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Global Variability of V3 Loop Tetrapeptide Motif: a Concern for HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies-based Vaccine Design and Antiretroviral Therapy. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.52547/jommid.9.3.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Roark RS, Li H, Williams WB, Chug H, Mason RD, Gorman J, Wang S, Lee FH, Rando J, Bonsignori M, Hwang KK, Saunders KO, Wiehe K, Moody MA, Hraber PT, Wagh K, Giorgi EE, Russell RM, Bibollet-Ruche F, Liu W, Connell J, Smith AG, DeVoto J, Murphy AI, Smith J, Ding W, Zhao C, Chohan N, Okumura M, Rosario C, Ding Y, Lindemuth E, Bauer AM, Bar KJ, Ambrozak D, Chao CW, Chuang GY, Geng H, Lin BC, Louder MK, Nguyen R, Zhang B, Lewis MG, Raymond DD, Doria-Rose NA, Schramm CA, Douek DC, Roederer M, Kepler TB, Kelsoe G, Mascola JR, Kwong PD, Korber BT, Harrison SC, Haynes BF, Hahn BH, Shaw GM. Recapitulation of HIV-1 Env-antibody coevolution in macaques leading to neutralization breadth. Science 2021; 371:eabd2638. [PMID: 33214287 PMCID: PMC8040783 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies elicited by HIV-1 coevolve with viral envelope proteins (Env) in distinctive patterns, in some cases acquiring substantial breadth. We report that primary HIV-1 envelope proteins-when expressed by simian-human immunodeficiency viruses in rhesus macaques-elicited patterns of Env-antibody coevolution very similar to those in humans, including conserved immunogenetic, structural, and chemical solutions to epitope recognition and precise Env-amino acid substitutions, insertions, and deletions leading to virus persistence. The structure of one rhesus antibody, capable of neutralizing 49% of a 208-strain panel, revealed a V2 apex mode of recognition like that of human broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) PGT145 and PCT64-35S. Another rhesus antibody bound the CD4 binding site by CD4 mimicry, mirroring human bNAbs 8ANC131, CH235, and VRC01. Virus-antibody coevolution in macaques can thus recapitulate developmental features of human bNAbs, thereby guiding HIV-1 immunogen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Roark
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wilton B Williams
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hema Chug
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rosemarie D Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fang-Hua Lee
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Juliette Rando
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kwan-Ki Hwang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Departments of Immunology and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Peter T Hraber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Elena E Giorgi
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Ronnie M Russell
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Frederic Bibollet-Ruche
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Weimin Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jesse Connell
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew G Smith
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julia DeVoto
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexander I Murphy
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jessica Smith
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenge Ding
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chengyan Zhao
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Neha Chohan
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maho Okumura
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christina Rosario
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yu Ding
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emily Lindemuth
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anya M Bauer
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cara W Chao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hui Geng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bob C Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark K Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard Nguyen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Donald D Raymond
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chaim A Schramm
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Departments of Immunology and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bette T Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Parray HA, Chiranjivi AK, Asthana S, Yadav N, Shrivastava T, Mani S, Sharma C, Vishwakarma P, Das S, Pindari K, Sinha S, Samal S, Ahmed S, Kumar R. Identification of an anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain-directed human monoclonal antibody from a naïve semisynthetic library. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12814-12821. [PMID: 32727845 PMCID: PMC7476711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac120.014918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a desperate need for safe and effective vaccines, therapies, and diagnostics for SARS- coronavirus 2 (CoV-2), the development of which will be aided by the discovery of potent and selective antibodies against relevant viral epitopes. Human phage display technology has revolutionized the process of identifying and optimizing antibodies, providing facile entry points for further applications. Herein, we use this technology to search for antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of CoV-2. Specifically, we screened a naïve human semisynthetic phage library against RBD, leading to the identification of a high-affinity single-chain fragment variable region (scFv). The scFv was further engineered into two other antibody formats (scFv-Fc and IgG1). All three antibody formats showed high binding specificity to CoV-2 RBD and the spike antigens in different assay systems. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated specific binding of the IgG1 format to cells expressing membrane-bound CoV-2 spike protein. Docking studies revealed that the scFv recognizes an epitope that partially overlaps with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-interacting sites on the CoV-2 RBD. Given its high specificity and affinity, we anticipate that these anti-CoV-2 antibodies will be useful as valuable reagents for accessing the antigenicity of vaccine candidates, as well as developing antibody-based therapeutics and diagnostics for CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Ahmad Parray
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar Chiranjivi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Naveen Yadav
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shailendra Mani
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Chandresh Sharma
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Preeti Vishwakarma
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Supratik Das
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Kamal Pindari
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Difficult-to-neutralize global HIV-1 isolates are neutralized by antibodies targeting open envelope conformations. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2898. [PMID: 31263112 PMCID: PMC6602974 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope (Env) is the target for neutralizing antibodies and exists on the surface of virions in open or closed conformations. Difficult-to-neutralize viruses (tier 2) express Env in a closed conformation antigenic for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) but not for third variable region (V3) antibodies. Here we show that select V3 macaque antibodies elicited by Env vaccination can neutralize 26% of otherwise tier 2 HIV-1 isolates in standardized virus panels. The V3 antibodies only bound to Env in its open conformation. Thus, Envs on tier 2 viruses sample a state where the V3 loop is not in its closed conformation position. Envelope second variable region length, glycosylation sites and V3 amino acids were signatures of neutralization sensitivity. This study determined that open conformations of Env with V3 exposed are present on a subset of otherwise neutralization-resistant virions, therefore neutralization of tier 2 HIV-1 does not always indicate bnAb induction.
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van Schooten J, van Gils MJ. HIV-1 immunogens and strategies to drive antibody responses towards neutralization breadth. Retrovirology 2018; 15:74. [PMID: 30477581 PMCID: PMC6260891 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite enormous efforts no HIV-1 vaccine has been developed that elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to protect against infection to date. The high antigenic diversity and dense N-linked glycan armor, which covers nearly the entire HIV-1 envelope protein (Env), are major roadblocks for the development of bNAbs by vaccination. In addition, the naive human antibody repertoire features a low frequency of exceptionally long heavy chain complementary determining regions (CDRH3s), which is a typical characteristic that many HIV-1 bNAbs use to penetrate the glycan armor. Native-like Env trimer immunogens can induce potent but strain-specific neutralizing antibody responses in animal models but how to overcome the many obstacles towards the development of bNAbs remains a challenge. Here, we review recent HIV-1 Env immunization studies and discuss strategies to guide strain-specific antibody responses towards neutralization breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle van Schooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, Room K3-105, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, Room K3-105, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ashokkumar M, Nesakumar M, Cheedarla N, Vidyavijayan KK, Babu H, Tripathy SP, Hanna LE. Molecular Characteristics of the Envelope of Vertically Transmitted HIV-1 Strains from Infants with HIV Infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:796-806. [PMID: 28401776 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV offers a good opportunity to study the dynamics of early viral evolution in the host environment to which the virus has partially adapted. Such studies would throw light on the unique features of the infecting viruses, which will subsequently help to design preventive or therapeutic measures against the newly infecting and evolving strains of HIV. Therefore, we undertook a study to determine the genetic divergence of proviral envelope sequences from the HIV-infected infants (<2 years). Detailed analysis revealed unique features of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) and their frequency of occurrence that built on the difference in length of the V1V2 region of the envelope sequences. Surprisingly, frequency of PNGS in the V5 region was found to revert rapidly, in about 75% of the sequences, which could surmise a fitness disadvantage in the variant forms. Further, a stable net charge was observed in the V2 and V3 regions prompting us to speculate on the established interaction of the transmitted variant with the integrin α4β7 receptor and R5 co-receptor, respectively. In brief, our observations suggest that differences in the length of the variable regions and variation in the frequency of PNGS in the envelope of the viruses obtained from very recently infected individuals in our population could be important characteristics of the unique quasispecies that is responsible for the spread of HIV in the early stages of infection in MTCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Ashokkumar
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manohar Nesakumar
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Narayaniah Cheedarla
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K K Vidyavijayan
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hemalatha Babu
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srikanth P Tripathy
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Hessell AJ, McBurney S, Pandey S, Sutton W, Liu L, Li L, Totrov M, Zolla-Pazner S, Haigwood NL, Gorny MK. Induction of neutralizing antibodies in rhesus macaques using V3 mimotope peptides. Vaccine 2016; 34:2713-21. [PMID: 27102818 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RV144 vaccinees with low HIV-1 Envelope-specific IgA antibodies (Abs) also had Abs directed to the hypervariable region 3 (V3) that inversely correlated with infection risk. Thus, anti-V3 HIV-1 Abs may contribute to protection from HIV-1 infection. The V3 region contains two dominant clusters of epitopes; one is preferentially recognized by mAbs encoded by VH5-51 and VL lambda genes, while the second one is recognized by mAbs encoded by other VH genes. We designed a study in rhesus macaques to induce anti-V3 Abs specific to each of these two dominant clusters of V3 epitopes to test whether the usage of the VH5-51 gene results in different characteristics of antibodies. The two C4-V3 immunogens used for immunization were each comprised of a fusion of the C4 peptide containing the T cell epitope and a V3 mimotope peptide mimicking the V3 epitope. The C4-447 peptide was designed to target B cells with several VH1-VH4 genes, the C4-VH5-51 peptide was designed to specifically target B cells with the VH5-51 gene. Six animals in two groups were immunized five times with these two immunogens, and screening of 10 sequential plasma samples post immunization demonstrated that C4-447 induced higher titers of plasma anti-V3 Abs and significantly more potent neutralizing activities against tier 1 and some tier 2 pseudoviruses than C4-VH5-51. Levels of anti-V3 Abs in buccal secretions were significantly higher in sequential samples derived from C4-447- than from C4-VH5-51-immunized animals. The titers of anti-V3 Abs in plasma strongly correlated with their levels in mucosal secretions. The results show that high titers of vaccine-induced anti-V3 Abs in plasma determine the potency and breadth of neutralization, as well as the rate of transduction of Abs to mucosal tissues, where they can play a role in preventing HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Sean McBurney
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - William Sutton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Lily Liu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liuzhe Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Rubio-Infante N, Govea-Alonso DO, Romero-Maldonado A, García-Hernández AL, Ilhuicatzi-Alvarado D, Salazar-González JA, Korban SS, Rosales-Mendoza S, Moreno-Fierros L. A Plant-Derived Multi-HIV Antigen Induces Broad Immune Responses in Orally Immunized Mice. Mol Biotechnol 2015; 57:662-74. [PMID: 25779638 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9856-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multi-HIV, a multiepitopic protein derived from both gp120 and gp41 envelope proteins of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has been proposed as a vaccine prototype capable of inducing broad immune responses, as it carries various B and T cell epitopes from several HIV strains. In this study, the immunogenic properties of a Multi-HIV expressed in tobacco chloroplasts are evaluated in test mice. BALB/c mice orally immunized with tobacco-derived Multi-HIV have elicited antibody responses, including both the V3 loop of gp120 and the ELDKWA epitope of gp41. Based on splenocyte proliferation assays, stimulation with epitopes of the C4, V3 domain of gp120, and the ELDKWA domain of gp41 elicits positive cellular responses. Furthermore, specific interferon gamma production is observed in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells stimulated with HIV peptides. These results demonstrate that plant-derived Multi-HIV induces T helper-specific responses. Altogether, these findings illustrate the immunogenic potential of plant-derived Multi-HIV in an oral immunization scheme. The potential of this low-cost immunization approach and its implications on HIV/AIDS vaccine development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Rubio-Infante
- Inmunidad en Mucosas, UBIMED, FES-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
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9
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Orellana-Escobedo L, Rosales-Mendoza S, Romero-Maldonado A, Parsons J, Decker EL, Monreal-Escalante E, Moreno-Fierros L, Reski R. An Env-derived multi-epitope HIV chimeric protein produced in the moss Physcomitrella patens is immunogenic in mice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:425-433. [PMID: 25477207 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The first report on the recombinant production of a candidate vaccine in the moss system. The need for economical and efficient platforms for vaccine production demands the exploration of emerging host organisms. In this study, the production of an antigenic protein is reported employing the moss Physcomitrella patens as an expression host. A multi-epitope protein from the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) based on epitopes from gp120 and gp41 was designed as a candidate subunit vaccine and named poly-HIV. Transgenic moss plants were generated carrying the corresponding poly-HIV transgene under a novel moss promoter and subsequently seven positive lines were confirmed by PCR. The poly-HIV protein accumulated up to 3.7 µg g(-1) fresh weight in protonema cultures. Antigenic and immunogenic properties of the moss-produced recombinant poly-HIV are evidenced by Western blots and by mice immunization assays. The elicitation of specific antibodies in mice was observed, reflecting the immunogenic potential of this moss-derived HIV antigen. This is the first report on the production of a potential vaccine in the moss system and opens the avenue for glycoengineering approaches for the production of HIV human-like glycosylated antigens as well as other vaccine prototypes under GMP conditions in moss bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Orellana-Escobedo
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico,
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Gazarian KG, Palacios-Rodríguez Y, Gazarian TG, Huerta L. HIV-1 V3 loop crown epitope-focused mimotope selection by patient serum from random phage display libraries: implications for the epitope structural features. Mol Immunol 2012; 54:148-56. [PMID: 23270686 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The crown region of the V3 loop in HIV-1 that contains the conserved amino acid sequence GPGR/G is known as the principal neutralizing determinant due to the extraordinary ability of antibodies to this region to neutralize the virus. To complement the existing peptide models of this epitope, we describe a family of 18 phage-displayed peptides, which include linear 12mer and constrained 7mer peptides that was selected by screening random libraries with serum from HIV-1 subtype B-infected patients. The 7mer constrained peptides presented two conserved amino acid sequences: PR-L in N-terminus and GPG in the C-terminus. On the basis of these peptides we propose a mimotope model of the V3 crown epitope in which the PR-L and GPG sequences represent the two known epitope binding sites. The GPG, has the same function as the V3 crown GPGR sequence but without the involvement of the "R" despite its being considered as the signature of the epitope in B-subtype viruses. The PR-L contains a proline not existing in the epitope that is postulated to induce kinks in the backbones of all peptides and create a spatial element mimicking the N-terminal conformationally variable binding site. Rabbit serum to these mimotopes recognized the V3 peptides and moderately decreased the fusion between HIV-1 Env- and CD4-expressing Jurkat cells. This study proposes the efficient generation by means of patient sera of V3 epitope mimics validated by interaction with the antibodies to contemporary viruses induced in patients. The serum antibody-selectable mimotopes are sources of novel information on the fine structure-function properties of HIV-1 principal neutralizing domain and candidate anti-HIV-1 immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlen G Gazarian
- Department of Medicine Genomics and Environmental Toxicology, Institute of the Biomedical Research, Mexican National University, Ciudad Universitaria, 3er Circuito Exterior S/N, Mexico-City 04510, Mexico.
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11
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Rosales-Mendoza S, Rubio-Infante N, Govea-Alonso DO, Moreno-Fierros L. Current status and perspectives of plant-based candidate vaccines against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:495-511. [PMID: 22159962 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered plants are economical platforms for the large-scale production of recombinant proteins and have been used over the last 21 years as models for oral vaccines against a wide variety of human infectious and autoimmune diseases with promising results. The main inherent advantages of this approach consist in the absence of purification needs and easy production and administration. One relevant infectious agent is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), since AIDS evolved as an alarming public health problem implicating very high costs for government agencies in most African and developing countries. The design of an effective and inexpensive vaccine able to limit viral spread and neutralizing the viral entry is urgently needed. Due to the limited efficacy of the vaccines assessed in clinical trials, new HIV vaccines able to generate broad immune profiles are a priority in the field. This review discusses the current advances on the topic of using plants as alternative expression systems to produce functional vaccine components against HIV, including antigens from Env, Gag and early proteins such as Tat and Nef. Ongoing projects of our group based on the expression of chimeric proteins comprising C4 and V3 domains from gp120, as an approach to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies are mentioned. The perspectives of the revised approaches, such as the great need of assessing the oral immunogenicity and a detailed immunological characterization of the elicited immune responses, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos recombinantes, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico.
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12
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Lin YZ, Shen RX, Zhu ZY, Deng XL, Cao XZ, Wang XF, Ma J, Jiang CG, Zhao LP, Lv XL, Shao YM, Zhou JH. An attenuated EIAV vaccine strain induces significantly different immune responses from its pathogenic parental strain although with similar in vivo replication pattern. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:292-304. [PMID: 21893100 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The EIAV (equine infectious anemia virus) multi-species attenuated vaccine EIAV(DLV121) successfully prevented the spread of equine infectious anemia (EIA) in China in the 1970s and provided an excellent model for the study of protective immunity to lentiviruses. In this study, we compared immune responses induced by EIAV(DLV121) to immunity elicited by the virulent EIAV(LN40) strain and correlated immune responses to protection from infection. Horses were randomly grouped and inoculated with either EIAV(DLV121) (Vaccinees, Vac) or a sublethal dose of EIAV(LN40) (asymptomatic carriers, Car). Car horses became EIAV(LN40) carriers without disease symptoms. Two of the four Vac horses were protected against infection and the other two had delayed onset or reduced severity of EIA with a lethal EIAV(LN40) challenge 5.5 months post initial inoculation. In contrast, all three Car animals developed acute EIA and two succumbed to death. Specific humoral and cellular immune responses in both Vac and Car groups were evaluated for potential correlations with protection. These analyses revealed that although plasma viral loads remained between 10(3) and 10(5)copies/ml for both groups before EIAV(LN40) challenge, Vac-treated animals developed significantly higher levels of conformational dependent, Env-specific antibody, neutralizing antibody as well as significantly elevated CD4(+) T cell proliferation and IFN-γ-secreting CD8(+) T cells than those observed in EIAV(LN40) asymptomatic carriers. Further analysis of protected and unprotected cases in vaccinated horses identified that cellular response parameters and the reciprocal anti-p26-specific antibody titers closely correlated with protection against infection with the pathogenic EIAV(LN40). These data provide a better understanding of protective immunity to lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Zhi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Livestock Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
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13
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Charles-Niño C, Pedroza-Roldan C, Viveros M, Gevorkian G, Manoutcharian K. Variable epitope libraries: new vaccine immunogens capable of inducing broad human immunodeficiency virus type 1-neutralizing antibody response. Vaccine 2011; 29:5313-21. [PMID: 21600948 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The extreme antigenic variability of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to immune escape of the virus, representing a major challenge in the design of effective vaccine. We have developed a novel concept for immunogen construction based on introduction of massive mutations within the epitopes targeting antigenically variable pathogens and diseases. Previously, we showed that these immunogens carrying large combinatorial libraries of mutated epitope variants, termed as variable epitope libraries (VELs), induce potent, broad and long lasting CD8+IFN-γ+ T-cell response. Moreover, we demonstrated that these T cells recognize more than 50% of heavily mutated variants (5 out of 10 amino acid positions were mutated in each epitope variant) of HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop-derived cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope (RGPGRAFVTI) in mice. The constructed VELs had complexities of 10000 and 12500 individual members, generated as plasmid DNA or as M13 phage display combinatorial libraries, respectively, and with structural composition RGPGXAXXXX or XGXGXAXVXI, where X is any of 20 natural amino acids. Here, we demonstrated that sera from mice immunized with these VELs are capable of neutralizing 5 out of 10 viral isolates from Tier 2 reference panel of subtype B envelope clones, including HIV-1 isolates which are known to be resistant to neutralization by several potent monoclonal antibodies, described previously. These data indicate the feasibility of the application of immunogens based on VEL concept as an alternative approach for the development of molecular vaccines against antigenically variable pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Charles-Niño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, México, Distrito Federal 04510, Mexico
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14
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Hearty S, Conroy PJ, Ayyar BV, Byrne B, O'Kennedy R. Surface plasmon resonance for vaccine design and efficacy studies: recent applications and future trends. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:645-64. [PMID: 20518719 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lack of a clear correlation between design and protection continues to present a barrier to progress in vaccine research. In this article, we outline how surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors are emerging as tools to help resolve some of the key biophysical determinants of protection and, thereby, facilitate more rational vaccine design campaigns. SPR technology has contributed significantly to our understanding of the complex biophysical determinants of HIV neutralization and offers a platform for preclinical evaluation of vaccine candidates. In particular, the concept of reverse-engineering HIV vaccine targets based on known broadly neutralizing antibody modalities is explored and extended to include other infectious diseases, such as malaria and influenza, and other diseases such as cancer. The analytical capacity afforded by SPR includes serum screening to monitor immune responses and highly efficient quality-control surveillance measures. These are discussed alongside key technological advances, such as developments in sample throughput, and a perspective predicting continued growth and diversification of the role of SPR in vaccine development is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hearty
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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15
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Jiang X, Burke V, Totrov M, Williams C, Cardozo T, Gorny MK, Zolla-Pazner S, Kong XP. Conserved structural elements in the V3 crown of HIV-1 gp120. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010; 17:955-61. [PMID: 20622876 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Binding of the third variable region (V3) of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 to the cell-surface coreceptors CCR5 or CXCR4 during viral entry suggests that there are conserved structural elements in this sequence-variable region. These conserved elements could serve as epitopes to be targeted by a vaccine against HIV-1. Here we perform a systematic structural analysis of representative human anti-V3 monoclonal antibodies in complex with V3 peptides, revealing that the crown of V3 has four conserved structural elements: an arch, a band, a hydrophobic core and the peptide backbone. These are either unaffected by or are subject to minimal sequence variation. As these regions are targeted by cross-clade neutralizing human antibodies, they provide a blueprint for the design of vaccine immunogens that could elicit broadly cross-reactive protective antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunqing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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16
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An optimally constrained V3 peptide is a better immunogen than its linear homolog or HIV-1 gp120. Virology 2010; 401:293-304. [PMID: 20347111 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic peptides offer an attractive option for development of a V3-directed vaccine. However, immunization with flexible linear peptides may result in an immune response to multiple conformations, many of which differ from the native conformation of the corresponding region in the protein. Here we show that optimization of the location of a disulfide bond in peptides constrained to mimic the beta-hairpin conformation of the V3, yields an immunogen that elicits a 30-fold stronger HIV-1 neutralizing response in rabbits compared with the homologous linear V3 peptide. The HIV-1 neutralizing response elicited by the optimally constrained peptide is also significantly stronger than that elicited by a gp120 construct in which the V3 is exposed. Neutralization of an HIV-1 strain that shares only 72% identity with the immunizing peptide was demonstrated. The most effective immunogen was also able to neutralize primary isolates that are more resistant to neutralization such as SS1196 and 6535.
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17
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Verkoczy L, Moody MA, Holl TM, Bouton-Verville H, Scearce RM, Hutchinson J, Alam SM, Kelsoe G, Haynes BF. Functional, non-clonal IgMa-restricted B cell receptor interactions with the HIV-1 envelope gp41 membrane proximal external region. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7215. [PMID: 19806186 PMCID: PMC2751816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41 has several features that make it an attractive antibody-based vaccine target, but eliciting an effective gp41 MPER-specific protective antibody response remains elusive. One fundamental issue is whether the failure to make gp41 MPER-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies like 2F5 and 4E10 is due to structural constraints with the gp41 MPER, or alternatively, if gp41 MPER epitope-specific B cells are lost to immunological tolerance. An equally important question is how B cells interact with, and respond to, the gp41 MPER epitope, including whether they engage this epitope in a non-canonical manner i.e., by non-paratopic recognition via B cell receptors (BCR). To begin understanding how B cells engage the gp41 MPER, we characterized B cell-gp41 MPER interactions in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Surprisingly, we found that a significant (∼7%) fraction of splenic B cells from BALB/c, but not C57BL/6 mice, bound the gp41 MPER via their BCRs. This strain-specific binding was concentrated in IgMhi subsets, including marginal zone and peritoneal B1 B cells, and correlated with enriched fractions (∼15%) of gp41 MPER-specific IgM secreted by in vitro-activated splenic B cells. Analysis of Igha (BALB/c) and Ighb (C57BL/6) congenic mice demonstrated that gp41 MPER binding was controlled by determinants of the Igha locus. Mapping of MPER gp41 interactions with IgMa identified MPER residues distinct from those to which mAb 2F5 binds and demonstrated the requirement of Fc CH regions. Importantly, gp41 MPER ligation produced detectable BCR-proximal signaling events, suggesting that interactions between gp41 MPER and IgMa determinants may elicit partial B cell activation. These data suggest that low avidity, non-paratopic interactions between the gp41 MPER and membrane Ig on naïve B cells may interfere with or divert bnAb responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Verkoczy
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.
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18
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Mester B, Manor R, Mor A, Arshava B, Rosen O, Ding FX, Naider F, Anglister J. HIV-1 Peptide Vaccine Candidates: Selecting Constrained V3 Peptides with Highest Affinity to Antibody 447-52D. Biochemistry 2009; 48:7867-77. [DOI: 10.1021/bi900146g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Mester
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Revital Manor
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Amit Mor
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Boris Arshava
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314
| | - Osnat Rosen
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Fa-Xiang Ding
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314
| | - Fred Naider
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314
| | - Jacob Anglister
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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19
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Zolla-Pazner S, Cohen S, Pinter A, Krachmarov C, Wrin T, Wang S, Lu S. Cross-clade neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 induced in rabbits by focusing the immune response on a neutralizing epitope. Virology 2009; 392:82-93. [PMID: 19632700 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies were performed to induce cross-clade neutralizing antibodies (Abs) by testing various combinations of prime and boost constructs that focus the immune response on structurally-conserved epitopes in the V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120. Rabbits were immunized with gp120 DNA containing a V3 loop characterized by the GPGR motif at its tip, and/or with gp120 DNA with a V3 loop carrying the GPGQ motif. Priming was followed by boosts with V3-fusion proteins (V3-FPs) carrying the V3 sequence from a subtype B virus (GPGR motif), and/or with V3 sequences from subtypes A and C (GPGQ motif). The broadest and most consistent neutralizing responses were generated when using a clade C gp120 DNA prime and with the V3(B)-FP boost. Immune sera displayed neutralizing activity in three assays against pseudoviruses and primary isolates from subtypes A, AG, B, C, and D. Polyclonal Abs in the immune rabbit sera neutralized viruses that were not neutralized by pools of human anti-V3 monoclonal Abs. Greater than 80% of the neutralizing Abs were specific for V3, showing that the immune response could be focused on a neutralizing epitope and that vaccine-induced anti-V3 Abs have cross-clade neutralizing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Zolla-Pazner
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA.
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20
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Mor A, Segal E, Mester B, Arshava B, Rosen O, Ding FX, Russo J, Dafni A, Schvartzman F, Scherf T, Naider F, Anglister J. Mimicking the structure of the V3 epitope bound to HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. Biochemistry 2009; 48:3288-303. [PMID: 19281264 DOI: 10.1021/bi802308n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The third variable region (V3) of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 is a target for virus neutralizing antibodies. The V3 sequence determines whether the virus will manifest R5 or X4 phenotypes and use the CCR5 or CXCR4 chemokine coreceptor, respectively. Previous NMR studies revealed that both R5- and X4-V3 peptides bound to antibodies 0.5beta and 447-52D form beta-hairpin conformations with the GPGR segment at the turn. In contrast, in their free form, linear V3 peptides and a cyclic peptide consisting of the entire 35-residue V3 loop were highly unstructured in aqueous solution. Herein we evaluated a series of synthetic disulfide constrained V3-peptides in which the position of the disulfide bonds, and therefore the ring size, was systematically varied. NMR structures determined for singly and doubly disulfide constrained V3-peptides in aqueous solution were compared with those found for unconstrained V3(JRFL) and V3(IIIB) peptides bound to 447-52D and to 0.5beta, respectively. Our study indicated that cyclic V3 peptides manifested significantly reduced conformational space compared to their linear homologues and that in all cases cyclic peptides exhibited cross-strand interactions suggestive of beta-hairpin-like structures. Nevertheless, the singly constrained V3-peptides retained significant flexibility and did not form an idealized beta-hairpin. Incorporation of a second disulfide bond results in significant overall rigidity, and in one case, a structure close to that of V3(MN) peptide bound to 447-52D Fab was assumed and in another case a structure close to that formed by the linear V3(IIIB) peptide bound to antibody 0.5beta was assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Mor
- Department of Structural Biology and Chemical Research Support Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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21
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Cardozo T, Swetnam J, Pinter A, Krachmarov C, Nadas A, Almond D, Zolla-Pazner S. Worldwide distribution of HIV type 1 epitopes recognized by human anti-V3 monoclonal antibodies. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:441-50. [PMID: 19320565 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epitopes, also known as antigenic determinants, are small clusters of specific atoms within macromolecules that are recognized by the immune system. Such epitopes can be targeted with vaccines designed to protect against specific pathogens. The third variable loop (V3 loop) of the HIV-1 pathogen's gp120 surface envelope glycoprotein can be a highly sensitive neutralization target. We derived sequence motifs for the V3 loop epitopes recognized by the human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 447-52D and 2219. Searching the HIV database for the occurrence of each epitope motif in worldwide viruses and correcting the results based on published WHO epidemiology reveal that the 447-52D epitope we defined occurs in 13% of viruses infecting patients worldwide: 79% of subtype B viruses, 1% of subtype C viruses, and 7% of subtype A/AG sequences. In contrast, the epitope we characterized for human anti-V3 mAb 2219 is present in 30% of worldwide isolates but is evenly distributed across the known HIV-1 subtypes: 48% of subtype B strains, 40% of subtype C, and 18% of subtype A/AG. Various assays confirmed that the epitopes corresponding to these motifs, when expressed in the SF162 Env backbone, were sensitively and specifically neutralized by the respective mAbs. The method described here is capable of accurately determining the worldwide occurrence and subtype distribution of any crystallographically resolved HIV-1 epitope recognized by a neutralizing antibody, which could be useful for multivalent vaccine design. More importantly, these calculations demonstrate that globally relevant, structurally conserved epitopes are present in the sequence variable V3 loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Cardozo
- New York University School of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology, Pathology and Environmental Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - James Swetnam
- New York University School of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology, Pathology and Environmental Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07107
| | - Chavdar Krachmarov
- Public Health Research Institute at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07107
| | - Arthur Nadas
- New York University School of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology, Pathology and Environmental Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - David Almond
- New York University School of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology, Pathology and Environmental Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- New York University School of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology, Pathology and Environmental Medicine, New York, New York 10016
- New York VA Medical Center, New York, New York 10010
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22
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Wu X, Sambor A, Nason MC, Yang ZY, Wu L, Zolla-Pazner S, Nabel GJ, Mascola JR. Soluble CD4 broadens neutralization of V3-directed monoclonal antibodies and guinea pig vaccine sera against HIV-1 subtype B and C reference viruses. Virology 2008; 380:285-95. [PMID: 18804254 PMCID: PMC3739291 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the limits of antigenic reactivity and epitope accessibility of the V3 domain of primary HIV-1 isolates, we evaluated three human anti-V3 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and selected guinea pig vaccine sera for neutralization against reference panels of subtype B and C pseudoviruses derived from early stage infections. The mAbs and vaccine sera potently neutralized several prototype viruses, but displayed substantially less neutralization of most reference strains. In the presence of soluble CD4 (sCD4), the breadth of V3-mediated neutralization was increased; up to 80% and 77% of the subtype B and C viruses respectively were sensitive to V3-mediated neutralization. Unlike sCD4, the reaction of CD4-binding site mAbs b12 and F105 with native virus did not lead to full exposure of the V3 domain. These findings confirm that V3 antibodies recognize most primary viral strains, but that the epitope often has limited accessibility in the context of native envelope spike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Wu
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Anna Sambor
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Martha C. Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Lan Wu
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- New York Veterans Affairs Medical Center and School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Gary J. Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
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23
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Neutralizing activity of antibodies to the V3 loop region of HIV-1 gp120 relative to their epitope fine specificity. Virology 2008; 381:251-60. [PMID: 18822440 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120 is considered occluded on many primary viruses. However, virus sensitivity to neutralization by different V3 mAbs often varies, indicating that access to V3 is not restricted equally for all antibodies. Here, we have sought to gain a better understanding of these restrictions by determining the neutralizing activities of 7 V3 mAbs (19b, 39F, CO11, F2A3, F530, LA21, and LE311) against 15 subtype B primary isolates and relating these activities to the fine specificity of the mAbs. Not surprisingly, we found that most mAbs neutralized the same 2-3 viruses, with only mAb F530 able to neutralize 2 additional viruses not neutralized by the other mAbs. Epitope mapping revealed that positively-charged residues in or near the V3 stem are important for the binding of all the mAbs and that most mAbs seem to require the Pro residue that forms the GPGR beta hairpin turn in the V3 tip for binding. Based on the mapping, we determined that V3 sequence variation accounted for neutralization resistance of approximately half the viruses tested. Comparison of these results to those of select V3 mAbs with overall better neutralizing activities in the light of structural information illustrates how an antibody's mode of interaction with V3, driven by contact residue requirements, may restrict the antibody from accessing its epitope on different viruses. Based on the data we propose an angle of interaction with V3 that is less stringent on access for antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity compared to antibodies that neutralize relatively fewer viruses.
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24
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Du SX, Xu L, Viswanathan S, Whalen RG. Inhibition of V3-specific cleavage of recombinant HIV-1 gp120 produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Protein Expr Purif 2008; 59:223-31. [PMID: 18406166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Specific proteolytic cleavage of the gp120 subunit of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein in the third variable domain (V3) has previously been reported to occur in several cell lines, including Chinese hamster ovary cells that have been used for production of Env-based HIV vaccine candidates. Here we report that this proteolytic activity on JRCSF gp120 is dependent on cell density, medium conditions, and supernatant concentration. The resulting cleaved polypeptides cannot be separated from intact gp120 by conventional or affinity chromatography under non-reducing conditions. Inhibitor studies reveal that Pefabloc and benzamidine, but not chymostatin, block gp120 cleavage in a dose-dependent fashion, suggesting the presence of a trypsin-like serine protease in CHO-K1 cells. The proteolytic activity is increased with certain types of cell culture growth media. A combination of serum-free OptiMEM media during expression and potent protease inhibitors post-expression can effectively prevent HIV gp120 degradation. The same strategy can be applied to the expression and purification of gp120 of other strains or other forms of envelope-based vaccine candidates containing V3 sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean X Du
- Maxygen, Inc., Infectious Diseases, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
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25
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Yu JS, Peacock JW, Jacobs WR, Frothingham R, Letvin NL, Liao HX, Haynes BF. Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin elicits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope-specific T lymphocytes at mucosal sites. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:886-93. [PMID: 17507541 PMCID: PMC1951062 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00407-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A successful vaccine vector for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) should induce anti-HIV-1 T-cell immune responses at mucosal sites. We have constructed recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (rBCG) expressing an HIV-1 group M consensus envelope (Env) either as a surface, intracellular, or secreted protein as an immunogen. rBCG containing HIV-1 env plasmids engineered for secretion induced optimal Env-specific T-cell gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot responses in murine spleen, female reproductive tract, and lungs. While rBCG-induced T-cell responses to HIV-1 envelope in spleen were lower than those induced by adenovirus prime/recombinant vaccinia virus (rAd-rVV) boost, rBCG induced comparable responses to rAd-rVV immunization in the female reproductive tract and lungs. T-cell responses induced by rBCG were primarily CD4(+), although rBCG alone did not induce anti-HIV-1 antibody. However, rBCG could prime for a protein boost by HIV-1 envelope protein. Thus, rBCG can serve as a vector for induction of anti-HIV-1 consensus Env cellular responses at mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Yu
- Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710 , USA
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26
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Haynes BF, Montefiori DC. Aiming to induce broadly reactive neutralizing antibody responses with HIV-1 vaccine candidates. Expert Rev Vaccines 2006; 5:579-95. [PMID: 16989638 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.4.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody induction is a key feature of many effective vaccines and is the only immune response that has proven to be capable of completely blocking AIDS virus infection in animal models. Unfortunately, the extensive genetic variability and complex immune-evasion strategies of HIV-1 have thwarted all attempts to date at eliciting an effective neutralizing antibody response with candidate HIV-1 vaccine immunogens. Recent advances in our understanding of how these evasion strategies operate, coupled with growing progress in unravelling the structure and immunobiology of the viral envelope glycoproteins, are contributing to novel immunogen designs to overcome the many barriers to inducing protective antibodies against HIV-1.
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27
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Liao HX, Sutherland LL, Xia SM, Brock ME, Scearce RM, Vanleeuwen S, Alam SM, McAdams M, Weaver EA, Camacho Z, Ma BJ, Li Y, Decker JM, Nabel GJ, Montefiori DC, Hahn BH, Korber BT, Gao F, Haynes BF. A group M consensus envelope glycoprotein induces antibodies that neutralize subsets of subtype B and C HIV-1 primary viruses. Virology 2006; 353:268-82. [PMID: 17039602 PMCID: PMC1762135 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 subtype C is the most common HIV-1 group M subtype in Africa and many parts of Asia. However, to date HIV-1 vaccine candidate immunogens have not induced potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies against subtype C primary isolates. We have used a centralized gene strategy to address HIV-1 diversity and generated a group M consensus envelope gene with shortened consensus variable loops (CON-S) for comparative studies with wild-type (WT) Env immunogens. Our results indicate that the consensus HIV-1 group M CON-S Env elicited cross-subtype neutralizing antibodies of similar or greater breadth and titer than the WT Envs tested, indicating the utility of a centralized gene strategy. Our study also shows the feasibility of iterative improvements in Env immunogenicity by rational design of centralized genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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28
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Yu JS, Peacock JW, Vanleeuwen S, Hsu T, Jacobs WR, Cayabyab MJ, Letvin NL, Frothingham R, Staats HF, Liao HX, Haynes BF. Generation of mucosal anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 T-cell responses by recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2006; 13:1204-11. [PMID: 16943347 PMCID: PMC1656549 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00195-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A successful vaccine vector for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) should induce anti-HIV-1 immune responses at mucosal sites. We have generated recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis vectors that express the HIV-1 group M consensus envelope protein (Env) as a surface, intracellular, or secreted protein and have tested them in animals for induction of both anti-HIV-1 T-cell and antibody responses. Recombinant M. smegmatis engineered for expression of secreted protein induced optimal T-cell gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay responses to HIV-1 envelope in the spleen, female reproductive tract, and lungs. Unlike with the induction of T-cell responses, priming and boosting with recombinant M. smegmatis did not induce anti-HIV-1 envelope antibody responses, due primarily to insufficient protein expression of the insert. However, immunization with recombinant M. smegmatis expressing HIV-1 Env was able to prime for an HIV-1 Env protein boost for the induction of anti-HIV-1 antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Yu
- Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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29
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Kothe DL, Li Y, Decker JM, Bibollet-Ruche F, Zammit KP, Salazar MG, Chen Y, Weng Z, Weaver EA, Gao F, Haynes BF, Shaw GM, Korber BTM, Hahn BH. Ancestral and consensus envelope immunogens for HIV-1 subtype C. Virology 2006; 352:438-49. [PMID: 16780913 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunogens based on "centralized" (ancestral or consensus) HIV-1 sequences minimize the genetic distance between vaccine strains and contemporary viruses and should thus elicit immune responses that recognize a broader spectrum of viral variants. However, the biologic, antigenic and immunogenic properties of such inferred gene products have to be validated experimentally. Here, we report the construction and characterization of the first full-length ancestral (AncC) and consensus (ConC) env genes of HIV-1 (group M) subtype C. The codon-usage-optimized genes expressed high levels of envelope glycoproteins that were incorporated into HIV-1 virions, mediated infection via the CCR5 co-receptor and retained neutralizing epitopes as recognized by plasma from patients with chronic HIV-1 subtype C infection. Guinea pigs immunized with AncC and ConC env DNA developed high titer binding, but no appreciable homologous or heterologous neutralizing antibodies. When tested by immunoblot analysis, sera from AncC and ConC env immunized guinea pigs recognized a greater number of primary subtype C envelope glycoproteins than sera from guinea pigs immunized with a contemporary subtype C env control. Mice immunized with AncC and ConC env DNA developed gamma interferon T cell responses that recognized overlapping peptides from the cognate ConC and a heterologous subtype C Env control. Thus, both AncC and ConC env genes expressed functional envelope glycoproteins that were immunogenic in laboratory animals and elicited humoral and cellular immune responses of comparable breadth and magnitude. These results establish the utility of centralized HIV-1 subtype C Env immunogens and warrant their continued evaluation as potential components of future AIDS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Kothe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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30
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Haynes BF, Montefiori DC. Aiming to induce broadly reactive neutralizing antibody responses with HIV-1 vaccine candidates. Expert Rev Vaccines 2006; 5:347-63. [PMID: 16827619 PMCID: PMC2716009 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.3.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody induction is a key feature of many effective vaccines and is the only immune response that has proven to be capable of completely blocking AIDS virus infection in animal models. Unfortunately, the extensive genetic variability and complex immune-evasion strategies of HIV-1 have thwarted all attempts to date at eliciting an effective neutralizing antibody response with candidate HIV-1 vaccine immunogens. Recent advances in our understanding of how these evasion strategies operate, coupled with growing progress in unravelling the structure and immunobiology of the viral envelope glycoproteins, are contributing to novel immunogen designs to overcome the many barriers to inducing protective antibodies against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barton F Haynes
- Box 3258, RP-1 Building, Building 107, Circuit Drive, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA, Tel: +1919 684 5279, Fax: +1 919 684 5230,
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Box 2926, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA, Tel: +1 919 684 5278, Fax: +1 919 684 4288,
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