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Heeregrave EJ, Thomas J, van Capel TM, de Jong EC, Pollakis G, Paxton WA. Glycan dependent phenotype differences of HIV-1 generated from macrophage versus CD4 + T helper cell populations. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107349. [PMID: 37415979 PMCID: PMC10320205 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is able to infect a variety of cell types with differences in entry efficiency and replication kinetics determined by the host cell type or the viral phenotype. The phenotype of the virus produced from these various cell types, including infectivity, co-receptor usage and neutralisation sensitivity, may also be affected by the characteristics of the producing cell. This can be due to incorporation of variant cell-specific molecules or differences in post-translational modifications of the gp41/120 envelope. In this study we produced genetically identical virus strains from macrophages, CD4-enriched lymphocytes as well as Th1 and Th2 CD4+ cell lines and compared each different virus stock for their infectivity in various cell types and sensitivity to neutralisation. In order to study the effect of the producer host cell on the virus phenotype, virus stocks were normalised on infectivity and were sequenced to confirm env gene homogeneity. Virus production by Th1 or Th2 cells did not compromise infectivity of the variant cell types tested. We observed no difference in sensitivity to co-receptor blocking agents upon viral passage through Th1 and Th2 CD4+ cell lineages nor did this affect DC-SIGN-mediated viral capture as measured in a transfer assay to CD4+ lymphocytes. Virus produced by macrophages was comparably sensitive to CC-chemokine inhibition as was virus generated from the array of CD4+ lymphocytes. We identified that virus produced from macrophages was fourteen times more resistant to 2G12 neutralisation than virus produced from CD4+ lymphocytes. Macrophage-produced dual-tropic (R5/X4) virus was six times more efficiently transmitted to CD4+ cells than lymphocyte-derived HIV-1 (p<0.0001) after DCSIGN capture. These results provide further insights to what extent the host cell influences viral phenotype and thereby various aspects of HIV-1 pathogenesis but suggest that viruses generated from Th1 versus Th2 cells are consistent in phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J. Heeregrave
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jordan Thomas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Toni M. van Capel
- Department of Experimental Immunology, University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther C. de Jong
- Department of Experimental Immunology, University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Experimental Immunology, University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - William A. Paxton
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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2
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Distinct HIV-1 Population Structure across Meningeal and Peripheral T Cells and Macrophage Lineage Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0250822. [PMID: 36173332 PMCID: PMC9602438 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02508-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 sequence population structure among brain and nonbrain cellular compartments is incompletely understood. Here, we compared proviral pol and env high-quality consensus single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequences derived from CD3+ T cells and CD14+ macrophage lineage cells from meningeal or peripheral (spleen, blood) tissues obtained at autopsy from two individuals with viral suppression on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Phylogenetic analyses showed strong evidence of population structure between CD3+ and CD14+ virus populations. Distinct env variable-region characteristics were also found between CD3+ and CD14+ viruses. Furthermore, shared macrophage-tropic amino acid residues (env) and drug resistance mutations (pol) between meningeal and peripheral virus populations were consistent with the meninges playing a role in viral gene flow across the blood-brain barrier. Overall, our results point toward potential functional differences among meningeal and peripheral CD3+ and CD14+ virus populations and a complex evolutionary history driven by distinct selection pressures and/or viral gene flow. IMPORTANCE Different cell types and/or tissues may serve as a reservoir for HIV-1 during ART-induced viral suppression. We compared proviral pol and env sequences from CD3+ T cells and CD14+ macrophage lineage cells from brain and nonbrain tissues from two virally suppressed individuals. We found strong evidence of viral population structure among cells/tissues, which may result from distinct selective pressures across cell types and anatomic sites.
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3
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B Lymphocytes, but Not Dendritic Cells, Efficiently HIV-1 Trans Infect Naive CD4 + T Cells: Implications for the Viral Reservoir. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.02998-20. [PMID: 33688006 PMCID: PMC8092276 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02998-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Insight into the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 infection in resting CD4+ T cell subsets is critical for the development of therapeutics targeting the HIV-1 reservoir. Although the frequency of HIV-1 infection, as quantified by the frequency of HIV-1 DNA, is lower in CD4+ naive T cells (TN) than in the memory T cell subsets, recent studies have shown that TN harbor a large pool of replication-competent virus. Interestingly, however, TN are highly resistant to direct (cis) HIV-1 infection in vitro, in particular to R5-tropic HIV-1, as TN do not express CCR5. In this study, we investigated whether TN could be efficiently HIV-1 trans infected by professional antigen-presenting B lymphocytes and myeloid dendritic cells (DC) in the absence of global T cell activation. We found that B cells, but not DC, have a unique ability to efficiently trans infect TNin vitro In contrast, both B cells and DC mediated HIV-1 trans infection of memory and activated CD4+ T cells. Moreover, we found that TN isolated from HIV-1-infected nonprogressors (NP) harbor significantly disproportionately lower levels of HIV-1 DNA than TN isolated from progressors. This is consistent with our previous finding that antigen-presenting cells (APC) derived from NP do not efficiently trans infect CD4+ T cells due to alterations in APC cholesterol metabolism and cell membrane lipid raft organization. These findings support that B cell-mediated trans infection of TN with HIV-1 has a more profound role than previously considered in establishing the viral reservoir and control of HIV-1 disease progression.IMPORTANCE The latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoir in persons on antiretroviral therapy (ART) represents a major barrier to a cure. Although most studies have focused on the HIV-1 reservoir in the memory T cell subset, replication-competent HIV-1 has been isolated from TN, and CCR5-tropic HIV-1 has been recovered from CCR5neg TN from ART-suppressed HIV-1-infected individuals. In this study, we showed that CCR5neg TN are efficiently trans infected with R5-tropic HIV-1 by B lymphocytes, but not by myeloid dendritic cells. Furthermore, we found that TN isolated from NP harbor no or significantly fewer copies of HIV-1 DNA than those from ART-suppressed progressors. These findings support that B cell-mediated trans infection of TN with HIV-1 has a more profound role than previously considered in establishing the viral reservoir and control of HIV-1 disease progression. Understanding the establishment and maintenance of the HIV-1 latent reservoir is fundamental for the design of effective treatments for viral eradication.
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Venanzi Rullo E, Pinzone MR, Cannon L, Weissman S, Ceccarelli M, Zurakowski R, Nunnari G, O'Doherty U. Persistence of an intact HIV reservoir in phenotypically naive T cells. JCI Insight 2020; 5:133157. [PMID: 33055422 PMCID: PMC7605525 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV persists in a latent form and remains a hurdle to eradication. CD4+ T lymphocytes harbor the majority of the HIV reservoir, but the role of individual subsets remains unclear. CD4+ T cells were sorted into central, transitional, effector memory, and naive T cells. We measured HIV DNA and performed proviral sequencing of more than 1900 proviruses in 2 subjects at 2 and 9 years after ART initiation to estimate the contribution of each subset to the reservoir. Although our study was limited to 2 subjects, we obtained comparable findings with publicly available sequences. While the HIV integration levels were lower in naive compared with memory T cells, naive cells were a major contributor to the intact proviral reservoir. Notably, proviral sequences isolated from naive cells appeared to be unique, while those retrieved from effector memory cells were mainly clonal. The number of clones increased as cells differentiated from a naive to an effector memory phenotype, suggesting naive cells repopulate the effector memory reservoir as previously shown for central memory cells. Naive T cells contribute substantially to the intact HIV reservoir and represent a significant hurdle for HIV eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marilia Rita Pinzone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - LaMont Cannon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia, USA
| | - Sam Weissman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Manuela Ceccarelli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ryan Zurakowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Una O'Doherty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Okafo G, Valdebenito S, Donoso M, Luu R, Ajasin D, Prideaux B, Gorantla S, Eugenin EA. Role of Tunneling Nanotube-like Structures during the Early Events of HIV Infection: Novel Features of Tissue Compartmentalization and Mechanism of HIV Spread. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2726-2741. [PMID: 33037140 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HIV has become a chronic disease despite the effective use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the mechanisms of tissue colonization, viral evolution, generation of viral reservoirs, and compartmentalization are still a matter of debate due to the challenges involved in examining early events of infection at the cellular and molecular level. Thus, there is still an urgent need to explore these areas to develop effective HIV cure strategies. In this study, we describe the early events of tissue colonization and compartmentalization as well as the role of tunneling nanotube-like structures during viral spread in the presence and absence of effective antiretroviral treatment. To examine these mechanisms, NOD/SCID IL-2 RG-/- humanized mice were either directly infected with HIVADA or with low numbers of HIVADA-infected leukocytes to limit tissue colonization in the presence and absence of TAK779, an effective CCR5 blocker of HIV entry. We identify that viral seeding in tissues occurs early in a tissue- and cell type-specific manner (24-72 h). Reduction in systemic HIV replication by TAK779 treatment did not affect tissue seeding or spreading, despite reduced systemic viral replication. Tissue-associated HIV-infected cells had different properties than cells in the circulation because the virus continues to spread in tissues in a tunneling nanotube-like structure-dependent manner, despite ART. Thus, understanding these mechanisms can provide new approaches to enhance the efficacy of existing ART and HIV infection cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Okafo
- GO Pharma Consulting Ltd., Welwyn AL6 0QT, United Kingdom
| | - Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - Maribel Donoso
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - Ross Luu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - David Ajasin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
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6
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CXCR4-Using HIV Strains Predominate in Naive and Central Memory CD4 + T Cells in People Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy: Implications for How Latency Is Established and Maintained. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01736-19. [PMID: 31852784 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01736-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV can persist in people living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in multiple CD4+ T cell subsets, including naive cells, central memory (CM) cells, transitional (TM) cells, and effector memory (EM) cells. Since these cells express different levels of the viral coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5 on their surface, we sought to determine whether the HIV envelope protein (Env) was genotypically and phenotypically different between CD4+ T cell subsets isolated from PLWH on suppressive ART (n = 8). Single genome amplification for the HIV env gene was performed on genomic DNA extracts from different CD4+ T cell subsets. We detected CXCR4-using (X4) strains in five of the eight participants studied, and in these participants, the prevalence of X4 strains was higher in naive CD4+ T cells than in the memory subsets. Conversely, R5 strains were mostly found in the TM and EM populations. Identical sets of env sequences, consistent with clonal expansion of some infected cells, were more frequent in EM cells. These expanded identical sequences could also be detected in multiple CD4+ T cell subsets, suggesting that infected cells can undergo T cell differentiation. These identical sequences largely encoded intact and functional Env proteins. Our results are consistent with a model in which X4 HIV strains infect and potentially establish latency in naive and CM CD4+ T cells through direct infection, in addition to maintenance of the reservoir through differentiation and proliferation of infected cells.IMPORTANCE In people living with HIV (PLWH) on suppressive ART, latent HIV can be found in a diverse range of CD4+ T cells, including quiescent naive and central memory cells that are typically difficult to infect in vitro It is currently unclear how latency is established in these cells in vivo We show that in CD4+ T cells from PLWH on suppressive ART, the use of the coreceptor CXCR4 was prevalent among viruses amplified from naive and central memory CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, we found that expanded numbers of identical viral sequences were most common in the effector memory population, and these identical sequences were also found in multiple different CD4+ T cell subsets. Our results help to shed light on how a range of CD4+ T cell subsets come to harbor HIV DNA, which is one of the major barriers to eradicating the virus from PLWH.
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7
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Feder AF, Kline C, Polacino P, Cottrell M, Kashuba ADM, Keele BF, Hu SL, Petrov DA, Pennings PS, Ambrose Z. A spatio-temporal assessment of simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) evolution reveals a highly dynamic process within the host. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006358. [PMID: 28542550 PMCID: PMC5444849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The process by which drug-resistant HIV-1 arises and spreads spatially within an infected individual is poorly understood. Studies have found variable results relating how HIV-1 in the blood differs from virus sampled in tissues, offering conflicting findings about whether HIV-1 throughout the body is homogeneously distributed. However, most of these studies sample only two compartments and few have data from multiple time points. To directly measure how drug resistance spreads within a host and to assess how spatial structure impacts its emergence, we examined serial sequences from four macaques infected with RT-SHIVmne027, a simian immunodeficiency virus encoding HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), and treated with RT inhibitors. Both viral DNA and RNA (vDNA and vRNA) were isolated from the blood (including plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells), lymph nodes, gut, and vagina at a median of four time points and RT was characterized via single-genome sequencing. The resulting sequences reveal a dynamic system in which vRNA rapidly acquires drug resistance concomitantly across compartments through multiple independent mutations. Fast migration results in the same viral genotypes present across compartments, but not so fast as to equilibrate their frequencies immediately. The blood and lymph nodes were found to be compartmentalized rarely, while both the blood and lymph node were more frequently different from mucosal tissues. This study suggests that even oft-sampled blood does not fully capture the viral dynamics in other parts of the body, especially the gut where vRNA turnover was faster than the plasma and vDNA retained fewer wild-type viruses than other sampled compartments. Our findings of transient compartmentalization across multiple tissues may help explain the varied results of previous compartmentalization studies in HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison F. Feder
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Christopher Kline
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Patricia Polacino
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mackenzie Cottrell
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Angela D. M. Kashuba
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Dmitri A. Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Pleuni S. Pennings
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Zandrea Ambrose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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8
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Establishment and Reversal of HIV-1 Latency in Naive and Central Memory CD4+ T Cells In Vitro. J Virol 2016; 90:8059-73. [PMID: 27356901 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00553-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The latent HIV-1 reservoir primarily resides in resting CD4(+) T cells which are a heterogeneous population composed of both naive (TN) and memory cells. In HIV-1-infected individuals, viral DNA has been detected in both naive and memory CD4(+) T cell subsets although the frequency of HIV-1 DNA is typically higher in memory cells, particularly in the central memory (TCM) cell subset. TN and TCM cells are distinct cell populations distinguished by many phenotypic and physiological differences. In this study, we used a primary cell model of HIV-1 latency that utilizes direct infection of highly purified TN and TCM cells to address differences in the establishment and reversal of HIV-1 latency. Consistent with what is seen in vivo, we found that HIV-1 infected TN cells less efficiently than TCM cells. However, when the infected TN cells were treated with latency-reversing agents, including anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies, phorbol myristate acetate/phytohemagglutinin, and prostratin, as much (if not more) extracellular virion-associated HIV-1 RNA was produced per infected TN cell as per infected TCM cell. There were no major differences in the genomic distribution of HIV-1 integration sites between TN and TCM cells that accounted for these observed differences. We observed decay of the latent HIV-1 cells in both T cell subsets after exposure to each of the latency-reversing agents. Collectively, these data highlight significant differences in the establishment and reversal of HIV-1 latency in TN and TCM CD4(+) T cells and suggest that each subset should be independently studied in preclinical and clinical studies. IMPORTANCE The latent HIV-1 reservoir is frequently described as residing within resting memory CD4(+) T cells. This is largely due to the consistent finding that memory CD4(+) T cells, specifically the central (TCM) and transitional memory compartments, harbor the highest levels of HIV-1 DNA in individuals on suppressive therapy. This has yielded little research into the contribution of CD4(+) naive T (TN) cells to the latent reservoir. In this study, we show that although TN cells harbor significantly lower levels of HIV-1 DNA, following latency reversal, they produced as many virions as did the TCM cells (if not more virions). This suggests that latently infected TN cells may be a major source of virus following treatment interruption or failure. These findings highlight the need for a better understanding of the establishment and reversal of HIV-1 latency in TN cells in evaluating therapeutic approaches to eliminate the latent reservoir.
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9
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Puertas MC, Noguera-Julian M, Massanella M, Pou C, Buzon MJ, Clotet B, Stevenson M, Paredes R, Blanco J, Martinez-Picado J. Lack of concordance between residual viremia and viral variants driving de novo infection of CD4(+) T cells on ART. Retrovirology 2016; 13:51. [PMID: 27484989 PMCID: PMC4970251 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In most patients, current antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens can rapidly reduce plasma viral load. However, even after years of effective treatment, a significant proportion of patients show residual plasma viremia below the clinical detection limit. Although residual viremia might be associated with increased chronic immune activation and morbidity, its origin and its potential role in the replenishment of the viral reservoir during suppressive ART is not completely understood. We performed an in-depth genetic analysis of the total and episomal cell-associated viral DNA (vDNA) repertoire in purified CD4+ T cell subsets of three HIV-infected individuals, and used phylogenetic analysis to explore its relationship with plasma viruses. Results The predominant proviral reservoir was established in naïve or memory (central and transitional) CD4+ T cell subsets in patients harboring X4- or R5-tropic viruses, respectively. Regardless of the viral tropism, most plasma viruses detected under suppressive ART resembled the proviral reservoir identified in effector and transitional memory CD4+ T-cell subsets in blood, suggesting that residual viremia originates from these cells in either blood or lymphoid tissue. Most importantly, sequences in episomal vDNA in CD4+ T-cells were not well represented in residual viremia. Conclusions Viral tropism determines the differential distribution of viral reservoir among CD4+ T-cell subsets. In spite of viral tropism, the effector and transitional memory CD4+ T-cells subsets are the main source of residual viremia during suppressive ART, even though their contribution to the total proviral pool is small. However, the lack of concordance between residual viremia and viral variants driving de novo infection of CD4+ T cells on ART may reflect the predominance of defective plasma HIV RNA genomes. These findings highlight the need for monitoring the multiple viral RNA/DNA persistence markers, based on their differential contribution to viral persistence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0282-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Puertas
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUM et Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christian Pou
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria J Buzon
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,"Lluita Contra la Sida" Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Roger Paredes
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,"Lluita Contra la Sida" Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain. .,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain. .,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Calantone N, Wu F, Klase Z, Deleage C, Perkins M, Matsuda K, Thompson EA, Ortiz AM, Vinton CL, Ourmanov I, Loré K, Douek DC, Estes JD, Hirsch VM, Brenchley JM. Tissue myeloid cells in SIV-infected primates acquire viral DNA through phagocytosis of infected T cells. Immunity 2014; 41:493-502. [PMID: 25238099 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The viral accessory protein Vpx, expressed by certain simian and human immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs and HIVs), is thought to improve viral infectivity of myeloid cells. We infected 35 Asian macaques and African green monkeys with viruses that do or do not express Vpx and examined viral targeting of cells in vivo. While lack of Vpx expression affected viral dynamics in vivo, with decreased viral loads and infection of CD4⁺ T cells, Vpx expression had no detectable effect on infectivity of myeloid cells. Moreover, viral DNA was observed only within myeloid cells in tissues not massively depleted of CD4⁺ T cells. Myeloid cells containing viral DNA also showed evidence of T cell phagocytosis in vivo, suggesting that their viral DNA may be attributed to phagocytosis of SIV-infected T cells. These data suggest that myeloid cells are not a major source of SIV in vivo, irrespective of Vpx expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Calantone
- Lab of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fan Wu
- Lab of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zachary Klase
- Lab of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Molly Perkins
- Lab of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenta Matsuda
- Lab of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Thompson
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171, Sweden
| | | | - Carol L Vinton
- Lab of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ilnour Ourmanov
- Lab of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Karin Loré
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171, Sweden
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Vanessa M Hirsch
- Lab of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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11
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Accelerated in vivo proliferation of memory phenotype CD4+ T-cells in human HIV-1 infection irrespective of viral chemokine co-receptor tropism. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003310. [PMID: 23637601 PMCID: PMC3630096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell loss is the hallmark of HIV-1 infection. CD4 counts fall more rapidly in advanced disease when CCR5-tropic viral strains tend to be replaced by X4-tropic viruses. We hypothesized: (i) that the early dominance of CCR5-tropic viruses results from faster turnover rates of CCR5+ cells, and (ii) that X4-tropic strains exert greater pathogenicity by preferentially increasing turnover rates within the CXCR4+ compartment. To test these hypotheses we measured in vivo turnover rates of CD4+ T-cell subpopulations sorted by chemokine receptor expression, using in vivo deuterium-glucose labeling. Deuterium enrichment was modeled to derive in vivo proliferation (p) and disappearance (d*) rates which were related to viral tropism data. 13 healthy controls and 13 treatment-naive HIV-1-infected subjects (CD4 143–569 cells/ul) participated. CCR5-expression defined a CD4+ subpopulation of predominantly CD45R0+ memory cells with accelerated in vivo proliferation (p = 2.50 vs 1.60%/d, CCR5+ vs CCR5−; healthy controls; P<0.01). Conversely, CXCR4 expression defined CD4+ T-cells (predominantly CD45RA+ naive cells) with low turnover rates. The dominant effect of HIV infection was accelerated turnover of CCR5+CD45R0+CD4+ memory T-cells (p = 5.16 vs 2.50%/d, HIV vs controls; P<0.05), naïve cells being relatively unaffected. Similar patterns were observed whether the dominant circulating HIV-1 strain was R5-tropic (n = 9) or X4-tropic (n = 4). Although numbers were small, X4-tropic viruses did not appear to specifically drive turnover of CXCR4-expressing cells (p = 0.54 vs 0.72 vs 0.44%/d in control, R5-tropic, and X4-tropic groups respectively). Our data are most consistent with models in which CD4+ T-cell loss is primarily driven by non-specific immune activation. Loss of CD4+ T-cells is the cardinal feature of HIV/AIDS, resulting in pathological susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Mechanisms underlying CD4-depletion remain unclear, although the role of chronic immune activation is now well-recognized. Selectivity of the virus for its co-receptor target (either chemokine-receptor CCR5 or CXCR4) is also pivotal. We explored the relationship between these two factors by directly measuring in vivo proliferation rates of CD4+ T-cell subpopulations according to their expression of chemokine-receptors and the tropism of circulating virus in clinically-well people with HIV infection, and healthy human controls. We used stable isotope labeling with deuterium-labeled glucose to quantify proliferation and disappearance rate constants of CD4+ T-cells sorted by CCR5, CXCR4 and CD45R0/RA expression. We found that CCR5-expression defines a high turnover subpopulation which is therefore likely to be preferentially infected and produce more (CCR5-tropic) virus. CXCR4-tropic viruses induced a similar pattern of proliferation as R5-tropic strains, with no apparent selectivity for viral strains to induce proliferation in their targeted subpopulations. This study is significant in providing directly-measured in vivo human data supporting postulates generated in ex vivo human studies and SIV models suggesting that non-specific factors, such as immune activation, rather than cell-specific cytotoxicity, are dominant drivers for HIV pathogenesis.
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12
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Abstract
Transmission of HIV-1 results in the establishment of a new infection, typically starting from a single virus particle. That virion replicates to generate viremia and persistent infection in all of the lymphoid tissue in the body. HIV-1 preferentially infects T cells with high levels of CD4 and those subsets of T cells that express CCR5, particularly memory T cells. Most of the replicating virus is in the lymphoid tissue, yet most of samples studied are from blood. For the most part the tissue and blood viruses represent a well-mixed population. With the onset of immunodeficiency, the virus evolves to infect new cell types. The tropism switch involves switching from using CCR5 to CXCR4 and corresponds to an expansion of infected cells to include naïve CD4(+) T cells. Similarly, the virus evolves the ability to enter cells with low levels of CD4 on the surface and this potentiates the ability to infect macrophages, although the scope of sites where infection of macrophages occurs and the link to pathogenesis is only partly known and is clear only for infection of the central nervous system. A model linking viral evolution to these two pathways has been proposed. Finally, other disease states related to immunodeficiency may be the result of viral infection of additional tissues, although the evidence for a direct role for the virus is less strong. Advancing immunodeficiency creates an environment in which viral evolution results in viral variants that can target new cell types to generate yet another class of opportunistic infections (i.e., HIV-1 with altered tropism).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Swanstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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13
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Yang X, Jiao YM, Wang R, Ji YX, Zhang HW, Zhang YH, Chen DX, Zhang T, Wu H. High CCR5 density on central memory CD4+ T cells in acute HIV-1 infection is mostly associated with rapid disease progression. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185351 PMCID: PMC3504013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ central memory T cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of simian immunodeficiency virus disease, and the CCR5 density on the surface of CD4 T cells is an important factor in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 disease progression. We hypothesized that quantifying central memory cells and CCR5 expression in the early stages of HIV-infection could provide useful prognostic information. We enrolled two different groups of acute HIV-infected subjects. One group progressed to CD4 T cell numbers below 250 cells/µl within 2 years (CD4 Low group), while the other group maintained CD4 cell counts above 450 cells/µl over 2 years (CD4 High group). We compared the CCR5 levels and percentage of CD4 subsets between the two groups during the 1st year of HIV infection. We found no differences between the two groups regarding the percentage of naïve, central memory and effector memory subsets of CD4 cells during the 1st year of HIV-1 infection. CCR5 levels on CD4+ CM subset was higher in the CD4 Low group compared with the CD4 High group during the 1st year of HIV-1 infection. High CCR5 levels on CD4 central memory cells in acute HIV infection are mostly associated with rapid disease progression. Our data suggest that low CCR5 expression on CD4 central memory cells protects CD4 cells from direct virus infection and favors the preservation of CD4+ T cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijng, China
| | - Yan-mei Jiao
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijng, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (Y. Jiao)
| | - Rui Wang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijng, China
| | - Yun-xia Ji
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijng, China
| | - Hong-wei Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijng, China
| | - Yong-hong Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijng, China
| | - De-xi Chen
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijng, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijng, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijng, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (Y. Jiao)
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14
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Characterisation of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected cells in pigtail macaques. Virology 2012; 428:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Abstract
HIV-1 is completely dependent upon the Env protein to enter cells. The virus typically replicates in activated CD4+ T cells due to viral entry requirements for the CCR5 coreceptor and for high surface levels of the CD4 receptor. This is the case for the transmitted virus and for most of the virus sampled in the blood. Over the course of infection, the env gene can evolve to encode a protein with altered receptor and coreceptor usage allowing the virus to enter alternative host cells. In about 50% of HIV-1 infections, the viral population undergoes coreceptor switching, usually late in disease, allowing the virus to use CXCR4 to enter a different subset of CD4+ T cells. Neurocognitive disorders occur in about 10% of infections, also usually late in disease, but caused (ultimately) by viral replication in the brain either in CD4+ T cells or macrophage and/or microglia. Expanded host range is significantly intertwined with pathogenesis. Identification and characterization of such HIV-1 variants may be useful for early detection which would allow intervention to reduce viral pathogenesis in these alternative cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Twigg Arrildt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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16
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Khoury G, Rajasuriar R, Cameron PU, Lewin SR. The role of naïve T-cells in HIV-1 pathogenesis: an emerging key player. Clin Immunol 2011; 141:253-67. [PMID: 21996455 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional naïve T-cells are critical for an effective immune response to multiple pathogens. HIV leads to a significant reduction in CD4+ naïve T-cell number and impaired function and there is incomplete recovery following combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Here we review the basic homeostatic mechanisms that maintain naïve CD4+ T-cells and discuss recent developments in understanding the impact of HIV infection on naïve CD4+ T-cells. Finally we review therapeutic interventions in HIV-infected individuals aimed at specifically enhancing recovery of naïve CD4+ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Khoury
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne Victoria, 3004, Australia
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17
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Latency profiles of full length HIV-1 molecular clone variants with a subtype specific promoter. Retrovirology 2011; 8:73. [PMID: 21923919 PMCID: PMC3182984 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 transcription initiation depends on cellular transcription factors that bind to promoter sequences in the Long Terminal Repeat (LTR). Each HIV-1 subtype has a specific LTR promoter configuration and even minor sequence changes in the transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) or their arrangement can impact transcriptional activity. Most latency studies have focused on HIV-1 subtype B strains, and the degree to which LTR promoter variation contributes to differences in proviral latency is therefore largely unknown. Latency differences may influence establishment and size of viral reservoirs as well as the possibility to clear the virus by therapeutic intervention. Results We investigated the proviral transcriptional latency properties of different HIV-1 subtypes as their LTRs have unique assemblies of transcription factor binding sites. We constructed recombinant viral genomes with the subtype-specific promoters inserted in the common backbone of the subtype B LAI isolate. The recombinant viruses are isogenic, except for the core promoter region that encodes all major TFBS, including NFκB and Sp1 sites. We developed and optimized an assay to investigate HIV-1 proviral latency in T cell lines. Our data show that the majority of HIV-1 infected T cells only start viral gene expression after TNFα activation. Conclusions There were no gross differences among the subtypes, both in the initial latency level and the activation response, except for subtype AE that combines an increased level of basal transcription with a reduced TNFα response. This subtype AE property is related to the presence of a GABP instead of NFκB binding site in the LTR.
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18
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CD4+ T cells from elite suppressors are more susceptible to HIV-1 but produce fewer virions than cells from chronic progressors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:E689-98. [PMID: 21873218 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108866108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Elite suppressors/controllers (ES) are HIV-1-infected individuals who maintain stable CD4(+) T-cell counts and viral loads of <50 copies/mL without antiretroviral therapy. Research has predominantly focused on immune factors contributing to the control of viral replication in these patients. A more fundamental question, however, is whether there are differences in the nature of CD4(+) T-cell infection in ES compared with viremic patients. Here, we compare chronic progressor (CP), ES, and uninfected donors in terms of three aspects of CD4(+) T-cell infection: cellular susceptibility to infection, death of infected cells, and production of virus from infected cells. Using multiple methods of infection and both single-cycle and replication-competent virus, we show that unmanipulated CD4(+) T-cell populations from ES are actually more susceptible to HIV-1 infection than those populations from CP. Depletion of highly susceptible cells in CP may contribute to this difference. Using 7AAD and AnnexinV staining, we show that infected cells die more rapidly than uninfected cells, but the increased death of infected cells from CP and ES is proportional. Finally, using an assay for measuring virus production, we show that virus production by cells from CP is high compared with virus production by cells from ES or uninfected donors. This higher virus production is linked to cellular activation levels. These data identify fundamental differences in chronic infection of ES and CP that likely contribute to differential HIV-1 disease progression.
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19
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Skar H, Gutenkunst RN, Wilbe Ramsay K, Alaeus A, Albert J, Leitner T. Daily sampling of an HIV-1 patient with slowly progressing disease displays persistence of multiple env subpopulations consistent with neutrality. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21747. [PMID: 21829600 PMCID: PMC3149046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular evolution of HIV-1 is characterized by frequent substitutions, indels and recombination events. In addition, a HIV-1 population may adapt through frequency changes of its variants. To reveal such population dynamics we analyzed HIV-1 subpopulation frequencies in an untreated patient with stable, low plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and close to normal CD4+ T-cell levels. The patient was intensively sampled during a 32-day period as well as approximately 1.5 years before and after this period (days −664, 1, 2, 3, 11, 18, 25, 32 and 522). 77 sequences of HIV-1 env (approximately 3100 nucleotides) were obtained from plasma by limiting dilution with 7–11 sequences per time point, except day −664. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood methods showed that the sequences clustered in six distinct subpopulations. We devised a method that took into account the relatively coarse sampling of the population. Data from days 1 through 32 were consistent with constant within-patient subpopulation frequencies. However, over longer time periods, i.e. between days 1…32 and 522, there were significant changes in subpopulation frequencies, which were consistent with evolutionarily neutral fluctuations. We found no clear signal of natural selection within the subpopulations over the study period, but positive selection was evident on the long branches that connected the subpopulations, which corresponds to >3 years as the subpopulations already were established when we started the study. Thus, selective forces may have been involved when the subpopulations were established. Genetic drift within subpopulations caused by de novo substitutions could be resolved after approximately one month. Overall, we conclude that subpopulation frequencies within this patient changed significantly over a time period of 1.5 years, but that this does not imply directional or balancing selection. We show that the short-term evolution we study here is likely representative for many patients of slow and normal disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Skar
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ryan N. Gutenkunst
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Karin Wilbe Ramsay
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annette Alaeus
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Leitner
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Hua W, Jiao Y, Zhang H, Zhang T, Chen D, Zhang Y, Chen X, Wu H. Central memory CD4 cells are an early indicator of immune reconstitution in HIV/AIDS patients with anti-retroviral treatment. Immunol Invest 2011; 41:1-14. [PMID: 21563924 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.576739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The number of central memory cells among the CD4+ T cells and the of activation of CD8+ T cells is believed to be a better indicator of immune restoration in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) than the absolute numbers of CD4(+) and CD8+ T cells alone. In the current study, we investigated the changes in the CD4(+) T cell subsets and their association with immune reconstitution and immune activation at early stages of ART. A prospective study was performed in 21 asymptomatic treatment-naive HIV-infected patients with CD4(+) T cells less than 350 cells/μl. Blood samples were evaluated at base line, and at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks' post antiretroviral therapy (ART). A biphasic increase of CD4(+) T cells, central memory CD4 cells (CD4 CM) and CD4 naïve cells were observed after ART, with a rapid increase before week 4. Change in CD4 CM at week 4 positively correlated with the change in CD4(+) T cells at weeks 12 post ART, and negatively correlated with the change in CD8(+)CD38(+) T cells at weeks 12 post ART. We conclude that CD4 CM cells are a major contributor to early immune reconstitution in treatment-naive HIV-infected patients with delayed ART, and might be an early indicator for immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hua
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
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21
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Pace MJ, Agosto L, Graf EH, O’Doherty U. HIV reservoirs and latency models. Virology 2011; 411:344-54. [PMID: 21284992 PMCID: PMC3618966 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main impediment to a cure for HIV is the existence of long-lasting treatment resistant viral reservoirs. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about reservoirs, including their formation and maintenance, while focusing on latently infected CD4+ T cells. In addition, we compare several different in vivo and in vitro models of latency. We comment on how each model may reflect the properties of reservoirs in vivo, especially with regard to cell phenotype, since recent studies demonstrate that multiple CD4+ T cell subsets contribute to HIV reservoirs and that with HAART and disease progression the relative contribution of different subsets may change. Finally, we focus on the direct infection of resting CD4+ T cells as a source of reservoir formation and as a model of latency, since recent results help explain the misconception that resting CD4+ T cells appeared to be resistant to HIV in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Pace
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Luis Agosto
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Erin H. Graf
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Una O’Doherty
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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22
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Varied sensitivity to therapy of HIV-1 strains in CD4+ lymphocyte sub-populations upon ART initiation. AIDS Res Ther 2010; 7:42. [PMID: 21134247 PMCID: PMC3004805 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-7-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has proven its success against HIV-1, the long lifespan of infected cells and viral latency prevent eradication. In this study we analyzed the sensitivity to ART of HIV-1 strains in naïve, central memory and effector memory CD4+ lymphocyte subsets. Methods From five patients cellular HIV-1 infection levels were quantified before and after initiation of therapy (2-5 weeks). Through sequencing the C2V3 region of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope, we studied the effect of short-term therapy on virus variants derived from naïve, central memory and effector memory CD4+ lymphocyte subsets. Results During short-term ART, HIV-1 infection levels declined in all lymphocyte subsets but not as much as RNA levels in serum. Virus diversity in the naïve and central memory lymphocyte populations remained unchanged, whilst diversity decreased in serum and the effector memory lymphocytes. ART differentially affected the virus populations co-circulating in one individual harboring a dual HIV-1 infection. Changes in V3 charge were found in all individuals after ART initiation with increases within the effector memory subset and decreases found in the naïve cell population. Conclusions During early ART virus diversity is affected mainly in the serum and effector memory cell compartments. Differential alterations in V3 charge were observed between effector memory and naïve populations. While certain cell populations can be targeted preferentially during early ART, some virus strains demonstrate varied sensitivity to therapy, as shown from studying two strains within a dual HIV-1 infected individual.
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23
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Heeregrave EJ, Ampofo WK, Tetteh JKA, Ofori M, Ofori SB, Shah AS, Pollakis G, Paxton WA. Generation of HIV-1 primary isolates representative of plasma variants using the U87.CD4 cell line. J Virol Methods 2010; 169:341-50. [PMID: 20705104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to obtain HIV-1 primary isolates in settings with limited access to donor PBMCs, a culture method was developed where patient PBMCs infected with HIV-1 were cultured together with U87.CD4 cells. Using this non-laborious method, it is possible to harvest virus solely on the basis of syncytia formation and circumventing monitoring of viral replication by CA-p24 ELISA. Primary isolates from 23 out of 33 patients (70%) were isolated successfully. From PCR amplification and sequencing of the V1V5 region of the viral gp120 envelope gene, primary isolates were compared with variants obtained from plasma and PBMCs of 13 patients. The primary isolates of seven patients (54%) resembled closely the plasma viral quasispecies, whereas different variants were isolated from the other patients (46%). Three patients harboured a dual infection, while this remained unnoticed from sequencing the plasma or PBMC compartment. The primary isolates were highly infectious for TZM-bl cells and could infect CD4-enriched lymphocytes. This study demonstrates that it is possible to grow viral isolates using a non-laborious and simple method. These isolates may be used in the field for studies on antiretroviral therapy or for vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J Heeregrave
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Duenas-Decamp MJ, Peters PJ, Repik A, Musich T, Gonzalez-Perez MP, Caron C, Brown R, Ball J, Clapham PR. Variation in the biological properties of HIV-1 R5 envelopes: implications of envelope structure, transmission and pathogenesis. Future Virol 2010; 5:435-451. [PMID: 20930940 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 R5 viruses predominantly use CCR5 as a coreceptor to infect CD4(+) T cells and macrophages. While R5 viruses generally infect CD4(+) T cells, research over the past few years has demonstrated that they vary extensively in their capacity to infect macrophages. Thus, R5 variants that are highly macrophage tropic have been detected in late disease and are prominent in brain tissue of subjects with neurological complications. Other R5 variants that are less sensitive to CCR5 antagonists and use CCR5 differently have also been identified in late disease. These latter variants have faster replication kinetics and may contribute to CD4 T-cell depletion. In addition, R5 viruses are highly variable in many other properties, including sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies and inhibitors that block HIV-1 entry into cells. Here, we review what is currently known about how HIV-1 R5 viruses vary in cell tropism and other properties, and discuss the implications of this variation on transmission, pathogenesis, therapy and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Duenas-Decamp
- Program in Molecular Medicine & Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Biotech 2, 373 Plantation Street, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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