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Santos JMO, Tavares V, Gil da Costa RM, Medeiros R. MiR-150 and miR-155 expression predicts survival of cervical cancer patients: a translational approach to novel prognostic biomarkers. Biomarkers 2023; 28:617-627. [PMID: 37942654 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2023.2269320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the aetiological agent of cervical cancer, which remains the fourth leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. K14-HPV16 transgenic mice are a model for HPV-induced cancers, which undergo multistep squamous carcinogenesis at the skin, that is histologically and molecularly similar to carcinogenesis of the human cervix. Previous screens of differentially regulated microRNAs (miRs) using K14-HPV16 mice showed a role for miR-21, miR-155, miR-150, miR-146a, miR-125b and miR-223 during carcinogenesis. METHODS We now aim to translate these observations into the clinical setting, using data provided by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to explore whether those microRNAs can influence the survival of cervical cancer patients. RESULTS Results showed that low miR-150, miR-155 and miR-146a expression levels in primary tumours were associated with poor overall survival. However, only miR-150 and miR-155 were found to be independent predictors, increasing the risk of death. When patients were stratified by clinical stage, low miR-150, miR-155, miR-146a and miR-125b were associated with poor survival for clinical stages I and II. Only low miR-150 expression increased the death risk. CONCLUSION We conclude that miR-150 and miR-155 may be potentially applied as prognostic biomarkers in cervical cancer patients. However, further investigation is required to determine their applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M O Santos
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Valéria Tavares
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS) of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui M Gil da Costa
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- Postgraduate Programme in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Department of Morphology, Federal, University of Maranhão (UFMA), and UFMA University Hospital (HUUFMA), São Luís, Brazil
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, PortugalPorto
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS) of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of the Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal
- Research Department of the Portuguese League Against Cancer, Regional Nucleus of the North (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro-Núcleo Regional do Norte), Porto, Portugal
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Cole K, Al-Kadhimi Z, Talmadge JE. Highlights into historical and current immune interventions for cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109882. [PMID: 36848790 PMCID: PMC10355273 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an additional pillar when combined with traditional standards of care such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery for cancer patients. It has revolutionized cancer treatment and rejuvenated the field of tumor immunology. Several types of immunotherapies, including adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) and checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs), can induce durable clinical responses. However, their efficacies vary, and only subsets of cancer patients benefit from their use. In this review, we address three goals: to provide insight into the history of these approaches, broaden our understanding of immune interventions, and discuss current and future approaches. We highlight how cancer immunotherapy has evolved and discuss how personalization of immune intervention may address present limitations. Cancer immunotherapy is considered a recent medical achievement and in 2013 was selected as the "Breakthrough of the Year" by Science. While the breadth of immunotherapeutics has been rapidly expanding, to include the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, immunotherapy dates back over 3000 years. The expansive history of immunotherapy, and related observations, have resulted in several approved immune therapeutics beyond the recent emphasis on CAR-T and ICI therapies. In addition to other classical forms of immune intervention, including human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B, and the Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) tuberculosis vaccines, immunotherapies have had a broad and durable impact on cancer therapy and prevention. One classic example of immunotherapy was identified in 1976 with the use of intravesical administration of BCG in patients with bladder cancer; resulting in a 70 % eradication rate and is now standard of care. However, a greater impact from the use of immunotherapy is documented by the prevention of HPV infections that are responsible for 98 % of cervical cancer cases. In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 341,831 women died from cervical cancer [1]. However, administration of a single dose of a bivalent HPV vaccine was shown to be 97.5 % effective in preventing HPV infections. These vaccines not only prevent cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, but also oropharyngeal, anal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile squamous cell carcinomas. The breadth, response and durability of these vaccines can be contrasted with CAR-T-cell therapies, which have significant barriers to their widespread use including logistics, manufacturing limitations, toxicity concerns, financial burden and lasting remissions observed in only 30 to 40 % of responding patients. Another, recent immunotherapy focus are ICIs. ICIs are a class of antibodies that can increase the immune responses against cancer cells in patients. However, ICIs are only effective against tumors with a high mutational burden and are associated with a broad spectrum of toxicities requiring interruption of administration and/or administration corticosteroids; both of which limit immune therapy. In summary, immune therapeutics have a broad impact worldwide, utilizing numerous mechanisms of action and when considered in their totality are more effective against a broader range of tumors than initially considered. These new cancer interventions have tremendous potential notability when multiple mechanisms of immune intervention are combined as well as with standard of care modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Cole
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Zaid Al-Kadhimi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - James E Talmadge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Gunder LC, Moyer TH, Johnson HR, Auyeung AS, Leverson GE, Zhang W, Matkowskyj KA, Carchman EH. Anal Cancer Prevention Through the Topical Use of Single or Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitors. J Surg Res 2023; 282:137-146. [PMID: 36274448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anal dysplasia and anal cancer are major health problems. This study seeks to determine if inhibition of mTOR and/or PI3K pathways is effective at anal cancer prevention in mice with/without established precancerous lesions of the anus (anal dysplasia). METHODS K14E6/E7 mice were entered into the study at 5 wk, 15 wk, or 25 wk of age. Mice were treated with a topical carcinogen, 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), which ensures carcinoma development within 20 wk. Treatment groups included: no treatment, DMBA only, topical Pictilisib (PI3K inhibitor) with/without DMBA, topical Sapanisertib (mTOR inhibitor) with/without DMBA, and topical Samotolisib (dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor) with/without DMBA. Mice underwent weekly observations for anal tumor development (tumor-free survival). After 20 wk of treatment, anal tissue was harvested and evaluated histologically for squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC). RESULTS All topical treatments in conjunction with DMBA increased tumor-free survival in mice that started treatment at 15 wk of age when compared to DMBA-only treatment, except for Pictilisib + DMBA in males. Topical Sapanisertib increased tumor-free survival in mice regardless of starting treatment age. When examining tissue for microscopic evidence of SqCC, only topical Samotolisib in males decreased SqCC in the 15 wk starting mice. CONCLUSIONS Sapanisertib, the mTOR inhibitor, had the greatest effect, in terms of increasing tumor-free survival, regardless of starting time point or sex. Unlike the other treatments, Samotolisib, the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, decreased microscopic evidence of SqCC when starting treatment at 15 wk of age but only in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Gunder
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, 5148 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research (WIMR), Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Tyra H Moyer
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, 5148 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research (WIMR), Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Hillary R Johnson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, 5148 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research (WIMR), Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Andrew S Auyeung
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, 5148 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research (WIMR), Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Glen E Leverson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, 5148 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research (WIMR), Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Wei Zhang
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 3170 UW Medical Foundation Centennial Building (MFCB), Madison, Wisconsin; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kristina A Matkowskyj
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 3170 UW Medical Foundation Centennial Building (MFCB), Madison, Wisconsin; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Evie H Carchman
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, 5148 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research (WIMR), Madison, Wisconsin; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin.
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Giannone G, Giuliano AR, Bandini M, Marandino L, Raggi D, Earle W, Ayres B, Pettaway CA, McNeish IA, Spiess PE, Necchi A. HPV vaccination and HPV-related malignancies: impact, strategies and optimizations toward global immunization coverage. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 111:102467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Rogers JE, Leung M, Johnson B. Metastatic or Locally Recurrent Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCAC): Current Clinical Trial Landscape and Novel Approaches. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:2065-2077. [PMID: 35761823 PMCID: PMC9233494 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s331429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCAC) is a human papillomavirus (HPV) driven malignancy. Given inadequate HPV-vaccination rates, SCAC will continue to be a public health concern. SCAC is commonly diagnosed in the local or locoregional setting in which definitive chemoradiation provides the opportunity for cure and has high control rates. A minority of patients will develop recurrence or present with metastatic SCAC. Given the rarity of this disease, research has lagged compared to many other solid tumors. Historically, treatment has been based on extrapolating management approaches from more common squamous cell carcinoma malignancies and/or small case series or case reports. Fortunately, dedicated prospective clinical trial investigation in the advanced setting has emerged in recent years. Here, we review the current strategies for treatment along with remaining challenges and viable next steps for the management of metastatic SCAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Rogers
- U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Pharmacy Clinical Programs, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Leung
- U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Pharmacy Clinical Programs, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benny Johnson
- U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Houston, TX, USA
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Small DNA tumor viruses and human cancer: Preclinical models of virus infection and disease. Tumour Virus Res 2022; 14:200239. [PMID: 35636683 PMCID: PMC9194455 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tumor viruses cause various human cancers that account for at least 15% of the global cancer burden. Among the currently identified human tumor viruses, two are small DNA tumor viruses: human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). The study of small DNA tumor viruses (adenoviruses, polyomaviruses, and papillomaviruses) has facilitated several significant biological discoveries and established some of the first animal models of virus-associated cancers. The development and use of preclinical in vivo models to study HPVs and MCPyV and their role in human cancer is the focus of this review. Important considerations in the design of animal models of small DNA tumor virus infection and disease, including host range, cell tropism, choice of virus isolates, and the ability to recapitulate human disease, are presented. The types of infection-based and transgenic model strategies that are used to study HPVs and MCPyV, including their strengths and limitations, are also discussed. An overview of the current models that exist to study HPV and MCPyV infection and neoplastic disease are highlighted. These comparative models provide valuable platforms to study various aspects of virus-associated human disease and will continue to expand knowledge of human tumor viruses and their relationship with their hosts.
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Abstract
Up to 95% of all anal cancers are associated with infection by human papillomavirus (HPV); however, no established preclinical model exists for high-grade anal disease and cancer mediated by a natural papillomavirus infection. To establish an infection-mediated model, we infected both immunocompromised NSG and immunocompetent FVB/NJ mice with the recently discovered murine papillomavirus MmuPV1, with and without the additional cofactors of UV B radiation (UVB) and/or the chemical carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Infections were tracked via lavages and swabs for MmuPV1 DNA, and pathology was assessed at the endpoint. Tissues were analyzed for biomarkers of viral infection and papillomavirus-mediated disease, and the localization of viral infection was investigated using biomarkers to characterize the anal microanatomical zones.
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Marônek M, Link R, Monteleone G, Gardlík R, Stolfi C. Viruses in Cancers of the Digestive System: Active Contributors or Idle Bystanders? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218133. [PMID: 33143318 PMCID: PMC7663754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human virome, which is a collection of all the viruses that are present in the human body, is increasingly being recognized as an essential part of the human microbiota. The human gastrointestinal tract and related organs (e.g., liver, pancreas, and gallbladder)-composing the gastrointestinal (or digestive) system-contain a huge number of viral particles which contribute to maintaining tissue homeostasis and keeping our body healthy. However, perturbations of the virome steady-state may, both directly and indirectly, ignite/sustain oncogenic mechanisms contributing to the initiation of a dysplastic process and/or cancer progression. In this review, we summarize and discuss the available evidence on the association and role of viruses in the development of cancers of the digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Marônek
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (R.G.)
| | - René Link
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roman Gardlík
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Carmine Stolfi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-72596163
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Spurgeon ME, Lambert PF. Mus musculus Papillomavirus 1: a New Frontier in Animal Models of Papillomavirus Pathogenesis. J Virol 2020; 94:e00002-20. [PMID: 32051276 PMCID: PMC7163119 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00002-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of viral pathogenesis are essential tools in human disease research. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a significant public health issue due to their widespread sexual transmission and oncogenic potential. Infection-based models of papillomavirus pathogenesis have been complicated by their strict species and tissue specificity. In this Gem, we discuss the discovery of a murine papillomavirus, Mus musculus papillomavirus 1 (MmuPV1), and how its experimental use represents a major advancement in models of papillomavirus-induced pathogenesis/carcinogenesis, and their transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Spurgeon
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Shin MK, Payne S, Bilger A, Matkowskyj KA, Carchman E, Meyer DS, Bentires-Alj M, Deming DA, Lambert PF. Activating Mutations in Pik3ca Contribute to Anal Carcinogenesis in the Presence or Absence of HPV-16 Oncogenes. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:1889-1900. [PMID: 30530704 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Over 95% of human anal cancers are etiologically associated with high-risk HPVs, with HPV type 16 (HPV16) the genotype most commonly found. Activating mutations in the catalytic subunit of Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate kinase (PI3K), encoded by the Pik3ca gene, are detected in approximately 20% of human anal cancers.Experimental Design: We asked if common activating mutations in Pik3ca contribute to anal carcinogenesis using an established mouse model for anal carcinogenesis in which mice are topically treated with the chemical carcinogen 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Mice expressing in their anal epithelium one of two activating mutations in Pik3ca genes, Pik3caH1047R or Pik3caE545K , were monitored for anal carcinogenesis in the presence or absence of transgenes expressing the HPV16 E6 and E7 oncogenes. RESULTS Both mutant forms of Pik3ca increased susceptibility to anal carcinogenesis in the absence of HPV16 oncogenes, and cooperated with HPV16 oncogenes to induce the highest level and earliest onset of anal cancers. The combination of HPV16 oncogenes and Pik3ca mutations led to anal cancers even in the absence of treatment with DMBA. We further observed that the investigational mTOR1/2 dual inhibitor, TAK-228, significantly reduced the size of anal cancer-derived tumor spheroids in vitro and reduced the growth rates of anal cancer-derived tumor grafts in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that activating mutations in Pik3ca drive anal carcinogenesis together with HPV16 oncogenes, and that the PI3K/mTOR pathway is a relevant target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Kyun Shin
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Susan Payne
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Andrea Bilger
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kristina A Matkowskyj
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Evie Carchman
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dominique S Meyer
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Bentires-Alj
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dustin A Deming
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin. .,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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Davis KG, Orangio GR. Basic Science, Epidemiology, and Screening for Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Its Relationship to Anal Squamous Cell Cancer. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2018; 31:368-378. [PMID: 30397396 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1668107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the progress made in the reduction of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, the incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) has been increasing since 1992. While it remains an uncommon disease, the prevalence is climbing steadily. Among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults, especially men who have sex with men, ASCC is one of the more common non-AIDS-defining malignancies. The precursor lesion, anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN), is prevalent in the HIV-infected population. More than 90% of ASCCs are related to human papilloma virus (HPV), oncogenic types (HPV 16, 18). While the biology of HPV-related intraepithelial neoplasia is consistent in the anogenital area, the natural history of AIN is poorly understood and is not identical to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). CIN is also considered an AIDS-defining malignancy, and the methods for screening and prevention of AIN are derived from the CIN literature. This article will discuss the epidemiology of ASCC and its association with HPV and the life cycle of the HPV, and the molecular changes that lead to clearance, productive infection, latency, and persistence. The immunology of HPV infection will discuss natural immunity, humoral and cellular immunity, and how the HPV virus evades and interferes with these mechanisms. We will also discuss high-risk factors for developing AIN in high-risk patient populations with relation to infections (HIV, HPV, and chlamydia infections), prolonged immunocompromised people, and sexual behavior and tobacco abuse. We will also discuss the pre- and post-HAART era and its effect on AINs and ASCC. Finally, we will discuss the importance of anal cytology and high-resolution anoscopy with and without biopsy in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt G Davis
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, LSU Department of Surgery, LSU School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Guy R Orangio
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, LSU Department of Surgery, LSU School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Abstract
Genetically engineered mice (GEMs) have provided valuable insights into the carcinogenic properties of various human tumor viruses, which, in aggregate, are etiologically associated with over 15% of all human cancers. This review provides an overview of seminal discoveries made through the use of GEM models for human DNA tumor viruses. Emphasis is placed on the discoveries made in the study of human papillomaviruses, Merkel cell carcinoma-associated polyomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, because GEMs have contributed extensively to our understanding of how these DNA tumor viruses directly contribute to human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705;
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13
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Rademacher BL, Matkowskyj KA, Meske LM, Romero A, Sleiman H, Carchman EH. The role of pharmacologic modulation of autophagy on anal cancer development in an HPV mouse model of carcinogenesis. Virology 2017; 507:82-88. [PMID: 28431282 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular, catabolic process that maintains cellular health. We examined the response of pharmacologic modulation of autophagy in an HPV mouse model of anal carcinogenesis. K14E6/E7 mice were treated with the topical carcinogen DMBA weekly and assessed for tumors over 20 weeks. Concurrently, they were given either chloroquine or BEZ235, to inhibit or induce autophagy, respectively. Time to tumor onset was examined. Immunofluorescence (IF) was performed for LC3β and p62 to examine autophagy. All DMBA treated K14E6/E7 mice developed anal cancer, contrary to zero of the no DMBA treated mice. Chloroquine plus DMBA resulted in a significant decrease in the time to tumor onset compared to K14E6/E7 treated with DMBA. Only 40% BEZ235 plus DMBA treated mice developed anal cancer. Autophagic induction with DMBA and BEZ235, and autophagic inhibition with chloroquine were confirmed via IF. Anal carcinogenesis can be inhibited or induced via pharmacologic modulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks L Rademacher
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, CSC K4/730, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-7375, USA
| | - Kristina A Matkowskyj
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, L5/183 CSC-MC 8550, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-8550, USA
| | - Louise M Meske
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, CSC K4/730, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-7375, USA
| | - Alexis Romero
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, CSC K4/730, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-7375, USA
| | - Hana Sleiman
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, CSC K4/730, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-7375, USA
| | - Evie H Carchman
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, CSC K4/730, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-7375, USA.
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Scapulatempo-Neto C, Veo C, Fregnani JHTG, Lorenzi A, Mafra A, Melani AGF, Loaiza EAA, Rosa LAR, de Oliveira CM, Levi JE, Longatto-Filho A. Characterization of topoisomerase II α and minichromosome maintenance protein 2 expression in anal carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1891-1898. [PMID: 28454340 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to ascertain the significance of topoisomerase II α (TOP2A) and minichromosome maintenance protein (MCM) 2 expression in anal carcinoma. A total of 75 anal lesions were retrieved from the files of the Department of Pathology of Barretos Cancer Hospital (Barretos, Brazil) in order to verify the human papillomavirus (HPV) statuses of these lesions and characterize the immunohistochemical expression levels of TOP2A and MCM2 in anal carcinoma, as these are important markers for cervical HPV-induced lesions; their expression was also compared with respect to p16 and Ki-67. The vast majority of the cases tested positive for HPV16 (84%); 1 case tested positive for both HPV16 and HPV18. Positive HPV16 status was more frequent in early stages than in advanced stages (P=0.008). Positive immunohistochemical reactivity for MCM2 and TOP2A protein was observed in 71.6 and 100% of cases, respectively. Positive reactivity for p16 was significantly associated (P=0.001) with histological grade, and was more commonly expressed in squamous cell carcinoma than adenocarcinomas. HPV16 was strongly associated with positive p16 protein expression (76.6%). However, the high expression of Ki-67 combined with the high expression of p16 was predominantly observed in Stage III-IV cases. MCM2, TOP2A, p16 and Ki-67 exhibited intense positive staining in the anal lesions, indicating that these markers were significantly and constantly expressed in anal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristovam Scapulatempo-Neto
- Department of Pathology (CSN), Barretos Cancer Hospital, Pio XII Foundation, Barretos, São Paulo, SP 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Carlos Veo
- Department of Surgery, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Pio XII Foundation, Barretos, São Paulo, SP 14784-400, Brazil
| | - José Humberto T G Fregnani
- Department of Pathology (CSN), Barretos Cancer Hospital, Pio XII Foundation, Barretos, São Paulo, SP 14784-400, Brazil.,Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Pio XII Foundation, Barretos, São Paulo, SP 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Adriana Lorenzi
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Pio XII Foundation, Barretos, São Paulo, SP 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Allini Mafra
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Pio XII Foundation, Barretos, São Paulo, SP 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Armando G F Melani
- Department of Surgery, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Pio XII Foundation, Barretos, São Paulo, SP 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Edgar Antonio Alemán Loaiza
- Department of Surgery, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Pio XII Foundation, Barretos, São Paulo, SP 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Luciana Albina Reis Rosa
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Cristina Mendes de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Levi
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Adhemar Longatto-Filho
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Pio XII Foundation, Barretos, São Paulo, SP 14784-400, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Investigation 14, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 1246-903, Brazil.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas/Guimarães, Portugal
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15
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Christensen ND, Budgeon LR, Cladel NM, Hu J. Recent advances in preclinical model systems for papillomaviruses. Virus Res 2016; 231:108-118. [PMID: 27956145 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical model systems to study multiple features of the papillomavirus life cycle have greatly aided our understanding of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) biology, disease progression and treatments. The challenge to studying HPV in hosts is that HPV along with most PVs are both species and tissue restricted. Thus, fundamental properties of HPV viral proteins can be assessed in specialized cell culture systems but host responses that involve innate immunity and host restriction factors requires preclinical surrogate models. Fortunately, there are several well-characterized and new animal models of papillomavirus infections that are available to the PV research community. Old models that continue to have value include canine, bovine and rabbit PV models and new rodent models are in place to better assess host-virus interactions. Questions arise as to the strengths and weaknesses of animal PV models for HPV disease and how accurately these preclinical models predict malignant progression, vaccine efficacy and therapeutic control of HPV-associated disease. In this review, we examine current preclinical models and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the various models as well as provide an update on new opportunities to study the numerous unknowns that persist in the HPV research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Christensen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey PA 17033, USA.
| | - Lynn R Budgeon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Nancy M Cladel
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Jiafen Hu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey PA 17033, USA
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16
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Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) represent a large collection of viral types associated with significant clinical disease of cutaneous and mucosal epithelium. HPV-associated cancers are found in anogenital and oral mucosa, and at various cutaneous sites. Papillomaviruses are highly species and tissue restricted, and these viruses display both mucosotropic, cutaneotropic or dual tropism for epithelial tissues. A subset of HPV types, predominantly mucosal, are also oncogenic and cancers with these HPV types account for more than 200,000 deaths world-wide. Host control of HPV infections requires both innate and adaptive immunity, but the viruses have developed strategies to escape immune detection. Viral proteins can disrupt both innate pathogen-sensing pathways and T-cell based recognition and subsequent destruction of infected tissues. Current treatments to manage HPV infections include mostly ablative strategies in which recurrences are common and only active disease is treated. Although much is known about the papillomavirus life cycle, viral protein functions, and immune responsiveness, we still lack knowledge in a number of key areas of PV biology including tissue tropism, site-specific cancer progression, codon usage profiles, and what are the best strategies to mount an effective immune response to the carcinogenic stages of PV disease. In this review, disease transmission, protection and control are discussed together with questions related to areas in PV biology that will continue to provide productive opportunities of discovery and to further our understanding of this diverse set of human viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Christensen
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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17
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Molecular biology of anal squamous cell carcinoma: implications for future research and clinical intervention. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16:e611-21. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Guan X, Yi Y, Huang Y, Hu Y, Li X, Wang X, Fan H, Wang G, Wang D. Revealing potential molecular targets bridging colitis and colorectal cancer based on multidimensional integration strategy. Oncotarget 2015; 6:37600-12. [PMID: 26461477 PMCID: PMC4741951 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation may play a vital role in the pathogenesis of inflammation-associated tumors. However, the underlying mechanisms bridging ulcerative colitis (UC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. Here, we integrated multidimensional interaction resources, including gene expression profiling, protein-protein interactions (PPIs), transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation data, and virus-host interactions, to tentatively explore potential molecular targets that functionally link UC and CRC at a systematic level. In this work, by deciphering the overlapping genes, crosstalking genes and pivotal regulators of both UC- and CRC-associated functional module pairs, we revealed a variety of genes (including FOS and DUSP1, etc.), transcription factors (including SMAD3 and ETS1, etc.) and miRNAs (including miR-155 and miR-196b, etc.) that may have the potential to complete the connections between UC and CRC. Interestingly, further analyses of the virus-host interaction network demonstrated that several virus proteins (including EBNA-LP of EBV and protein E7 of HPV) frequently inter-connected to UC- and CRC-associated module pairs with their validated targets significantly enriched in both modules of the host. Together, our results suggested that multidimensional integration strategy provides a novel approach to discover potential molecular targets that bridge the connections between UC and CRC, which could also be extensively applied to studies on other inflammation-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Guan
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Yi
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongfei Hu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xishan Wang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huihui Fan
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guiyu Wang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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19
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Ganti K, Broniarczyk J, Manoubi W, Massimi P, Mittal S, Pim D, Szalmas A, Thatte J, Thomas M, Tomaić V, Banks L. The Human Papillomavirus E6 PDZ Binding Motif: From Life Cycle to Malignancy. Viruses 2015; 7:3530-51. [PMID: 26147797 PMCID: PMC4517114 DOI: 10.3390/v7072785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-causing HPV E6 oncoproteins are characterized by the presence of a PDZ binding motif (PBM) at their extreme carboxy terminus. It was long thought that this region of E6 had a sole function to confer interaction with a defined set of cellular substrates. However, more recent studies have shown that the E6 PBM has a complex pattern of regulation, whereby phosphorylation within the PBM can regulate interaction with two classes of cellular proteins: those containing PDZ domains and the members of the 14-3-3 family of proteins. In this review, we explore the roles that the PBM and its ligands play in the virus life cycle, and subsequently how these can inadvertently contribute towards the development of malignancy. We also explore how subtle alterations in cellular signal transduction pathways might result in aberrant E6 phosphorylation, which in turn might contribute towards disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketaki Ganti
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Justyna Broniarczyk
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Wiem Manoubi
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Paola Massimi
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Suruchi Mittal
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - David Pim
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Anita Szalmas
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Jayashree Thatte
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Miranda Thomas
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Vjekoslav Tomaić
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
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20
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) of the anal canal is an underrecognized malignancy that is growing in annual incidence. Over the years, combined chemoradiation has been the mainstay of treatment for locally advanced SCCA of the anal canal. Currently, the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine is recommended to prevent the development of HPV and its associated precancerous lesion(s). Patients diagnosed with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV+) are prone to develop anal cancer due to their high risk of contracting HPV infection. We will focus on the development and management of SCCA of the anal canal (both localized and metastatic), including special details on HIV-positive patients. Highlights will include the role of targeted therapy based on available literature. Our objective is to aid practicing physicians in formulating a treatment plan for both locally advanced and metastatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Ahmed
- The Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 426, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,
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21
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Chow LT. Model systems to study the life cycle of human papillomaviruses and HPV-associated cancers. Virol Sin 2015; 30:92-100. [PMID: 25924993 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalent human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect either cutaneous or mucosal epithelium. Active Infections lead to epithelial hyperprolifeation and are usually cleared in healthy individuals within a year. Persistent infections in the anogenital tracts by certain high-risk genotypes such as HPV-16, HPV-18 and closely related types, can progress to high grade dysplasias and carcinomas in women and men, including cervical, vulva, penile and anal cancers. A significant fraction of the head and neck cancers are also caused by HPV-16. The viral oncogenes responsible for neoplastic conversion are E6 and E7 that disrupt the pathways controlled by the two major tumor suppressor genes, p53 and members of pRB family. Because HPV cannot be propagated in conventional submerged monolayer cell cultures, organotypic epithelial raft cultures that generate a stratified and differentiated epithelium have been used to study the viral life cycle. This article describes several systems to examine aspects of the viral productive phase, along with the advantages and limitations. Animal model systems of HPV carcinogenesis are also briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise T Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294-0005, USA,
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22
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Liu GB, Chen J, Wu ZH, Zhao KN. Association of human papillomavirus with Fanconi anemia promotes carcinogenesis in Fanconi anemia patients. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:345-53. [PMID: 25776992 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare recessive disorder associated with chromosomal fragility. FA patients are at very high risk of cancers, especially head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas caused by infection of human papillomaviruses (HPVs). By integrating into the host genome, HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 drive the genomic instability to promote DNA damage and gene mutations necessary for carcinogenesis in FA patients. Furthermore, E6 and E7 oncoproteins not only inhibit p53 and retinoblastoma but also impair the FANC/BRCA signaling pathway to prevent DNA damage repair and alter multiple signals including cell-cycle checkpoints, telomere function, cell proliferation, and interference of the host immune system leading to cancer development in FA patients. In this review, we summarize recent advances in unraveling the molecular mechanisms of FA susceptibility to HPV-induced cancers, which facilitate rational preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Bin Liu
- School of Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, The University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Jiezhong Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Zhan He Wu
- Western Sydney Genomic Diagnosis, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kong-Nan Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Centre for Kidney Disease Research-Venomics Research, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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23
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Medford RJ, Salit IE. Anal cancer and intraepithelial neoplasia: epidemiology, screening and prevention of a sexually transmitted disease. CMAJ 2015; 187:111-115. [PMID: 25512647 PMCID: PMC4312150 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.140476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Medford
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Medford), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Salit), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Irving E Salit
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Medford), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Salit), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
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24
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De Azambuja K, Barman P, Toyama J, Elashoff D, Lawson GW, Williams LK, Chua K, Lee D, Kehoe JJ, Brodkorb A, Schwiebert R, Kitchen S, Bhimani A, Wiley DJ. Validation of an HPV16-mediated carcinogenesis mouse model. In Vivo 2014; 28:761-767. [PMID: 25189887 PMCID: PMC5214601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Human papillomavirus Type 16 (HPV16) infection is a necessary but alone insufficient cause of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) and likely causes other genital cancers. Individual genetic variability influences the natural history of the neoplasm. Developing a variety of animal models to investigate HPV16-mediated carcinogenesis is important to Phase 1 trials for human cancer treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice expressing the HPV16-E7 transgene were treated with 100 nmoles of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) on dorsal-thoracolumbar skin for ≤20 weeks. RESULTS Transgenic-HPV16E7 mice showed more tumors (14.11±1.49 vs. 7.2±0.73) that more quickly reached maximal size (17.53±0.53 vs. 28.75±0.67 weeks) than syngeneic controls. CONCLUSION DMBA topically-treated C57BL/6-HPV16E7 mice developed chronic inflammation as well as benign and malignant lesions, many of which ulcerated. Histology showed that the HPV16-E7 transgene more than doubled the effect of complete carcinogenesis against a C57BL/6 background alone, strongly influencing the number, size, and time-to-maximal tumor burden for DMBA-exposed transgenic-C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine De Azambuja
- Division of Translational Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Provabati Barman
- Division of Translational Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Joy Toyama
- Division of Translational Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - David Elashoff
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Gregory W Lawson
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Lisa K Williams
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Kristofer Chua
- Division of Translational Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Deborah Lee
- Division of Translational Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Joseph J Kehoe
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Andre Brodkorb
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Schwiebert
- Center of Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - Scott Kitchen
- UCLA Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Aamir Bhimani
- Division of Translational Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Dorothy J Wiley
- Division of Translational Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A.
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25
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Xylas J, Varone A, Quinn KP, Pouli D, McLaughlin-Drubin ME, Thieu HT, Garcia-Moliner ML, House M, Hunter M, Munger K, Georgakoudi I. Noninvasive assessment of mitochondrial organization in three-dimensional tissues reveals changes associated with cancer development. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:322-32. [PMID: 24862444 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial organization is often altered to accommodate cellular bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands. Changes in metabolism are a hallmark of a number of diseases, including cancer; however, the interdependence between mitochondrial metabolic function and organization is not well understood. Here, we present a noninvasive, automated and quantitative method to assess mitochondrial organization in three-dimensional (3D) tissues using exclusively endogenous two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and show that mitochondrial organization reflects alterations in metabolic activities. Specifically, we examine the organization of mitochondria within live, engineered epithelial tissue equivalents that mimic normal and precancerous human squamous epithelial tissues. We identify unique patterns of mitochondrial organization in the different tissue models we examine, and we attribute these to differences in the metabolic profiles of these tissues. We find that mitochondria are clustered in tissues with high levels of glycolysis and are more highly networked in tissues where oxidative phosphorylation is more dominant. The most highly networked organization is observed within cells with high levels of glutamine consumption. Furthermore, we demonstrate that mitochondrial organization provides complementary information to traditional morphological hallmarks of cancer development, including variations in nuclear size. Finally, we present evidence that this automated quantitative analysis of endogenous TPEF images can identify differences in the mitochondrial organization of freshly excised normal and pre-cancerous human cervical tissue specimens. Thus, this method could be a promising new modality to assess the role of mitochondrial organization in the metabolic activity of 3D tissues and could be further developed to serve as an early cancer clinical diagnostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Xylas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA
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26
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Sun ZJ, Zhang L, Zhang W, Hall B, Bian Y, Kulkarni AB. Inhibition of mTOR reduces anal carcinogenesis in transgenic mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74888. [PMID: 24124460 PMCID: PMC3790781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of human anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is unclear, and the accumulating evidence indicate association of ASCC with the activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway. Here we describe a mouse model with spontaneous anal squamous cell cancer, wherein a combined deletion of Tgfbr1 and Pten in stratified squamous epithelia was induced using inducible K14-Cre. Histopathologic analyses confirmed that 33.3% of the mice showed increased susceptibility to ASCC and precancerous lesions. Biomarker analyses demonstrated that the activation of the Akt pathway in ASCC of the Tgfbr1 and Pten double knockout (2cKO) mouse was similar to that observed in human anal cancer. Chemopreventive experiments using mTOR inhibitor-rapamycin treatment significantly delayed the onset of the ASCC tumors and reduced the tumor burden in 2cKO mice by decreasing the phosphorylation of Akt and S6. This is the first conditional knockout mouse model used for investigating the contributions of viral and cellular factors in anal carcinogenesis without carcinogen-mediated induction, and it would provide a platform for assessing new therapeutic modalities for treating and/or preventing this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wei Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bradford Hall
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yansong Bian
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communicative Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ashok B. Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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27
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Tong WWY, Hillman RJ, Kelleher AD, Grulich AE, Carr A. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma in HIV-infected adults. HIV Med 2013; 15:65-76. [PMID: 24007498 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Anal cancer is one of the most common non-AIDS-defining malignancies in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. Its precursor lesion, anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN), is highly prevalent in HIV-infected populations. More than 90% of anal squamous cell cancers are attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV). While the biology of HPV-related intraepithelial neoplasia is consistent across lower anogenital sites, the natural history of AIN is not well established and cannot be assumed to be identical to that of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Screening strategies to prevent anal cancer should be developed based on robust natural history data in HIV-infected and uninfected populations. Likewise, treatments need to be tested in randomized clinical trials, and reserved for those at significant risk of progression to cancer. This review covers the epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunology of HPV infection, AIN and anal cancer, and summarizes the current diagnosis, screening and treatment strategies in HIV-infected adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Y Tong
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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28
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Abstract
E7 is an accessory protein that is not encoded by all papillomaviruses. The E7 amino terminus contains two regions of similarity to conserved regions 1 and 2 of the adenovirus E1A protein, which are also conserved in the simian vacuolating virus 40 large tumor antigen. The E7 carboxyl terminus consists of a zinc-binding motif, which is related to similar motifs in E6 proteins. E7 proteins play a central role in the human papillomavirus life cycle, reprogramming the cellular environment to be conducive to viral replication. E7 proteins encoded by the cancer-associated alpha human papillomaviruses have potent transforming activities, which together with E6, are necessary but not sufficient to render their host squamous epithelial cell tumorigenic. This article strives to provide a comprehensive summary of the published research studies on human papillomavirus E7 proteins.
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Ibarra Sierra E, Díaz Chávez J, Cortés-Malagón EM, Uribe-Figueroa L, Hidalgo-Miranda A, Lambert PF, Gariglio P. Differential gene expression between skin and cervix induced by the E7 oncoprotein in a transgenic mouse model. Virology 2012; 433:337-45. [PMID: 22980503 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
HPV16 E7 oncoprotein expression in K14E7 transgenic mice induces cervical cancer after 6 months of treatment with the co-carcinogen 17β-estradiol. In untreated mice, E7 also induces skin tumors late in life albeit at low penetrance. These findings indicate that E7 alters cellular functions in cervix and skin so as to predispose these organs to tumorigenesis. Using microarrays, we determined the global genes expression profile in cervical and skin tissue of young adult K14E7 transgenic mice without estrogen treatment. In these tissues, the E7 oncoprotein altered the transcriptional pattern of genes involved in several biological processes including signal transduction, transport, metabolic process, cell adhesion, apoptosis, cell differentiation, immune response and inflammatory response. Among the E7-dysregulated genes were ones not previously known to be involved in cervical neoplasia including DMBT1, GLI1 and 17βHSD2 in cervix, as well as MMP2, 12, 14, 19 and 27 in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ibarra Sierra
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, México DF, Mexico
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