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Chokkakula S, Oh S, Choi WS, Kim CI, Jeong JH, Kim BK, Park JH, Min SC, Kim EG, Baek YH, Choi YK, Song MS. Mammalian adaptation risk in HPAI H5N8: a comprehensive model bridging experimental data with mathematical insights. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2339949. [PMID: 38572657 PMCID: PMC11022924 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2339949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the mammalian pathogenesis and interspecies transmission of HPAI H5N8 virus hinges on mapping its adaptive markers. We used deep sequencing to track these markers over five passages in murine lung tissue. Subsequently, we evaluated the growth, selection, and RNA load of eight recombinant viruses with mammalian adaptive markers. By leveraging an integrated non-linear regression model, we quantitatively determined the influence of these markers on growth, adaptation, and RNA expression in mammalian hosts. Furthermore, our findings revealed that the interplay of these markers can lead to synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects when combined. The elucidation distance method then transformed these results into distinct values, facilitating the derivation of a risk score for each marker. In vivo tests affirmed the accuracy of scores. As more mutations were incorporated, the overall risk score of virus heightened, and the optimal interplay between markers became essential for risk augmentation. Our study provides a robust model to assess risk from adaptive markers of HPAI H5N8, guiding strategies against future influenza threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Chokkakula
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Kyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Min
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Jeong JH, Choi JH, Kim BK, Min SC, Chokkakula S, Oh S, Park JH, Shim SM, Kim EG, Choi YK, Lee JY, Baek YH, Song MS. Evaluating Z-FA-FMK, a host cathepsin L protease inhibitor, as a potent and broad-spectrum antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses. Antiviral Res 2023; 216:105669. [PMID: 37437781 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Even though the World Health Organization announced the end of the COVID-19 pandemic as a global public health emergency on May 5, 2023, SARS-CoV-2 continues to pose a significant health threat worldwide, resulting in substantial numbers of infections and fatalities. This study investigated the antiviral potential of Z-FA-FMK (FMK), a novel host cathepsin L protease inhibitor, against SARS-CoV-2 infection using both in vitro and in vivo models. In vitro assessments of FMK against a diverse set of SARS-CoV-2 strains, including the Wuhan-like strain and nine variants, demonstrated potent inhibition with EC50 values ranging from 0.55 to 2.41 μM, showcasing similar or superior efficacy compared to FDA-approved antivirals nirmatrelvir (NTV) and molnupiravir (MPV). In vivo experiments using orally administered FMK (25 mg/kg) in SARS-CoV-2-infected K18 hACE2 transgenic mice revealed improved survival rates of 60% and accelerated recovery compared to NTV and MPV treatments. Additionally, FMK displayed a longer half-life (17.26 ± 8.89 h) than NTV and MPV in the mouse model. Due to its host-targeting mechanism, FMK offers potential advantages such as reduced drug resistance and broad-spectrum antiviral activity against multiple coronaviruses. These findings indicate that FMK may serve as a promising candidate for further clinical evaluation in the fight against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hoon Choi
- Division of Acute Viral Disease, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Kyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Min
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Santosh Chokkakula
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mu Shim
- Division of Acute Viral Disease, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea; Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Center for Emerging Virus Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Kim BK, Choi WS, Jeong JH, Oh S, Park JH, Yun YS, Min SC, Kang DH, Kim EG, Ryu H, Kim HK, Baek YH, Choi YK, Song MS. A Rapid Method for Generating Infectious SARS-CoV-2 and Variants Using Mutagenesis and Circular Polymerase Extension Cloning. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0338522. [PMID: 36877070 PMCID: PMC10100849 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03385-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The appearance of SARS-CoV-2 variants in late 2020 raised alarming global public health concerns. Despite continued scientific progress, the genetic profiles of these variants bring changes in viral properties that threaten vaccine efficacy. Thus, it is critically important to investigate the biologic profiles and significance of these evolving variants. In this study, we demonstrate the application of circular polymerase extension cloning (CPEC) to the generation of full-length clones of SARS-CoV-2. We report that, combined with a specific primer design scheme, this yields a simpler, uncomplicated, and versatile approach for engineering SARS-CoV-2 variants with high viral recovery efficiency. This new strategy for genomic engineering of SARS-CoV-2 variants was implemented and evaluated for its efficiency in generating point mutations (K417N, L452R, E484K, N501Y, D614G, P681H, P681R, Δ69-70, Δ157-158, E484K+N501Y, and Ins-38F) and multiple mutations (N501Y/D614G and E484K/N501Y/D614G), as well as a large truncation (ΔORF7A) and insertion (GFP). The application of CPEC to mutagenesis also allows the inclusion of a confirmatory step prior to assembly and transfection. This method could be of value in the molecular characterization of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as the development and testing of vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and antivirals. IMPORTANCE Since the first emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 variant in late 2020, novel variants have been continuously introduced to the human population, causing severe public health threats. In general, because these variants acquire new genetic mutation/s, it is critical to analyze the biological function of viruses that such mutations can confer. Therefore, we devised a method that can construct SARS-CoV-2 infectious clones and their variants rapidly and efficiently. The method was developed based on a PCR-based circular polymerase extension cloning (CPEC) combined with a specific primer design scheme. The efficiency of the newly designed method was evaluated by generating SARS-CoV-2 variants with single point mutations, multiple point mutations, and a large truncation and insertion. This method could be of value for the molecular characterization of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and the development and testing of vaccines and antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Kyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Soo Yun
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Min
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hyeon Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Ryu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Kwon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Choi WS, Oh S, Antigua KJC, Jeong JH, Kim BK, Yun YS, Kang DH, Min SC, Lim BK, Kim WS, Lee JH, Kim EG, Choi YK, Baek YH, Song MS. Development of a Universal Cloning System for Reverse Genetics of Human Enteroviruses. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0316722. [PMID: 36651758 PMCID: PMC9927166 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03167-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) have been associated with several human diseases. Due to their continuous emergence and divergence, EV species have generated more than 100 types and recombinant strains, increasing the public health threat caused by them. Hence, an efficient and universal cloning system for reverse genetics (RG) of highly divergent viruses is needed to understand the molecular mechanisms of viral pathology and evolution. In this study, we generated a versatile human EV whole-genome cDNA template by enhancing the template-switching method and designing universal primers capable of simultaneous cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR of EVs. Moreover, by devising strategies to overcome limitations of previous cloning methods, we simplified significant cloning steps to be completed within a day. Of note, we successfully verified our efficient universal cloning system enabling RG of a broad range of human EVs, including EV-A (EV-A71), EV-B (CV-B5, ECHO6, and ECHO30), EV-C (CV-A24), and EV-D (EV-D68), with viral titers and phenotypes comparable to those of their wild types. This rapid and straightforward universal EV cloning strategy will help us elucidate molecular characteristics, pathogenesis, and applications of a broad range of EV serotypes for further development of genetic vaccines and delivery tools using various replication systems. IMPORTANCE Due to the broad spread, incidence, and genetic divergence of enteroviruses (EVs), it has been challenging to deal with this virus that causes severe human diseases, including aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, encephalitis, and poliomyelitis. Therefore, an efficient and universal cloning system for the reverse genetics of highly divergent EVs contributes to an understanding of the viral pathology and molecular mechanisms of evolution. We have simplified the important cloning steps, hereby enhancing the template-switching method and designing universal primers, which enable the important cloning steps to be completed in a day. We have also successfully demonstrated recovery of a broad range of human EVs, including EV-A to -D types, using this advanced universal cloning system. This rapid and robust universal EV cloning strategy will aid in elucidating the molecular characteristics, pathogenesis, and applications of a wide range of EVs for further development of genetic vaccines and antiviral screening using various replication systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- Microuni Co., Ltd., Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Joy C. Antigua
- Animal Health and Welfare Division, Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI), Department of Agriculture (DA), Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Kyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Soo Yun
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hyeon Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Min
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwan Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Seop Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- Microuni Co., Ltd., Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Antigua KJC, Baek YH, Choi WS, Jeong JH, Kim EH, Oh S, Yoon SW, Kim C, Kim EG, Choi SY, Hong SK, Choi YK, Song MS. Multiple HA substitutions in highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses contributed to the change in the NA subtype preference. Virulence 2022; 13:990-1004. [PMID: 36560870 PMCID: PMC9176248 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2082672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx viruses are predominantly circulating worldwide, with an increasing potential threat of an outbreak in humans. It remains largely unknown how the stably maintained HPAI H5N1 suddenly altered its neuraminidase (NA) to other NA subtypes, which resulted in the emergence and evolution of H5Nx viruses. Here, we found that a combination of four specific amino acid (AA) substitutions (S123P-T156A-D183N- S223 R) in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein consistently observed in the H5Nx markedly altered the NA preference of H5N1 viruses. These molecular changes in H5N1 impaired its fitness, particularly viral growth and the functional activities of the HA and NA proteins. Among the AA substitutions identified, the T156A substitution, which contributed to the NA shift, also dramatically altered the antigenicity of H5N1 viruses, suggesting an occurrence of antigenic drift triggered by selective pressure. Our study shows the importance of how HA and NA complement each other and that antigenic drift in HA can potentially cause a shift in the NA protein in influenza A virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khristine Joy C. Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changil Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kon Hong
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS)Center for Study of Emerging and Re-Emerging, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,Young Ki Choi
| | - Min Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,CONTACT Min Suk Song
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Jeong JH, Chokkakula S, Min SC, Kim BK, Choi WS, Oh S, Yun YS, Kang DH, Lee OJ, Kim EG, Choi JH, Lee JY, Choi YK, Baek YH, Song MS. Combination therapy with nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir improves the survival of SARS-CoV-2 infected mice. Antiviral Res 2022; 208:105430. [PMID: 36209984 PMCID: PMC9535923 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic remains uncontrolled owing to the continuous emergence of variants of concern, there is an immediate need to implement the most effective antiviral treatment strategies, especially for risk groups. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potency of nirmatrelvir, remdesivir and molnupiravir, and their combinations in SARS-CoV-2 infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. Systemic treatment of mice with each drug (20 mg/kg) resulted in slightly enhanced antiviral efficacy and yielded an increased life expectancy of only about 20-40% survival. However, combination therapy with nirmatrelvir (20 mg/kg) and molnupiravir (20 mg/kg) in lethally infected mice showed profound inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication in both the lung and brain and synergistically improved survival rates up to 80% compared to those with nirmatrelvir (36%, P < 0.001) and molnupiravir (43%, P < 0.001) administered alone. This combination therapy effectively reduced clinical severity score, virus-induced tissue damage, and viral distribution compared to those in animals treated with these monotherapies. Furthermore, all these assessments associated with this combination were also significantly higher than that of mice receiving remdesivir monotherapy (P < 0.001) and the nirmatrelvir (20 mg/kg) and remdesivir (20 mg/kg) combination (P < 0.001), underscored the clinical significance of this combination. By contrast, the nirmatrelvir and remdesivir combination showed less antiviral efficacy, with lower survival compared to nirmatrelvir monotherapy due to the insufficient plasma exposure of the remdesivir, demonstrating the inefficient therapeutic effect of this combination in the mouse model. The combination therapy with nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir contributes to alleviated morbidity and mortality, which can serve as a basis for the design of clinical studies of this combination in the treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Santosh Chokkakula
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Min
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Beom Kyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Yu Soo Yun
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Da Hyeon Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Ok-Jun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Jang-Hoon Choi
- Division of Acute Viral Disease, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, 28159, South Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Center for Emerging Virus Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea; Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea.
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Park JH, Kim B, Antigua KJC, Jeong JH, Kim CI, Choi WS, Oh S, Kim CH, Kim EG, Choi YK, Baek YH, Song MS. Baloxavir-oseltamivir combination therapy inhibits the emergence of resistant substitutions in influenza A virus PA gene in a mouse model. Antiviral Res 2021; 193:105126. [PMID: 34217753 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Baloxavir marboxil (BXM) treatment-emergent polymerase acid (PA) I38X amino acid substitution (AAS) in the resistant variants of influenza viruses raise concerns regarding their emergence and spread. This study investigated the impact of 1 or 5 mg/kg BXM and 25 mg/kg oseltamivir phosphate (OS) (single or combination therapy) on the occurrence of resistance-related substitutions during the sequential lung-to-lung passages of AH1N1)pdm09 virus in mice. Deep sequencing analysis revealed that 67% (n = 4/6) of the population treated with BXM single therapy (1 or 5 mg/kg) possessed the treatment-emergent PA-I38X AAS variants (I38T, I38S, and I38V). Notably, BXM-OS combination therapy impeded PA-I38X AAS emergence. Although the doses utilized in the mouse model may not be directly translated into the clinically equivalent doses of each drugs, these findings offer insights toward alternative therapies to mitigate the emergence of influenza antiviral resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomkyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Joy C Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hyung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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Ahn G, Lee S, Lee SH, Baek YH, Song MS, Kim YH, Ahn JY. Zika virus lateral flow assays using reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification. RSC Adv 2021; 11:17800-17808. [PMID: 35480212 PMCID: PMC9033246 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01227d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study suggest that ZIKV RT-LAMP combined with LFA could serve as a rapid, accurate, and independent point-of-care detection method for ZIKV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gna Ahn
- Department of Microbiology
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju 28644
- South Korea
| | - SeonHyung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju 28644
- South Korea
| | - Se Hee Lee
- Department of Microbiology
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju 28644
- South Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- College of Medicine
- Medical Research Institute
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju 28644
- South Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine
- Medical Research Institute
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju 28644
- South Korea
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Microbiology
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju 28644
- South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
| | - Ji-Young Ahn
- Department of Microbiology
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju 28644
- South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
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9
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Ahn SJ, Baek YH, Lloren KKS, Choi WS, Jeong JH, Antigua KJC, Kwon HI, Park SJ, Kim EH, Kim YI, Si YJ, Hong SB, Shin KS, Chun S, Choi YK, Song MS. Correction to: Rapid and simple colorimetric detection of multiple influenza viruses infecting humans using a reverse transcriptional loopmediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) diagnostic platform. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:965. [PMID: 33357216 PMCID: PMC7758918 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeong Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Kaith S Lloren
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Joy C Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bok Hong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Science, Chungbuk Health and Science University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Seob Shin
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkun Chun
- Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Choi WS, Jeong JH, Nicolas HDG, Oh S, Antigua KJC, Park JH, Kim B, Yoon SW, Shin KS, Choi YK, Baek YH, Song MS. Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA)-Enhanced Specificity of a Dual-Target Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) Assay for the Detection and Differentiation of SARS-CoV-2 from Related Viruses. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10100775. [PMID: 33007999 PMCID: PMC7601008 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat posed by coronaviruses to human health has necessitated the development of a highly specific and sensitive viral detection method that could differentiate between the currently circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs). In this study, we developed a peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay targeting the N gene to efficiently discriminate SARS-CoV-2 from other SARSr-CoVs in human clinical samples. Without compromising the sensitivity, this method significantly enhanced the specificity of SARS-CoV-2 detection by 100-fold as compared to conventional RT-qPCR. In addition, we designed an RT-qPCR method for the sensitive and universal detection of ORF3ab-E genes of SARSr-CoV with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.3 RNA copies per microliter. Thus, the developed assay serves as a confirmative dual-target detection method. Our PNA-mediated dual-target RT-qPCR assay can detect clinical SARS-CoV-2 samples in the range of 18.10–35.19 Ct values with an 82.6–100% detection rate. Furthermore, our assay showed no cross-reactions with other coronaviruses such as human coronaviruses (229E, NL63, and OC43) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, influenza viruses (Type B, H1N1, H3N2, HPAI H5Nx, and H7N9), and other respiratory disease-causing viruses (MPV, RSV A, RSV B, PIV, AdV, and HRV). We, thus, developed a PNA-based RT-qPCR assay that differentiates emerging pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 from closely related viruses such as SARSr-CoV and allows diagnosis of infections related to already identified or new coronavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
| | - Halcyon Dawn G. Nicolas
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
| | - Khristine Joy C. Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
| | - Beomkyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Kyeong Seob Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.H.B.); (M.-S.S.)
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.H.B.); (M.-S.S.)
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Baek YH, Um J, Antigua KJC, Park JH, Kim Y, Oh S, Kim YI, Choi WS, Kim SG, Jeong JH, Chin BS, Nicolas HDG, Ahn JY, Shin KS, Choi YK, Park JS, Song MS. Development of a reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification as a rapid early-detection method for novel SARS-CoV-2. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:998-1007. [PMID: 32306853 PMCID: PMC7301696 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1756698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The previous outbreaks of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have led researchers to study the role of diagnostics in impediment of further spread and transmission. With the recent emergence of the novel SARS-CoV-2, the availability of rapid, sensitive, and reliable diagnostic methods is essential for disease control. Hence, we have developed a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the specific detection of SARS-CoV-2. The primer sets for RT-LAMP assay were designed to target the nucleocapsid gene of the viral RNA, and displayed a detection limit of 102 RNA copies close to that of qRT-PCR. Notably, the assay has exhibited a rapid detection span of 30 min combined with the colorimetric visualization. This test can detect specifically viral RNAs of the SARS-CoV-2 with no cross-reactivity to related coronaviruses, such as HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and MERS-CoV as well as human infectious influenza viruses (type B, H1N1pdm, H3N2, H5N1, H5N6, H5N8, and H7N9), and other respiratory disease-causing viruses (RSVA, RSVB, ADV, PIV, MPV, and HRV). Furthermore, the developed RT-LAMP assay has been evaluated using specimens collected from COVID-19 patients that exhibited high agreement to the qRT-PCR. Our RT-LAMP assay is simple to perform, less expensive, time-efficient, and can be used in clinical laboratories for preliminary detection of SARS-CoV-2 in suspected patients. In addition to the high sensitivity and specificity, this isothermal amplification conjugated with a single-tube colorimetric detection method may contribute to the public health responses and disease control, especially in the areas with limited laboratory capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Um
- Research Institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Joy C Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjae Kim
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Sik Chin
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Halcyon Dawn G Nicolas
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Ahn
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Seob Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Sun Park
- Research Institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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12
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Ahn SJ, Baek YH, Lloren KKS, Choi WS, Jeong JH, Antigua KJC, Kwon HI, Park SJ, Kim EH, Kim YI, Si YJ, Hong SB, Shin KS, Chun S, Choi YK, Song MS. Rapid and simple colorimetric detection of multiple influenza viruses infecting humans using a reverse transcriptional loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) diagnostic platform. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:676. [PMID: 31370782 PMCID: PMC6669974 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to seasonal influenza viruses recently circulating in humans, avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of H5N1, H5N6 and H7N9 subtypes have also emerged and demonstrated human infection abilities with high mortality rates. Although influenza viral infections are usually diagnosed using viral isolation and serological/molecular analyses, the cost, accessibility, and availability of these methods may limit their utility in various settings. The objective of this study was to develop and optimized a multiplex detection system for most influenza viruses currently infecting humans. Methods We developed and optimized a multiplex detection system for most influenza viruses currently infecting humans including two type B (both Victoria lineages and Yamagata lineages), H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H5N6, and H7N9 using Reverse Transcriptional Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) technology coupled with a one-pot colorimetric visualization system to facilitate direct determination of results without additional steps. We also evaluated this multiplex RT-LAMP for clinical use using a total of 135 clinical and spiked samples (91 influenza viruses and 44 other human infectious viruses). Results We achieved rapid detection of seasonal influenza viruses (H1N1, H3N2, and Type B) and avian influenza viruses (H5N1, H5N6, H5N8 and H7N9) within an hour. The assay could detect influenza viruses with high sensitivity (i.e., from 100 to 0.1 viral genome copies), comparable to conventional RT-PCR-based approaches which would typically take several hours and require expensive equipment. This assay was capable of specifically detecting each influenza virus (Type B, H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H5N6, H5N8 and H7N9) without cross-reactivity with other subtypes of AIVs or other human infectious viruses. Furthermore, 91 clinical and spiked samples confirmed by qRT-PCR were also detected by this multiplex RT-LAMP with 98.9% agreement. It was more sensitive than one-step RT-PCR approach (92.3%). Conclusions Results of this study suggest that our multiplex RT-LAMP assay may provide a rapid, sensitive, cost-effective, and reliable diagnostic method for identifying recent influenza viruses infecting humans, especially in locations without access to large platforms or sophisticated equipment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4277-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeong Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Kaith S Lloren
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Joy C Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bok Hong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Chungbuk Health and Science University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Seob Shin
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkun Chun
- Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Baek YH, Cheon HS, Park SJ, Lloren KKS, Ahn SJ, Jeong JH, Choi WS, Yu MA, Kwon HI, Kwon JJ, Kim EH, Kim YI, Antigua KJC, Kim SY, Jeong HW, Choi YK, Song MS. Simple, Rapid and Sensitive Portable Molecular Diagnosis of SFTS Virus Using Reverse Transcriptional Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP). J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 28:1928-1936. [PMID: 30270605 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1806.06016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Recently, human infections caused by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), which can lead to fatality, have dramatically increased in East Asia. With the unavailability of vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent and/or treat SFTSV infection, early rapid diagnosis is critical for prevention and control of the disease. Here, we report the development of a simple, rapid and sensitive portable detection method for SFTSV infection applying reverse transcription-loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) combined with one-pot colorimetric visualization and electro-free reaction platform. This method utilizes a pocket warmer to facilitate diagnosis in a resource-limited setting. Specific primers were designed to target the highly-conserved region of L gene of SFTSV. The detection limit of the RT-LAMP assay was approximately 100 viral genome copies from three different SFTSV strains. This assay exhibited comparable sensitivity to qRT-PCR and 10-fold more sensitivity than conventional RT-PCR, with a rapid detection time of 30 to 60 minutes. The RT-LAMP assay using SFTSV clinical specimens has demonstrated a similar detection rate to qRT-PCR and a higher detection rate compared to conventional RT-PCR. Moreover, there was no observed cross-reactive amplification of other human infectious viruses including Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), Dengue, Enterovirus, Zika, Influenza and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). This highly sensitive, electro- and equipment-free rapid colorimetric visualization method is feasible for resource-limited SFTSV field diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Soon Cheon
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Kaith S Lloren
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jeong Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ah Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Jung Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Joy C Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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Choi WS, Jeong JH, Lloren KKS, Ahn SJ, Antigua KJC, Kim YI, Si YJ, Baek YH, Choi YK, Song MS. Development of a rapid, simple and efficient one-pot cloning method for a reverse genetics system of broad subtypes of influenza A virus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8318. [PMID: 31165766 PMCID: PMC6549168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The reverse genetics (RG) system of influenza A viruses is well established. However, the conventional sequence-dependent method for cloning influenza genome segments is time-consuming and requires multiple processes (eg. enzyme digestion and ligation) and exhibits low cloning efficiency compared to the sequence-independent cloning method. In this study, we improved influenza genome cloning into the pHW2000 vector for an RG system by incorporating a sequence-independent circular polymerase extension cloning (CPEC) approach which requires only 2 steps (reverse transcription and one-pot CPEC-PCR) and takes about 4 hours before the transformation. The specifically designed viral gene and vector primers used for CPEC-PCR have improved cloning efficiency ranging from 63.6 to 100% based on the results of gene-specific colony PCR which was additionally confirmed by enzyme digestion. We successfully cloned all genes from broad subtypes of influenza A viruses (H1-H12, N1-N9) and rescued by the RG system. Our results demonstrate that this method-one-Pot cloning for influenza A virus-was efficient in terms of required time and cloning rate. In conclusion, the novel cloning method for influenza A virus will contribute to a significant reduction in the time required for genetic studies of emerging influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Kaith S Lloren
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jeong Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Joy C Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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Antigua KJC, Choi WS, Baek YH, Song MS. The Emergence and Decennary Distribution of Clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5Nx. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7060156. [PMID: 31146461 PMCID: PMC6616411 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reassortment events among influenza viruses occur naturally and may lead to the development of new and different subtypes which often ignite the possibility of an influenza outbreak. Between 2008 and 2010, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 of the N1 subtype from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96-like (Gs/GD) lineage generated novel reassortants by introducing other neuraminidase (NA) subtypes reported to cause most outbreaks in poultry. With the extensive divergence of the H5 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of documented viruses, the WHO/FAO/OIE H5 Evolutionary Working Group clustered these viruses into a systematic and unified nomenclature of clade 2.3.4.4 currently known as “H5Nx” viruses. The rapid emergence and circulation of these viruses, namely, H5N2, H5N3, H5N5, H5N6, H5N8, and the regenerated H5N1, are of great concern based on their pandemic potential. Knowing the evolution and emergence of these novel reassortants helps to better understand their complex nature. The eruption of reports of each H5Nx reassortant through time demonstrates that it could persist beyond its usual seasonal activity, intensifying the possibility of these emerging viruses’ pandemic potential. This review paper provides an overview of the emergence of each novel HPAI H5Nx virus as well as its current epidemiological distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khristine Joy C Antigua
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
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16
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Kwon JJ, Choi WS, Jeong JH, Kim EH, Lee OJ, Yoon SW, Hwang J, Webby RJ, Govorkova EA, Choi YK, Baek YH, Song MS. An I436N substitution confers resistance of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses to multiple neuraminidase inhibitors without affecting viral fitness. J Gen Virol 2019; 99:292-302. [PMID: 29493493 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance of influenza viruses to neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs; i.e. oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir and laninamivir) can be associated with several NA substitutions, with differing effects on viral fitness. To identify novel molecular markers conferring multi-NAI resistance, the NA gene of oseltamivir-resistant (H275Y, N1 numbering) 2009 pandemic influenza [A(H1N1)pdm09] virus was enriched with random mutations. This randomly mutated viral library was propagated in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells under zanamivir pressure and gave rise to additional changes within NA, including an I436N substitution located outside the NA enzyme active site. We generated four recombinant A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses containing either wild-type NA or NA with single (I436N or H275Y) or double (H275Y-I436N) substitutions. The double H275Y-I436N mutation significantly reduced inhibition by oseltamivir and peramivir and reduced inhibition by zanamivir and laninamivir. I436N alone reduced inhibition by all NAIs, suggesting that it is a multi-NAI resistance marker. I436N did not affect viral fitness in vitro or in a murine model; however, H275Y and I436N together had a negative impact on viral fitness. Further, I436N alone did not have an appreciable impact on viral replication in the upper respiratory tract or transmissibility in ferrets. However, the rg-H275Y-I436N double mutant transmitted less efficiently than either single mutant via the direct contact and respiratory droplet routes in ferrets. Overall, these results highlight the usefulness of a random mutagenesis approach for identifying potential molecular markers of resistance and the importance of I436N NA substitution in A(H1N1)pdm09 virus as a marker for multi-NAI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jung Kwon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jun Lee
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Hwang
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Jeong JH, Kim EH, Lloren KKS, Kwon JJ, Kwon HI, Ahn SJ, Kim YI, Choi WS, Si YJ, Lee OJ, Han HJ, Baek YH, Song MS, Choi YK, Kim CJ. Preclinical evaluation of the efficacy of an H5N8 vaccine candidate (IDCDC-RG43A) in mouse and ferret models for pandemic preparedness. Vaccine 2018; 37:484-493. [PMID: 30502069 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Because H5N1 influenza viruses continuously threaten the public health, the WHO has prepared various clades of H5N1 mock-up vaccines as one of the measures for pandemic preparedness. The recent worldwide outbreak of H5Nx virus which belongs to clade 2.3.4.4 and of which H5N6 subtype belongs and already caused human infection also increases the need of pandemic vaccine for such novel emerging viruses. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy and immunogenicity of an egg-based and inactivated whole-virus H5N8 (IDCDC-RG43A) developed by CDC containing HA and NA gene of the parent virus A/gyrfalcon/Washington/41088-6/2014. Mice vaccinated two times elicited low to moderate antibody titer in varying amount of antigen doses against the homologous H5N8 vaccine virus and heterologous intra-clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 (A/Sichuan/26221/2014) virus. Mice immunized with at least 3.0 µg/dose of IDCDC-RG43A with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant were completely protected from lethal challenge with the mouse-adapted H5N8 (A/Environment/Korea/ma468/2015, maH5N8) as well as cleared the viral replication in tissues including lung, brain, spleen, and kidney. Vaccinated ferrets induced high antibody titers against clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8/H5N6 viruses and the antibody showed high cross-reactivity to clade 2.2 H5N1 but not to clade 1 and 2.3.4 viruses as measured by hemagglutinin inhibition and serum neutralization assays. Furthermore, administration of the vaccine in ferrets resulted in attenuation of clinical disease signs and virus spread to peripheral organs including lung, spleen, and kidney from high dose challenge with maH5N8 virus. The protective and immunogenic characteristic of the candidate vaccine are essential attributes to be considered for further clinical trials as a pre-pandemic vaccine for a potential pandemic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Kaith S Lloren
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Jung Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jeong Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jung Han
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Research & Development Center, Green Cross Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea; Research & Development Center, Green Cross Wellbeing Corporation, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Bok Hong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Chungbuk Health & Science University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
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19
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Choi WS, Lloren KKS, Baek YH, Song MS. The significance of avian influenza virus mouse-adaptation and its application in characterizing the efficacy of new vaccines and therapeutic agents. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2017; 6:83-94. [PMID: 28775972 PMCID: PMC5540968 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2017.6.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increased frequency of interspecies transmission of avian influenza viruses, studies designed to identify the molecular determinants that could lead to an expansion of the host range have been increased. A variety of mouse-based mammalian-adaptation studies of avian influenza viruses have provided insight into the genetic alterations of various avian influenza subtypes that may contribute to the generation of a pandemic virus. To date, the studies have focused on avian influenza subtypes H5, H6, H7, H9, and H10 which have recently caused human infection. Although mice cannot fully reflect the course of human infection with avian influenza, these mouse studies can be a useful method for investigating potential mammalian adaptive markers against newly emerging avian influenza viruses. In addition, due to the lack of appropriate vaccines against the diverse emerging influenza viruses, the generation of mouse-adapted lethal variants could contribute to the development of effective vaccines or therapeutic agents. Within this review, we will summarize studies that have demonstrated adaptations of avian influenza viruses that result in an altered pathogenicity in mice which may suggest the potential application of mouse-lethal strains in the development of influenza vaccines and/or therapeutics in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Khristine Kaith S Lloren
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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20
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Choi WS, Baek YH, Kwon JJ, Jeong JH, Park SJ, Kim YI, Yoon SW, Hwang J, Kim MH, Kim CJ, Webby RJ, Choi YK, Song MS. Rapid acquisition of polymorphic virulence markers during adaptation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus in the mouse. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40667. [PMID: 28094780 PMCID: PMC5240553 DOI: 10.1038/srep40667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus in Asia and its spread to Europe and North America has caused great concern for human health. Although the H5N8 virus has been only moderately pathogenic to mammalian hosts, virulence can still increase. We evaluated the pathogenic potential of several H5N8 strains via the mouse-adaptation method. Two H5N8 viruses were sequentially passaged in BALB/c mice and plaque-purified from lung samples. The viruses rapidly obtained high virulence (MLD50, up to 0.5 log10 PFU/mL) within 5 passages. Sequence analysis revealed the acquisition of several virulence markers, including the novel marker P708S in PB1 gene. Combinations of markers synergistically enhanced viral replication and polymerase activity in human cell lines and virulence and multiorgan dissemination in mice. These results suggest that H5N8 viruses can rapidly acquire virulence markers in mammalian hosts; thus, rapid spread as well as repeated viral introduction into the hosts may significantly increase the risk of human infection and elevate pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Suk Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Jung Kwon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jungwon Hwang
- Microbiomics and Immunity Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Microbiomics and Immunity Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Dae Jeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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21
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Lee SH, Baek YH, Kim YH, Choi YK, Song MS, Ahn JY. One-Pot Reverse Transcriptional Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) for Detecting MERS-CoV. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2166. [PMID: 28119682 PMCID: PMC5220095 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the limitation of rapid development of specific antiviral drug or vaccine for novel emerging viruses, an accurate and rapid diagnosis is a key to manage the virus spread. We developed an efficient and rapid method with high specificity for the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), based on one-pot reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (one-pot RT-LAMP). A set of six LAMP primers [F3, B3, FIP, BIP, LF (Loop-F), and LB (Loop-B)] were designed using the sequence of nucleocapsid (N) gene with optimized RT-LAMP enzyme conditions: 100 U M-MLV RTase and 4 U Bst polymerase, implying that the reaction was able to detect four infectious viral genome copies of MERS-CoV within a 60 min reaction time period. Significantly, EvaGreen dye has better signal read-out properties in one-pot RT-LAMP reaction and is more compatible with DNA polymerase than SYBR green I. Isothermally amplified specific N genes were further evaluated using field-deployable microchamber devices, leading to the specific identification of as few as 0.4 infectious viral genome copies, with no cross-reaction to the other acute respiratory disease viruses, including influenza type A (H1N1 and H3N2), type B, human coronavirus 229E, and human metapneumovirus. This sensitive, specific and feasible method provides a large-scale technical support in emergencies, and is also applied as a sample-to-detection module in Point of Care Testing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hee Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Ahn
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University Cheongju, South Korea
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Jin HY, Park TS, Lee KA, Baek YH. THE INFLUENCE OF TOTAL OR SUB-TOTAL GASTRECTOMY ON GLUCOSE CONTROL IN DIABETIC AND NON-DIABETIC PATIENTS. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar) 2016; 12:423-430. [PMID: 31149126 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2016.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective Although bariatric surgery including gastrectomy has recently emerged as a useful treatment for type 2 DM with obesity, it is not clear whether gastrectomy itself can have beneficial effects on glucose metabolism. Therefore, in this study, we investigated changes in blood glucose in patients with and without diabetes who underwent gastrectomy. Methods From Jan 2010 to May 2014, 77 patients with diabetes and 77 patients without diabetes who underwent gastrectomy at Chonbuk National University Hospital, South Korea, were included. We compared fasting plasma glucose levels and HbA1c value before and after gastric surgery. Results After gastrectomy, 59 patients (38.3%) showed reduced fasting plasma glucose levels at the 1 year point, and 80 patients (51.9%) exhibited reduced fasting plasma glucose at 3 years, irrespective of their diabetes status. Among 77 patients with diabetes, decreased fasting plasma glucose was observed in 22 (28.6%) and 46 patients (59.7%) 1 and 3 years after gastrectomy, respectively. In patients who exhibited reduced fasting plasma glucose after gastrectomy, the degree of reduced glucose was as follows: 56.4±48.5 vs 23.2±16.1 mg/dL after 1 year, 58.3±52.3 vs 18.4±13.7 mg/dL after 3 years, in DM and non-DM patient respectively. Conclusions Although there was a significant drop in mean fasting glucose after gastrectomy, not all patients experienced a drop in fasting glucose. Gastrectomy did not show a consistent association with glucose reduction in patients with and without diabetes, and in about half of the patients, fasting plasma glucose levels increased after gastrectomy. Therefore, bariatric surgery including gastrectomy needs to be performed with care in diabetes, and glucose monitoring including oral glucose tolerance tests should be done for assessing or prediction of the glucose state after gastric surgery in non-DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Jin
- Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University - Chonbuk National University Hospital, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - T S Park
- Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University - Chonbuk National University Hospital, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - K A Lee
- Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University - Chonbuk National University Hospital, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Y H Baek
- Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University - Chonbuk National University Hospital, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea
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Bin SY, Heo JY, Song MS, Lee J, Kim EH, Park SJ, Kwon HI, Kim SM, Kim YI, Si YJ, Lee IW, Baek YH, Choi WS, Min J, Jeong HW, Choi YK. Environmental Contamination and Viral Shedding in MERS Patients During MERS-CoV Outbreak in South Korea. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 62:755-60. [PMID: 26679623 PMCID: PMC7108026 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Although Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is characterized by a risk of nosocomial transmission, the detailed mode of transmission and period of virus shedding from infected patients are poorly understood. The aims of this study were to investigate the potential role of environmental contamination by MERS-CoV in healthcare settings and to define the period of viable virus shedding from MERS patients. Methods. We investigated environmental contamination from 4 patients in MERS-CoV units of 2 hospitals. MERS-CoV was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and viable virus was isolated by cultures. Results. Many environmental surfaces of MERS patient rooms, including points frequently touched by patients or healthcare workers, were contaminated by MERS-CoV. Viral RNA was detected up to five days from environmental surfaces following the last positive PCR from patients’ respiratory specimens. MERS-CoV RNA was detected in samples from anterooms, medical devices, and air-ventilating equipment. In addition, MERS-CoV was isolated from environmental objects such as bed sheets, bedrails, IV fluid hangers, and X-ray devices. During the late clinical phase of MERS, viable virus could be isolated in 3 of the 4 enrolled patients on day 18 to day 25 after symptom onset. Conclusions. Most of touchable surfaces in MERS units were contaminated by patients and health care workers and the viable virus could shed through respiratory secretion from clinically fully recovered patients. These results emphasize the need for strict environmental surface hygiene practices, and sufficient isolation period based on laboratory results rather than solely on clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Yu Bin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon
| | | | - Min-Suk Song
- Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, and
| | - Jacob Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, and
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Mi Kim
- Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Won Lee
- Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, and
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, and
| | | | | | - Young Ki Choi
- Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Choi EH, Song MS, Park SJ, Pascua PNQ, Baek YH, Kwon HI, Kim EH, Kim S, Jang HK, Poo H, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Development of a dual-protective live attenuated vaccine against H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses by modifying the NS1 gene. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1729-40. [PMID: 25959557 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of outbreaks of avian influenza H5N1 and H9N2 viruses in poultry have caused serious economic losses and raised concerns for human health due to the risk of zoonotic transmission. However, licensed H5N1 and H9N2 vaccines for animals and humans have not been developed. Thus, to develop a dual H5N1 and H9N2 live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), the HA and NA genes from a virulent mouse-adapted avian H5N2 (A/WB/Korea/ma81/06) virus and a recently isolated chicken H9N2 (A/CK/Korea/116/06) virus, respectively, were introduced into the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 backbone expressing truncated NS1 proteins (NS1-73, NS1-86, NS1-101, NS1-122) but still possessing a full-length NS gene. Two H5N2/NS1-LAIV viruses (H5N2/NS1-86 and H5N2/NS1-101) were highly attenuated compared with the full-length and remaining H5N2/NS-LAIV viruses in a mouse model. Furthermore, viruses containing NS1 modifications were found to induce more IFN-β activation than viruses with full-length NS1 proteins and were correspondingly attenuated in mice. Intranasal vaccination with a single dose (10(4.0) PFU/ml) of these viruses completely protected mice from a lethal challenge with the homologous A/WB/Korea/ma81/06 (H5N2), heterologous highly pathogenic A/EM/Korea/W149/06 (H5N1), and heterosubtypic highly virulent mouse-adapted H9N2 viruses. This study clearly demonstrates that the modified H5N2/NS1-LAIV viruses attenuated through the introduction of mutations in the NS1 coding region display characteristics that are desirable for live attenuated vaccines and hold potential as vaccine candidates for mammalian hosts.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Chickens
- Female
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
- Poultry Diseases/virology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-hye Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, 361-763, Republic of Korea
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25
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Choi EJ, Kim HB, Baek YH, Kim EH, Pascua PNQ, Park SJ, Kwon HI, Lim GJ, Kim S, Kim YI, Choi YK. Differential microRNA expression following infection with a mouse-adapted, highly virulent avian H5N2 virus. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:252. [PMID: 25266911 PMCID: PMC4189662 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to regulate various biological processes, including expression of cellular gene and virus-induced inflammation. Recently, studies have indicated that some miRNAs could regulate influenza virus replication. Due to differential sensitivities of influenza A virus strains to different species (avian and mammalian), variations in host responses may be observed. Therefore, we investigated and compared the differences in global host miRNA expression in mouse lungs infected with wild type low pathogenicity A/Aquatic bird/Korea/w81/2005 (H5N2) (w81) or mouse-adapted virulent A/Aquatic bird /Korea/ma81/2007 (H5N2) (ma81) virus. Results Although the mice infected with ma81 exhibited much greater mortality than w81-infected mice, the parental w81 virus induced a higher number of differentially expressed miRNAs compared to the ma81 virus. Between these 2 viruses, a total of 27 and 20 miRNAs were commonly expressed at 1 dpi and 3 dpi, respectively. It is noteworthy that only 9 miRNAs (miR-100-5p, miR-130a-5p, miR-146b-3p, miR-147-3p, miR-151-5p, miR-155-3p, miR-223-3p, miR-301a-3p, and miR-495-3p) were significantly upregulated in both lungs infected with either wild type w81 or the mouse-adapted ma81 strain at both time points. Notably, expression levels of miR-147-3p, miR-151-5p, miR-155-3p, and miR-223-3p were higher in the lungs of mice infected with the ma81 virus than those infected with the w81 virus. To identify potential roles of these miRNAs in regulating influenza virus replication, each group of mice was intranasally treated with each inhibitor of specifically targeting 4 miRNAs, and then challenged with 5 mouse lethal dose 50% (MLD50) of the virulent ma81 virus on the following day. Although the specific miRNA inhibitors could not completely attenuate mortality or reduce viral replication, the miR-151-5p- and miR-223-3p-inhibitors reduced mortality of inoculated mice to 70% and substantially delayed death. Conclusions Our results suggest that the mammalian adaptation of avian influenza A virus results in a different miRNA expression pattern in lungs of virus-infected mice compared with its parental strain, and use of specific miRNA inhibitors to target genes associated with the immune response or cell death may affect virulence and virus replication. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0252-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Song MS, Hee Baek Y, Kim EH, Park SJ, Kim S, Lim GJ, Kwon HI, Pascua PNQ, Decano AG, Lee BJ, Kim YI, Webby RJ, Choi YK. Increased virulence of neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant pandemic H1N1 virus in mice: potential emergence of drug-resistant and virulent variants. Virulence 2013; 4:489-93. [PMID: 23924955 DOI: 10.4161/viru.25952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic H1N1 2009 (A[H1N1]pdm09) variants associated with oseltamivir resistance have emerged with a histidine-to-tyrosine substitution in the neuraminidase(NA) at position 274 (H274Y). To determine whether the H274Y variant has increased virulence potential, A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, with or without the H274Y mutation, was adapted by serial lung-to-lung passages in mice. The mouse-adapted H274Y (maCA04H274Y) variants showed increased growth properties and virulence in vitro and in vivo while maintaining high NA inhibitor resistance. Interestingly, most maCA04H274Y and maCA04 viruses acquired common mutations in HA (S183P and D222G) and NP (D101G), while only maCA04H274Y viruses had consensus additional K153E mutation in the HA gene, suggesting a potential association with the H274Y substitution. Collectively, our findings highlight the potential emergence of A(H1N1)pdm09 drug-resistant variants with increased virulence and the need for rapid development of novel antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Suk Song
- Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Kim EH, Pascua PNQ, Song MS, Baek YH, Kwon HI, Park SJ, Lim GJ, Kim SM, Decano A, Lee KJ, Cho WK, Ma JY, Choi YK. Immunomodulaton and attenuation of lethal influenza A virus infection by oral administration with KIOM-C. Antiviral Res 2013; 98:386-93. [PMID: 23588232 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herbal medicine is used to treat many conditions such as asthma, eczema, premenstrual syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, migraine, headaches, menopausal symptoms, chronic fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome, cancer, and viral infections such as influenza. In this study, we investigated the antiviral effect of KIOM-C for the treatment of influenza A virus infection. Our results show that oral administration of KIOM-C conferred a survival benefit to mice infected with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 [A(H1N1)pdm09] virus, and resulted in a 10- to 100-fold attenuation of viral replication in ferrets in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, oral administration of KIOM-C increased the production of antiviral cytokines, including IFN-γ and TNF-α, and decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6) and chemokines (KC, MCP-1) in the Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of A(H1N1)pdm-infected mice. These results indicate that KIOM-C can promote clearance of influenza virus in the respiratory tracts of mice and ferrets by modulating cytokine production in hosts. Taken together, our results suggest that KIOM-C is a potential therapeutic compound mixture for the treatment of influenza virus infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong Henugduk-Ku, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Song MS, Baek YH, Pascua PNQ, Kwon HI, Park SJ, Kim EH, Lim GJ, Choi YK. Establishment of Vero cell RNA polymerase I-driven reverse genetics for Influenza A virus and its application for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus vaccine production. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1230-1235. [PMID: 23486669 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.051284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant threat of newly emerging influenza viruses with pandemic potential requires the need for prompt vaccine production. Here, we utilized the Vero cell polymerase I (PolI) promoter, rather than the commonly used human PolI promoter, in an established reverse-genetics system to rescue viable influenza viruses in Vero cells, an approved cell line for human vaccine production. The Vero PolI promoter was more efficient in Vero cells and demonstrated enhanced transcription levels and virus rescue rates commensurate with that of the human RNA PolI promoter in 293T cells. These results appeared to be associated with more efficient generation of A(H1N1)pdm09- and H5N1-derived vaccine seed viruses in Vero cells, whilst the rescue rates in 293T cells were comparable. Our study provides an alternative means for improving vaccine preparation by using a novel reverse-genetics system for generating influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Philippe Noriel Q Pascua
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyo-Jin Lim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Song MS, Cho YH, Park SJ, Pascua PNQ, Baek YH, Kwon HI, Lee OJ, Kong BW, Kim H, Shin EC, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Early regulation of viral infection reduces inflammation and rescues mx-positive mice from lethal avian influenza infection. Am J Pathol 2013; 182:1308-21. [PMID: 23395090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Differing sensitivity of influenza A viruses to antiviral effects of the Myxovirus resistance (Mx) protein implies varying global gene expression profiles in the host. The role of Mx protein during lethal avian influenza (AI) virus infection was examined using Mx1-deficient C57BL/6 (B6-Mx1(-/-)) and congenic Mx1-expressing (B6-Mx1(+/+)) mice infected with a virulent, mouse-adapted avian H5N2 Ab/Korea/ma81/07 (Av/ma81) virus. After infection, B6-Mx1(+/+) mice were completely protected from lethal AI-induced mortality, and exhibited attenuated clinical disease and reduced viral titers and pathology in the lungs, compared with B6-Mx1(-/-) mice. Transcriptional profiling of lung tissues revealed that most of the genes up-regulated after infection are involved in activation of the immune response and host defense. Notably, more abundant and sustained expression of cytokine/chemokine genes was observed up to 3 dpi in B6-Mx1(-/-) mice, and this was associated with excessive induction of cytokines and chemokines. Consequently, massive infiltration of macrophages/monocytes and granulocytes into lung resulted in severe viral pneumonia and potentially contributed to decreased survival of B6-Mx1(-/-) mice. Taken together, our data show that dysregulated gene transcriptional activity corresponded to persistent induction of cytokine/chemokines and recruitment of cytokine-producing cells that promote inflammation in B6-Mx1(-/-) mouse lungs. Thus, we provide additional evidence of the interplay of genetic, molecular, and cellular correlates governed by the Mx1 protein that critically determine disease outcome during lethal AI virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Jeong HW, Choi YK, Baek YH, Seong MH. Phylogenetic analysis of the 56-kDa type-specific protein genes of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Central Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27:1315-9. [PMID: 23166411 PMCID: PMC3492664 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.11.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several antigenic variants of Orientia tsutsugamushi. The 56-kDa type-specific antigen (TSA) is responsible for the antigenic variation. Nucleotide sequences of the 56-kDa TSA obtained from 44 eschar samples of Korean scrub typhus patients and from 40 representative strains retrieved from the GenBank database were analyzed phylogenetically. Clinical patient data were assessed based on the genotyping results. Of the 44 nucleotide sequences, 32 (72.7%) clustered with the Boryong genotype, which is the major genotype in Korea. Eleven nucleotide sequences (25%) clustered with the Kawasaki genotype, not identified in Korea until 2010. One nucleotide sequence was consistent with the Karp genotype. The clinical course of the patients infected with each genotype showed no differences. Diagnostic performance of the immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using the 56-kDa TSA from Gilliam, Karp and Boryong as test antigens were not different for the Boryong and Kawasaki genotypes. Although Boryong is still the predominant genotype, the results suggest that Kawasaki genotype is quite prevalent in Chungbuk province of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea.
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31
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Song MS, Moon HJ, Kwon HI, Pascua PNQ, Lee JH, Baek YH, Woo KJ, Choi J, Lee S, Yoo H, Oh IG, Yoon Y, Rho JB, Sung MH, Hong SP, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Erratum to: Evaluation of the efficacy of a pre-pandemic H5N1 vaccine (MG1109) in mouse and ferret models. J Microbiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-0638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Kim EH, Lee JH, Song MS, Baek YH, Choi YK, Ma JY. Oral Administration of Novel Oriental Medicine, KIOM-C, Protect against Influenza Virus. J Biomed Res 2012. [DOI: 10.12729/jbr.2012.13.2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Song MS, Moon HJ, Kwon HI, Pascua PNQ, Lee JH, Baek YH, Woo GJ, Choi J, Lee S, Yoo H, Oh I, Yoon Y, Rho JB, Sung MH, Hong SP, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Evaluation of the efficacy of a pre-pandemic H5N1 vaccine (MG1109) in mouse and ferret models. J Microbiol 2012; 50:478-88. [PMID: 22752912 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-1573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The threat of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus causing the next pandemic remains a major concern. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of an inactivated whole-virus H5N1 pre-pandemic vaccine (MG1109) formulated by Green Cross Co., Ltd containing the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of the clade 1 A/Vietnam/1194/04 virus in the backbone of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (RgVietNam/04xPR8/34). Administration of the MG1109 vaccine (2-doses) in mice and ferrets elicited high HI and SN titers in a dose-dependent manner against the homologous (RgVietNam/04xPR8/34) and various heterologous H5N1 strains, (RgKor/W149/06xPR8/34, RgCambodia/04xPR8/34, RgGuangxi/05xPR8/34), including a heterosubtypic H5N2 (A/Aquatic bird/orea/W81/05) virus. However, efficient cross-reactivity was not observed against heterosubtypic H9N2 (A/Ck/Korea/H0802/08) and H1N1 (PR/8/34) viruses. Mice immunized with 1.9 μg HA/dose of MG1109 were completely protected from lethal challenge with heterologous wild-type HPAI H5N1 A/EM/Korea/W149/06 (clade 2.2) and mouse-adapted H5N2 viruses. Furthermore, ferrets administered at least 3.8 μg HA/dose efficiently suppressed virus growth in the upper respiratory tract and lungs. Vaccinated mice and ferrets also demonstrated attenuation of clinical disease signs and limited virus spread to other organs. Thus, this vaccine provided immunogenic responses in mouse and ferret models even against challenge with heterologous HPAI H5N1 and H5N2 viruses. Since the specific strain of HPAI H5N1 virus that would potentially cause the next outbreak is unknown, pre-pandemic vaccine preparation that could provide cross-protection against various H5 strains could be a useful approach in the selection of promising candidate vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, Republic of Korea
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34
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Baek YH, Choi EH, Song MS, Pascua PNQ, Kwon HI, Park SJ, Lee JH, Woo SI, Ahn BH, Han HS, Hahn YS, Shin KS, Jang HL, Kim SY, Choi YK. Prevalence and genetic characterization of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in hospitalized children in Korea. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1039-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Pascua PNQ, Lee JH, Song MS, Park SJ, Baek YH, Ann BH, Shin EY, Kim EG, Choi YK. Role of the p21-activated kinases (PAKs) in influenza A virus replication. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:569-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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36
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Kwon HI, Song MS, Pascua PNQ, Baek YH, Lee JH, Hong SP, Rho JB, Kim JK, Poo H, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Genetic characterization and pathogenicity assessment of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory wild birds in 2011, South Korea. Virus Res 2011; 160:305-15. [PMID: 21782862 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The continued spread of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus among wild birds and poultry has posed a potential threat to human public health. In the present study, we report the isolation of HPAI H5N1 viruses (A/Md/Korea/W401/11 and A/Md/Korea/W404/11) from fecal samples of migratory birds. Genetic and phlyogenetic analyses demonstrated that these viruses are genetically identical possessing gene segments from avian virus origin and showing highest sequence similarities (as high as 99.8%) to A/Ws/Hokkaido/4/11 and 2009-2010 Mongolian-like clade 2.3.2 isolates rather than previous Korean H5N1 viruses. Both viruses possess the polybasic motif (QRERRRK/R) in HA but other genes did not bear additional virulence markers. Pathogenicity of A/Md/Korea/W401/11 was assessed and compared with a 2006 clade 2.2 HPAI H5N1 migratory bird isolate (A/EM/Korea/W149/06) in chickens, ducks, mice and ferrets. Experimental infection in these hosts showed that both viruses have high pathogenic potential in chickens (2.3-3.0 LD(50)s) and mice (3.3-3.9 LD(50)s), but A/Md/Korea/W401/11 was less pathogenic in duck and ferret models. Despite recovery of both infection viruses in the upper respiratory tract, efficient ferret-to-ferret transmission was not observed. These data suggest that the 2011 Korean HPAI wild bird H5N1 virus could replicate in mammalian hosts without pre-adaptation but could not sustain subsequent infection. This study highlights the role of migratory birds in the perpetuation and spread of HPAI H5N1 viruses in Far-East Asia. With the changing pathobiology caused by H5N1 viruses among wild and poultry birds, continued surveillance of influenza viruses among migratory bird species remains crucial for effective monitoring of high-pathogenicity or pandemic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeok-Il Kwon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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37
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Park KJ, Kwon HI, Song MS, Pascua PNQ, Baek YH, Lee JH, Jang HL, Lim JY, Mo IP, Moon HJ, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Rapid evolution of low-pathogenic H9N2 avian influenza viruses following poultry vaccination programmes. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:36-50. [PMID: 20861321 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.024992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether currently circulating H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in domestic poultry have evolved in Korean poultry since 2007, genetic and serological comparisons were conducted of H9N2 isolates from poultry slaughterhouses from January 2008 to December 2009. The isolation rate was relatively low in 2008 but increased gradually from January 2009 onwards. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that reassortant viruses had emerged, generating at least five novel genotypes, mostly containing segments of a previously prevalent domestic H9N2 virus lineage (Ck/Korea/04116/04-like). It was noteworthy that the N2 genes of some H9N2 isolates (genotypes D, E and F) were derived from those of H3N2-like viruses commonly isolated among domestic ducks in live-poultry markets. Animal challenge studies demonstrated that the pathogenicity of Ck/Korea/SH0906/09 (genotype B) and Ck/Korea/SH0912/09 (genotype F) in domestic avian species was altered due to reassortment. Furthermore, serological analysis revealed that the isolates were antigenically distinct from previous Korean H9N2 viruses including Ck/Korea/01310/01. Such antigenic diversity was illustrated further in experiments using H9N2-immunized chickens, which could not inhibit the replication and transmission of challenge viruses from each genotype. These results suggest that H9N2 viruses from domestic poultry have undergone substantial evolution since 2007 by immune selection as a result of vaccinal and natural immunity, coupled with reassortment. Taken together, this study demonstrates that periodical updating of vaccine strains, based on continuous surveillance data, is an important issue in order to provide sufficient protectivity against AIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuk Jin Park
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Baek YH, Pascua PNQ, Song MS, Park KJ, Kwon HI, Lee JH, Kim SY, Moon HJ, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Surveillance and characterization of low pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild migratory birds in Korea. Virus Res 2010; 150:119-28. [PMID: 20227447 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Migratory waterfowls are the natural reservoir of influenza A viruses. However, interspecies transmission had occasionally caused outbreaks in various hosts including humans. To characterize the genetic origins of H5 avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory birds in South Korea, phylogenetic analysis were conducted. A total of 53 H5 viruses were isolated between October 2005 and November 2008. Full genetic characterization indicated that most of these viruses belong to the Eurasian-like avian lineage. However, some segments of the AB/Korea/W235/07 and the AB/Korea/W236/07 isolates were clustered with North American lineage viruses rather than those of the Eurasian lineage, suggesting the occurrence of reassortment between these two avian virus lineages. Phylogenetic analysis further demonstrated that the H5N2 and H5N3 virus isolates were of the low pathogenicity H5 phenotype. The H5 viruses appear to be antigenically similar to each other, but could be distinguished from a recent HPAI H5N1 (EM/Korea/W149/06) virus by hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) assays. Experimental inoculation of representative viruses indicated that certain isolates, particularly AB/Korea/W163/07 (H5N2), could be detected in trachea and lungs of chickens but none could be transmitted by direct contact. Furthermore, all of the viruses could be detected in mice lung without prior adaptation which is indicative of their pathogenic potential in a mammalian host. Overall, our results emphasize the important role that migratory birds play in the perpetuation, transport, and reassortment of avian influenza viruses stressing the need for continued surveillance of influenza virus activity in these avian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hee Baek
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Park KS, Lee J, Ahn SS, Byun YH, Seong BL, Baek YH, Song MS, Choi YK, Na YJ, Hwang I, Sung YC, Lee CG. Mucosal immunity induced by adenovirus-based H5N1 HPAI vaccine confers protection against a lethal H5N2 avian influenza virus challenge. Virology 2009; 395:182-9. [PMID: 19836045 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Development of effective vaccines against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses is a global public health priority. Considering the difficulty in predicting HPAI H5N1 pandemic strains, one strategy used in their design includes the development of formulations with the capacity of eliciting broad cross-protective immunity against multiple viral antigens. To this end we constructed a replication-defective recombinant adenovirus-based avian influenza virus vaccine (rAdv-AI) expressing the codon-optimized M2eX-HA-hCD40L and the M1-M2 fusion genes from HPAI H5N1 human isolate. Although there were no significant differences in the systemic immune responses observed between the intramuscular prime-intramuscular boost regimen (IM/IM) and the intranasal prime-intramuscular boost regimen (IN/IM), IN/IM induced more potent CD8(+) T cell and antibody responses at mucosal sites than the IM/IM vaccination, resulting in more effective protection against lethal H5N2 avian influenza (AI) virus challenge. These findings suggest that the strategies used to induce multi-antigen-targeted mucosal immunity, such as IN/IM delivery of rAdv-AI, may be a promising approach for developing broad protective vaccines that may be more effective against the new HPAI pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Seok Park
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Moon HJ, Song MS, Cruz DJM, Park KJ, Pascua PNQ, Lee JH, Baek YH, Choi DH, Choi YK, Kim CJ. Active reassortment of H9 influenza viruses between wild birds and live-poultry markets in Korea. Arch Virol 2009; 155:229-41. [PMID: 20033463 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance of H9 avian influenza viruses in Korean live-poultry markets from September 2004 through October 2007 was carried out to investigate active reassortment between wild migratory birds and domestic poultry in Korea. Antigenic and phylogenetic analyses showed that most of the isolates belong to the previous Korean H9N2-like lineage and differ from the southeastern Chinese strains. Interestingly, the Ck/Korea/LPM77/06 group (genotype B) and Dk/Korea/LPM248/07 group (genotype C) showed unique properties distinct from those of other Korean H9N2 strains. Although the HA genes of these two groups belong to Korean H9N2-like lineage, the PA genes closely resemble those of the Chinese Y280-like lineage. In addition, the PB2 genes of the Dk/Korea/LPM248/07 group were closely related to those isolated from migratory birds. Several other isolates also clustered within the H9N2 B genotype, an indication that there are at least two predominant H9N2 influenza genotypes in Korea. Another isolate, Dk/Korea/LPM71/06, was identified as an H9N1 subtype, the first ever discovered in Korean live-poultry markets. These findings reveal that reassortment of Korean H9 influenza viruses has occurred frequently in live-poultry markets and may have been mediated by introduction of genetic material from viruses circulating among migratory wild birds to domestic birds. Consequently, the new dominant H9N2 genotypes have become established in Korean live-poultry markets through continued reassortment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jin Moon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Lee JH, Kim SH, Pascua PNQ, Song MS, Baek YH, Jin X, Choi JK, Kim CJ, Kim H, Choi YK. Direct interaction of cellular hnRNP-F and NS1 of influenza A virus accelerates viral replication by modulation of viral transcriptional activity and host gene expression. Virology 2009; 397:89-99. [PMID: 19926108 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To investigate novel NS1-interacting proteins, we conducted a yeast two-hybrid analysis, followed by co-immunoprecipitation assays. We identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F (hnRNP-F) as a cellular protein interacting with NS1 during influenza A virus infection. Co-precipitation assays suggest that interaction between hnRNP-F and NS1 is a common and direct event among human or avian influenza viruses. NS1 and hnRNP-F co-localize in the nucleus of host cells, and the RNA-binding domain of NS1 directly interacts with the GY-rich region of hnRNP-F determined by GST pull-down assays with truncated proteins. Importantly, hnRNP-F expression levels in host cells indicate regulatory role on virus replication. hnRNP-F depletion by small interfering RNA (siRNA) shows 10- to 100-fold increases in virus titers corresponding to enhanced viral RNA polymerase activity. Our results delineate novel mechanism of action by which NS1 accelerates influenza virus replication by modulating normal cellular mRNA processes through direct interaction with cellular hnRNP-F protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han Lee
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Song MS, Oh TK, Pascua PNQ, Moon HJ, Lee JH, Baek YH, Woo KJ, Yoon Y, Sung MH, Poo H, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Investigation of the biological indicator for vaccine efficacy against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus challenge in mice and ferrets. Vaccine 2009; 27:3145-52. [PMID: 19446184 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the biological indicator for vaccine efficacy against HPAI H5N1 virus challenge of varying clades, two inactivated whole-virus H5N1 vaccines containing the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of either clade 2.2 A/EM/Korea/W149/06 (RgKoreaW149/06 x PR8) or clade 2.5 A/Ck/Korea/ES/03 (RgKoreaES223N/03XPR8) virus in the background of A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) were generated by reverse genetics. Administration of the vaccines (2-dose 1.77, 3.5, 7.5 or 15microg of HA) elicited high HI titers in a dose-dependent manner. Mice immunized with RgKoreaW149/06 x PR8 were completely protected from challenge against wild-type A/EM/Korea/W149/06 without clinical signs of infection. RgKoreaES223N/03XPR8 could not protect mice at 1.77microg while all immunized ferrets were completely protected. Two-dose (7.5microg) vaccinated mice (HI titer > or =320) and triple dose (7.5 microg) vaccinated ferrets with RgKoreaES223N/03xPR8 (HI titer > or =640) protected vaccine recipients from mortality, inhibited nasal virus shedding and limited influenza virus tropism. Thus, these vaccines provided cross-protectivity in both models. More importantly, these results collectively suggested a positive correlation between vaccine-induced HI titers and inhibition of virus shedding including block of viral proliferation in major organs against a heterologous HPAI H5N1 virus. Although developing technologies or methods that will enable the reduction of administration dose/frequency remains to be resolved, our study demonstrated a considerable biological marker (> or =640 HI titer) for full protection of the vaccinated hosts that could provide a preliminary basis for the assessment of complete immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Kim DI, Lee BB, Noh SI, Baek YH, Joh JW, Lee SK, Kim YI. Conservative management of superior mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis associated with protein C and S deficiency. Case report. INT ANGIOL 1997; 16:235-8. [PMID: 9543219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein C and S, vitamin K-dependent proteins, are blood coagulation inhibitors. Their deficiency causes systemic thrombosis. A 35-year-old man who developed superior mesenteric venous thrombosis and portal vein thrombosis showed markedly decreased protein C and S levels. The therapeutic modality of this thrombosis associated with protein C and S deficiency is still debated. We treated this patient with systemic anticoagulation and long term total parenteral nutrition without surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Kim
- Department of General Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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