1
|
Marković V, Szczepańska A, Berlicki Ł. Antiviral Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3205-3231. [PMID: 38394369 PMCID: PMC10945500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Continually repeating outbreaks of pathogenic viruses necessitate the construction of effective antiviral strategies. Therefore, the development of new specific antiviral drugs in a well-established and efficient manner is crucial. Taking into account the strong ability of viruses to change, therapies with diversified molecular targets must be sought. In addition to the widely explored viral enzyme inhibitor approach, inhibition of protein-protein interactions is a very valuable strategy. In this Perspective, protein-protein interaction inhibitors targeting HIV, SARS-CoV-2, HCV, Ebola, Dengue, and Chikungunya viruses are reviewed and discussed. Antibodies, peptides/peptidomimetics, and small molecules constitute three classes of compounds that have been explored, and each of them has some advantages and disadvantages for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Marković
- Wrocław
University of Science and Technology, Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- University
of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science,
Department of Chemistry, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Anna Szczepańska
- Wrocław
University of Science and Technology, Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Berlicki
- Wrocław
University of Science and Technology, Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zabidi NZ, Liew HL, Farouk IA, Puniyamurti A, Yip AJW, Wijesinghe VN, Low ZY, Tang JW, Chow VTK, Lal SK. Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Implications on Immune Escape, Vaccination, Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040944. [PMID: 37112923 PMCID: PMC10145020 DOI: 10.3390/v15040944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a lower fatality rate than its SARS and MERS counterparts. However, the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has given rise to multiple variants with varying pathogenicity and transmissibility, such as the Delta and Omicron variants. Individuals with advanced age or underlying comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, are at a higher risk of increased disease severity. Hence, this has resulted in an urgent need for the development of better therapeutic and preventive approaches. This review describes the origin and evolution of human coronaviruses, particularly SARS-CoV-2 and its variants as well as sub-variants. Risk factors that contribute to disease severity and the implications of co-infections are also considered. In addition, various antiviral strategies against COVID-19, including novel and repurposed antiviral drugs targeting viral and host proteins, as well as immunotherapeutic strategies, are discussed. We critically evaluate strategies of current and emerging vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and their efficacy, including immune evasion by new variants and sub-variants. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 evolution on COVID-19 diagnostic testing is also examined. Collectively, global research and public health authorities, along with all sectors of society, need to better prepare against upcoming variants and future coronavirus outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Zawanah Zabidi
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hern Liang Liew
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Isra Ahmad Farouk
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashwini Puniyamurti
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashley Jia Wen Yip
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Julian W Tang
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Vincent T K Chow
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Sunil K Lal
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sarkar A, Paul S, Singh C, Chowdhury N, Nag P, Das S, Kumar S, Sharma A, Das DK, Dutta D, Thakur KG, Bagchi A, Shriti S, Das KP, Ringe RP, Das S. A Novel Plant Lectin, NTL-125, Interferes with SARS-CoV-2 Interaction with hACE2. Virus Res 2022; 315:198768. [PMID: 35398454 PMCID: PMC8988448 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has had profound impact on the world in the past two years. Intense research is going on to find effective drugs to combat the disease. Over the past year several vaccines were approved for immunization. But SARS-CoV-2 being an RNA virus is continuously mutating to generate new variants, some of which develop features of immune escape. This raised serious doubts over the long-term efficacy of the vaccines. We have identified a unique mannose binding plant lectin from Narcissus tazetta bulb, NTL-125, which effectively inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero-E6 cell line. In silico docking studies revealed that NTL-125 has strong affinity to viral Spike RBD protein, preventing it from attaching to hACE2 receptor, the gateway to cellular entry. Binding analyses revealed that all the mutant variants of Spike protein also have stronger affinity for NTL-125 than hACE2. The unique α-helical tail of NTL-125 plays most important role in binding to RBD of Spike. NTL-125 also interacts effectively with some glycan moieties of S-protein in addition to amino acid residues adding to the binding strength. Thus, NTL-125 is a highly potential antiviral compound of natural origin against SARS-CoV-2 and may serve as an important therapeutic for management of COVID-19.
Collapse
|
4
|
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroprevalence: Navigating the absence of a gold standard. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257743. [PMID: 34555095 PMCID: PMC8459951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroprevalence studies bridge the gap left from case detection, to estimate the true burden of the COVID-19 pandemic. While multiple anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays are available, no gold standard exists. Methods This serial cross-sectional study was conducted using plasma samples from 8999 healthy blood donors between April-September 2020. Each sample was tested by four assays: Abbott SARS-Cov-2 IgG assay, targeting nucleocapsid (Abbott-NP) and three in-house IgG ELISA assays (targeting spike glycoprotein, receptor binding domain, and nucleocapsid). Seroprevalence rates were compared using multiple composite reference standards and by a series of Bayesian Latent Class Models. Result We found 13 unique diagnostic phenotypes; only 32 samples (0.4%) were positive by all assays. None of the individual assays resulted in seroprevalence increasing monotonically over time. In contrast, by using the results from all assays, the Bayesian Latent Class Model with informative priors predicted seroprevalence increased from 0.7% (95% credible interval (95% CrI); 0.4, 1.0%) in April/May to 0.7% (95% CrI 0.5, 1.1%) in June/July to 0.9% (95% CrI 0.5, 1.3) in August/September. Assay characteristics varied over time. Overall Spike had the highest sensitivity (93.5% (95% CrI 88.7, 97.3%), while the sensitivity of the Abbott-NP assay waned from 77.3% (95% CrI 58.7, 92.5%) in April/May to 64.4% (95% CrI 45.6, 83.0) by August/September. Discussion Our results confirmed very low seroprevalence after the first wave in Canada. Given the dynamic nature of this pandemic, Bayesian Latent Class Models can be used to correct for imperfect test characteristics and waning IgG antibody signals.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kumavath R, Barh D, Andrade BS, Imchen M, Aburjaile FF, Ch A, Rodrigues DLN, Tiwari S, Alzahrani KJ, Góes-Neto A, Weener ME, Ghosh P, Azevedo V. The Spike of SARS-CoV-2: Uniqueness and Applications. Front Immunol 2021; 12:663912. [PMID: 34305894 PMCID: PMC8297464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spike (S) protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is critical for its ability to attach and fuse into the host cells, leading to infection, and transmission. In this review, we have initially performed a meta-analysis of keywords associated with the S protein to frame the outline of important research findings and directions related to it. Based on this outline, we have reviewed the structure, uniqueness, and origin of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the interactions of the Spike protein with host and its implications in COVID-19 pathogenesis, as well as drug and vaccine development, are discussed. We have also summarized the recent advances in detection methods using S protein-based RT-PCR, ELISA, point-of-care lateral flow immunoassay, and graphene-based field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors. Finally, we have also discussed the emerging Spike mutants and the efficacy of the Spike-based vaccines against those strains. Overall, we have covered most of the recent advances on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and its possible implications in countering this virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Kumavath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Genetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Química Computacional, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié, Brazil
| | - Madangchanok Imchen
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | - Flavia Figueira Aburjaile
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Genetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Athira Ch
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | - Diego Lucas Neres Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Genetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sandeep Tiwari
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Genetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Khalid J Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Computacional de Fungos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Preetam Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Genetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stasi A, Franzin R, Fiorentino M, Squiccimarro E, Castellano G, Gesualdo L. Multifaced Roles of HDL in Sepsis and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Renal Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5980. [PMID: 34205975 PMCID: PMC8197836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are a class of blood particles, principally involved in mediating reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissue to liver. Omics approaches have identified crucial mediators in the HDL proteomic and lipidomic profile, which are involved in distinct pleiotropic functions. Besides their role as cholesterol transporter, HDLs display anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-thrombotic, and anti-infection properties. Experimental and clinical studies have unveiled significant changes in both HDL serum amount and composition that lead to dysregulated host immune response and endothelial dysfunction in the course of sepsis. Most SARS-Coronavirus-2-infected patients admitted to the intensive care unit showed common features of sepsis disease, such as the overwhelmed systemic inflammatory response and the alterations in serum lipid profile. Despite relevant advances, episodes of mild to moderate acute kidney injury (AKI), occurring during systemic inflammatory diseases, are associated with long-term complications, and high risk of mortality. The multi-faceted relationship of kidney dysfunction with dyslipidemia and inflammation encourages to deepen the clarification of the mechanisms connecting these elements. This review analyzes the multifaced roles of HDL in inflammatory diseases, the renal involvement in lipid metabolism, and the novel potential HDL-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Stasi
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Rossana Franzin
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Marco Fiorentino
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Enrico Squiccimarro
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplant (DETO), University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Department, Heart & Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.F.); (M.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiu S, Dick A, Ju H, Mirzaie S, Abdi F, Cocklin S, Zhan P, Liu X. Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Entry: Current and Future Opportunities. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12256-12274. [PMID: 32539378 PMCID: PMC7315836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a novel coronavirus initially designated 2019-nCoV but now termed SARS-CoV-2 has emerged and raised global concerns due to its virulence. SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of "coronavirus disease 2019", abbreviated to COVID-19, which despite only being identified at the very end of 2019, has now been classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). At this time, no specific prophylactic or postexposure therapy for COVID-19 are currently available. Viral entry is the first step in the SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle and is mediated by the trimeric spike protein. Being the first stage in infection, entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells is an extremely attractive therapeutic intervention point. Within this review, we highlight therapeutic intervention strategies for anti-SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other coronaviruses and speculate upon future directions for SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Xiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Alexej Dick
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Rooms 10307, 10309, and 10315, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Han Ju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Sako Mirzaie
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj 6616935391, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abdi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran 1651153311, Iran
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Rooms 10307, 10309, and 10315, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Miao X, Luo Y, Huang X, Lee SMY, Yuan Z, Tang Y, Chen L, Wang C, Wu F, Xu Y, Jiang W, Gao W, Song X, Yan Y, Pang T, Chen C, Zou Y, Fu W, Wan L, Gilbert-Jaramillo J, Knight M, Tan TK, Rijal P, Townsend A, Sun J, Liu X, James W, Tsun A, Xu Y. A novel biparatopic hybrid antibody-ACE2 fusion that blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection: implications for therapy. MAbs 2020; 12:1804241. [PMID: 32804015 PMCID: PMC7531490 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1804241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of a proven effective vaccine preventing infection by SARS-CoV-2, or a proven drug to treat COVID-19, the positive results of passive immune therapy using convalescent serum provide a strong lead. We have developed a new class of tetravalent, biparatopic therapy, 89C8-ACE2. It combines the specificity of a monoclonal antibody (89C8) that recognizes the relatively conserved N-terminal domain of the viral Spike (S) glycoprotein, and the ectodomain of ACE2, which binds to the receptor-binding domain of S. This molecule shows exceptional performance in vitro, inhibiting the interaction of recombinant S1 to ACE2 and transduction of ACE2-overexpressing cells by S-pseudotyped lentivirus with IC50s substantially below 100 pM, and with potency approximately 100-fold greater than ACE2-Fc itself. Moreover, 89C8-ACE2 was able to neutralize authentic viral infection in a standard 96-h co-incubation assay at low nanomolar concentrations, making this class of molecule a promising lead for therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoniu Miao
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Yi Luo
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Xi Huang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai, China
| | - Suki M Y Lee
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park , China
| | - Zhijun Yuan
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Yongzhou Tang
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Liandi Chen
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Chao Wang
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Fan Wu
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Yifeng Xu
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Wenchao Jiang
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Xuedong Song
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Yao Yan
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Tuling Pang
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuefeng Zou
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Weihui Fu
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Liping Wan
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | | | - Michael Knight
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
| | - Pramila Rijal
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
| | - Alain Townsend
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
| | - Joanne Sun
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
| | - Andy Tsun
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| | - Yingda Xu
- New Drug Discovery and Development, Biotheus Inc , Zhuhai, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tong PBV, Lin LY, Tran TH. Coronaviruses pandemics: Can neutralizing antibodies help? Life Sci 2020; 255:117836. [PMID: 32450171 PMCID: PMC7243778 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For the first time in Homo sapiens history, possibly, most of human activities is stopped by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Nearly eight billion people of this world are facing a great challenge, maybe not "to be or not to be" yet, but unpredictable. What happens to other major pandemics in the past, and how human beings went through these hurdles? The human body is equipped with the immune system that can recognize, respond and fight against pathogens such as viruses. Following the innate response, immune system processes the adaptive response by which each pathogen is encoded and recorded in memory system. The humoral reaction containing cytokines and antibodies is expected to activate when the pathogens come back. Exploiting this nature of body protection, neutralizing antibodies have been investigated. Learning from past, in parallel to SARS-CoV-2, other coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV who caused previous pandemics, are recalled in this review. We here propose insights of origin and characteristics and perspective for the future of antibodies development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phuoc-Bao-Viet Tong
- INSERM U1109, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Li-Yun Lin
- INSERM U1109, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tuan Hiep Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi 12116, Viet Nam; PHENIKAA Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC, No.167 Hoang Ngan, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11313, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee P, Kim DJ. Newly Emerging Human Coronaviruses: Animal Models and Vaccine Research for SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e28. [PMID: 32895615 PMCID: PMC7458800 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of the novel coronavirus (CoV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a global threat to human health and economy. As of June 26, 2020, over 9.4 million cases of infection, including 482,730 deaths, had been confirmed across 216 countries. To combat a devastating virus pandemic, numerous studies on vaccine development are urgently being accelerated. In this review article, we take a brief look at the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoVs and discuss recent approaches to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pureum Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
SARS-CoV-2: An Update on Potential Antivirals in Light of SARS-CoV Antiviral Drug Discoveries. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020335. [PMID: 32585913 PMCID: PMC7350231 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of RNA viruses that are associated with different diseases in animals, birds, and humans. Human CoVs (HCoVs) have long been known to be the causative agents of mild respiratory illnesses. However, two HCoVs associated with severe respiratory diseases are Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV). Both viruses resulted in hundreds of deaths after spreading to several countries. Most recently, SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as the third HCoV causing severe respiratory distress syndrome and viral pneumonia (known as COVID-19) in patients from Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Soon after its discovery, SARS-CoV-2 spread to all countries, resulting in millions of cases and thousands of deaths. Since the emergence of SARS-CoV, many research groups have dedicated their resources to discovering effective antivirals that can treat such life-threatening infections. The rapid spread and high fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 necessitate the quick discovery of effective antivirals to control this outbreak. Since SARS-CoV-2 shares 79% sequence identity with SARS-CoV, several anti-SARS-CoV drugs have shown promise in limiting SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we discuss antivirals described for SARS-CoV and provide an update on therapeutic strategies and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. The control of the current outbreak will strongly depend on the discovery of effective and safe anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lango MN. How did we get here? Short history of COVID-19 and other coronavirus-related epidemics. Head Neck 2020; 42:1535-1538. [PMID: 32445249 PMCID: PMC7283747 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID‐19 epidemic was not the first coronavirus epidemic of this century and represents one of the increasing number of zoonoses from wildlife to impact global health. SARS CoV‐2, the virus causing the COVID‐19 epidemic is distinct from, but closely resembles SARS CoV‐1, which was responsible for the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2002. SARS CoV‐1 and 2 share almost 80% of genetic sequences and use the same host cell receptor to initiate viral infection. However, SARS predominantly affected individuals in close contact with infected animals and health care workers. In contrast, CoV‐2 exhibits robust person to person spread, most likely by means of asymptomatic carriers, which has resulted in greater spread of disease, overall morbidity and mortality, despite its lesser virulence. We review recent coronavirus‐related epidemics and distinguish clinical and molecular features of CoV‐2, the causative agent for COVID‐19, and review the current status of vaccine trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam N Lango
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Srinivasan S, Cui H, Gao Z, Liu M, Lu S, Mkandawire W, Narykov O, Sun M, Korkin D. Structural Genomics of SARS-CoV-2 Indicates Evolutionary Conserved Functional Regions of Viral Proteins. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040360. [PMID: 32218151 PMCID: PMC7232164 DOI: 10.3390/v12040360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During its first two and a half months, the recently emerged 2019 novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has already infected over one-hundred thousand people worldwide and has taken more than four thousand lives. However, the swiftly spreading virus also caused an unprecedentedly rapid response from the research community facing the unknown health challenge of potentially enormous proportions. Unfortunately, the experimental research to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the viral infection and to design a vaccine or antivirals is costly and takes months to develop. To expedite the advancement of our knowledge, we leveraged data about the related coronaviruses that is readily available in public databases and integrated these data into a single computational pipeline. As a result, we provide comprehensive structural genomics and interactomics roadmaps of SARS-CoV-2 and use this information to infer the possible functional differences and similarities with the related SARS coronavirus. All data are made publicly available to the research community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Srinivasan
- Data Science Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA;
| | - Hongzhu Cui
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (H.C.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (S.L.); (W.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Ziyang Gao
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (H.C.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (S.L.); (W.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Ming Liu
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (H.C.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (S.L.); (W.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Senbao Lu
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (H.C.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (S.L.); (W.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Winnie Mkandawire
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (H.C.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (S.L.); (W.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Oleksandr Narykov
- Computer Science Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA;
| | - Mo Sun
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (H.C.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (S.L.); (W.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Dmitry Korkin
- Data Science Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA;
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (H.C.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (S.L.); (W.M.); (D.K.)
- Computer Science Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang N, Rosen O, Wang L, Turner HL, Stevens LJ, Corbett KS, Bowman CA, Pallesen J, Shi W, Zhang Y, Leung K, Kirchdoerfer RN, Becker MM, Denison MR, Chappell JD, Ward AB, Graham BS, McLellan JS. Structural Definition of a Neutralization-Sensitive Epitope on the MERS-CoV S1-NTD. Cell Rep 2019; 28:3395-3405.e6. [PMID: 31553909 PMCID: PMC6935267 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged into the human population in 2012 and has caused substantial morbidity and mortality. Potently neutralizing antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) on MERS-CoV spike (S) protein have been characterized, but much less is known about antibodies targeting non-RBD epitopes. Here, we report the structural and functional characterization of G2, a neutralizing antibody targeting the MERS-CoV S1 N-terminal domain (S1-NTD). Structures of G2 alone and in complex with the MERS-CoV S1-NTD define a site of vulnerability comprising two loops, each of which contain a residue mutated in G2-escape variants. Cell-surface binding studies and in vitro competition experiments demonstrate that G2 strongly disrupts the attachment of MERS-CoV S to its receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), with the inhibition requiring the native trimeric S conformation. These results advance our understanding of antibody-mediated neutralization of coronaviruses and should facilitate the development of immunotherapeutics and vaccines against MERS-CoV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nianshuang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Osnat Rosen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hannah L Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura J Stevens
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kizzmekia S Corbett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charles A Bowman
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jesper Pallesen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kwanyee Leung
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert N Kirchdoerfer
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michelle M Becker
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mark R Denison
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James D Chappell
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cell Attachment Domains of the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Spike Protein Are Key Targets of Neutralizing Antibodies. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00273-17. [PMID: 28381581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00273-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes enteric disease in pigs, resulting in significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Current vaccination approaches against this emerging coronavirus are only partially effective, though natural infection protects pigs against reinfection and provides lactogenic immunity to suckling piglets. The viral spike (S) glycoprotein, responsible for receptor binding and cell entry, is the major target for neutralizing antibodies. However, knowledge of antibody epitopes, their nature and location in the spike structure, and the mechanisms by which the antibodies interfere with infection is scarce. Here we describe the generation and characterization of 10 neutralizing and nonneutralizing mouse monoclonal antibodies raised against the S1 receptor binding subunit of the S protein. By expression of different S1 protein fragments, six antibody epitope classes distributed over the five structural domains of the S1 subunit were identified. Characterization of antibodies for cross-reactivity and cross-neutralization revealed antigenic differences among PEDV strains. The epitopes of potent neutralizing antibodies segregated into two epitope classes and mapped within the N-terminal sialic acid binding domain and in the more C-terminal receptor binding domain. Antibody neutralization escape mutants displayed single amino acid substitutions that impaired antibody binding and neutralization and defined the locations of the epitopes. Our observations picture the antibody epitope landscape of the PEDV S1 subunit and reveal that its cell attachment domains are key targets of neutralizing antibodies.IMPORTANCE Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), an emerging porcine coronavirus, causes an economically important enteric disease in pigs. Effective PEDV vaccines for disease control are currently lacking. The spike (S) glycoprotein on the virion surface is the key player in virus cell entry and, therefore, the main target of neutralizing antibodies. To understand the antigenic landscape of the PEDV spike protein, we developed monoclonal antibodies against the spike protein's S1 receptor binding region and characterized their epitopes, neutralizing activity, and cross-reactivity toward multiple PEDV strains. Epitopes of antibodies segregated into six epitope classes dispersed over the multidomain S1 structure. Monoclonal antibodies revealed antigenic variability in B-cell epitopes between PEDV strains. The epitopes of neutralizing antibodies mapped to two distinct domains in S1 that are involved in binding to carbohydrate and proteinaceous cell surface molecules, respectively, indicating the importance of these cell attachment sites on the PEDV spike protein in eliciting a protective humoral immune response.
Collapse
|
16
|
Luke T, Wu H, Zhao J, Channappanavar R, Coleman CM, Jiao JA, Matsushita H, Liu Y, Postnikova EN, Ork BL, Glenn G, Flyer D, Defang G, Raviprakash K, Kochel T, Wang J, Nie W, Smith G, Hensley LE, Olinger GG, Kuhn JH, Holbrook MR, Johnson RF, Perlman S, Sullivan E, Frieman MB. Human polyclonal immunoglobulin G from transchromosomic bovines inhibits MERS-CoV in vivo. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:326ra21. [PMID: 26888429 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As of 13 November 2015, 1618 laboratory-confirmed human cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, including 579 deaths, had been reported to the World Health Organization. No specific preventive or therapeutic agent of proven value against MERS-CoV is currently available. Public Health England and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium identified passive immunotherapy with neutralizing antibodies as a treatment approach that warrants priority study. Two experimental MERS-CoV vaccines were used to vaccinate two groups of transchromosomic (Tc) bovines that were genetically modified to produce large quantities of fully human polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. Vaccination with a clade A γ-irradiated whole killed virion vaccine (Jordan strain) or a clade B spike protein nanoparticle vaccine (Al-Hasa strain) resulted in Tc bovine sera with high enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and neutralizing antibody titers in vitro. Two purified Tc bovine human IgG immunoglobulins (Tc hIgG), SAB-300 (produced after Jordan strain vaccination) and SAB-301 (produced after Al-Hasa strain vaccination), also had high ELISA and neutralizing antibody titers without antibody-dependent enhancement in vitro. SAB-301 was selected for in vivo and preclinical studies. Administration of single doses of SAB-301 12 hours before or 24 and 48 hours after MERS-CoV infection (Erasmus Medical Center 2012 strain) of Ad5-hDPP4 receptor-transduced mice rapidly resulted in viral lung titers near or below the limit of detection. Tc bovines, combined with the ability to quickly produce Tc hIgG and develop in vitro assays and animal model(s), potentially offer a platform to rapidly produce a therapeutic to prevent and/or treat MERS-CoV infection and/or other emerging infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Luke
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Navy Medical Research Center, The Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Hua Wu
- SAB Biotherapeutics Inc., Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Jincun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | | | - Christopher M Coleman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jin-An Jiao
- SAB Biotherapeutics Inc., Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | | | - Ye Liu
- Novavax Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Elena N Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Britini L Ork
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | - Gabriel Defang
- Department of Virology, Naval Medical Research Unit-3, Cairo FPO AP 09835, Egypt
| | | | - Tadeusz Kochel
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Navy Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Jonathan Wang
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wensheng Nie
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Gale Smith
- Novavax Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gene G Olinger
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Reed F Johnson
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zou N, Wang F, Duan Z, Xia J, Wen X, Yan Q, Liu P, Cao S, Huang Y. Development and characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against the S1 subunit protein of QX-like avian infectious bronchitis virus strain Sczy3. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2015; 34:17-24. [PMID: 25723279 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2014.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious disease in chickens caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The present study was carried out with the aim to develop anti-spike 1 (S1) subunit monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that could react with IBV strains of different genotypes. The high antigenicity region of S1 gene of an QX-like IBV strain Sczy3 was amplified and ligated into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a(+), and the recombinant His-S1 fusion proteins were expressed and purified. The purified whole viral antigen of Sczy3 strain was used to immunize BALB/c mice to produce hybridoma-secreting anti-IBV MAbs. Eleven anti-IBV MAbs were generated, and two MAbs 1C8 and 2C10 were positive in indirect ELISA against both His-S1 protein and the purified whole viral antigen. These two MAbs showed positive reaction with IBV in Western blot, and the isotype were both IgM. These two MAbs react specifically with IBV but not with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) or avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9 or H5, and could cross-react with other 10 IBV strains in five different genotypes. End-point neutralizing assay performed in chicken embro kidney (CEK) cells revealed that the neutralization titer of 1C8 and 2C10 against Sczy3 reached 1:2.82 and 1:4.70, respectively. The anti-S1 MAbs produced in the present work may be valuable in developing an antigen-capture ELISA test for antigen detection or a competitive ELISA test for antibody detection or therapeutic medicine for IB in poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nianli Zou
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang Y, Deng Y, Wen B, Wang H, Meng X, Lan J, Gao GF, Tan W. The amino acids 736-761 of the MERS-CoV spike protein induce neutralizing antibodies: implications for the development of vaccines and antiviral agents. Viral Immunol 2015; 27:543-50. [PMID: 25387086 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on a bioinformatics analysis of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavvirus (MERS-CoV) S protein, we synthesized a panel of peptides coupled to keyhole limpet haemocyanin and used them to raise antibodies in rabbits. In addition, the recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) was used to raise polyclonal antibodies in mice. All of the antibodies raised by S-peptide immunisation were specific and sensitive for S protein expressed in transfected cells in the indirect immunofluorescence assay or Western blotting. The RBD efficiently elicited neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV by blocking viral entry at the binding step. Furthermore, we found that the SP3 peptide, corresponding to amino-acid residues 736-761 of the S protein, elicited robust neutralizing activities by blocking viral entry at the postbinding and membrane fusion steps. We conclude that amino-acid residues 736-761 of the S protein carry neutralizing epitopes that may be used in the development of vaccines and antiviral agents against MERS-CoV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention , Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Effects of human anti-spike protein receptor binding domain antibodies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralization escape and fitness. J Virol 2014; 88:13769-80. [PMID: 25231316 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02232-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a major target of protective immunity in vivo. Although a large number of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) have been developed, it remains unclear if a single RBD-targeting nAb or two in combination can prevent neutralization escape and, if not, attenuate viral virulence in vivo. In this study, we used a large panel of human nAbs against an epitope that overlaps the interface between the RBD and its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to assess their cross-neutralization activities against a panel of human and zoonotic SARS-CoVs and neutralization escape mutants. We also investigated the neutralization escape profiles of these nAbs and evaluated their effects on receptor binding and virus fitness in vitro and in mice. We found that some nAbs had great potency and breadth in neutralizing multiple viral strains, including neutralization escape viruses derived from other nAbs; however, no single nAb or combination of two blocked neutralization escape. Interestingly, in mice the neutralization escape mutant viruses showed either attenuation (Urbani background) or increased virulence (GD03 background) consistent with the different binding affinities between their RBDs and the mouse ACE2. We conclude that using either single nAbs or dual nAb combinations to target a SARS-CoV RBD epitope that shows plasticity may have limitations for preventing neutralization escape during in vivo immunotherapy. However, RBD-directed nAbs may be useful for providing broad neutralization and prevention of escape variants when combined with other nAbs that target a second conserved epitope with less plasticity and more structural constraint. IMPORTANCE The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 has resulted in severe human respiratory disease with high death rates. Their zoonotic origins highlight the likelihood of reemergence or further evolution into novel human coronavirus pathogens. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that prevent infection of related viruses represent an important immunostrategy for combating coronavirus infections; however, for this strategy to succeed, it is essential to uncover nAb-mediated escape pathways and to pioneer strategies that prevent escape. Here, we used SARS-CoV as a research model and examined the escape pathways of broad nAbs that target the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the virus. We found that neither single nAbs nor two nAbs in combination blocked escape. Our results suggest that targeting conserved regions with less plasticity and more structural constraint rather than the SARS-CoV RBD-like region(s) should have broader utility for antibody-based immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ng OW, Keng CT, Leung CSW, Peiris JSM, Poon LLM, Tan YJ. Substitution at aspartic acid 1128 in the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein mediates escape from a S2 domain-targeting neutralizing monoclonal antibody. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102415. [PMID: 25019613 PMCID: PMC4097068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the etiological agent for the infectious disease, SARS, which first emerged 10 years ago. SARS-CoV is a zoonotic virus that has crossed the species barriers to infect humans. Bats, which harbour a diverse pool of SARS-like CoVs (SL-CoVs), are believed to be the natural reservoir. The SARS-CoV surface Spike (S) protein is a major antigenic determinant in eliciting neutralizing antibody production during SARS-CoV infection. In our previous work, we showed that a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the S2 subunit of the S protein are capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV infection in vitro (Lip KM et al, J Virol. 2006 Jan; 80(2): 941-50). In this study, we report our findings on the characterization of one of these mAbs, known as 1A9, which binds to the S protein at a novel epitope within the S2 subunit at amino acids 1111-1130. MAb 1A9 is a broadly neutralizing mAb that prevents viral entry mediated by the S proteins of human and civet SARS-CoVs as well as bat SL-CoVs. By generating mutant SARS-CoV that escapes the neutralization by mAb 1A9, the residue D1128 in S was found to be crucial for its interaction with mAb 1A9. S protein containing the substitution of D1128 with alanine (D1128A) exhibited a significant decrease in binding capability to mAb 1A9 compared to wild-type S protein. By using a pseudotyped viral entry assay, it was shown that the D1128A substitution in the escape virus allows it to overcome the viral entry blockage by mAb 1A9. In addition, the D1128A mutation was found to exert no effects on the S protein cell surface expression and incorporation into virion particles, suggesting that the escape virus retains the same viral entry property as the wild-type virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oi-Wing Ng
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choong-Tat Keng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Cynthia Sau-Wai Leung
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - J. S. Malik Peiris
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leo Lit Man Poon
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yee-Joo Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Delrue I, Verzele D, Madder A, Nauwynck HJ. Inactivated virus vaccines from chemistry to prophylaxis: merits, risks and challenges. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:695-719. [PMID: 22873127 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to make researchers aware of the benefits of an efficient quality control system for prediction of a developed vaccine's efficacy. Two major goals should be addressed when inactivating a virus for vaccine purposes: first, the infectious virus should be inactivated completely in order to be safe, and second, the viral epitopes important for the induction of protective immunity should be conserved after inactivation in order to have an antigen of high quality. Therefore, some problems associated with the virus inactivation process, such as virus aggregate formation, protein crosslinking, protein denaturation and degradation should be addressed before testing an inactivated vaccine in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Delrue
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Elshabrawy HA, Coughlin MM, Baker SC, Prabhakar BS. Human monoclonal antibodies against highly conserved HR1 and HR2 domains of the SARS-CoV spike protein are more broadly neutralizing. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185609 PMCID: PMC3503966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune sera from convalescent patients have been shown to be effective in the treatment of patients infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus (SARS-CoV) making passive immune therapy with human monoclonal antibodies an attractive treatment strategy for SARS. Previously, using Xenomouse (Amgen British Columbia Inc), we produced a panel of neutralizing Human monoclonal antibodies (HmAbs) that could specifically bind to the ectodomain of the SARS-CoV spike (S) glycoprotein. Some of the HmAbs were S1 domain specific, while some were not. In this study, we describe non-S1 binding neutralizing HmAbs that can specifically bind to the conserved S2 domain of the S protein. However, unlike the S1 specific HmAbs, the S2 specific HmAbs can neutralize pseudotyped viruses expressing different S proteins containing receptor binding domain sequences of various clinical isolates. These data indicate that HmAbs which bind to conserved regions of the S protein are more suitable for conferring protection against a wide range of SARS-CoV variants and have implications for generating therapeutic antibodies or subunit vaccines against other enveloped viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatem A. Elshabrawy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Melissa M. Coughlin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpes Virus Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Susan C. Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bellur S. Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Coughlin MM, Prabhakar BS. Neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus: target, mechanism of action, and therapeutic potential. Rev Med Virol 2011; 22:2-17. [PMID: 21905149 PMCID: PMC3256278 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) led to a rapid response not only to contain the outbreak but also to identify possible therapeutic interventions, including the generation of human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs). hmAbs may be used therapeutically without the drawbacks of chimeric or animal Abs. Several different methods have been used to generate SARS‐CoV specific neutralizing hmAbs including the immunization of transgenic mice, cloning of small chain variable regions from naïve and convalescent patients, and the immortalization of convalescent B cells. Irrespective of the techniques used, the majority of hmAbs specifically reacted with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein and likely prevented receptor binding. However, several hmAbs that can bind to epitopes either within the RBD, located N terminal of the RBD or in the S2 domain, and neutralize the virus with or without inhibiting receptor binding have been identified. Therapeutic utility of hmAbs has been further elucidated through the identification of potential combinations of hmAbs that could neutralize viral variants including escape mutants selected using hmAbs. These results suggest that a cocktail of hmAbs that can bind to unique epitopes and have different mechanisms of action might be of clinical utility against SARS‐CoV infection, and indicate that a similar approach may be applied to treat other viral infections. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Coughlin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpes Virus Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rockx B, Donaldson E, Frieman M, Sheahan T, Corti D, Lanzavecchia A, Baric RS. Escape from human monoclonal antibody neutralization affects in vitro and in vivo fitness of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:946-55. [PMID: 20144042 PMCID: PMC2826557 DOI: 10.1086/651022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerged as a human disease in 2002. Detailed phylogenetic analysis and epidemiologic studies have suggested that the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) originated from animals. The spike (S) glycoprotein has been identified as a major target of protective immunity and contains 3 regions that are targeted by neutralizing antibodies in the S1 and S2 domains. We previously characterized a panel of neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), but the majority of epitopes recognized by the MAbs remain unknown. METHODS In the present study, we generated neutralization escape mutants and studied the effect of these neutralization escape mutations on human and animal receptor usage as well as on in vitro and in vivo fitness. RESULTS Distinct but partially overlapping sets of amino acids were identified that are critical to the binding of MAbs with differential neutralization profiles. We also identified possible interactions between the S1 and S2 domains of the SARS-CoV S glycoprotein. Finally, we showed that escape from neutralization usually attenuates SARS-CoV infection. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a mechanism for overcoming neutralization escape by use of broadly cross-reactive cocktails of cross-neutralizing MAbs that recognize residues within the receptor-binding domain that are critical for virus replication and virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Rockx
- Departments of 1Epidemiology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 57599, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Du L, Jiang S. Immunotherapy of SARS based on combinations of neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies. Future Virol 2010; 5:141-144. [PMID: 32201501 PMCID: PMC7079818 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.09.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of: Coughlin MM, Babcook J, Prabhakar BS: Human monoclonal antibodies to SARS-coronavirus inhibit infection by different mechanisms. Virology 394(1), 39-46 (2009). This work discusses passive immunotherapy based on neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with different mechanisms of action. The authors have demonstrated that combining such mAbs, which target distinct epitopes, may greatly increase inhibition of virus infection and suppress the generation of neutralization escape mutants. The inhibition of human mAbs to SARS-coronavirus (CoV) may also act through different mechanisms of action, depending on their target epitopes or regions. Therefore, this approach could provide fast and effective prophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV infection during a SARS outbreak. Specifically, Coughlin et al. have indicated that most of the tested anti-S1 mAbs recognized epitopes within the receptor-binding domain and blocked virus attachment to its cellular receptor. These findings could provide a further step in understanding the mechanism of these mAbs in the prevention of SARS-CoV infection, as well as an insight into the design and development of novel therapeutic treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Du
- Lindsley F Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Lindsley F Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Tel.: +1 212 570 3058; ;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Berry JD, Hay K, Rini JM, Yu M, Wang L, Plummer FA, Corbett CR, Andonov A. Neutralizing epitopes of the SARS-CoV S-protein cluster independent of repertoire, antigen structure or mAb technology. MAbs 2010; 2:53-66. [PMID: 20168090 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.1.10788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody responses to the surface glycoproteins of enveloped viruses play an important role in immunity. Many of these glycoproteins, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike (S) protein form trimeric units in the membrane of the native virion. There is substantial experimental and pre-clinical evidence showing that the S protein is a promising lead for vaccines and therapeutics. Previously we generated a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to whole inactivated SARS-CoV which neutralize the virus in vitro. Here, we define their specificity and affinity, map several of their epitopes and lastly characterise chimeric versions of them. Our data show that the neutralizing mAbs bind to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS S protein. Three of the chimeric mAbs retain their binding specificity while one conformational mAb, F26G19, lost its ability to bind the S protein despite high level expression. The affinity for recombinant S is maintained in all of the functional chimeric versions of the parental mAbs. Both parental mAb F26G18 and the chimeric version neutralize the TO R2 strain of SARS-CoV with essentially identical titres (2.07 and 2.47 nM, respectively). Lastly, a comparison with other neutralizing mAbs to SARS-CoV clearly shows that the dominance of a 33 amino acid residue loop of the SARS-CoV RBD is independent of repertoire, species, quaternary structure, and importantly, the technology used to derive the mAbs. In cases like this, the dominance of a compact RBD antigenic domain and the central role of the S protein in pathogenesis may inherently create immunoselection pressure on viruses to evolve more complex evasion strategies or die out of a host species. The apparent simplicity of the mechanism of SARS-CoV neutralization is in stark contrast to the complexity shown by other enveloped viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jody D Berry
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|