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Saadh MJ, Mustafa AN, Taher SG, Adil M, Athab ZH, Baymakov S, Alsaikhan F, Bagheri H. Association of polyomavirus infection with lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 262:155521. [PMID: 39182450 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to investigate the pooled prevalence and possible association between polyomavirus infection and lung cancer. METHODS A systematic publication search was conducted by identifying relevant cross-sectional and case-control studies from major online databases. Heterogeneity, OR, and corresponding 95 % CI were applied to all studies through meta-analysis and forest plot. Random effects models were used to calculate the overall pooled prevalence. Visual inspection of a funnel plot plotting the log-transformed OR and its associated standard error of the log (OR) was combined with the Begg and Egger test to examine the presence and influence of publication bias. Analyzes were performed using Stata software v.14.1. RESULTS 23 articles (33 datasets) were included in the meta-analysis, of which 14 datasets were case/control and the rest were cross-sectional studies. The pooled polyomavirus infection rate in lung cancer patients was 0.06 % (0.02-0.11 %). In subgroup analysis, the pooled prevalence of JCV, MCPyV, KI, SV40, BKV, WU, MU, and STL was 21 %, 7 %, 6 %, 2 %, 0 %, 0 %, 0 %, and 0 % respectively. An association has been found between polyomavirus infection and lung cancer [summary OR 6.33 (95 % CI (1.76-22.77); I2=67.45 %)]. The subgroup analysis, based on the virus type, showed a strong association between MCPyV and lung cancer [summary OR 13.61 (95 % CI 2.41-76.59; I2=40.0 %)]. despite the high prevalence of JCV DNA in lung cancer tissue, analysis of case-control studies showed that JCV is not associated with lung cancer and does not increase the risk of lung cancer. CONCLUSION This study showed a significant association between polyomaviruses infection with lung cancer. The results also revealed a pooled prevalence of 6 % for polyomaviruses in lung tumor patients. Altogether, the findings of the present work suggest that Merkel cell polyomavirus infection is a potential risk factor for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan
| | | | - Sada Gh Taher
- National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | | | - Zainab H Athab
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zahrawi University College, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Sayfiddin Baymakov
- Department of General Surgery and Military-Field surgery, Tashkent State Dental Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Department of Scientific Affairs, Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; School of Pharmacy, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hamed Bagheri
- Radiation Sciences Research Center (RSRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Jin HT, Kim YS, Choi EK. Human papillomavirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus in Korean patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer: Evaluation and genetic variability of the noncoding control region. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29880. [PMID: 39185678 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important causative factor of cervical cancer and is associated with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a rare and highly fatal cutaneous virus that can cause Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Although coinfection with oncogenic HPV and MCPyV may increase cancer risk, a definitive etiological link has not been established. Recently, genomic variation and genetic diversity in the MCPyV noncoding control region (NCCR) among ethnic groups has been reported. The current study aimed to provide accurate prevalence information on HPV and MCPyV infection/coinfection in NSCLC patients and to evaluate and confirm Korean MCPyV NCCR variant genotypes and sequences. DNA from 150 NSCLC tissues and 150 adjacent control tissues was assessed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting regions of the large T antigen (LT-ag), viral capsid protein 1 (VP1), and NCCR. MCPyV was detected in 22.7% (34 of 150) of NSCLC tissues and 8.0% (12 of 150) of adjacent tissues from Korean patients. The incidence rates of HPV with and without MCPyV were 26.5% (nine of 34) and 12.9% (15 of 116). The MCPyV NCCR genotype prevalence in Korean patients was 21.3% (32 of 150) for subtype I and 6% (nine of 150) for subtype IIc. Subtype I, a predominant East Asian strain containing 25 bp tandem repeats, was most common in the MCPyV NCCR data set. Our results confirm that coinfection with other tumor-associated viruses is not associated with NSCLC. Although the role of NCCR rearrangements in MCPyV infection remains unknown, future studies are warranted to determine the associations of MCPyV NCCR sequence rearrangements with specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Tae Jin
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea
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3
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Li Y, Miyani B, Faust RA, David RE, Xagoraraki I. A broad wastewater screening and clinical data surveillance for virus-related diseases in the metropolitan Detroit area in Michigan. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:14. [PMID: 38321488 PMCID: PMC10845806 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodic bioinformatics-based screening of wastewater for assessing the diversity of potential human viral pathogens circulating in a given community may help to identify novel or potentially emerging infectious diseases. Any identified contigs related to novel or emerging viruses should be confirmed with targeted wastewater and clinical testing. RESULTS During the COVID-19 pandemic, untreated wastewater samples were collected for a 1-year period from the Great Lakes Water Authority Wastewater Treatment Facility in Detroit, MI, USA, and viral population diversity from both centralized interceptor sites and localized neighborhood sewersheds was investigated. Clinical cases of the diseases caused by human viruses were tabulated and compared with data from viral wastewater monitoring. In addition to Betacoronavirus, comparison using assembled contigs against a custom Swiss-Prot human virus database indicated the potential prevalence of other pathogenic virus genera, including: Orthopoxvirus, Rhadinovirus, Parapoxvirus, Varicellovirus, Hepatovirus, Simplexvirus, Bocaparvovirus, Molluscipoxvirus, Parechovirus, Roseolovirus, Lymphocryptovirus, Alphavirus, Spumavirus, Lentivirus, Deltaretrovirus, Enterovirus, Kobuvirus, Gammaretrovirus, Cardiovirus, Erythroparvovirus, Salivirus, Rubivirus, Orthohepevirus, Cytomegalovirus, Norovirus, and Mamastrovirus. Four nearly complete genomes were recovered from the Astrovirus, Enterovirus, Norovirus and Betapolyomavirus genera and viral species were identified. CONCLUSIONS The presented findings in wastewater samples are primarily at the genus level and can serve as a preliminary "screening" tool that may serve as indication to initiate further testing for the confirmation of the presence of species that may be associated with human disease. Integrating innovative environmental microbiology technologies like metagenomic sequencing with viral epidemiology offers a significant opportunity to improve the monitoring of, and predictive intelligence for, pathogenic viruses, using wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Brijen Miyani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Russell A Faust
- Oakland County Health Division, 1200 Telegraph Rd, Pontiac, MI, 48341, USA
| | - Randy E David
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48282, USA
| | - Irene Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA.
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Matsuda M, Li TC, Nakanishi A, Nakamichi K, Saito M, Suzuki T, Matsuura T, Muramatsu M, Suzuki T, Miura Y, Suzuki R. Generation of JC Polyoma Pseudovirus for High-Throughput Measurement of Neutralizing Antibodies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:311. [PMID: 38337826 PMCID: PMC10855674 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14030311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by reactivation of dormant JC polyomavirus (JCPyV). PML was mainly observed in immunocompromised individuals, such as HIV-positive patients, autoimmune disease patients, and cancer patients. Given that the presence of anti-JCPyV antibodies in serum is a risk indicator for PML development, it is essential to monitor anti-JCPyV antibody levels. In the present study, we established reporter-based single-infection neutralization assays for JCPyV and the genetically similar BK polyoma virus (BKPyV). We then confirmed the lack of cross-reactivity between the two viruses using test sera obtained from mice immunized with plasmids encoding the JCPyV or BKPyV capsid. Next, we compared neutralization antibody titers in sera from healthy donors, patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), and HIV-positive patients using an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with JCPyV-like particles (virus-like particles; VLPs). A positive correlation was demonstrated between the neutralization titer (75% infectious concentration; IC75) against JCPyV and the antibody titer obtained by VLP-based JCPyV ELISA. This assay system may be applied to detect antibodies against other PyVs by generation of pseudoviruses using the respective capsid expression plasmids, and is expected to contribute to the surveillance of PyV as well as basic research on these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Matsuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (M.M.); (T.-C.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (M.M.); (T.-C.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Akira Nakanishi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan;
| | - Kazuo Nakamichi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan;
| | - Makoto Saito
- Clinical Research Support Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan;
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan;
| | - Tomokazu Matsuura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan;
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (M.M.); (T.-C.L.); (M.M.)
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan;
| | - Yoshiharu Miura
- Department of Neurology, PML/MS/NMO Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (M.M.); (T.-C.L.); (M.M.)
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
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Zareie AR, Dabral P, Verma SC. G-Quadruplexes in the Regulation of Viral Gene Expressions and Their Impacts on Controlling Infection. Pathogens 2024; 13:60. [PMID: 38251367 PMCID: PMC10819198 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplexes (G4s) are noncanonical nucleic acid structures that play significant roles in regulating various biological processes, including replication, transcription, translation, and recombination. Recent studies have identified G4s in the genomes of several viruses, such as herpes viruses, hepatitis viruses, and human coronaviruses. These structures are implicated in regulating viral transcription, replication, and virion production, influencing viral infectivity and pathogenesis. G4-stabilizing ligands, like TMPyP4, PhenDC3, and BRACO19, show potential antiviral properties by targeting and stabilizing G4 structures, inhibiting essential viral life-cycle processes. This review delves into the existing literature on G4's involvement in viral regulation, emphasizing specific G4-stabilizing ligands. While progress has been made in understanding how these ligands regulate viruses, further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms through which G4s impact viral processes. More research is necessary to develop G4-stabilizing ligands as novel antiviral agents. The increasing body of literature underscores the importance of G4s in viral biology and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies against viral infections. Despite some ligands' known regulatory effects on viruses, a deeper comprehension of the multifaceted impact of G4s on viral processes is essential. This review advocates for intensified research to unravel the intricate relationship between G4s and viral processes, paving the way for novel antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Subhash C. Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (A.R.Z.); (P.D.)
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Pletan M, Liu X, Cha G, Chen YJ, Knupp J, Tsai B. The atlastin ER morphogenic proteins promote formation of a membrane penetration site during non-enveloped virus entry. J Virol 2023; 97:e0075623. [PMID: 37578227 PMCID: PMC10506488 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00756-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During entry, non-enveloped viruses penetrate a host membrane to cause infection, although how this is accomplished remains enigmatic. Polyomaviruses (PyVs) are non-enveloped DNA viruses that penetrate the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to reach the cytosol en route to the nucleus for infection. To penetrate the ER membrane, the prototype PyV simian virus 40 (SV40) induces formation of ER-escape sites, called foci, composed of repeating units of multi-tubular ER junctions where the virus is thought to exit. How SV40 triggers formation of the ER-foci harboring these multi-tubular ER junctions is unclear. Here, we show that the ER morphogenic atlastin 2 (ATL2) and ATL3 membrane proteins play critical roles in SV40 infection. Mechanistically, ATL3 mobilizes to the ER-foci where it deploys its GTPase-dependent membrane fusion activity to promote formation of multi-tubular ER junctions within the ER-foci. ATL3 also engages an SV40-containing membrane penetration complex. By contrast, ATL2 does not reorganize to the ER-foci. Instead, it supports the reticular ER morphology critical for the integrity of the ATL3-dependent membrane complex. Our findings illuminate how two host factors play distinct roles in the formation of an essential membrane penetration site for a non-enveloped virus. IMPORTANCE Membrane penetration by non-enveloped viruses, a critical infection step, remains enigmatic. The non-enveloped PyV simian virus 40 (SV40) penetrates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to reach the cytosol en route for infection. During ER-to-cytosol membrane penetration, SV40 triggers formation of ER-associated structures (called ER-foci) that function as the membrane penetration sites. Here, we discover a role of the ATL ER membrane proteins-known to shape the ER morphology-during SV40-induced ER-foci formation. These findings illuminate how a non-enveloped virus hijacks host components to construct a membrane penetration structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Pletan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Grace Cha
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yu-Jie Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeffrey Knupp
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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7
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Zou W, Imperiale MJ. Regulation of Virus Replication by BK Polyomavirus Small T Antigen. J Virol 2023; 97:e0007723. [PMID: 36916919 PMCID: PMC10062181 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00077-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyomavirus small T antigen (tAg) plays important roles in regulating viral replication, the innate immune response, apoptosis, and transformation for SV40, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), murine polyomavirus (MuPyV), and JC polyomavirus (JCPyV). However, the function of BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) tAg has been much less studied. Here, we constructed mutant viruses that do not express tAg, and we showed that, in contrast with other polyomaviruses, BKPyV tAg inhibits large T antigen (TAg) gene expression and viral DNA replication. However, this occurs only in an archetype viral background. We also observed that the transduction of cells with a lentivirus-expressing BKPyV tAg kills the cells. We further discovered that BKPyV tAg interacts not only with PP2A A and C subunits, as has been demonstrated for other polyomavirus tAg proteins, but also with PP2A B''' subunit members. Knocking down either of two B''' subunits, namely STRN or STRN3, mimics the phenotype of the tAg mutant virus. However, a virus containing a point mutation in the PP2A binding domain of tAg only partially affected virus TAg expression and DNA replication. These results indicate that BKPyV tAg downregulates viral gene expression and DNA replication and that this occurs in part through interactions with PP2A. IMPORTANCE BK polyomavirus is a virus that establishes a lifelong infection of the majority of people. The infection usually does not cause any clinical symptoms, but, in transplant recipients whose immune systems have been suppressed, unchecked virus replication can cause severe disease. In this study, we show that a viral protein called small T antigen is one of the ways that the virus can persist without high levels of replication. Understanding which factors control viral replication enhances our knowledge of the virus life cycle and could lead to potential interventions for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael J. Imperiale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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8
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Tavassoli N, Vojdani A, Salimi-Namin S, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, Kalantari M, Youssefi M. Human BKV large T genome detection in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia tissue samples by nested PCR: A case-control study. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 12:149-154. [PMID: 37886738 PMCID: PMC10599593 DOI: 10.22099/mbrc.2023.47537.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Human BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a latent infectious agent in the genitourinary tract associated with hemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy. This virus can be a risk factor for various human malignancies, including prostate cancer (PCa). It may contribute to prostate cancer development, as it demonstrates oncogenic properties by encoding oncoproteins. This study assessed the prevalence of this virus in benign and malignant prostate tissues. Between 2009 and 2019, 49 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) PCa and 49 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) samples were gathered from the pathology department of a tertiary care university hospital. They were used as cases and controls, respectively. After deparaffinization and DNA extraction, nested PCR was applied to identify the BKPyVgp5 gene (LTAg) using inner and outer primers. The nested PCR showed a 278-bp bond corresponding to the BKPyVgp5 genome (LTAg) in 53.1% (26/49) of PCa and 14.3% (7/49) of BPH (p<0.001). The presence of BKV was significantly associated with an increased risk of PCa development (OR=6.78, 95% CI=2.55-18.02, p<0.001). The BKV LTAg gene was significantly more prevalent in PCa samples than in BPH samples. These results demonstrate the presence of the virus in prostate cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Tavassoli
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Contributed equally as first authors
| | - Arastoo Vojdani
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Contributed equally as first authors
| | - Sara Salimi-Namin
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khadem-Rezaiyan
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoudreza Kalantari
- Department of Pathology, Mashhad Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Youssefi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Prevalence of JC and BK Polyomavirus Infection in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in the State of Pará, Brazil. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 8:tropicalmed8010009. [PMID: 36668916 PMCID: PMC9861779 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyomaviruses that infect humans, JC virus (JCV) and BK virus (BKV), can establish persistent infections in the cells that make up the renal system, causing nephritis and BKV-associated nephropathy in up to 10% of renal transplant patients, and of these, 90% lose the graft and return for hemodialysis. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of polyomaviruses (PyV) in the population with chronic kidney disease (CKD), classified into three groups (conservative, dialysis, and transplanted) and a control group. Urine samples were collected from 290 individuals, including 202 patients with CKD and 88 from the control group. PyV screening was performed by PCR amplification of a fragment of the VP1 region, and the JCV and BKV species were distinguished through enzymatic digestion with the restriction endonuclease BamHI from the amplification of a TAg region. All amplification products were visualized on a 3% agarose gel. The prevalence of PyV infection was correlated with clinical-epidemiological variables using the chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. In the group with CKD, the prevalence of PyV was 30.2%, a higher rate being observed in conservative patients (36.66%; 22/60), followed by dialysis patients (30.48%; 25/82), and transplanted patients (20%; 12/60). In the control group, the prevalence was 46.59% (41/88). The differentiation between species revealed that JCV was present in 77.8% and BKV in 22.2% of the group with CKD. The prevalence of infection was higher in male patients (59.32%), whose most common pathology was systemic arterial hypertension (35.59%). In the group of transplanted patients, there was a statistically significant association between infection and the use of the immunosuppressant azathioprine (p = 0.015). The prevalence of PyV infection was higher in the control group than in the group with CKD, being predominant in males and in patients with systemic arterial hypertension.
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Passerini S, Prezioso C, Prota A, Babini G, Coppola L, Lodi A, Epifani AC, Sarmati L, Andreoni M, Moens U, Pietropaolo V, Ciotti M. Detection Analysis and Study of Genomic Region Variability of JCPyV, BKPyV, MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7 and QPyV in the Urine and Plasma of HIV-1-Infected Patients. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112544. [PMID: 36423152 PMCID: PMC9698965 DOI: 10.3390/v14112544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it was clearly established that HIV/AIDS predisposes to the infection, persistence or reactivation of latent viruses, the prevalence of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) among HIV-1-infected patients and a possible correlation between HPyVs and HIV sero-status were investigated. PCR was performed to detect and quantify JCPyV, BKPyV, MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7 and QPyV DNA in the urine and plasma samples of 103 HIV-1-infected patients. Subsequently, NCCR, VP1 and MCPyV LT sequences were examined. In addition, for MCPyV, the expression of transcripts for the LT gene was investigated. JCPyV, BKPyV and MCPyV's presence was reported, whereas HPyV6, HPyV7 and QPyV were not detected in any sample. Co-infection patterns of JCPyV, BKPyV and MCPyV were found. Archetype-like NCCRs were observed with some point mutations in plasma samples positive for JCPyV and BKPyV. The VP1 region was found to be highly conserved among these subjects. LT did not show mutations causing stop codons, and LT transcripts were expressed in MCPyV positive samples. A significant correlation between HPyVs' detection and a low level of CD4+ was reported. In conclusion, HPyV6, HPyV7 and QPyV seem to not have a clinical relevance in HIV-1 patients, whereas further studies are warranted to define the clinical importance of JCPyV, BKPyV and MCPyV DNA detection in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Passerini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Prota
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Babini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Coppola
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lodi
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Epifani
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Andreoni
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Virology Unit, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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11
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Wang CW, Chen YL, Mao SJT, Lin TC, Wu CW, Thongchan D, Wang CY, Wu HY. Pathogenicity of Avian Polyomaviruses and Prospect of Vaccine Development. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092079. [PMID: 36146885 PMCID: PMC9505546 DOI: 10.3390/v14092079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are nonenveloped icosahedral viruses with a double-stranded circular DNA containing approximately 5000 bp and 5–6 open reading frames. In contrast to mammalian polyomaviruses (MPVs), avian polyomaviruses (APVs) exhibit high lethality and multipathogenicity, causing severe infections in birds without oncogenicity. APVs are classified into 10 major species: Adélie penguin polyomavirus, budgerigar fledgling disease virus, butcherbird polyomavirus, canary polyomavirus, cormorant polyomavirus, crow polyomavirus, Erythrura gouldiae polyomavirus, finch polyomavirus, goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus, and Hungarian finch polyomavirus under the genus Gammapolyomavirus. This paper briefly reviews the genomic structure and pathogenicity of the 10 species of APV and some of their differences in terms of virulence from MPVs. Each gene’s genomic size, number of amino acid residues encoding each gene, and key biologic functions are discussed. The rationale for APV classification from the Polyomavirdae family and phylogenetic analyses among the 10 APVs are also discussed. The clinical symptoms in birds caused by APV infection are summarized. Finally, the strategies for developing an effective vaccine containing essential epitopes for preventing virus infection in birds are discussed. We hope that more effective and safe vaccines with diverse protection will be developed in the future to solve or alleviate the problems of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wei Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- International Degree Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Liang Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuan Pei University of Medical Technology, Yuanpei Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Simon J. T. Mao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chieh Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- International Degree Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Duangsuda Thongchan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Surin Campus, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Chi-Young Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.W.); (H.-Y.W.); Tel.: +886-4-22840369 (ext. 48) (C.-Y.W.); +886-8-7703202 (ext. 5072) (H.-Y.W.)
| | - Hung-Yi Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.W.); (H.-Y.W.); Tel.: +886-4-22840369 (ext. 48) (C.-Y.W.); +886-8-7703202 (ext. 5072) (H.-Y.W.)
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12
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Osipov EM, Munawar AH, Beelen S, Fearon D, Douangamath A, Wild C, Weeks SD, Van Aerschot A, von Delft F, Strelkov SV. Discovery of novel druggable pockets on polyomavirus VP1 through crystallographic fragment-based screening to develop capsid assembly inhibitors. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:1013-1027. [PMID: 35974998 PMCID: PMC9347357 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00052k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are a family of ubiquitous double-stranded DNA viruses many of which are human pathogens. These include BK polyomavirus which causes severe urinary tract infection in immunocompromised patients and Merkel cell polyomavirus associated with aggressive cancers. The small genome of polyomaviruses lacks conventional drug targets, and no specific drugs are available at present. Here we focus on the main structural protein VP1 of BK polyomavirus which is responsible for icosahedral capsid formation. To provide a foundation towards rational drug design, we crystallized truncated VP1 pentamers and subjected them to a high-throughput screening for binding drug-like fragments through a direct X-ray analysis. To enable a highly performant screening, rigorous optimization of the crystallographic pipeline and processing with the latest generation PanDDA2 software were necessary. As a result, a total of 144 binding hits were established. Importantly, the hits are well clustered in six surface pockets. Three pockets are located on the outside of the pentamer and map on the regions where the 'invading' C-terminal arm of another pentamer is attached upon capsid assembly. Another set of three pockets is situated within the wide pore along the five-fold axis of the VP1 pentamer. These pockets are situated at the interaction interface with the minor capsid protein VP2 which is indispensable for normal functioning of the virus. Here we systematically analyse the three outside pockets which are highly conserved across various polyomaviruses, while point mutations in these pockets are detrimental for viral replication. We show that one of the pockets can accommodate antipsychotic drug trifluoperazine. For each pocket, we derive pharmacophore features which enable the design of small molecules preventing the interaction between VP1 pentamers and therefore inhibiting capsid assembly. Our data lay a foundation towards a rational development of first-in-class drugs targeting polyomavirus capsid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali H Munawar
- Biocrystallography, KU Leuven Herestraat 49 Leuven Belgium
- Orthogon Therapeutics LLC 45 Dan Road Suite 126 Canton MA 02021 USA
- Pledge Tx B.V. Gaston Geenslaan 1 Leuven Belgium
| | - Steven Beelen
- Biocrystallography, KU Leuven Herestraat 49 Leuven Belgium
| | - Daren Fearon
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0FA UK
| | - Alice Douangamath
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0FA UK
| | - Conor Wild
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford South Parks Road Headington OX3 7DQ UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford 29 St Giles' Oxford OX1 3LB UK
| | - Stephen D Weeks
- Biocrystallography, KU Leuven Herestraat 49 Leuven Belgium
- Pledge Tx B.V. Gaston Geenslaan 1 Leuven Belgium
| | - Arthur Van Aerschot
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven Herestraat 49 Leuven Belgium
| | - Frank von Delft
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0FA UK
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford South Parks Road Headington OX3 7DQ UK
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford Old Road Campus Roosevelt Drive Headington OX3 7DQ UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg Auckland Park 2006 South Africa
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13
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Venuti A, Romero-Medina MC, Melita G, Ceraolo MG, Brancaccio RN, Sirand C, Taverniti V, Steenbergen R, Gheit T, Tommasino M. Lyon IARC Polyomavirus Displays Transforming Activities in Primary Human Cells. J Virol 2022; 96:e0206121. [PMID: 35770990 PMCID: PMC9327700 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02061-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies reported the presence of a recently discovered polyomavirus (PyV), Lyon IARC PyV (LIPyV), in human and domestic animal specimens. LIPyV has some structural similarities to well-established animal and human oncogenic PyVs, such as raccoon PyV and Merkel cell PyV (MCPyV), respectively. In this study, we demonstrate that LIPyV early proteins immortalize human foreskin keratinocytes. LIPyV LT binds pRb, accordingly cell cycle checkpoints are altered in primary human fibroblasts and keratinocytes expressing LIPyV early genes. Mutation of the pRb binding site in LT strongly affected the ability of LIPyV ER to induced HFK immortalization. LIPyV LT also binds p53 and alters p53 functions activated by cellular stresses. Finally, LIPyV early proteins activate telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene expression, via accumulation of the Sp1 transcription factor. Sp1 recruitment to the hTERT promoter is controlled by its phosphorylation, which is mediated by ERK1 and CDK2. Together, these data highlight the transforming properties of LIPyV in in vitro experimental models, supporting its possible oncogenic nature. IMPORTANCE Lyon IARC PyV is a recently discovered polyomavirus that shows some structural similarities to well-established animal and human oncogenic PyVs, such as raccoon PyV and Merkel cell PyV, respectively. Here, we show the capability of LIPyV to efficiently promote cellular transformation of primary human cells, suggesting a possible oncogenic role of this virus in domestic animals and/or humans. Our study identified a novel virus-mediated mechanism of activation of telomerase reverse transcriptase gene expression, via accumulation of the Sp1 transcription factor. In addition, because the persistence of infection is a key event in virus-mediated carcinogenesis, it will be important to determine whether LIPyV can deregulate immune-related pathways, similarly to the well-established oncogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Venuti
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon Cedex, France
| | | | - Giusi Melita
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Maria Grazia Ceraolo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon Cedex, France
| | | | - Cecilia Sirand
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Valerio Taverniti
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Renske Steenbergen
- VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tarik Gheit
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon Cedex, France
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14
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Nomburg J, Zou W, Frost TC, Datta C, Vasudevan S, Starrett GJ, Imperiale MJ, Meyerson M, DeCaprio JA. Long-read sequencing reveals complex patterns of wraparound transcription in polyomaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010401. [PMID: 35363834 PMCID: PMC9007360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses (PyV) are ubiquitous pathogens that can cause devastating human diseases. Due to the small size of their genomes, PyV utilize complex patterns of RNA splicing to maximize their coding capacity. Despite the importance of PyV to human disease, their transcriptome architecture is poorly characterized. Here, we compare short- and long-read RNA sequencing data from eight human and non-human PyV. We provide a detailed transcriptome atlas for BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), an important human pathogen, and the prototype PyV, simian virus 40 (SV40). We identify pervasive wraparound transcription in PyV, wherein transcription runs through the polyA site and circles the genome multiple times. Comparative analyses identify novel, conserved transcripts that increase PyV coding capacity. One of these conserved transcripts encodes superT, a T antigen containing two RB-binding LxCxE motifs. We find that superT-encoding transcripts are abundant in PyV-associated human cancers. Together, we show that comparative transcriptomic approaches can greatly expand known transcript and coding capacity in one of the simplest and most well-studied viral families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Nomburg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Frost
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chandreyee Datta
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN4202, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shobha Vasudevan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN4202, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gabriel J. Starrett
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Imperiale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James A. DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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15
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Omić H, Kläger JP, Herkner H, Aberle SW, Regele H, Weseslindtner L, Schrag TA, Bond G, Hohenstein K, Watschinger B, Werzowa J, Strassl R, Eder M, Kikić Ž. Clinical Relevance of Absolute BK Polyoma Viral Load Kinetics in Patients With Biopsy Proven BK Polyomavirus Associated Nephropathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:791087. [PMID: 35071271 PMCID: PMC8770438 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.791087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The absolute BK viral load is an important diagnostic surrogate for BK polyomavirus associated nephropathy (PyVAN) after renal transplant (KTX) and serial assessment of BK viremia is recommended. However, there is no data indicating which particular viral load change, i.e., absolute vs. relative viral load changes (copies/ml; percentage of the preceding viremia) is associated with worse renal graft outcomes. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study of 91 biopsy proven PyVAN, we analyzed the interplay of exposure time, absolute and relative viral load kinetics, baseline risk, and treatment strategies as risk factors for graft loss after 2 years using a multivariable Poisson-model. Results: We compared two major treatment strategies: standardized immunosuppression (IS) reduction (n = 53) and leflunomide (n = 30). The median viral load at the index biopsy was 2.15E+04 copies/ml (interquartile range [IQR] 1.70E+03–1.77E+05) and median peak viremia was 3.6E+04 copies/ml (IQR 2.7E+03–3.3E+05). Treatment strategies and IS-levels were not related to graft loss. After correction for baseline viral load and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), absolute viral load decrease/unit remained an independent risk factor for graft loss [incidence rate ratios [IRR] = 0.77, (95% CI 0.61–0.96), p = 0.02]. Conclusion: This study provides evidence for the prognostic importance of absolute BK viremia kinetics as a dynamic parameter indicating short-term graft survival independently of other established risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Omić
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Harald Herkner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan W Aberle
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Regele
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Tarek Arno Schrag
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Bond
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Hohenstein
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery at the Medical University of Vienna in the General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno Watschinger
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Werzowa
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Strassl
- Division of Clinical Virology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Eder
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Željko Kikić
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Molecular Epidemiology and Variation of the BK Polyomavirus in the Population of Central and Eastern Europe Based on the Example of Poland. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020209. [PMID: 35215804 PMCID: PMC8878621 DOI: 10.3390/v14020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a widespread pathogen in humans. Polymorphism of the region encoding the VP1 protein of BKPyV provides the basis for classifying the virus into types and subtypes, whose frequency varies depending on geographic location. The aim of our study was to determine the frequency of BKPyV in the Polish population and to assess its variation by analysing polymorphism in the typing region. The study was conducted on 168 healthy, Polish volunteers, whose blood (plasma) and urine were sampled. The virus was detected using PCR, products, sequenced and subjected to bioinformatic analysis. In addition, viral load was assessed by qPCR. The presence of the genetic material of the BK virus was noted in 61/168 urine samples but in none of the plasma sample. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the BKPyV isolates were of types I and IV, dominant in Europe (63.93% and 36.07%, respectively). All isolates from genotype I belonged to subtype Ib-2, showing polymorphism at position 1809 with a frequency of 61.54% (G1809A) and 38.46% (G1809C). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of this magnitude on the genetic variation of BKPyV among healthy volunteers in Poland.
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17
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Liu FL, Chang SP, Liu HJ, Liu PC, Wang CY. Genomic and phylogenetic analysis of avian polyomaviruses isolated from parrots in Taiwan. Virus Res 2022; 308:198634. [PMID: 34793873 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Avian polyomavirus (APV) is a non-enveloped virus with a circular double-stranded DNA genome approximately 5000 bp in length. APV was first reported in fledgling budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) as the causative agent of budgerigar fledgling disease, resulting in high parrot mortality rates in the 1980s. This disease has been observed worldwide, and APV has a wide host range including budgerigars, cockatoos, lorikeets, lovebirds, and macaws. Twenty APV isolates have been collected from healthy and symptomatic parrots in Taiwan from 2015 to 2019. These isolates were then amplified via polymerase chain reaction, after which the whole genomes of these isolates were sequenced. The overall APV-positive rate was 14.2%, and the full lengths of the APV Taiwan isolates varied from 4971 to 4982 bps. The APV genome contains an early region that encodes two regulatory proteins (the large tumor antigen (Large T-Ag) and the small tumor antigen (Small t-Ag)) and a late region which encodes the capsid proteins VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4. The nucleotide identities of the VP1 and VP4 genes ranged from 98.7 to 100%, whereas the nucleotide sequence of the Large T-Ag gene had the highest identity (99.2-100%) relative to other APV isolates from the GenBank database. A phylogenetic tree based on the whole genome demonstrated that the APV Taiwan isolates were closely related to Japanese and Portuguese isolates. Recombination events were analyzed using the Recombination Detection Program version 4 and APV Taiwan isolate TW-3 was identified as a minor parent of the APV recombinants. In this study, we first reported the characterization of the whole genome sequences of APV Taiwan isolates and their phylogenetic relationships with all APV isolates available in the GenBank database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Lin Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ping Chang
- Department of Laboratory, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, 6 Lugong Road, Changhua, Lugang, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Pan-Chen Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Young Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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18
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Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a small nonenveloped DNA virus that establishes a ubiquitous, asymptomatic, and lifelong persistent infection in at least 80% of the world's population. In some immunosuppressed transplant recipients, BKPyV reactivation causes polyomavirus-associated nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis. We report a novel in vitro model of BKPyV persistence and reactivation using a BKPyV natural host cell line. In this system, viral genome loads remain constant for various times after establishment of persistent infection, during which BKPyV undergoes extensive random genome recombination. Certain recombination events result in viral DNA amplification and protein expression, resulting in production of viruses with enhanced replication ability.
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19
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Izi S, Youssefi M, Mohammadian Roshan N, Azimian A, Amel Jamehdar S, Zahedi Avval F. Higher detection of JC polyomavirus in colorectal cancerous tissue after pretreatment with topoisomerase I enzyme; colorectal tissue serves as a JCPyV persistence site. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 123:104687. [PMID: 34592199 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The JC polyomavirus has been blamed to contribute in colorectal cancer (CRC), however, the topic is still controversial. Varying detection rate of JCPyV genome has been reported mainly due to technical reasons. Here, we provide summative data on the topic, with emphasize on technical issues. METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 50 patients with CRC, consisting of tumoral and non-cancerous marginal tissue (totally 100 samples) were included in the study. After DNA extraction, specific JCPyV T-Ag sequences were targeted using Real-time PCR. To unwind the supercoiled JCPyV genome, pretreatment with topoisomerase I, was applied. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed using an anti-T-Ag monoclonal antibody. RESULTS In the first attempts, no samples were found to be positive in Real-time PCR assays. However, JCPyV sequences were found in 60% of CRC tissues and 38% of non-cancerous colorectal mucosa after application of pre-treatment step with topoisomerase I enzyme (P = 0.028). T-Ag protein was found in the nuclear compartment of the stained cells in IHC assays. CONCLUSIONS The presence of JCPyV in CRC tissues, as well as T-Ag localization in the nucleolus, where its oncogenic effect takes place, may provide supporting evidence for JCPyV involvement in CRC development. The study highlights the importance of using topoisomerase I to enhance JCPyV genome detection. Also, colorectal tissue is one of the permissive human tissue for JC resistance after preliminary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Izi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IRAN; Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Youssefi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Antimicrobial resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nema Mohammadian Roshan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Azimian
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnourd, Iran
| | - Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Antimicrobial resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farnaz Zahedi Avval
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IRAN.
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20
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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients treated with rituximab: a 20-year review from the Southern Network on Adverse Reactions. LANCET HAEMATOLOGY 2021; 8:e593-e604. [PMID: 34329579 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(21)00167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a serious and usually fatal CNS infection caused by the John Cunningham virus. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell lymphopenia, resulting from HIV infection, chemotherapy, or immunosuppressive therapy, are primary risk factors for PML. Following its introduction in 1997, the immunomodulatory anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, rituximab, has received regulatory approval worldwide for treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis, and pemphigus vulagris. Rituximab leads to prolonged B-lymphocyte depletion, potentially allowing John Cunningham viral infection to occur. Six unexpected cases of PML infection developing in rituximab-treated patients were first reported in 2002. We review 20 years of information on clinical findings, pathology, epidemiology, proposed pathogenesis, and risk-management issues associated with PML infection developing after rituximab treatment. Since the first case series report of 52 cases of rituximab-associated PML among patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in 2009, updated and diligent pharmacovigilance efforts have provided reassurance that this fatal toxicity is a rare clinical event with concurring causal factors. International harmonisation of safety warnings around rituximab-associated PML should be considered, with these notifications listing rituximab-associated PML under a section titled warnings and precautions as is the case in most countries, rather than a boxed warning as is the case in the USA.
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BK Polyomavirus-Biology, Genomic Variation and Diagnosis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081502. [PMID: 34452367 PMCID: PMC8402805 DOI: 10.3390/v13081502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), a representative of the family Polyomaviridae, is widespread in the human population. While the virus does not cause significant clinical symptoms in immunocompetent individuals, it is activated in cases of immune deficiency, both pharmacological and pathological. Infection with the BKPyV is of particular importance in recipients of kidney transplants or HSC transplantation, in which it can lead to the loss of the transplanted kidney or to haemorrhagic cystitis, respectively. Four main genotypes of the virus are distinguished on the basis of molecular differentiation. The most common genotype worldwide is genotype I, with a frequency of about 80%, followed by genotype IV (about 15%), while genotypes II and III are isolated only sporadically. The distribution of the molecular variants of the virus is associated with the region of origin. BKPyV subtype Ia is most common in Africa, Ib-1 in Southeast Asia, and Ib-2 in Europe, while Ic is the most common variant in Northeast Asia. The development of molecular methods has enabled significant improvement not only in BKPyV diagnostics, but in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment as well. Amplification of viral DNA from urine by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and qPCR Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a non-invasive method that can be used to confirm the presence of the genetic material of the virus and to determine the viral load. Sequencing techniques together with bioinformatics tools and databases can be used to determine variants of the virus, analyse their circulation in populations, identify relationships between them, and investigate the directions of evolution of the virus.
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Hemorrhagic cystitis from BK virus in a patient with AIDS. AIDS 2021; 35:999-1001. [PMID: 33821827 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Ghorbani A, Hadifar S, Salari R, Izadpanah K, Burmistrz M, Afsharifar A, Eskandari MH, Niazi A, Denes CE, Neely GG. A short overview of CRISPR-Cas technology and its application in viral disease control. Transgenic Res 2021; 30:221-238. [PMID: 33830423 PMCID: PMC8027712 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00247-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) together with CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins have catalysed a revolution in genetic engineering. Native CRISPR-Cas systems exist in many bacteria and archaea where they provide an adaptive immune response through sequence-specific degradation of an invading pathogen's genome. This system has been reconfigured for use in genome editing, drug development, gene expression regulation, diagnostics, the prevention and treatment of cancers, and the treatment of genetic and infectious diseases. In recent years, CRISPR-Cas systems have been used in the diagnosis and control of viral diseases, for example, CRISPR-Cas12/13 coupled with new amplification techniques to improve the specificity of sequence-specific fluorescent probe detection. Importantly, CRISPR applications are both sensitive and specific and usually only require commonly available lab equipment. Unlike the canonical Cas9 which is guided to double-stranded DNA sites of interest, Cas13 systems target RNA sequences and thus can be employed in strategies directed against RNA viruses or for transcriptional silencing. Many challenges remain for these approach, including issues with specificity and the requirement for better mammalian delivery systems. In this review, we summarize the applications of CRISPR-Cas systems in controlling mammalian viral infections. Following necessary improvements, it is expected that CRISPR-Cas systems will be used effectively for such applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abozar Ghorbani
- Plant Virology Research Centre, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Shima Hadifar
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Salari
- Institute of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | | | - Michal Burmistrz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alireza Afsharifar
- Plant Virology Research Centre, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Eskandari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Niazi
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Christopher E Denes
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - G Gregory Neely
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Kharel A, Djamali A, Jorgenson MR, Alzoubi B, Swanson KJ, Garg N, Aziz F, Mohamed MA, Mandelbrot DA, Parajuli S. Risk factors for progression from low level BK dnaemia to unfavorable outcomes after BK management via immunosuppressive reduction. Transpl Infect Dis 2021; 23:e13561. [PMID: 33400361 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Effective management of BK viremia (BKPyV-DNAemia) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) involves regular monitoring and adjustment of immunosuppression. With this strategy, the majority of patients will clear BK or have ongoing, but non-significant, low-level BKPyV-DNAemia. However, despite adjustments, some will develop more severe sequelae of BK including BKPyV-DNAemia >5 log10 copies/mL and BK nephropathy, and others may develop de novo DSA (dnDSA) or acute rejection (AR). METHODS This was a single-center study of KTRs transplanted at the University of Wisconsin-Madison between 01/01/2015 and 12/31/2017. In this study, we sought to elucidate characteristics associated with the progression of BKPyV-DNAemia to unfavorable outcomes after decreasing immunosuppressive medications for the management of BK viremia as described in consensus guidelines. RESULTS A total of 224 KTRs fulfilled our selection criteria; 118 (53%) resolved or had persistent low DNAemia, 64 (28%) had severe BK/nephropathy, and 42 (19%) developed dnDSA or AR. In multivariable analysis, female gender (HR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.08-3.90; P = .02); previous rejection (HR: 2.90; 95% CI: 1.04-8.12; P = .04), and early infection (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.72-0.90; P < .001) were associated with the development of severe BK/nephropathy. Conversely, non-depleting induction at transplant (HR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.03-4.11; P = .03), HLA mismatches >3 (HR: 2.27; HR: 1.01-5.06; P = .04), and delayed graft function (HR: 4.14; 95% CI: 1.12-15.28; P = .03) were associated with development of dnDSA and/or rejection. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that almost half of KTRs with BKPyV-DNAemia managed by our immunosuppressant adjustment protocol progress unfavorably. Identification of these risk factors could assist the frontline clinician in creating an individualized immunosuppressive modification plan potentially mitigating negative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abish Kharel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Arjang Djamali
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Margaret R Jorgenson
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Beyann Alzoubi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kurtis J Swanson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Neetika Garg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Fahad Aziz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maha A Mohamed
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Didier A Mandelbrot
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sandesh Parajuli
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Control of Archetype BK Polyomavirus MicroRNA Expression. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01589-20. [PMID: 33115878 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01589-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen, with over 80% of adults worldwide being persistently infected. BKPyV infection is usually asymptomatic in healthy people; however, it causes polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in renal transplant patients and hemorrhagic cystitis in bone marrow transplant patients. BKPyV has a circular, double-stranded DNA genome that is divided genetically into three parts: an early region, a late region, and a noncoding control region (NCCR). The NCCR contains the viral DNA replication origin and cis-acting elements regulating viral early and late gene expression. It was previously shown that a BKPyV microRNA (miRNA) expressed from the late strand regulates viral large-T-antigen expression and limits the replication capacity of archetype BKPyV. A major unanswered question in the field is how expression of the viral miRNA is regulated. Typically, miRNA is expressed from introns in cellular genes, but there is no intron readily apparent in BKPyV from which the miRNA could derive. Here, we provide evidence for primary RNA transcripts that circle the genome more than once and include the NCCR. We identified splice junctions resulting from splicing of primary transcripts circling the genome more than once, and Sanger sequencing of reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) products indicates that there are viral transcripts that circle the genome up to four times. Our data suggest that the miRNA is expressed from an intron spliced out of these greater-than-genome-size primary transcripts.IMPORTANCE The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) miRNA plays an important role in regulating viral large-T-antigen expression and limiting the replication of archetype BKPyV, suggesting that the miRNA regulates BKPyV persistence. However, how miRNA expression is regulated is poorly understood. Here, we present evidence that the miRNA is expressed from an intron that is generated by RNA polymerase II transcribing the circular viral genome more than once. We identified splice junctions that could be generated only from primary transcripts that contain tandemly repeated copies of the viral genome. The results indicate another way in which viruses optimize expression of their genes using limited coding capacity.
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Genetic Diversity of the Noncoding Control Region of the Novel Human Polyomaviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121406. [PMID: 33297530 PMCID: PMC7762344 DOI: 10.3390/v12121406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomes of polyomaviruses are characterized by their tripartite organization with an early region, a late region and a noncoding control region (NCCR). The early region encodes proteins involved in replication and transcription of the viral genome, while expression of the late region generates the capsid proteins. Transcription regulatory sequences for expression of the early and late genes, as well as the origin of replication are encompassed in the NCCR. Cell tropism of polyomaviruses not only depends on the appropriate receptors on the host cell, but cell-specific expression of the viral genes is also governed by the NCCR. Thus far, 15 polyomaviruses have been isolated from humans, though it remains to be established whether all of them are genuine human polyomaviruses (HPyVs). The sequences of the NCCR of these HPyVs show high genetic variability and have been best studied in the human polyomaviruses BK and JC. Rearranged NCCRs in BKPyV and JCPyV, the first HPyVs to be discovered approximately 30 years ago, have been associated with the pathogenic properties of these viruses in nephropathy and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, respectively. Since 2007, thirteen novel PyVs have been isolated from humans: KIPyV, WUPyV, MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, TSPyV, HPyV9, HPyV10, STLPyV, HPyV12, NJPyV, LIPyV and QPyV. This review describes all NCCR variants of the new HPyVs that have been reported in the literature and discusses the possible consequences of NCCR diversity in terms of promoter strength, putative transcription factor binding sites and possible association with diseases.
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Viral Genomic Characterization and Replication Pattern of Human Polyomaviruses in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111280. [PMID: 33182443 PMCID: PMC7696855 DOI: 10.3390/v12111280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Polyomavirus (HPyV) infections are common, ranging from 60% to 100%. In kidney transplant (KTx) recipients, HPyVs have been associated with allograft nephropathy, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and skin cancer. Whether such complications are caused by viral reactivation or primary infection transmitted by the donor remains debated. This study aimed to investigate the replication pattern and genomic characterization of BK Polyomavirus (BKPyV), JC Polyomavirus (JCPyV), and Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) infections in KTx. Urine samples from 57 KTx donor/recipient pairs were collected immediately before organ retrieval/transplant and periodically up to post-operative day 540. Specimens were tested for the presence of BKPyV, JCPyV, and MCPyV genome by virus-specific Real-Time PCR and molecularly characterized. HPyVs genome was detected in 49.1% of donors and 77.2% of recipients. Sequences analysis revealed the archetypal strain for JCPyV, TU and Dunlop strains for BKPyV, and IIa-2 strain for MCPyV. VP1 genotyping showed a high frequency for JCPyV genotype 1 and BKPyV genotype I. Our experience demonstrates that after KTx, HPyVs genome remains stable over time with no emergence of quasi-species. HPyVs strains isolated in donor/recipient pairs are mostly identical, suggesting that viruses detected in the recipient may be transmitted by the allograft.
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Xiao Y, Wang H, Feng L, Pan J, Chen Z, Wang H, Yang S, Shen Q, Wang X, Shan T, Zhang W. Fecal, oral, blood and skin virome of laboratory rabbits. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2847-2856. [PMID: 33034764 PMCID: PMC7546134 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Here, we investigated the fecal, oral, blood, and skin virome of 10 laboratory rabbits using a viral metagenomic method. In the oral samples, we detected a novel polyomavirus (RabPyV), and phylogenetic analysis based on the large T antigen, VP1 and VP2 regions indicated that the novel strain might have undergone a recombination event. Recombination analysis based on related genomes confirmed that RabPyV is a multiple recombinant between rodent-like and avian-like polyomaviruses. In fecal samples, three partial or complete genome sequences of viruses belonging to the families Picobirnaviridae, Parvoviridae, Microviridae and Coronaviridae were characterized, and phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the predicted amino acid sequences of viral proteins. This study increases the amount of genetic information on viruses present in laboratory rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Xiao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huai'an Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, 223002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiamin Pan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shixing Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan Shen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Klufah F, Mobaraki G, Chteinberg E, Alharbi RA, Winnepenninckx V, Speel EJM, Rennspiess D, Olde Damink SW, Neumann UP, Kurz AK, Samarska I, zur Hausen A. High Prevalence of Human Polyomavirus 7 in Cholangiocarcinomas and Adjacent Peritumoral Hepatocytes: Preliminary Findings. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081125. [PMID: 32726909 PMCID: PMC7464213 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare biliary-duct malignancy with poor prognosis. Recently, the presence of the human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) has been reported in the bile of diverse hepatobiliary diseases, particularly in the bile of CCA patients. Here, we investigated the presence of novel HPyVs in CCA tissues using diverse molecular techniques to assess a possible role of HPyVs in CCA. Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues of 42 CCA patients were included in this study. PCR-based screening for HPyVs was conducted using degenerated and HPyV-specific primers. Following that, we performed FISH, RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to assess the presence of HPyVs in selected tissues. Of all 42 CCAs, 25 (59%) were positive for one HPyV, while 10 (24%) CCAs were positive for 2 HPyVs simultaneously, and 7 (17%) were negative for HPyVs. Of the total 35 positive CCAs, 19 (45%) were positive for HPyV7, 4 (9%) for HPyV6, 2 (5%) for Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), 8 (19%) for both HPyV7/MCPyV, and 2 (5%) for both HPyV6/HPyV7 as confirmed by sequencing. The presence of viral nucleic acids was confirmed by specific FISH, while the RNA-ISH confirmed the presence of HPyV6 on the single-cell level. In addition, expression of HPyV7, HPyV6, and MCPyV proteins were confirmed by IHC. Our results strongly indicate that HPyV7, HPyV6, and MCPyV infect bile duct epithelium, hepatocytes, and CCA cells, which possibly suggest an indirect role of these viruses in the etiopathogenesis of CCA. Furthermore, the observed hepatotropism of these novel HPyV, in particular HPyV7, might implicate a role of these viruses in other hepatobiliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Klufah
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.K.); (G.M.); (E.C.); (V.W.); (E.J.M.S.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha 65779, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ghalib Mobaraki
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.K.); (G.M.); (E.C.); (V.W.); (E.J.M.S.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emil Chteinberg
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.K.); (G.M.); (E.C.); (V.W.); (E.J.M.S.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Raed A. Alharbi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha 65779, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Véronique Winnepenninckx
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.K.); (G.M.); (E.C.); (V.W.); (E.J.M.S.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Ernst Jan M. Speel
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.K.); (G.M.); (E.C.); (V.W.); (E.J.M.S.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Dorit Rennspiess
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.K.); (G.M.); (E.C.); (V.W.); (E.J.M.S.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Steven W. Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.W.O.D.); (U.P.N.)
- Department of General Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulf P. Neumann
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.W.O.D.); (U.P.N.)
- Department of General Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Kordelia Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Iryna Samarska
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.K.); (G.M.); (E.C.); (V.W.); (E.J.M.S.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Axel zur Hausen
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.K.); (G.M.); (E.C.); (V.W.); (E.J.M.S.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-433-874-634
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Limam S, Missaoui N, Bdioui A, Yacoubi MT, Krifa H, Mokni M, Selmi B. Investigation of simian virus 40 (SV40) and human JC, BK, MC, KI, and WU polyomaviruses in glioma. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:347-357. [PMID: 32124265 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00833-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gliomagenesis remains not fully established and their etiological factors still remain obscure. Polyomaviruses were detected and involved in several human tumors. Their potential implication in gliomas has been not yet surveyed in Africa and Arab World. Herein, we investigated the prevalence of six polyomaviruses (SV40, JCPyV, BKPyV, MCPyV, KIPyV, and WUPyV) in 112 gliomas from Tunisian patients. The DNA sequences of polyomaviruses were examined by PCR assays. Viral infection was confirmed by DNA in situ hybridization (ISH) and/or immunohistochemistry (IHC). The relationships between polyomavirus infection and tumor features were evaluated. Specific SV40 Tag, viral regulatory, and VP1 regions were identified in 12 GBM (10.7%). DNA ISH targeting the whole SV40 genome and SV40 Tag IHC confirmed the PCR findings. Five gliomas yielded JCPyV positivity by PCR and DNA ISH (2.7%). However, no BKPyV, KIPyV, and WUPyV DNA sequences were identified in all samples. MCPyV DNA was identified in 30 gliomas (26.8%). For GBM samples, MCPyV was significantly related to patient age (p = 0.037), tumor recurrence (p = 0.024), and SV40 (p = 0.045) infection. No further significant association was identified with the remaining tumor features (p > 0.05) and patient survival (Log Rank, p > 0.05). Our study indicates the presence of SV40, JCPyV, and MCPyV DNA in Tunisian gliomas. Further investigations are required to more elucidate the potential involvement of polyomaviruses in these destructive malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Limam
- Pathology Department, Farhet Hached University Hospital, 4000, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nabiha Missaoui
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Sidi Bouzid, Kairouan University, Kairouan, Tunisia.
| | - Ahlem Bdioui
- Pathology Department, Farhet Hached University Hospital, 4000, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Hedi Krifa
- Neurosurgery Department, Sahloul University Hospital, 4000, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Mokni
- Pathology Department, Farhet Hached University Hospital, 4000, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Boulbeba Selmi
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Integrative Biology and Exploiting, ISB, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
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Selective EMC subunits act as molecular tethers of intracellular organelles exploited during viral entry. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1127. [PMID: 32111841 PMCID: PMC7048770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14967-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although viruses must navigate the complex host endomembrane system to infect cells, the strategies used to achieve this is unclear. During entry, polyomavirus SV40 is sorted from the late endosome (LE) to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to cause infection, yet how this is accomplished remains enigmatic. Here we find that EMC4 and EMC7, two ER membrane protein complex (EMC) subunits, support SV40 infection by promoting LE-to-ER targeting of the virus. They do this by engaging LE-associated Rab7, presumably to stabilize contact between the LE and ER. These EMC subunits also bind to the ER-resident fusion machinery component syntaxin18, which is required for SV40-arrival to the ER. Our data suggest that EMC4 and EMC7 act as molecular tethers, inter-connecting two intracellular compartments to enable efficient transport of a virus between these compartments. As LE-to-ER transport of cellular cargos is unclear, our results have broad implications for illuminating inter-organelle cargo transport. The endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) is known to play a role in SV40 viral infection but precise mechanisms are unclear. Here, the authors report that the EMC acts as tether of late endosome–endoplasmic reticulum interorganellar membrane contact sites to promote SV40 viral infection.
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Krajewski W, Kamińska D, Poterek A, Małkiewicz B, Kłak J, Zdrojowy R, Janczak D. Pathogenicity of BK virus on the urinary system. Cent European J Urol 2020; 73:94-103. [PMID: 32395331 PMCID: PMC7203775 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2020.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The polyomaviruses are omnipresent in nature. The major sites of BK virus appearance are the kidney tubular epithelial cells and urinary bladder surface transitional cells. Material and methods A literature search according to PRISMA guidelines within the Medline database was conducted in July 2019 for articles presenting data about BK virus in urologic aspect without setting time limits, using the terms ‘BK virus’ in conjunction with transplantation, nephropathy, stenosis, cancer, bladder, prostate, kidney. Results The BK virus usually stays latent, however, its replication may become active in various clinical situations of impaired immunocompetence such as solid organ transplantation, bone marrow transplantation, AIDS, pregnancy, multiple sclerosis, administration of chemotherapy or biologic therapy. BK virus is associated with two main complications after transplantation: polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in kidney transplant patients and polyomavirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Conclusions The aim of this article was to present available data on urologic aspects of BK virus infection, its detection methods and available treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Krajewski
- Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dorota Kamińska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adrian Poterek
- Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartosz Małkiewicz
- Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Kłak
- Department of Urology and Oncologic Urology, Lower Silesian Specialistic Hospital, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Romuald Zdrojowy
- Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dariusz Janczak
- Department of Vascular, General and Transplantation Surgery, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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Cheng X, Fan S, Wen C, Du X. CRISPR/Cas9 for cancer treatment: technology, clinical applications and challenges. Brief Funct Genomics 2020; 19:209-214. [PMID: 32052006 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractClustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is described as RNA mediated adaptive immune system defense, which is naturally found in bacteria and archaea. CRISPR-Cas9 has shown great promise for cancer treatment in cancer immunotherapy, manipulation of cancer genome and epigenome and elimination or inactivation of carcinogenic viral infections. However, many challenges remain to be addressed to increase its efficacy, including off-target effects, editing efficiency, fitness of edited cells, immune response and delivery methods. Here, we explain CRISPR-Cas classification and its general function mechanism for gene editing. Then, we summarize these preclinical CRISPR-Cas9-based therapeutic strategies against cancer. Moreover, the challenges and improvements of CRISPR-Cas9 clinical applications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cheng
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shaoyi Fan
- Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengcai Wen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huai'an Second People's Hospital, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Xianfa Du
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Malekshahi SS, Yavarian J, Salehi R, Babaei F, Ahmadi SA, Ghavami N, Naseri M, Hosseini M, Mokhtari-Azad T, Shafiei-Jandaghi NZ. Epstein-Barr and BK virus in cancerous and noncancerous prostate tissue. Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: We conducted a case–control study to examine the presence of BK virus (BKV) and Epstein barr virus (EBV) genome in prostate specimens of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) in Iran. Materials & methods: 64 paraffin-embedded PCa specimens were included as case subjects and 57 paraffin-embedded BPH specimens as control. DNA extraction was carried out by phenol–chloroform technique and PCR for detection of BKV and EBV. Results: 90 (73%) out of 121 specimens were collected by prostatectomy and 31 (27%) by transurethral resection of the prostate. BKV was not detected in any of the samples and one positive EBV was reported. Conclusion: These findings provide further evidence against a causative role of BKV and EBV in the development of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robabeh Salehi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Babaei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Ahmadi
- Department of Pathology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Ghavami
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Naseri
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chen YJ, Liu X, Tsai B. SV40 Hijacks Cellular Transport, Membrane Penetration, and Disassembly Machineries to Promote Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100917. [PMID: 31590347 PMCID: PMC6832212 DOI: 10.3390/v11100917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During entry, a virus must be transported through the endomembrane system of the host cell, penetrate a cellular membrane, and undergo capsid disassembly, to reach the cytosol and often the nucleus in order to cause infection. To do so requires the virus to coordinately exploit the action of cellular membrane transport, penetration, and disassembly machineries. How this is accomplished remains enigmatic for many viruses, especially for viruses belonging to the nonenveloped virus family. In this review, we present the current model describing infectious entry of the nonenveloped polyomavirus (PyV) SV40. Insights from SV40 entry are likely to provide strategies to combat PyV-induced diseases, and to illuminate cellular trafficking, membrane transport, and disassembly mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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JC virus identified in a patient with persistent and severe West Nile virus disease. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:608-611. [DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Popik W, Khatua AK, Fabre NF, Hildreth JEK, Alcendor DJ. BK Virus Replication in the Glomerular Vascular Unit: Implications for BK Virus Associated Nephropathy. Viruses 2019; 11:E583. [PMID: 31252545 PMCID: PMC6669441 DOI: 10.3390/v11070583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BK polyomavirus (BKV) reactivates from latency after immunosuppression in renal transplant patients, resulting in BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVAN). BKVAN has emerged as an important cause of graft dysfunction and graft loss among transplant patients. BKV infection in kidney transplant patients has increased over recent decades which correlates with the use of more potent immunosuppressive therapies. BKV infection of the Glomerular Vascular Unit (GVU) consisting of podocytes, mesangial cells, and glomerular endothelial cells could lead to glomerular inflammation and contribute to renal fibrosis. The effects of BKV on GVU infectivity have not been reported. METHODS We infected GVU cells with the Dunlop strain of BKV. Viral infectivity was analyzed by microscopy, immunofluorescence, Western blot analysis, and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression of specific proinflammatory cytokines induced by BKV was analyzed by qRT-PCR. RESULTS BKV infection of podocytes, mesangial cells, and glomerular endothelial cells was confirmed by qRT-PCR and positive staining with antibodies to the BKV VP1 major capsid protein, or the SV40 Large T-Antigen. The increased transcriptional expression of interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (CXCL10/IP-10) and interferon beta (IFNβ) was detected in podocytes and mesangial cells at 96 h post-infection. CONCLUSIONS All cellular components of the GVU are permissive for BKV replication. Cytopathic effects induced by BKV in podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells and the expression of CXCL10 and IFNβ genes by podocytes and mesangial cells may together contribute to glomerular inflammation and cytopathology in BKVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Popik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA
| | - Atanu K Khatua
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA
| | - Noyna F Fabre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA
| | - James E K Hildreth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA
| | - Donald J Alcendor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA.
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De Giglio L, Grimaldi AE, Fubelli F, Marinelli F, Pozzilli C. Advances in preventing adverse events during monoclonal antibody management of multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:417-429. [PMID: 31094239 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1610393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Decades of pharmacological research in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) led to the development of therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs) with many different mechanisms of action (MoA), potentially able to improve disability outcome but also determining a more complex management of patients. Areas covered: When clinicians select MS treatments, they should consider adverse events (AEs) on individual basis to minimize patients' risks. Some AEs are common and can be easily handled, but rare complications should also be taken into account. The aim of this review is to summarize existing evidence and provide practical recommendations for the management of therapeutic MAbs in MS. Expert opinion: The introduction of MAbs revolutionized MS treatment with an improvement in effectiveness. Unfortunately, this has been coupled with a more complex array of AEs needing a tighter surveillance strategy. A close interaction between general practitioners, neurologists, and other specialists is the key for a safer use of such effective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Giglio
- a MS Center Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy.,b Department of Human Neuroscience , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Federica Fubelli
- a MS Center Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Carlo Pozzilli
- a MS Center Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy.,b Department of Human Neuroscience , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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Establishment of rapid detection method and surveillance of budgerigar fledgling disease virus using a TaqMan Real-Time PCR. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 43:80-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sarmento DJDS, Palmieri M, Galvão GS, Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Canto CMD, Pierrotti LC, David-Neto E, Agena F, Gallottini M, Pannuti CS, Fink MCD, Braz-Silva PH. BK virus salivary shedding and viremia in renal transplant recipients. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27:e20180435. [PMID: 30673031 PMCID: PMC6438661 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to verify the presence of polyomavirus BK (BKPyV) in the saliva of kidney transplant recipients and to correlate it with blood viremia. MATERIAL AND METHODS We have conducted a cross-sectional study with a sample involving 126 renal transplant recipients. 126 samples of saliva and 52 samples of blood were collected from these patients. Detection and quantification of BKPyV were performed using a real-time PCR. To compare the presence of BKPyV in blood and saliva, the binomial proportion test was used. To verify associations between salivary shedding BKPyV and post-transplant periods (in months), the Mann-Whitney test was used. Spearman's correlation was used to correlate the viral load in the saliva with blood of kidney transplant recipients. RESULTS The mean age of the study group was 51.11±12.45 years old, and 69 participants (54.8%) were female, with a mean post-transplantation time of 4.80±6.04 months. BKPyV was quantified in several samples of saliva and blood, with medians of 1,108 cp/mL and 1,255 cp/mL, respectively. Only 16/52 (30.8%) participants presented BKPyV in blood, and 59/126 (46.8%) excreted the virus in saliva (p=0.004). BKPyV shedding was found in patients at a shorter post-transplantation period (3.86±5.25, p=0.100). A weak correlation was observed between viral quantification in saliva and blood (Spearman's correlation coefficient=0.193). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggested that, although saliva excretes more BKPyV than blood, there is no reliable correlation between salivary shedding and blood viremia, showing two independent compartments of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Palmieri
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Stomatology Department, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Souza Galvão
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Stomatology Department, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia Regina Tozetto-Mendoza
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, Laboratory of Virology, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Motta do Canto
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, Laboratory of Virology, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ligia Camera Pierrotti
- University of São Paulo, Medical School, Hospital das Clínicas, Departament of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elias David-Neto
- University of São Paulo, Medical School, Hospital das Clínicas, Serviço de Transplante Renal, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Agena
- University of São Paulo, Medical School, Hospital das Clínicas, Serviço de Transplante Renal, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Gallottini
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Stomatology Department, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Sergio Pannuti
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, Laboratory of Virology, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Domingues Fink
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, Laboratory of Virology, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Stomatology Department, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,University of São Paulo, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, Laboratory of Virology, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Prado JCM, Monezi TA, Amorim AT, Lino V, Paladino A, Boccardo E. Human polyomaviruses and cancer: an overview. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e558s. [PMID: 30328951 PMCID: PMC6157077 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e558s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The name of the family Polyomaviridae, derives from the early observation that cells infected with murine polyomavirus induced multiple (poly) tumors (omas) in immunocompromised mice. Subsequent studies showed that many members of this family exhibit the capacity of mediating cell transformation and tumorigenesis in different experimental models. The transformation process mediated by these viruses is driven by viral pleiotropic regulatory proteins called T (tumor) antigens. Similar to other viral oncoproteins T antigens target cellular regulatory factors to favor cell proliferation, immune evasion and downregulation of apoptosis. The first two human polyomaviruses were isolated over 45 years ago. However, recent advances in the DNA sequencing technologies led to the rapid identification of additional twelve new polyomaviruses in different human samples. Many of these viruses establish chronic infections and have been associated with conditions in immunosuppressed individuals, particularly in organ transplant recipients. This has been associated to viral reactivation due to the immunosuppressant therapy applied to these patients. Four polyomaviruses namely, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (TSPyV), John Cunningham Polyomavirus (JCPyV) and BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) have been associated with the development of specific malignant tumors. However, present evidence only supports the role of MCPyV as a carcinogen to humans. In the present review we present a summarized discussion on the current knowledge concerning the role of MCPyV, TSPyV, JCPyV and BKPyV in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Mann Prado
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Telma Alves Monezi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Aline Teixeira Amorim
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Vanesca Lino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Andressa Paladino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Enrique Boccardo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Ebrahimi S, Teimoori A, Khanbabaei H, Tabasi M. Harnessing CRISPR/Cas 9 System for manipulation of DNA virus genome. Rev Med Virol 2018; 29:e2009. [PMID: 30260068 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system, a genome editing system, has many potential applications in virology. The possibility of introducing site specific breaks has provided new possibilities to precisely manipulate viral genomics. Here, we provide diagrams to summarize the steps involved in the process. We also systematically review recent applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for manipulation of DNA virus genomics and discuss the therapeutic potential of the system to treat viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Ebrahimi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hashem Khanbabaei
- Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Tabasi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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BK Polyomavirus MicroRNA Levels in Exosomes Are Modulated by Non-Coding Control Region Activity and Down-Regulate Viral Replication When Delivered to Non-Infected Cells Prior to Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090466. [PMID: 30200237 PMCID: PMC6164188 DOI: 10.3390/v10090466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In immunosuppressed patients, BKPyV-variants emerge carrying rearranged non-coding control-regions (rr-NCCRs) that increase early viral gene region (EVGR) expression and replication capacity. BKPyV also encodes microRNAs, which have been reported to downregulate EVGR-encoded large T-antigen transcripts, to decrease viral replication in infected cells and to be secreted in exosomes. To investigate the interplay of NCCR and microRNAs, we compared archetype- and rr-NCCR-BKPyV infection in cell culture. We found that laboratory and clinical rr-NCCR-BKPyV-strains show higher replication rates but significantly lower microRNA levels than archetype virus intracellularly and in exosomes. To investigate whether rr-NCCR or increased EVGR activity modulated microRNA levels, we examined the (sp1-4)NCCR-BKPyV, which has an archetype NCCR-architecture but shows increased EVGR expression due to point mutations inactivating one Sp1 binding site. We found that microRNA levels following (sp1-4)NCCR-BKPyV infection were as low as in rr-NCCR-variants. Thus, NCCR rearrangements are not required for lower miRNA levels. Accordingly, Sp1 siRNA knock-down decreased microRNA levels in archetype BKPyV infection but had no effect on (sp1-4)- or rr-NCCR-BKPyV. However, rr-NCCR-BKPyV replication was downregulated by exosome preparations carrying BKPyV-microRNA prior to infection. To explore the potential relevance in humans, urine samples from 12 natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients were analysed. In 7 patients, rr-NCCR-BKPyV were detected showing high urine BKPyV loads but low microRNAs levels, whereas the opposite was seen in 5 patients with archetype BKPyV. We discuss the results in a dynamic model of BKPyV replication according to NCCR activity and exosome regulation, which integrates immune selection pressure, spread to new host cells and rr-NCCR emergence.
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Boguszewska A, Wos M, Jarzynski A, Polz-Dacewicz M. Frequency of JC Virus Appearance in the Urine of Post-Transplantation Patients. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/cipms-2018-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are common viruses that induce various infections in many mammalian species, including humans. The best-known viruses of this kind are BKV and JCV. The aim of the study was to analyze the incidence of infection caused by JCV in a group of patients after kidney or bone marrow transplant, and to analyze JCV genetic diversity in post-transplantation recipients. The study group included 81 patients after kidney transplantation treated in the Independent Public Teaching Hospital No 4 in Lublin and a group of 24 patients after marrow transplantation from the Children's Clinical Hospital of Lublin. The research material included 105 DNA probes from urine samples that were tested via the PCR method for the presence of JCV genetic material. Amplification products were separated in agarose gel, positive PCR products were subjected to purification and the pure product was sent to sequencing. Pearson's chi-square test was used to investigate the relationship between the prevalence of JCV viruria and study group and gender. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. A JCV positive result was discovered in 27.6% of all samples. In the group of adults, 34.6% were positive, while in children, this was 3.4%. Among all patients, only 8 women were infected with the JC virus, while 21 men were. We saw that the incidence of infection caused by the JC virus increases with age. Moreover, JCV DNA is more frequently isolated from men than from women. JCV infections are also a more common cause of infections in patients after renal transplantation than in bone marrow transplant patients
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Wos
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodzki, Lublin , Poland
| | - Adrian Jarzynski
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodzki, Lublin , Poland
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Muruganandah V, Sathkumara HD, Navarro S, Kupz A. A Systematic Review: The Role of Resident Memory T Cells in Infectious Diseases and Their Relevance for Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1574. [PMID: 30038624 PMCID: PMC6046459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resident memory T cells have emerged as key players in the immune response generated against a number of pathogens. Their ability to take residence in non-lymphoid peripheral tissues allows for the rapid deployment of secondary effector responses at the site of pathogen entry. This ability to provide enhanced regional immunity has gathered much attention, with the generation of resident memory T cells being the goal of many novel vaccines. Objectives This review aimed to systematically analyze published literature investigating the role of resident memory T cells in human infectious diseases. Known effector responses mounted by these cells are summarized and key strategies that are potentially influential in the rational design of resident memory T cell inducing vaccines have also been highlighted. Methods A Boolean search was applied to Medline, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. Studies that investigated the effector response generated by resident memory T cells and/or evaluated strategies for inducing these cells were included irrespective of published date. Studies must have utilized an established technique for identifying resident memory T cells such as T cell phenotyping. Results While over 600 publications were revealed by the search, 147 articles were eligible for inclusion. The reference lists of included articles were also screened for other eligible publications. This resulted in the inclusion of publications that studied resident memory T cells in the context of over 25 human pathogens. The vast majority of studies were conducted in mouse models and demonstrated that resident memory T cells mount protective immune responses. Conclusion Although the role resident memory T cells play in providing immunity varies depending on the pathogen and anatomical location they resided in, the evidence overall suggests that these cells are vital for the timely and optimal protection against a number of infectious diseases. The induction of resident memory T cells should be further investigated and seriously considered when designing new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visai Muruganandah
- Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Harindra D Sathkumara
- Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Severine Navarro
- Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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Smoking is not associated with higher prevalence of JC virus in MS patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:907-910. [PMID: 29423619 PMCID: PMC5916978 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
John Cunningham virus (JCV) causes rare, but potentially life-threatening progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Beside JCV index, there is currently no other factor for further risk stratification. Because smoking was reported as potential risk factor for several viral and bacterial infections, we aimed to investigate whether smoking could increase the risk for JCV infection in MS patients. We screened our database of the MS Clinic of the Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria, for patients with known smoking status and test result for anti-JCV antibody index as determined by two-step ELISA at Unilabs, Copenhagen, Denmark. In a representative cohort of 200 MS patients with a rate of 36% current smokers plus 6% former smokers, we were not able to detect any association between smoking and JCV status. Furthermore, there was no association between smoking status and anti-JCV antibody index. Smoking does not seem to be a risk factor for JCV infection in MS patients and, therefore, does not represent a suitable marker for PML-risk stratification under treatment with natalizumab.
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Mayer K, Schumacher M, Eis-Hübinger AM, Pietzonka S, Drosten C, Brossart P, Wolf D. Intravesical cidofovir application in BK virus cystitis after allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is safe and highly effective. Bone Marrow Transplant 2018; 53:495-498. [DOI: 10.1038/s41409-017-0044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Karalic D, Lazarevic I, Banko A, Cupic M, Jevtovic D, Jovanovic T. Analysis of variability of urinary excreted JC virus strains in patients infected with HIV and healthy donors. J Neurovirol 2017; 24:305-313. [PMID: 29243131 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In immunocompromised individuals, especially in patients with T cell immunodeficiency, reactivation of JCPyV can cause serious life-threatening diseases. Nowadays, HIV infection is one of the most important factor for reactivation of JCPyV and the development of of the progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Mutations in the outer loops of the VP1 region can lead to the selection of the viral variants with changed tropism and increased pathological potential. The aims of this study were to determine sequence variation and amino acid changes within VP1 loops and the structure of non-coding control region (NCCR) of urinary excreted JCPyV isolates among HIV-infected patients and healthy donors. Single urine samples from 114 HIV-infected patients and 120 healthy donors were collected. PCR was performed for amplification of VP1 and NCCR. Amplified fragments were directly sequenced and analyzed by using bioinformatics tools. Nucleotide substitutions were detected within DE and EF loops and in the β-sheets of both studied groups. In HIV-infected patients group, 70% of mutations were detected within receptor domains. Among healthy donors, one mutation was identified within β-sheets while the remaining were located within receptor domains. The most prevalent mutation was L157V in both groups. Analysis of NCCR revealed that all isolates had archetype structure with some minor changes. Since single point mutations at specific place within outer loop of VP1 region can cause formation of variants with changed receptor specificity, identification of these mutations in HIV-infected patients can help to single out those with higher risk for development of polyomavirus-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Karalic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Dr Subotica 1, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Lazarevic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Dr Subotica 1, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Ana Banko
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Dr Subotica 1, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Maja Cupic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Dr Subotica 1, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Djordje Jevtovic
- Clinics of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Bulevar oslobodjenja 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Dr Subotica 1, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
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Reshi I, Sarwar Z, Bhat SA, Gillani SQ, Shah M, Fazili KM, Andrabi S. Polyoma small T upregulates the expression of cytoskeletal proteins in mammalian cells during mitosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:2279-2284. [PMID: 29104053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells expressing murine polyoma small T antigen are known to undergo prolonged mitotic arrest followed by extensive cell death. However, the detailed mechanism of this process is not fully understood. While studying the mechanism related to small T induced mitotic arrest in mammalian cells, we observed that the expression of various cytoskeletal proteins was unusually altered in polyoma small T expressing cell line. Since most of the cytoskeletal proteins are reoriented during mitosis and are involved in spindle formation, so it was pertinent to investigate the expression of these genes in PyST expressing cell line. In this study, we evaluated the expression of tubulin, vinculin and actin. We report that polyoma small T antigen leads to upregulation of tubulin and vinculin in a time dependent manner with tubulin expression being most significantly affected. Intriguingly, we demonstrate that dividing cells normally change the expression of these proteins during mitotic progression. The alteration in cytoskeletal elements specifically occurs during mitosis as cells arrested in replicative phase did not show any change. Together these results reveal that the protein levels of tubulin and vinculin do not remain constant throughout cell cycle but change during mitosis and in polyoma small T expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfana Reshi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, India
| | - Zarka Sarwar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, India
| | | | | | - Misbah Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, India
| | | | - Shaida Andrabi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, India.
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Soppe JA, Lebbink RJ. Antiviral Goes Viral: Harnessing CRISPR/Cas9 to Combat Viruses in Humans. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:833-850. [PMID: 28522157 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems are RNA-guided sequence-specific prokaryotic antiviral immune systems. In prokaryotes, small RNA molecules guide Cas effector endonucleases to invading foreign genetic elements in a sequence-dependent manner, resulting in DNA cleavage by the endonuclease upon target binding. A rewired CRISPR/Cas9 system can be used for targeted and precise genome editing in eukaryotic cells. CRISPR/Cas has also been harnessed to target human pathogenic viruses as a potential new antiviral strategy. Here, we review recent CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches to combat specific human viruses in humans and discuss challenges that need to be overcome before CRISPR/Cas9 may be used in the clinic as an antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Adriaan Soppe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Jan Lebbink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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