free. The regional vaccination rate was the highest in Gyeonggi and Chungnam, respectively with proportional to the population of layer and breeder chickens. There have been no cases of field infection since 2009. The mean antibody titer was 5.82 log2 across the study period. Our results suggest that continuous genetic monitoring of H9N2 viruses circulating in the field and updating the vaccine seed strain periodically are necessary in order to control H9N2 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyu Cho
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kim
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Ho Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Young Kim
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Choi
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Heon Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Inferring host roles in bayesian phylodynamics of global avian influenza A virus H9N2. Virology 2019; 538:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Yang J, Müller NF, Bouckaert R, Xu B, Drummond AJ. Bayesian phylodynamics of avian influenza A virus H9N2 in Asia with time-dependent predictors of migration. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007189. [PMID: 31386651 PMCID: PMC6684064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Model-based phylodynamic approaches recently employed generalized linear models (GLMs) to uncover potential predictors of viral spread. Very recently some of these models have allowed both the predictors and their coefficients to be time-dependent. However, these studies mainly focused on predictors that are assumed to be constant through time. Here we inferred the phylodynamics of avian influenza A virus H9N2 isolated in 12 Asian countries and regions under both discrete trait analysis (DTA) and structured coalescent (MASCOT) approaches. Using MASCOT we applied a new time-dependent GLM to uncover the underlying factors behind H9N2 spread. We curated a rich set of time-series predictors including annual international live poultry trade and national poultry production figures. This time-dependent phylodynamic prediction model was compared to commonly employed time-independent alternatives. Additionally the time-dependent MASCOT model allowed for the estimation of viral effective sub-population sizes and their changes through time, and these effective population dynamics within each country were predicted by a GLM. International annual poultry trade is a strongly supported predictor of virus migration rates. There was also strong support for geographic proximity as a predictor of migration rate in all GLMs investigated. In time-dependent MASCOT models, national poultry production was also identified as a predictor of virus genetic diversity through time and this signal was obvious in mainland China. Our application of a recently introduced time-dependent GLM predictors integrated rich time-series data in Bayesian phylodynamic prediction. We demonstrated the contribution of poultry trade and geographic proximity (potentially unheralded wild bird movements) to avian influenza spread in Asia. To gain a better understanding of the drivers of H9N2 spread, we suggest increased surveillance of the H9N2 virus in countries that are currently under-sampled as well as in wild bird populations in the most affected countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- School of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Computational Evolution, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicola F. Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Remco Bouckaert
- School of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Computational Evolution, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Bing Xu
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Alexei J. Drummond
- School of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Computational Evolution, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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14
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Optimising the detectability of H5N1 and H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Vietnamese live-bird markets. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1031. [PMID: 30705346 PMCID: PMC6355762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBMs) are major targets for avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance programmes. While sampling the LBM environment has become a widely used alternative to the labour-intensive sampling of live poultry, the design of surveillance programmes and the interpretation of their results are compromised by the lack of knowledge about the effectiveness of these sampling strategies. We used latent class models and a unique empirical dataset collated in Vietnamese LBMs to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of five different sample types for detecting AIVs subtypes H5N1 and H5N6: oropharyngeal duck samples, solid and liquid wastes, poultry drinking water and faeces. Results suggest that the sensitivity of environmental samples for detecting H5N1 viruses is equivalent to that of oropharyngeal duck samples; however, taking oropharyngeal duck samples was estimated to be more effective in detecting H5N6 viruses than taking any of the four environmental samples. This study also stressed that the specificity of the current surveillance strategy in LBMs was not optimal leading to some false positive LBMs. Using simulations, we identified 42 sampling strategies more parsimonious than the current strategy and expected to be highly sensitive for both viruses at the LBM level. All of these strategies involved the collection of both environmental and oropharyngeal duck samples.
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15
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Avian influenza surveillance in domestic waterfowl and environment of live bird markets in Bangladesh, 2007-2012. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9396. [PMID: 29925854 PMCID: PMC6010472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27515-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses, including highly pathogenic strains, pose severe economic, animal and public health concerns. We implemented live bird market surveillance in Bangladesh to identify the subtypes of avian influenza A viruses in domestic waterfowl and market environments. We collected waterfowl samples monthly from 4 rural sites from 2007 to 2012 and environmental samples from 4 rural and 16 urban sites from 2009 to 2012. Samples were tested through real-time RT-PCR, virus culture, and sequencing to detect and characterize avian influenza A viruses. Among 4,308 waterfowl tested, 191 (4.4%) were positive for avian influenza A virus, including 74 (1.9%) avian influenza A/H5 subtype. The majority (99%, n = 73) of the influenza A/H5-positive samples were from healthy appearing waterfowl. Multiple subtypes, including H1N1, H1N3, H3N2, H3N6, H3N8, H4N1, H4N2, H4N6, H5N1 (clades 2.2.2, 2.3.2.1a, 2.3.4.2), H5N2, H6N1, H7N9, H9N2, H11N2 and H11N3, H11N6 were detected in waterfowl and environmental samples. Environmental samples tested positive for influenza A viruses throughout the year. Avian influenza viruses, including H5N1 and H9N2 subtypes were also identified in backyard and small-scale raised poultry. Live bird markets could be high-risk sites for harboring the viruses and have the potential to infect naive birds and humans exposed to them.
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16
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Jang JW, Lee CY, Kim IH, Choi JG, Lee YJ, Yuk SS, Lee JH, Song CS, Kim JH, Kwon HJ. Optimized clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 recombinant-vaccine strains against highly pathogenic avian influenza. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:299-306. [PMID: 28859269 PMCID: PMC5583417 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.s1.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8)-derived recombinant viruses have been used for seasonal flu vaccines; however, they are insufficient for vaccines against some human-fatal H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses (HPAIV) due to low productivity. Additionally, the polymerase basic 2 (PB2) protein, an important mammalian-pathogenicity determinant, of PR8 possesses several mammalian-pathogenic mutations. We previously reported two avian PB2 genes (01310 and 0028) related to efficient replication in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) and nonpathogenicity in BALB/c mice. In this study, we generated PR8-derived H5N1 recombinant viruses harboring hemagglutinin (attenuated) and neuraminidase genes of a clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 HPAIV (K10-483), as well as the 01310 or 0028 PB2 genes, and investigated their replication and immunogenicity. Compared with a control virus harboring six internal PR8 genes (rK10-483), the recombinant viruses possessing the 01310 and 0028 PB2 genes showed significantly higher replication efficiency in ECEs and higher antibody titers in chickens. In contrast to rK10-483, none of the viruses replicated in BALB/c mice, and all showed low titers in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Additionally, the recombinant viruses did not induce a neutralization antibody but elicited decreased protective immune responses against K10-483 in mice. Thus, the highly replicative and mammalian nonpathogenic recombinant H5N1 strains might be promising vaccine candidates against HPAI in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Wook Jang
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
| | - Chung-Young Lee
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
| | - Il-Hwan Kim
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Korean National Institute of Health, Osong 28159, Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Choi
- Laboratory of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Seong-Su Yuk
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Laboratory of Poultry Production Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
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17
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Mellor KC, Meyer A, Elkholly DA, Fournié G, Long PT, Inui K, Padungtod P, Gilbert M, Newman SH, Vergne T, Pfeiffer DU, Stevens KB. Comparative Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 and H5N6 in Vietnamese Live Bird Markets: Spatiotemporal Patterns of Distribution and Risk Factors. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:51. [PMID: 29675418 PMCID: PMC5896172 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been circulating in Vietnam since 2003, whilst outbreaks of HPAI H5N6 virus are more recent, having only been reported since 2014. Although the spatial distribution of H5N1 outbreaks and risk factors for virus occurrence has been extensively studied, there have been no comparative studies for H5N6. Data collected through active surveillance of Vietnamese live bird markets (LBMs) between 2011 and 2015 were used to explore and compare the spatiotemporal distributions of H5N1- and H5N6-positive LBMs. Conditional autoregressive models were developed to quantify spatiotemporal associations between agroecological factors and the two HPAI strains using the same set of predictor variables. Unlike H5N1, which exhibited a strong north–south divide, with repeated occurrence in the extreme south of a cluster of high-risk provinces, H5N6 was homogeneously distributed throughout Vietnam. Similarly, different agroecological factors were associated with each strain. Sample collection in the months of January and February and higher average maximum temperature were associated with higher likelihood of H5N1-positive market-day status. The likelihood of market days being positive for H5N6 increased with decreased river density, and with successive Rounds of data collection. This study highlights marked differences in spatial patterns and risk factors for H5N1 and H5N6 in Vietnam, suggesting the need for tailored surveillance and control approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate C Mellor
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Meyer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Doaa A Elkholly
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Pham T Long
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ken Inui
- Country Office for Vietnam, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pawin Padungtod
- Country Office for Vietnam, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Scott H Newman
- Country Office for Vietnam, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Country Office for Ethiopia, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Timothée Vergne
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom.,Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France.,UMR 1225 INRA, ENVT Interactions Hôtes - Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Dirk U Pfeiffer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom.,College of Veterinary Medicine & Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kim B Stevens
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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18
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Risk Factors for Avian Influenza H9 Infection of Chickens in Live Bird Retail Stalls of Lahore District, Pakistan 2009-2010. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5634. [PMID: 29618780 PMCID: PMC5884806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify risk factors associated with AIV infections in live bird retail stalls (LBRS) in Lahore District, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey of LBRS was conducted from December 2009-February 2010 using two-stage cluster sampling based on probability proportional to size. A total of 280 oropharyngeal swab sample pools were collected from 1400 birds in 8 clusters and tested by qRT-PCR for the matrix (M) gene of type A influenza virus and HA gene subtypes H9, H5 and H7. Thirty-four (34) samples were positive for the M gene, of which 28 were also positive for H9. No sample was found positive for H5 or H7. Data for 36 potential risk factors, collected by questionnaire, were analyzed by survey-weighted logistic regression and prevalence odds ratios (OR) for associated risk factors were calculated. A final multivariable model identified three risk factors for H9 infection in LRBS, namely obtaining birds from mixed sources (OR 2.28, CI95%: 1.4–3.7), keeping birds outside cages (OR 3.10, CI95%: 1.4–7.0) and keeping chicken breeds other than broilers (OR 6.27, CI95%: 1.7–23.2). Sourcing birds from dealers/wholesalers, keeping birds inside cages and avoiding mixing different breeds in cages could reduce the risk of H9 infections in LRBS.
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19
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Tun Win Y, Gardner E, Hadrill D, Su Mon CC, Kyin MM, Maw MT, Claes F, von Dobschuetz S, Kalpravidh W, Wongsathapornchai K, Mon HH, Myint WW, Thein WZ, Mon PP. Emerging Zoonotic Influenza A Virus Detection in Myanmar: Surveillance Practices and Findings. Health Secur 2017; 15:483-493. [PMID: 29016219 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2016.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe 2-season, risk-based, virological surveillance for zoonotic avian influenza in Myanmar and report the first detection of influenza A subtypes H5N6 and H9N2 in Myanmar. The study focused mainly on the live bird markets in border townships, where illegal poultry importation from China usually takes place. The objective was to enhance early warning for low pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) incursion. The study followed the guidelines of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations for influenza A(H7N9) surveillance in uninfected countries. The sampling strategy was risk-based at all sampling levels. Sample collection and laboratory analysis were carried out with the government of the Union of the Republic of Myanmar. Laboratory testing was according to a previously published FAO laboratory protocol and algorithm designed to detect a range of influenza A subtypes. Challenges to implementation are outlined. The study provided evidence that the H7N9 subtype had not entered Myanmar but detected other subtypes, including H5N6 and H9N2. Although there were logistical difficulties associated with nation-related issues, the results highlight the importance and feasibility of this risk-based active surveillance, which should be urgently established in other countries, especially those located at the east-southeast influenza epicenter.
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20
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Choi WS, Lloren KKS, Baek YH, Song MS. The significance of avian influenza virus mouse-adaptation and its application in characterizing the efficacy of new vaccines and therapeutic agents. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2017; 6:83-94. [PMID: 28775972 PMCID: PMC5540968 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2017.6.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increased frequency of interspecies transmission of avian influenza viruses, studies designed to identify the molecular determinants that could lead to an expansion of the host range have been increased. A variety of mouse-based mammalian-adaptation studies of avian influenza viruses have provided insight into the genetic alterations of various avian influenza subtypes that may contribute to the generation of a pandemic virus. To date, the studies have focused on avian influenza subtypes H5, H6, H7, H9, and H10 which have recently caused human infection. Although mice cannot fully reflect the course of human infection with avian influenza, these mouse studies can be a useful method for investigating potential mammalian adaptive markers against newly emerging avian influenza viruses. In addition, due to the lack of appropriate vaccines against the diverse emerging influenza viruses, the generation of mouse-adapted lethal variants could contribute to the development of effective vaccines or therapeutic agents. Within this review, we will summarize studies that have demonstrated adaptations of avian influenza viruses that result in an altered pathogenicity in mice which may suggest the potential application of mouse-lethal strains in the development of influenza vaccines and/or therapeutics in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Khristine Kaith S Lloren
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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21
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Mo IP, Bae YJ, Lee SB, Mo JS, Oh KH, Shin JH, Kang HM, Lee YJ. Review of Avian Influenza Outbreaks in South Korea from 1996 to 2014. Avian Dis 2017; 60:172-7. [PMID: 27309052 DOI: 10.1637/11095-041715-review] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Since the first outbreak of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) in 1996, outbreaks of LPAI have become more common in Korea, leading to the development of a nationwide mass vaccination program in 2007. In the case of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), four outbreaks took place in 2003-04, 2006-07, 2008, and 2010-11; a fifth outbreak began in 2014 and was ongoing at the time of this writing. The length of the four previous outbreaks varied, ranging from 42 days (2008) to 139 days (2010-11). The number of cases reported by farmers that were subsequently confirmed as HPAI also varied, from seven cases in 2006-07 to 53 in 2010-11. The number of farms affected by the outbreaks varied, from a low of 286 (2006-07) with depopulation of 6,473,000 birds, to a high of 1500 farms (2008) with depopulation of 10,200,000 birds. Government compensation for bird depopulation ranged from $253 million to $683 million in the five outbreaks. Despite the damage caused by the five HPAI outbreaks, efficient control strategies have yet to be established. Meanwhile, the situation in the field worsens. Analysis of the five HPAI outbreaks revealed horizontal farm-to-farm transmission as the main factor effecting major economic losses. However, horizontal transmission could not be efficiently prevented because of insufficient transparency within the poultry industry, especially within the duck industry, which is reluctant to report suspicious cases early. Moreover, the experiences and expertise garnered in previous outbreaks has yet to be effectively applied to the management of new outbreaks. Considering the magnitude of the economic damage caused by avian influenza and the increasing likelihood of its endemicity, careful and quantitative analysis of outbreaks and the establishment of control policies are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Pil Mo
- A Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Ji Bae
- A Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, South Korea
| | - Seung-Baek Lee
- A Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, South Korea
| | - Jong-Suk Mo
- A Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Oh
- A Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Shin
- B Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 404-708, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- C Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, 430-757, South Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- C Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, 430-757, South Korea
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22
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Avian influenza A in poultry stalls of Lahore District, Pakistan in 2009-2010. J Infect 2017; 74:609-611. [PMID: 28344114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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A Single Mutation at Position 190 in Hemagglutinin Enhances Binding Affinity for Human Type Sialic Acid Receptor and Replication of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Mice. J Virol 2016; 90:9806-9825. [PMID: 27558420 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01141-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has an extended host range, but the molecular basis underlying H9N2 AIV transmission to mammals remains unclear. We isolated more than 900 H9N2 AIVs in our 3-year surveillance in live bird markets in China from 2009 to 2012. Thirty-seven representative isolates were selected for further detailed characterization. These isolates were categorized into 8 genotypes (B64 to B71) and formed a distinct antigenic subgroup. Three isolates belonging to genotype B69, which is a predominant genotype circulating in China, replicated efficiently in mice, while the viruses tested in parallel in other genotypes replicated poorly, although they, like the three B69 isolates, have a leucine at position 226 in the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor binding site, which is critical for binding human type sialic acid receptors. Further molecular and single mutation analysis revealed that a valine (V) residue at position 190 in HA is responsible for efficient replication of these H9N2 viruses in mice. The 190V in HA does not affect virus receptor binding specificity but enhances binding affinity to human cells and lung tissues from mouse and humans. All these data indicate that the 190V in HA is one of the important determinants for H9N2 AIVs to cross the species barrier to infect mammals despite multiple genes conferring adaptation and replication of H9N2 viruses in mammals. Our findings provide novel insights on understanding host range expansion of H9N2 AIVs. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) is responsible for binding to host cell receptors and therefore influences the viral host range and pathogenicity in different species. We showed that the H9N2 avian influenza viruses harboring 190V in the HA exhibit enhanced virus replication in mice. Further studies demonstrate that 190V in the HA does not change virus receptor binding specificity but enhances virus binding affinity of the H9N2 virus to human cells and attachment to lung tissues from humans and mouse. Our findings suggest that more attention should be given to the H9N2 AIVs with HA-190V during surveillance due to their potential threat to mammals, including humans.
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Gowthaman V, Singh SD, Dhama K, Srinivasan P, Saravanan S, Murthy TRGK, Sukumar K, Mathapati B, Lebarbenchon C, Malik YS, Ramakrishnan MA. Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza virus isolated from commercial layers in India. Virusdisease 2016; 27:382-386. [PMID: 28004018 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza is a highly infectious and dynamically evolving disease of birds causing high morbidity and mortality. It is caused by avian influenza virus (AIV) that belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae. Two types of AIV have been described based on their pathogenicity viz. highly pathogenic avian influenza virus that causes severe disease with high mortality and low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAI) that generally causes asymptomatic infection or a mild disease. The H9N2 subtype is the widely circulated LPAI type in the world. The H9N2 subtype of was first reported from northern India in March 2003. However, systematical surveillance information for the evolution of H9N2 viruses in poultry flocks of Southern India is lacking. The present study reports the isolation and characterization of H9N2 isolates from the southern parts of the country during the period between May 2010 and September 2011. Out of the 30 poultry flocks investigated, six were found to be positive for HA activity. Further, all the six samples conformed as AIV. Partial nucleotide sequencing of the HA and NA genes revealed that all were belonging to the H9N2 subtype. Phylogenetically, the HA and NA genes of the H9N2 viruses from India clustered with those isolated from Bangladesh, Pakistan and the Middle East, although we were not able to conclude on their exact geographic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudevan Gowthaman
- Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India ; Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu 637 002 India
| | - Shambu Dayal Singh
- Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India
| | - Palani Srinivasan
- Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu 637 002 India
| | - Sellappan Saravanan
- Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu 637 002 India
| | | | - Kuppanan Sukumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu 637002 India
| | - Basavaraj Mathapati
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138 India
| | - Camille Lebarbenchon
- UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, Université de La Réunion, IRD 249 Saint Denis, Reunion Island, France
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India
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Zou S, Gao R, Zhang Y, Li X, Chen W, Bai T, Dong L, Wang D, Shu Y. Molecular characterization of H6 subtype influenza viruses in southern China from 2009 to 2011. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e73. [PMID: 27436363 PMCID: PMC5141263 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
H6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs), which are prevalent in domestic and wild birds in Eurasian countries, have been isolated from pigs, a dog and a human. Routine virological surveillance at live poultry markets or poultry farms was conducted in southern China from 2009 to 2011. This study investigated the genetic and antigenic characteristics, analyzed the receptor-binding properties and evaluated the kinetics of infectivity of the AIVs in A549, MDCK and PK15 cells. A total of 14 H6N6 and 2 H6N2 isolates were obtained from four provinces in southern China. Genetic analysis indicated two distinct hemagglutinin lineages of the H6 strains cocirculating in southern China, and these strains facilitated active evolution and reassortment among multiple influenza virus subtypes from different avian species in nature. None of these isolates grouped with the novel Taiwan H6N1 virus responsible for human infection. Receptor-binding specificity assays showed that five H6 AIVs may have acquired the ability to recognize human receptors. Growth kinetics experiments showed that EV/HB-JZ/02/10(H6N2) and EV/JX/15/10(H6N6) initially reproduced faster and achieved higher titers than other viruses, suggesting that enhanced binding to α-2,6-linked sialic acids correlated with increased viral replication in mammalian cells. Overall, the results emphasize the need for continued surveillance of H6 outbreaks and extensive characterization of H6 isolates to better understand genetic changes and their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Zou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Rongbao Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Wenbing Chen
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Tian Bai
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Libo Dong
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
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Fournié G, Tripodi A, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen VT, Tran TT, Bisson A, Pfeiffer DU, Newman SH. Investigating poultry trade patterns to guide avian influenza surveillance and control: a case study in Vietnam. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29463. [PMID: 27405887 PMCID: PMC4942603 DOI: 10.1038/srep29463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Live bird markets are often the focus of surveillance activities monitoring avian influenza viruses (AIV) circulating in poultry. However, in order to ensure a high sensitivity of virus detection and effectiveness of management actions, poultry management practices features influencing AIV dynamics need to be accounted for in the design of surveillance programmes. In order to address this knowledge gap, a cross-sectional survey was conducted through interviews with 791 traders in 18 Vietnamese live bird markets. Markets greatly differed according to the sources from which poultry was obtained, and their connections to other markets through the movements of their traders. These features, which could be informed based on indicators that are easy to measure, suggest that markets could be used as sentinels for monitoring virus strains circulating in specific segments of the poultry production sector. AIV spread within markets was modelled. Due to the high turn-over of poultry, viral amplification was likely to be minimal in most of the largest markets. However, due to the large number of birds being introduced each day, and challenges related to cleaning and disinfection, environmental accumulation of viruses at markets may take place, posing a threat to the poultry production sector and to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fournié
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Astrid Tripodi
- Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thanh Thuy Nguyen
- Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Andrew Bisson
- Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dirk U Pfeiffer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott H Newman
- Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Hanoi, Vietnam
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Clements BW, Casani JAP. Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats. DISASTERS AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016. [PMCID: PMC7150317 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801980-1.00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes the potential public health impact of emerging and reemerging disease. Factors contributing to the emergence of diseases include increasing international travel and commerce, changes in human demographics and behavior, advances in technology and industry, microbial adaptation and the breakdown of public health systems. Of emerging diseases, 60% are zoonotic, making the human–animal biome interaction critical. Preparedness for an emerging disease relies on strong biosurveillance systems for early detection. Control measures to prevent transmission must be implemented early. These include: rapid epidemiologic surveillance and investigations to characterize the disease; transmission prevention through containment and control measures; development and deployment of medical countermeasures; and emergency public information and warning. Recovery after the outbreak of an emerging disease can result in a “new normal” with persistent endemic infection in the community. Describe why diseases “emerge” or “reemerge.” Discuss the impact of emerging infectious diseases on public health preparedness. List the likely sources of emerging infectious diseases in the future. Describe how international travel and commerce contribute to emerging infectious disease threats. Discuss how microbial adaptation contributes to emerging infectious disease threats. List human demographic factors and behaviors contributing to emerging infectious disease threats. Identify the epidemiological clues indicating a possible emerging disease. Describe various types of surveillance approaches. Discuss the breakdown of public health measures and systems. Recognize the actions needed for responding to an emerging disease.
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Lee DH, Fusaro A, Song CS, Suarez DL, Swayne DE. Poultry vaccination directed evolution of H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Korea. Virology 2015; 488:225-31. [PMID: 26655240 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Significant economic losses in the poultry industries have resulted from H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus infections across North Africa, the Middle East and Asia. The present study investigated the evolutionary dynamics of H9N2 viruses circulating in Korea from 1996 to 2012. Our analysis of viral population dynamics revealed an increase in genetic diversity between the years 2003 and 2007, corresponding to the spread and diversification of H9N2 viruses into multiple genetic groups (named A and B), followed by a sudden decrease in 2007, which was associated with implementation of vaccination using a Clade A virus. Implementation of the H9N2 vaccination program in Korea has dramatically reduced the diversity of H9N2 virus, and only one sub-lineage of clade B has survived, expanded, and currently circulates in Korea. In addition, the antigenic drift of this new genetic group away from the current vaccine strain suggests the need to update the vaccine seed strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, United States
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padua, Italy
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - David L Suarez
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, United States
| | - David E Swayne
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, United States.
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Molecular characterization of mammalian-adapted Korean-type avian H9N2 virus and evaluation of its virulence in mice. J Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26224460 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-5329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza A virus (AIV) is commonly isolated from domestic poultry and wild migratory birds, and the H9N2 subtype is the most prevalent and the major cause of severe disease in poultry in Korea. In addition to the veterinary concerns regarding the H9N2 subtype, it is also considered to be the next potential human pandemic strain due to its rapid evolution and interspecies transmission. In this study, we utilize serial lung-to-lung passage of a low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAI) H9N2 (A/Ck/Korea/163/04, WT163) (Y439-lineage) in mice to increase pathogenicity and investigate the potential virulence marker. Mouse-adapted H9N2 virus obtained high virulence (100% mortality) in mice after 98 serial passages. Sequence results show that the mouse adaptation (ma163) possesses several mutations within seven gene segments (PB2, PA, HA, NP, NA, M, and NS) relative to the wild-type strain. The HA gene showed the most mutations (at least 11) with one resulting in the loss of an N-glycosylation site (at amino acid 166). Moreover, reverse genetic studies established that an E627K substitution in PB2 and the loss of the N-glycosylation site in the HA protein (aa166) are critical virulence markers in the mouse-adapted H9N2 virus. Thus, these results add to the increasing body of mutational analysis data defining the function of the viral polymerase and HA genes and their roles in mammalian host adaptation. To our knowledge, this is first report of the generation of a mammalian-adapted Korea H9N2 virus (Y493-lineages). Therefore, this study offers valuable insights into the molecular evolution of the LPAI Korean H9N2 in a new host and adds to the current knowledge of the molecular markers associated with increased virulence.
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Choi EH, Song MS, Park SJ, Pascua PNQ, Baek YH, Kwon HI, Kim EH, Kim S, Jang HK, Poo H, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Development of a dual-protective live attenuated vaccine against H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses by modifying the NS1 gene. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1729-40. [PMID: 25959557 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of outbreaks of avian influenza H5N1 and H9N2 viruses in poultry have caused serious economic losses and raised concerns for human health due to the risk of zoonotic transmission. However, licensed H5N1 and H9N2 vaccines for animals and humans have not been developed. Thus, to develop a dual H5N1 and H9N2 live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), the HA and NA genes from a virulent mouse-adapted avian H5N2 (A/WB/Korea/ma81/06) virus and a recently isolated chicken H9N2 (A/CK/Korea/116/06) virus, respectively, were introduced into the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 backbone expressing truncated NS1 proteins (NS1-73, NS1-86, NS1-101, NS1-122) but still possessing a full-length NS gene. Two H5N2/NS1-LAIV viruses (H5N2/NS1-86 and H5N2/NS1-101) were highly attenuated compared with the full-length and remaining H5N2/NS-LAIV viruses in a mouse model. Furthermore, viruses containing NS1 modifications were found to induce more IFN-β activation than viruses with full-length NS1 proteins and were correspondingly attenuated in mice. Intranasal vaccination with a single dose (10(4.0) PFU/ml) of these viruses completely protected mice from a lethal challenge with the homologous A/WB/Korea/ma81/06 (H5N2), heterologous highly pathogenic A/EM/Korea/W149/06 (H5N1), and heterosubtypic highly virulent mouse-adapted H9N2 viruses. This study clearly demonstrates that the modified H5N2/NS1-LAIV viruses attenuated through the introduction of mutations in the NS1 coding region display characteristics that are desirable for live attenuated vaccines and hold potential as vaccine candidates for mammalian hosts.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Chickens
- Female
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
- Poultry Diseases/virology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-hye Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, 361-763, Republic of Korea
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31
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Wang F, Qi J, Bi Y, Zhang W, Wang M, Zhang B, Wang M, Liu J, Yan J, Shi Y, Gao GF. Adaptation of avian influenza A (H6N1) virus from avian to human receptor-binding preference. EMBO J 2015; 34:1661-73. [PMID: 25940072 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201590960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor-binding specificity of influenza A viruses is a major determinant for the host tropism of the virus, which enables interspecies transmission. In 2013, the first human case of infection with avian influenza A (H6N1) virus was reported in Taiwan. To gather evidence concerning the epidemic potential of H6 subtype viruses, we performed comprehensive analysis of receptor-binding properties of Taiwan-isolated H6 HAs from 1972 to 2013. We propose that the receptor-binding properties of Taiwan-isolated H6 HAs have undergone three major stages: initially avian receptor-binding preference, secondarily obtaining human receptor-binding capacity, and recently human receptor-binding preference, which has been confirmed by receptor-binding assessment of three representative virus isolates. Mutagenesis work revealed that E190V and G228S substitutions are important to acquire the human receptor-binding capacity, and the P186L substitution could reduce the binding to avian receptor. Further structural analysis revealed how the P186L substitution in the receptor-binding site of HA determines the receptor-binding preference change. We conclude that the human-infecting H6N1 evolved into a human receptor preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University, Beijing, China CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Center of Influenza Research and Early-Warning Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Center of Influenza Research and Early-Warning Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Center of Influenza Research and Early-Warning Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University, Beijing, China CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Center of Influenza Research and Early-Warning Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Center of Influenza Research and Early-Warning Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University, Beijing, China CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Center of Influenza Research and Early-Warning Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China Office of Director-General, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
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Aiki-Raji CO, Adebiyi AI, Agbajelola VI, Adetunji SA, Lameed Q, Adesina M, Adekanye G, Omidokun F, Fagbohun O, Oluwayelu DO. Surveillance for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in live-bird markets in Oyo and Ogun States, Nigeria. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Fan Z, Ci Y, Ma Y, Liu L, Ma J, Li DY, Chen H. Phylogenetic and Pathogenic Analysis of a Novel H6N2 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from a Green Peafowl in a Wildlife Park. Avian Dis 2014; 58:632-7. [DOI: 10.1637/10899-071114-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Fan Z, Ci Y, Ma Y, Liu L, Wang D, Ma J, Li Y, Chen H. Phylogenetic analysis of a novel H6N6 avian influenza virus isolated from a green peafowl in China and its pathogenic potential in mice. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:107-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Yu Z, Cheng K, Xin Y, Sun W, Li X, Huang J, Zhang K, Yang S, Wang T, Zheng X, Wang H, Hua Y, Chai H, Qin C, Qian J, Gao Y, Xia X. Multiple amino acid substitutions involved in the adaptation of H6N1 avian influenza virus in mice. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:316-321. [PMID: 25457364 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
H6N1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are one of the most abundantly detected avian influenza virus subtype, and a human H6N1 infection case has been reported in 2013. H6N1 AIVs may pose a potential human risk, however, the factors that promote the replication of H6N1 viruses in mammals remain poorly understood. Here, we generated mouse-adapted variants of a H6N1 virus (A/Mallard/SanJiang/275/2007) to identify adaptive changes that confer enhanced virulence to H6N1 viruses in mammals. After eight sequential passages in mice, the mouse lethal doses (MLD50) of the variants were reduced >1000-fold compared to the parental virus. We found that the variants displayed the greatest enhancement of replication in vitro and in vivo, and also were capable of replicating in the brains of infected mice. These observations suggest that enhanced growth characteristics and modified cell tropism may contribute to increased virulence of H6N1 AIVs in mice. Sequencing of the variants revealed amino acid changes in the PB2 (E627K), PA (T97I), and HA (N394T) proteins. Our results suggest that these mutations involved in the enhancement of the ability of H6N1 virus to efficient replicate and cause severe disease in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Yu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaihui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China; Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250132, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Xin
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Hua
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Chai
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China.
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Experimental infection of dogs with H6N1 avian influenza A virus. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2275-82. [PMID: 24719193 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
H6N1 avian influenza A viruses, which have spread across North America, Europe and Asia, have been shown to be infectious not only for birds but also for mammals. Because humans lack immunity to H6N1 avian influenza A viruses, the emergence of these viruses in humans would probably cause a pandemic. Replication of H6N1 avian influenza A viruses in dogs may facilitate their adaptation in humans because dogs are often in close contact with humans. However, the susceptibility of dogs to these viruses is unknown. To address this question, we infected beagles intranasally (i.n.) with an H6N1 avian influenza A virus that was isolated from a mallard. Inoculation of this virus into beagles resulted in the virus being detectable in the lung and seroconversion with no clinical signs except for a fever at 1 day post-inoculation (dpi). In addition, the virus was transiently shed from the nose and in the feces of the infected beagles. Our results suggest that dogs can be subclinically infected with H6N1 avian influenza A viruses, which, like H7N9, have low pathogenicity in birds and may serve as an intermediate host to transfer this virus to humans. Certain actions may be taken to prevent the potential transmission of these viruses, including the development of H6N1 avian influenza vaccines for prevention.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza viruses of the H6 subtype have been isolated from wild and domestic aquatic and terrestrial avian species throughout the world since their first detection in a turkey in Massachusetts in 1965. Since 1997, H6 viruses with different neuraminidase (NA) subtypes have been detected frequently in the live poultry markets of southern China. Although sequence information has been gathered over the last few years, the H6 viruses have not been fully biologically characterized. To investigate the potential risk posed by H6 viruses to humans, here we assessed the receptor-binding preference, replication, and transmissibility in mammals of a series of H6 viruses isolated from live poultry markets in southern China from 2008 to 2011. Among the 257 H6 strains tested, 87 viruses recognized the human type receptor. Genome sequence analysis of 38 representative H6 viruses revealed 30 different genotypes, indicating that these viruses are actively circulating and reassorting in nature. Thirty-seven of 38 viruses tested in mice replicated efficiently in the lungs and some caused mild disease; none, however, were lethal. We also tested the direct contact transmission of 10 H6 viruses in guinea pigs and found that 5 viruses did not transmit to the contact animals, 3 viruses transmitted to one of the three contact animals, and 2 viruses transmitted to all three contact animals. Our study demonstrates that the H6 avian influenza viruses pose a clear threat to human health and emphasizes the need for continued surveillance and evaluation of the H6 influenza viruses circulating in nature. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza viruses continue to present a challenge to human health. Research and pandemic preparedness have largely focused on the H5 and H7 subtype influenza viruses in recent years. Influenza viruses of the H6 subtype have been isolated from wild and domestic aquatic and terrestrial avian species throughout the world since their first detection in the United States in 1965. Since 1997, H6 viruses have been detected frequently in the live poultry markets of southern China; however, the biological characterization of these viruses is very limited. Here, we assessed the receptor-binding preference, replication, and transmissibility in mammals of a series of H6 viruses isolated from live poultry markets in southern China and found that 34% of the viruses are able to bind human type receptors and that some of them are able to transmit efficiently to contact animals. Our study demonstrates that the H6 viruses pose a clear threat to human health.
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Human infection with avian influenza A H6N1 virus: an epidemiological analysis. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2013; 1:771-8. [PMID: 24461756 PMCID: PMC7164810 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(13)70221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Avian influenza A H6N1 virus is one of the most common viruses isolated from wild and domestic avian species, but human infection with this virus has not been previously reported. We report the clinical presentation, contact, and environmental investigations of a patient infected with this virus, and assess the origin and genetic characteristics of the isolated virus. Methods A 20-year-old woman with an influenza-like illness presented to a hospital with shortness of breath in May, 2013. An unsubtyped influenza A virus was isolated from her throat-swab specimen and was transferred to the Taiwan Centres for Disease Control (CDC) for identification. The medical records were reviewed to assess the clinical presentation. We did a contact and environmental investigation and collected clinical specimens from the case and symptomatic contacts to test for influenza virus. The genomic sequences of the isolated virus were determined and characterised. Findings The unsubtyped influenza A virus was identified as the H6N1 subtype, based on sequences of the genes encoding haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The source of infection was not established. Sequence analyses showed that this human isolate was highly homologous to chicken H6N1 viruses in Taiwan and had been generated through interclade reassortment. Notably, the virus had a G228S substitution in the haemagglutinin protein that might increase its affinity for the human α2-6 linked sialic acid receptor. Interpretation This is the first report of human infection with a wild avian influenza A H6N1 virus. A unique clade of H6N1 viruses with a G228S substitution of haemagglutinin have circulated persistently in poultry in Taiwan. These viruses continue to evolve and accumulate changes, increasing the potential risk of human-to-human transmission. Our report highlights the continuous need for preparedness for a pandemic of unpredictable and complex avian influenza. Funding Taiwan Centres for Disease Control.
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Okamatsu M, Nishi T, Nomura N, Yamamoto N, Sakoda Y, Sakurai K, Chu HD, Thanh LP, Van Nguyen L, Van Hoang N, Tien TN, Yoshida R, Takada A, Kida H. The genetic and antigenic diversity of avian influenza viruses isolated from domestic ducks, muscovy ducks, and chickens in northern and southern Vietnam, 2010–2012. Virus Genes 2013; 47:317-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Complex reassortment of multiple subtypes of avian influenza viruses in domestic ducks at the Dongting Lake Region of China. J Virol 2013; 87:9452-62. [PMID: 23804642 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00776-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into the ecology of avian influenza viruses (AIV), we conducted active influenza virus surveillance in domestic ducks on farms located on the flyway of migratory birds in the Dongting Lake region of Hunan Province, China, from winter 2011 until spring 2012. Specimens comprising 3,030 duck swab samples and 1,010 environmental samples were collected from 101 duck farms. We isolated AIV of various HA subtypes, including H3, H4, H5, H6, H9, H10, H11, and H12. We sequenced the entire coding sequences of the genomes of 28 representative isolates constituting 13 specific subtypes. When the phylogenetic relationships among these isolates were examined, we observed that extensive reassortment events had occurred. Among the 28 Dongting Lake viruses, 21 genotypes involving the six internal genes were identified. Furthermore, we identified viruses or viral genes introduced from other countries, viral gene segments of unknown origin, and a novel HA/NA combination. Our findings emphasize the importance of farmed domestic ducks in the Dongting Lake region to the genesis and evolution of AIV and highlight the need for continued surveillance of domestic ducks in this region.
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Zhu G, Wang R, Xuan F, Daszak P, Anthony SJ, Zhang S, Zhang L, He G. Characterization of recombinant H9N2 influenza viruses isolated from wild ducks in China. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:327-36. [PMID: 23830774 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wild birds are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza A viruses (AIV). During active influenza surveillance in Poyang Lake of southeast China, we isolated and characterized 11 H9N2 viruses from two species of wild ducks. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 11 isolates were almost identical with 99.3-100% nucleotide homology in their entire genome, and they all closely related in whole eight genes (95.6-99.4% homology) to human H9N2 isolates (HK/33982/2009) and clustered in the same sublineage. The isolates belonged to triple reassortant H9N2 genotype viruses containing Ck/Bei-like NA genes, Y439-like PA genes and six other G1-like genes. We also found that the subtype of virus replicated efficiently in the lungs and tracheas of BALB/c mice and caused mortality in 20-40% of infected groups after 3-6 days, which indicates that the subtype of virus is capable of establishing lethal mammalian infections. However, whether or not the virus has features transmittable from wild ducks to humans is not known. This study showed H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus for the first time in wild birds, and suggests that wild birds may carry the virus along migratory routes, highlighting the need for continued surveillance of wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjian Zhu
- Institutes for Advanced Studies in Multidisciplinary Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Baz M, Paskel M, Matsuoka Y, Zengel J, Cheng X, Jin H, Subbarao K. Replication and immunogenicity of swine, equine, and avian h3 subtype influenza viruses in mice and ferrets. J Virol 2013; 87:6901-10. [PMID: 23576512 PMCID: PMC3676140 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03520-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Since it is difficult to predict which influenza virus subtype will cause an influenza pandemic, it is important to prepare influenza virus vaccines against different subtypes and evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of candidate vaccines in preclinical and clinical studies prior to a pandemic. In addition to infecting humans, H3 influenza viruses commonly infect pigs, horses, and avian species. We selected 11 swine, equine, and avian H3 influenza viruses and evaluated their kinetics of replication and ability to induce a broadly cross-reactive antibody response in mice and ferrets. The swine and equine viruses replicated well in the upper respiratory tract of mice. With the exception of one avian virus that replicated poorly in the lower respiratory tract, all of the viruses replicated in mouse lungs. In ferrets, all of the viruses replicated well in the upper respiratory tract, but the equine viruses replicated poorly in the lungs. Extrapulmonary spread was not observed in either mice or ferrets. No single virus elicited antibodies that cross-reacted with viruses from all three animal sources. Avian and equine H3 viruses elicited broadly cross-reactive antibodies against heterologous viruses isolated from the same or other species, but the swine viruses did not. We selected an equine and an avian H3 influenza virus for further development as vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Baz
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Myeisha Paskel
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yumiko Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Xing Cheng
- MedImmune LLC, Mountain View, California, USA
| | - Hong Jin
- MedImmune LLC, Mountain View, California, USA
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Lee DH, Song CS. H9N2 avian influenza virus in Korea: evolution and vaccination. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2013; 2:26-33. [PMID: 23596587 PMCID: PMC3623497 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2013.2.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 viruses have been circulating in the Eurasian poultry industry resulting in great economic losses due to declined egg production and moderate to high mortality. In Korea, H9N2 LPAI was first documented in 1996 and it caused serious economic loss in the Korean poultry industry, including layer and broiler breeder farms. Since then, the H9N2 viruses that belong to the Korea group have been prevalent in chickens and have continuously evolved through reassortment in live bird markets. To control LPAI outbreaks, since 2007, the Korean veterinary authority has permitted the use of the inactivated oil adjuvant H9N2 LPAI vaccine. Although only oil-based inactivated vaccine using the egg-passaged vaccine virus strain (A/chicken/Korea/01310/2001) is permitted and used, several new technology vaccines have been recently suggested for the development of cost-effective and highly immunogenic vaccines. In addition, several different differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) strategies have been suggested using appropriate vaccines and companion serologic tests for discriminating between naturally infected and vaccinated animals. Recent reports demonstrated that the Korean LPAI H9N2 virus underwent antigenic drift and evolved into distinct antigenic groups and thus could escape from vaccine protection. Therefore, improved vaccination strategies including periodic updates of vaccine seed strains are required to achieve efficient control and eradication of LPAI H9N2 in Korea. Further, vaccination should be part of an overall integrated strategy to control the disease, including continued nation-wide surveillance, farm biosecurity, and DIVA strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Pepin KM, Wang J, Webb CT, Smith GJD, Poss M, Hudson PJ, Hong W, Zhu H, Riley S, Guan Y. Multiannual patterns of influenza A transmission in Chinese live bird market systems. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:97-107. [PMID: 22458429 PMCID: PMC4061500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza viruses (AIV) cause huge economic losses in poultry industries and pose a substantial threat to human health. However, predicting AIV epizootics and emergence in humans is confounded by insufficient empirical data on the ecology and dynamics of AIV in poultry systems. To address this gap, we quantified incidence patterns for 13 hemagglutinin subtypes of AIV using 6 years of surveillance data that were collected from ten different species of poultry and three different types of poultry holdings (contexts) - retail, wholesale, or farms. METHODS We collected 42 646 samples in Shantou, China between 2000 and 2006. We screened samples for hemagglutinin subtypes 1-13 of AIV and Avian Paramyxovirus-type-1 (APMV-1) using monospecific antisera in hemagglutination inhibition tests. We analyzed the data to determine seasonality patterns, subtype-host, and subtype-subtype interactions as well as subtype bias in incidence in different contexts. RESULTS H3, H6, H9, and APMV-1 were the most prevalent. No significant seasonality was found when all subtypes were considered together. For most AIV subtypes and APMV-1, there was subtype specificity for host, context, and coinfection partner. H5 showed the most generalized host usage pattern, followed by H9 and H6. CONCLUSION Subtype-specific patterns because of host, context, and other subtypes suggest that risk assessments that exclude these details are likely inaccurate. Surveillance should include longitudinal sampling of multiple host species in multiple contexts. Quantitative models of control strategies must consider multiple subtypes, hosts, and source contexts to assess the effectiveness of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Pepin
- International Institution of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jia Wang
- International Institution of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Colleen T. Webb
- International Institution of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- International Institution of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Duke‐NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Mary Poss
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Peter J. Hudson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Wenshan Hong
- International Institution of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Huachen Zhu
- International Institution of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Steven Riley
- International Institution of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yi Guan
- International Institution of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Pu J, Fan YL, Wang Z, Ma B, Brown EG, Liu JH. Pathogenicity of H3N8 influenza viruses isolated from domestic ducks in chickens with or without Escherichia coli coinfections. Avian Dis 2012; 56:597-600. [PMID: 23050481 DOI: 10.1637/9984-110911-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses from domestic aquatic birds can be transmitted to chickens, resulting in continued prevalence of the disease. H3 viruses are one of the most frequently identified subtypes in domestic ducks. Results from our previous serologic study suggested that H3 virus infections potentially exist in chickens with a wide geographical distribution in China. To better understand their pathogenic potential, two H3N8 influenza viruses isolated from domestic ducks were selected for experimental infections in chickens. We found that viral shedding lasted for at least 14 days postinfection for both viruses; however, one virus caused mortality in the chickens when coinfected with Escherichia coli. Sequencing of the viral HA gene isolated from the inoculated chickens revealed two amino acid mutations within the gene. These findings demonstrate the pathogenicity of the H3N8 domestic duck influenza viruses to chickens, highlighting the need for routine epidemiologic investigations of H3 subtype influenza viruses in chicken populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Soares Magalhães RJ, Zhou X, Jia B, Guo F, Pfeiffer DU, Martin V. Live poultry trade in Southern China provinces and HPAIV H5N1 infection in humans and poultry: the role of Chinese New Year festivities. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49712. [PMID: 23166751 PMCID: PMC3500328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The number of outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the H5N1 subtype (HPAIV H5N1) over the past 5 years has been drastically reduced in China but sporadic infections in poultry and humans are still occurring. In this study, we aimed to investigate seasonal patterns in the association between the movement of live poultry originating from southern China and HPAIV H5N1 infection history in humans and poultry in China. Methodology/Principal Findings During January to April 2010, longitudinal questionnaire surveys were carried out monthly in four wholesale live bird markets (LBMs) in Hunan and Guangxi provinces of South China. Using social network analysis, we found an increase in the number of observed links and degree centrality between LBMs and poultry sources in February and March compared to the months of January and April. The association of some live poultry traders (LPT’s) with a limited set of counties (within the catchment area of LBMs) in the months of February and March may support HPAIV H5N1 transmission and contribute to perpetuating HPAIV H5N1 virus circulation among certain groups of counties. The connectivity among counties experiencing human infection was significantly higher compared to counties without human infection for the months of January, March and April. Conversely, counties with poultry infections were found to be significantly less connected than counties without poultry infection for the month of February. Conclusions/Significance Our results show that temporal variation in live poultry trade in Southern China around the Chinese New Year festivities is associated with higher HPAIV H5N1 infection risk in humans and poultry. This study has shown that capturing the dynamic nature of poultry trade networks in Southern China improves our ability to explain the spatiotemporal dissemination in avian influenza viruses in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Jeoung HY, Shin BH, Lee WH, Song DS, Choi YK, Jeong W, Song JY, An DJ. Seroprevalence of subtype H3 influenza A virus in South Korean cats. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:746-50. [PMID: 22761451 PMCID: PMC11104100 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12453042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the potential transmission of subtype H3 influenza virus to cats, a serological survey was carried out in South Korea. Serum samples (n=1027) were obtained from 809 pet cats and 218 domesticated cats living in urban colonies (D-cats) from 2008 to 2010, and tested using an influenza anti-nucleoprotein (NP)-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, which was recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health. Anti-influenza virus antibodies were detected in 3.12% and 2.43% of cat sera tested using the NP-specific ELISA and HI test, respectively. Anti-H3 antibodies were also identified when the HI assay was used for influenza virus serotyping. These data may indicate the sporadic transmission of subtype H3 influenza virus from other infected species to cats in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Jeoung
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Shin
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Sub Song
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - WooSeog Jeong
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Song
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Kang HM, Choi JG, Kim MC, Kim HR, Oem JK, Bae YC, Paek MR, Kwon JH, Lee YJ. Isolation of a reassortant H13N2 virus from a mallard fecal sample in South Korea. Virol J 2012; 9:133. [PMID: 22824586 PMCID: PMC3423068 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Virus subtype H13N2, A/mallard/Kr/SH38-45/2010 (H13N2), was first isolated from a mallard fecal sample in South Korea. Results Phylogenetic analysis of all eight viral genes revealed that this virus emerged by genetic mixing between Eurasian and North American gene pools, and possibly between wild ducks and gulls. The H13 and N2 surface genes clustered together in a group with Eurasian isolates from gulls and wild birds, respectively. The PB2, PA, NP, M and NS segments belonged to the Eurasian lineage, whereas the PB1 gene clustered in the North American lineage. Furthermore, they showed a bird-dependent pattern in phylogenetic analysis: the M gene was similar to subtype H13 viruses within gulls, whereas other segments were similar to avian influenza viruses of other subtypes from wild ducks. Conclusions The data suggests that the novel reassortant H13N2 virus isolated in South Korea might have emerged by genetic reassortment between intercontinental and interspecies transmission in wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Mi Kang
- Avian Disease Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
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Identifying live bird markets with the potential to act as reservoirs of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus: a survey in northern Viet Nam and Cambodia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37986. [PMID: 22675502 PMCID: PMC3366999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wet markets are common in many parts of the world and may promote the emergence, spread and maintenance of livestock pathogens, including zoonoses. A survey was conducted in order to assess the potential of Vietnamese and Cambodian live bird markets (LBMs) to sustain circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 (HPAIV H5N1). Thirty Vietnamese and 8 Cambodian LBMs were visited, and structured interviews were conducted with the market managers and 561 Vietnamese and 84 Cambodian traders. Multivariate and cluster analysis were used to construct a typology of traders based on their poultry management practices. As a result of those practices and large poultry surplus (unsold poultry reoffered for sale the following day), some poultry traders were shown to promote conditions favorable for perpetuating HPAIV H5N1 in LBMs. More than 80% of these traders operated in LBMs located in the most densely populated areas, Ha Noi and Phnom Penh. The profiles of sellers operating at a given LBM could be reliably predicted using basic information about the location and type of market. Consequently, LBMs with the largest combination of risk factors for becoming virus reservoirs could be easily identified, potentially allowing control strategies to be appropriately targeted. These findings are of particular relevance to resource-scarce settings with extensively developed LBM systems, commonly found in South-East Asia.
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Choi KS, Lee EK, Jeon WJ, Kwon JH, Lee JH, Sung HW. Molecular epidemiologic investigation of lentogenic Newcastle disease virus from domestic birds at live bird markets in Korea. Avian Dis 2012; 56:218-23. [PMID: 22545549 DOI: 10.1637/9699-030311-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A Newcastle disease surveillance program was conducted at live bird markets in Korea to expand our epidemiologic understanding of the disease in Korea. During the surveillance program, 10 lentogenic Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) were isolated and identified from apparently healthy chickens and ducks at live bird markets. The lentogenic viruses had sequence motifs of either 112GKQGRL117 (n = 8) or 112GRQGRL117 (n = 2) at the F0 cleavage site. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of NDV isolates based on the hypervariable region of the F protein revealed two different genotypes: genotypes I (n = 8) and II (n = 2). Genotype I viruses were most closely related to the NDV V4 strain (n = 7) or the NDV Ulster 2C strain (n = 1). In contrast, genotype II viruses clustered with the NDV vaccine strains (LaSota and VG/GA) that are commonly used as live vaccines in Korea. The epidemiologic importance of NDV at live bird markets in Korea is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Seuk Choi
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease, Avian Diseases Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Anyang, Gyeonggi 430-757, Republic of Korea
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