1
|
Ailizire A, Wang X, Ma Y, Yan X, Li S, Wu Z, Du W. How hypoxia affects microbiota metabolism in mice. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1244519. [PMID: 37840721 PMCID: PMC10569469 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1244519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationship between gut microbiota and the fecal metabolites of hypoxic environments in mice. Methods High-fat diet-induced obese mice (n = 20) and normal diet-fed mice (n = 20) were randomly divided into four groups: high altitude obese group (HOB), high altitude normal weight group (HN), low altitude obese group LOB (LOB), and low altitude normal weight group (LN). Fecal samples from each group were 16S rRNA gene sequenced, and five samples from each of the four groups above were selected for non-targeted fecal metabolomics analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The relationship between gut microbiota and fecal metabolites was analyzed using SIMCA 14.1, MetaboAnalyst 5.0 and R 4.1.11. Results (A) Body weight was significantly lower in the hypoxic obesity group than in the normoxic obesity group. (B) Differences in α-diversity and β-diversity were found in the fecal gut microbiota of mice of different body weights and altitude, and the diversity of gut microbiota was higher in the normal group than in the obese group; the results of the comparison between the two groups showed that Faecalibaculum, Romboutsia, Lactobacillus, and A2 were associated with obesity; Romboutsia was associated with hypoxia. (C) The metabolic profiles of fecal metabolites differed between groups: gut microbiota were associated with nucleotide and amino acid metabolism in the same body groups, while gut microbiota were associated with lipid and amino acid metabolism in the same oxygen concentration groups. Conclusion (a) Gut microbiota diversity was reduced in obese groups. Romboutsia was the dominant microbiota in the hypoxia group. (b) Gut microbiota were associated with nucleotide and amino acid metabolism in the same body weight groups, while they were associated with lipid and amino acid metabolism in the same altitude groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ainiwaer Ailizire
- Department of Public Health, Qinghai University School of Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Proctology, Qinghai Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University School of Medicine, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory for Application of High Altitude Medicine in Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Public Health, Qinghai University School of Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Department of Public Health, Qinghai University School of Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Ziyi Wu
- Department of Public Health, Qinghai University School of Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Wenqi Du
- Department of Public Health, Qinghai University School of Medicine, Xining, China
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University School of Medicine, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory for Application of High Altitude Medicine in Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wahl A, Al-Harthi L. HIV infection of non-classical cells in the brain. Retrovirology 2023; 20:1. [PMID: 36639783 PMCID: PMC9840342 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-023-00616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND) affect up to 50% of people living with HIV (PLWH), even in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). HIV-DNA can be detected in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of approximately half of aviremic ART-suppressed PLWH and its presence is associated with poorer neurocognitive performance. HIV DNA + and HIV RNA + cells have also been observed in postmortem brain tissue of individuals with sustained cART suppression. In this review, we provide an overview of how HIV invades the brain and HIV infection of resident brain glial cells (astrocytes and microglia). We also discuss the role of resident glial cells in persistent neuroinflammation and HAND in PLWH and their potential contribution to the HIV reservoir. HIV eradication strategies that target persistently infected glia cells will likely be needed to achieve HIV cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wahl
- grid.10698.360000000122483208International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA ,grid.10698.360000000122483208Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA ,grid.10698.360000000122483208Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- grid.240684.c0000 0001 0705 3621Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Williams DW, Flores BR, Xu Y, Wang Y, Yu D, Peters BA, Adedimeji A, Wilson TE, Merenstein D, Tien PC, Cohen MH, Weber KM, Adimora AA, Ofotokun I, Fischl M, Turan J, Turan B, Laumet G, Landay AL, Dastgheyb RM, Gange SJ, Weiser SD, Rubin LH. T-cell activation state differentially contributes to neuropsychiatric complications in women with HIV. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 25:100498. [PMID: 36097532 PMCID: PMC9463560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric complications are common among women with HIV (WWH). The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these complications are not fully known but likely driven in part by immune modulation. We examined associations between T-cell activation states which are required to mount an effective immune response (activation, co-stimulation/normal function, exhaustion, senescence) and neuropsychiatric complications in WWH. 369 WWH (78% HIV RNA undetectable/<20cp/mL) enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study completed neuropsychological testing and measures of depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale-CES-D), self-reported stress levels (Perceived Stress Scale-10), and post-traumatic stress (PTSD Checklist-Civilian Scale). Multiparametric flow cytometry evaluated T-cell activation state. Partial least squares regressions were used to examine T-cell phenotypes and neuropsychiatric outcome associations after confounder adjustment. In the total sample and among virally suppressed (VS)-WWH, CD4+ T-cell exhaustion was associated with poorer learning and attention/working memory (P's < 0.05). In the total sample, CD4+ T-cell activation was associated with better attention/working memory and CD8+ T-cell co-stimulation and senescence was associated with poorer executive function (P's < 0.05). For mental health outcomes, in the total sample, CD4+ T-cell activation was associated with more perceived stress and CD4+ T-cell exhaustion was associated with less depressive symptoms (P's < 0.05). Among VS-WWH, CD4+ senescence was associated with less perceive stress and CD8+ T-cell co-stimulation and senescence was associated with higher depression (P's < 0.05). Together, results suggest the contribution of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation status to neuropsychiatric complications in WWH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dionna W. Williams
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bianca R. Flores
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yanxun Xu
- Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuezhe Wang
- Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Danyang Yu
- Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandilyn A. Peters
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Adebola Adedimeji
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tracey E. Wilson
- Department of Community Health Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Health Science University, School of Public Health, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Merenstein
- Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Phyllis C. Tien
- Department of Medicine, UCSF and Medical Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Adaora A. Adimora
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Igho Ofotokun
- Department of Medicine, Emory University and Grady Healthcare System, Atlanta, Georgia Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY, NY, USA
| | - Margaret Fischl
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Health System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Janet Turan
- Departments of Health Policy and Organization, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Bülent Turan
- Department of Psychology, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Geoffroy Laumet
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raha M. Dastgheyb
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J. Gange
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sheri D. Weiser
- Department of Medicine, UCSF and Medical Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leah H. Rubin
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Killingsworth L, Spudich S. Neuropathogenesis of HIV-1: insights from across the spectrum of acute through long-term treated infection. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:709-724. [PMID: 35882661 PMCID: PMC10126949 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines the neuropathogenesis of HIV, from initial HIV entry into the central nervous system (CNS) to chronic infection, focusing on key advancements in the last 5 years. Discoveries regarding acute HIV infection reveal timing and mechanisms of early HIV entry and replication in the CNS, early inflammatory responses, and establishment of genetically distinct viral reservoirs in the brain. Recent studies additionally explore how chronic HIV infection is maintained in the CNS, examining how the virus remains in a latent "hidden" state in diverse cells in the brain, and how this leads to sustained pathological inflammatory responses. Despite viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy, HIV can persist and even replicate in the CNS, and associate with ongoing neuropathology including CD8 + T-lymphocyte mediated encephalitis. Crucial investigation to advance our understanding of the immune mechanisms that both control viral infection and lead to pathological consequences in the brain is necessary to develop treatments to optimize long-term neurologic health in people living with HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Killingsworth
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 8300c, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Serena Spudich
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 8300c, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Prashanth G, Vastrad B, Vastrad C, Kotrashetti S. Potential Molecular Mechanisms and Remdesivir Treatment for Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 Infection/COVID 19 Through RNA Sequencing and Bioinformatics Analysis. Bioinform Biol Insights 2022; 15:11779322211067365. [PMID: 34992355 PMCID: PMC8725226 DOI: 10.1177/11779322211067365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections
(COVID 19) is a progressive viral infection that has been investigated
extensively. However, genetic features and molecular pathogenesis underlying
remdesivir treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection remain unclear. Here, we used
bioinformatics to investigate the candidate genes associated in the
molecular pathogenesis of remdesivir-treated SARS-CoV-2-infected
patients. Methods: Expression profiling by high-throughput sequencing dataset (GSE149273) was
downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus, and the differentially
expressed genes (DEGs) in remdesivir-treated SARS-CoV-2 infection samples
and nontreated SARS-CoV-2 infection samples with an adjusted
P value of <.05 and a |log fold change| > 1.3
were first identified by limma in R software package. Next, pathway and gene
ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of these DEGs was performed. Then, the hub
genes were identified by the NetworkAnalyzer plugin and the other
bioinformatics approaches including protein-protein interaction network
analysis, module analysis, target gene—miRNA regulatory network, and target
gene—TF regulatory network. Finally, a receiver-operating characteristic
analysis was performed for diagnostic values associated with hub genes. Results: A total of 909 DEGs were identified, including 453 upregulated genes and 457
downregulated genes. As for the pathway and GO enrichment analysis, the
upregulated genes were mainly linked with influenza A and defense response,
whereas downregulated genes were mainly linked with drug
metabolism—cytochrome P450 and reproductive process. In addition, 10 hub
genes (VCAM1, IKBKE, STAT1, IL7R, ISG15, E2F1, ZBTB16, TFAP4, ATP6V1B1, and
APBB1) were identified. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed
that hub genes (CIITA, HSPA6, MYD88, SOCS3, TNFRSF10A, ADH1A, CACNA2D2,
DUSP9, FMO5, and PDE1A) had good diagnostic values. Conclusion: This study provided insights into the molecular mechanism of
remdesivir-treated SARS-CoV-2 infection that might be useful in further
investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Prashanth
- Department of General Medicine, Basaveshwara Medical College, Chitradurga, India
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Biochemistry, Basaveshwar College of Pharmacy, Gadag, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
HIV in the Brain: Identifying Viral Reservoirs and Addressing the Challenges of an HIV Cure. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080867. [PMID: 34451992 PMCID: PMC8402376 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in antiretroviral therapy have prolonged the life of people living with HIV and diminished the level of virus in these individuals. Yet, HIV quickly rebounds after disruption and/or cessation of treatment due to significant cellular and anatomical reservoirs for HIV, which underscores the challenge for HIV cure strategies. The central nervous system (CNS), in particular, is seeded with HIV within 1–2 weeks of infection and is a reservoir for HIV. In this review, we address the paradigm of HIV reservoirs in the CNS and the relevant cell types, including astrocytes and microglia, that have been shown to harbor viral infection even with antiretroviral treatment. In particular, we focus on developmental aspects of astrocytes and microglia that lead to their susceptibility to infection, and how HIV infection propagates among these cells. We also address challenges of measuring the HIV latent reservoir, advances in viral detection assays, and how curative strategies have evolved in regard to the CNS reservoir. Current curative strategies still require optimization to reduce or eliminate the HIV CNS reservoir, and may also contribute to levels of neuroinflammation that lead to cognitive decline. With this in mind, the latent HIV reservoir in the brain should remain a prominent focus when assessing treatment options and overall viral burden in the clinic, especially in the context of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND).
Collapse
|
7
|
Altered expression of fractalkine in HIV-1-infected astrocytes and consequences for the virus-related neurotoxicity. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:279-301. [PMID: 33646495 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection in the central nervous system (CNS) causes the release of neurotoxic products from infected cells which trigger extensive neuronal loss. Clinically, this results in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). However, the effects on neuroprotective factors in the brain remain poorly understood and understudied in this situation. HAND is a multifactorial process involving several players, and the complex cellular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, we reported that HIV-1 infection of astrocytes limits their potential to express the protective chemokine fractalkine in response to an inflammatory environment. We next confirmed that this effect was not due to a default in its shedding from the cell surface. We then investigated the biological mechanism responsible for this reduced fractalkine expression and found that HIV-1 infection specifically blocks the interaction of transcription factor NF-κB on its promoter with no effect on other cytokines. Moreover, we demonstrated that fractalkine production in astrocytes is regulated in response to immune factors secreted by infected/activated microglia and macrophages. In contrast, we observed that conditioned media from these infected cells also trigger neuronal apoptosis. At last, we demonstrated a strong neuroprotective action of fractalkine on human neurons by reducing neuronal damages. Taken together, our results indicate new relevant interactions between HIV-1 and fractalkine signaling in the CNS. This study provides new information to broaden the understanding of HAND and possibly foresee new therapeutic strategies. Considering its neuro-protective functions, reducing its production from astrocytes could have important outcomes in chronic neuroinflammation and in HIV-1 neuropathogenesis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Identification of potential mRNA panels for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) diagnosis and treatment using microarray dataset and bioinformatics methods. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:422. [PMID: 33251083 PMCID: PMC7679428 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present investigation is to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between SARS-CoV-2 infected and normal control samples to investigate the molecular mechanisms of infection with SARS-CoV-2. The microarray data of the dataset E-MTAB-8871 were retrieved from the ArrayExpress database. Pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment study, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, modules, target gene–miRNA regulatory network, and target gene–TF regulatory network have been performed. Subsequently, the key genes were validated using an analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, a total of 324 DEGs (76 up- and 248 down-regulated genes) were identified and enriched in a number of associated SARS-CoV-2 infection pathways and GO terms. Hub and target genes such as TP53, HRAS, MAPK11, RELA, IKZF3, IFNAR2, SKI, TNFRSF13C, JAK1, TRAF6, KLRF2, CD1A were identified from PPI network, target gene–miRNA regulatory network, and target gene–TF regulatory network. Study of the ROC showed that ten genes (CCL5, IFNAR2, JAK2, MX1, STAT1, BID, CD55, CD80, HAL-B, and HLA-DMA) were substantially involved in SARS-CoV-2 patients. The present investigation identified key genes and pathways that deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and could be used for SARS-CoV-2 infection as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sénécal V, Barat C, Tremblay MJ. The delicate balance between neurotoxicity and neuroprotection in the context of HIV-1 infection. Glia 2020; 69:255-280. [PMID: 32910482 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) causes a spectrum of neurological impairments, termed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), following the infiltration of infected cells into the brain. Even though the implementation of antiretroviral therapy reduced the systemic viral load, the prevalence of HAND remains unchanged and infected patients develop persisting neurological disturbances affecting their quality of life. As a result, HAND have gained importance in basic and clinical researches, warranting the need of developing new adjunctive treatments. Nonetheless, a better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms remains necessary. Several studies consolidated their efforts into elucidating the neurotoxic signaling leading to HAND including the deleterious actions of HIV-1 viral proteins and inflammatory mediators. However, the scope of these studies is not sufficient to address all the complexity related to HAND development. Fewer studies focused on an altered neuroprotective capacity of the brain to respond to HIV-1 infection. Neurotrophic factors are endogenous polyproteins involved in neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis. Any defects in the processing or production of these crucial factors might compose a risk factor rendering the brain more vulnerable to neuronal damages. Due to their essential roles, they have been investigated for their diverse interplays with HIV-1 infection. In this review, we present a complete description of the neurotrophic factors involved in HAND. We discuss emerging concepts for their therapeutic applications and summarize the complex mechanisms that down-regulate their production in favor of a neurotoxic environment. For certain factors, we finally address opposing roles that rather lead to increased inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Sénécal
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Corinne Barat
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the role of CD4+ T lymphocytes leading to HIV assault and persistence in the central nervous system (CNS) and the elimination of HIV-infected CNS resident cells by CD8+ T lymphocytes. RECENT FINDINGS HIV targets the CNS early in infection, and HIV-infected individuals suffer from mild forms of neurological impairments even under antiretroviral therapy (ART). CD4+ T cells and monocytes mediate HIV entry into the brain and constitute a source for HIV persistence and neuronal damage. HIV-specific CD8+ T cells are also massively recruited in the CNS in acute infection to control viral replication but cannot eliminate HIV-infected cells within the CNS. This review summarizes the involvement of CD4+ T cells in seeding and maintaining HIV infection in the brain and describes the involvement of CD8+ T cells in HIV neuropathogenesis, playing a role still to be deciphered, either beneficial in eliminating HIV-infected cells or deleterious in releasing inflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou L, Ni Z, Yu J, Cheng W, Cai Z, Yu C. Correlation Between Fecal Metabolomics and Gut Microbiota in Obesity and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:628. [PMID: 33013704 PMCID: PMC7505924 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship between the fecal metabolites and gut microbiota in obese patients with PCOS and provide a new strategy to elucidate the pathological mechanism of obesity and PCOS. Methods: The fecal samples of obese patients with PCOS (n = 18) and obese women without PCOS (n = 15) were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics. The peripheral venous blood of all subjects was collected to detect serum sex hormones. The association among fecal metabolites, gut microbiota, and serum sex hormones was analyzed with the R language. Results: A total of 122 named differential fecal metabolites and 18 enrichment KEGG pathways were obtained between the groups. Seven fecal metabolites can be used as characteristic metabolites, including DHEA sulfate. The richness and diversity of gut microbiota in the obese PCOS group were lower than those in the control group. Lachnoclostridium, Fusobacterium, Coprococcus_2, and Tyzzerela 4 were the characteristic genera of the obese patients with PCOS. Serum T level significantly and positively correlated with the abundance of fecal DHEA sulfate (p < 0.05), and serum DHEAS level significantly and negatively correlated with the abundance of fecal teasterone (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Specific fecal metabolites may be used as characteristic metabolites for obese patients with PCOS. The closely relationship among gut microbiota, fecal metabolites, and serum sex hormones may play a role in the related changes caused by hyperandrogenemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhou
- Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhexin Ni
- Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zailong Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zailong Cai
| | - Chaoqin Yu
- Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Chaoqin Yu
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Syu GD, Wang SC, Ma G, Liu S, Pearce D, Prakash A, Henson B, Weng LC, Ghosh D, Ramos P, Eichinger D, Pino I, Dong X, Xiao J, Wang S, Tao N, Kim KS, Desai PJ, Zhu H. Development and application of a high-content virion display human GPCR array. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1997. [PMID: 31040288 PMCID: PMC6491619 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to various ligands and stimuli. However, GPCRs rely on membrane for proper folding, making their biochemical properties difficult to study. By displaying GPCRs in viral envelopes, we fabricated a Virion Display (VirD) array containing 315 non-olfactory human GPCRs for functional characterization. Using this array, we found that 10 of 20 anti-GPCR mAbs were ultra-specific. We further demonstrated that those failed in the mAb assays could recognize their canonical ligands, suggesting proper folding. Next, using two peptide ligands on the VirD-GPCR array, we identified expected interactions and novel interactions. Finally, we screened the array with group B Streptococcus, a major cause of neonatal meningitis, and demonstrated that inhibition of a newly identified target, CysLTR1, reduced bacterial penetration both in vitro and in vivo. We believe that the VirD-GPCR array holds great potential for high-throughput screening for small molecule drugs, affinity reagents, and ligand deorphanization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Da Syu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Viral Oncology Program, Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Shih-Chin Wang
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Guangzhong Ma
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Donna Pearce
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Atish Prakash
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Brandon Henson
- Viral Oncology Program, Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Lien-Chun Weng
- Viral Oncology Program, Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Devlina Ghosh
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pedro Ramos
- CDI Laboratories, Inc., Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 00682, USA
| | | | - Ignacio Pino
- CDI Laboratories, Inc., Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 00682, USA
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Nongjian Tao
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Kwang Sik Kim
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Prashant J Desai
- Viral Oncology Program, Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
| | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Viral Oncology Program, Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim N, Choi J, Kim S, Gwon YD, Cho Y, Yang JM, Oh YK, Kim YB. Transmission of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus Produced from Different Recipient Cells In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165156. [PMID: 27832080 PMCID: PMC5104465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized pigs have been developed to reduce the incidence of immune rejection in xenotransplantation, but significant concerns remain, such as transmission of viral zoonosis. Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV), which exist in the genome of pigs, are produced as infectious virions from all porcine cells and cause zoonosis. Here, we examined the possibility of zoonosis of hosts under conditions of immune suppression or xenotransplantation of cells producing host-adapted viruses. Upon transplantation of PERV-producing porcine cells into mice, no transmission of PERV was detected, whereas, transmission of PERV from mice transplanted with mouse-adapted PERV-producing cells was detected. In addition, the frequency of PERV transmission was increased in CsA treated mice transplanted with PERV-producing murine cells, compared with PERV-producing porcine cells. Transmission of PERV to host animals did not affect weight but immune responses, in particular, the number of T cells from PERV-transmitted mice, were notably reduced. The observed risk of PERV zoonosis highlights the requirement for thorough evaluation of viral zoonosis under particular host conditions, such as immunosuppressive treatment and transplantation with host-adapted virus-producing cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Choi
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyun Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Gwon
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeondong Cho
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Myung Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young bong Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ghosh A, Chen F, Thakur A, Hong H. Cysteinyl Leukotrienes and Their Receptors: Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Central Nervous System Disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:943-951. [PMID: 27542570 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes are a group of the inflammatory lipid molecules well known as mediators of inflammatory signaling in the allergic diseases. Although they are traditionally known for their role in allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, and others, recent advances in the field of biomedical research highlighted the role of these inflammatory mediators in a broader range of diseases such as in the inflammation associated with the central nervous system (CNS) disorders, vascular inflammation (atherosclerotic), and in cancer. Among the CNS diseases, they, along with their synthesis precursor enzyme 5-lipoxygenase and their receptors, have been shown to be associated with brain injury, Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain ischemia, epilepsy, and others. However, a lot more remains elusive as the research in these areas is emerging and only a little has been discovered. Herein, through this review, we first provided a general up-to-date information on the synthesis pathway and the receptors for the molecules. Next, we summarized the current findings on their role in the brain disorders, with an insight given to the future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Ghosh
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Reiss CS. Innate Immunity in Viral Encephalitis. NEUROTROPIC VIRAL INFECTIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7153449 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33189-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Shoshkes Reiss
- Departments of Biology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chang CZ, Wu SC, Kwan AL, Lin CL. 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol, an active ingredient of Saposhnikovia divaricata, attenuates high-mobility group box 1 and subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced vasospasm in a rat model. Behav Brain Funct 2015; 11:28. [PMID: 26395442 PMCID: PMC4578329 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-015-0074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was observed to be an important extracellular mediator involved in vascular inflammation associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study is of interest to examine the efficacy of 4′-O-β-d-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol (4OGOMV), C22H28O10, on the alternation of cytokines and HMGB1 in an animal model. Methods A rodent double hemorrhage SAH model was employed. Administration with 4OGOMV was initiated 1 h after animals were subjected to SAH. Basilar arteries (BAs) were harvested and cortexes examined for HMGB1 mRNA, protein expression (Western blot) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) immunostaining. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected to examine IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 (rt-PCR). Results Morphological findings revealed endothelial cell deformity, intravascular elastic lamina torture, and smooth muscle necrosis in the vessels of SAH groups. Correspondently, IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP-1 in the SAH-only and SAH-plus vehicle groups was also elevated. 4OGOMV dose-dependently reduced HMGB1 protein expression when compared with the SAH groups.(p < 0.01) Likewise, 400 μg/kg 4OGOMV reduced IL-1β, MCP-1 and HMGB1 mRNA levels as well as MCP-1(+) monocytes when compared with the SAH groups.. Conclusion 4OGOMV exerts its neuro-protective effect partly through the dual effect of inhibiting IL-6 and MCP-1 activation and also reduced HMGB1 protein, mRNA and MCP-1(+) leukocytes translocation. This study lends credence to validating 4OGOMV as able to attenuate pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA, late-onset inflammasome, and cellular basis in SAH-induced vasospasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Zen Chang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Chuan Wu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chih-Lung Lin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rosiglitazone suppresses HIV-1 Tat-induced vascular inflammation via Akt signaling. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 407:173-9. [PMID: 26048716 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARƔ) contributes to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-induced dysfunction of brain endothelial cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protection mechanism of PPARƔ against Tat-induced responses of adhesion molecules. We measured the protein expressions of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) and C57BL/6J mouse brain microvessels with Western blotting and immunofluorescent labeling. The mRNA levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were determined by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. HIV-1 Tat induced overexpression of ICAM-1 but not VCAM-1 in both hCMEC/D3 and brain microvessels, this response was attenuated by treatment with the PPARƔ agonist rosiglitazone. Tat-mediated upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels were abolished by the addition of PPARƔ antagonist GW9662 and the Akt inhibitor KP3721, indicating that Akt signaling is involved in the PPARƔ-mediated protection of Tat-induced adhesion molecule upregulation. These results show that Akt signaling plays a key role in PPARƔ's vascular inflammatory effects that contribute to blood-brain barrier damage.
Collapse
|
18
|
Li M, Wang B, Wu Z, Shi X, Zhang J, Han S. Treatment of Dutch rat models of glioma using EphrinA1-PE38/GM-CSF chitosan nanoparticles by in situ activation of dendritic cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:7961-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
19
|
Chang CZ, Wu SC, Lin CL, Kwan AL. Valproic acid attenuates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin through a chemokine ligand 5 dependent mechanism and subarachnoid hemorrhage induced vasospasm in a rat model. J Inflamm (Lond) 2015; 12:27. [PMID: 25908928 PMCID: PMC4407545 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up-regulation of regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES/CCL5) and adhesion molecules is observed in the serum of animals following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The present study was to examine the effect of valproic acid (VPA) on RANTES and alternation of adhesion molecules in this model. METHODS A rodent SAH model was employed. Animals were randomly assigned into six groups. Basilar artery (BA) was harvested for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin evaluation (western blotting) and RANTES (rt-PCR). 1 ng CCL5 recombinant protein intrathecal injection was performed in the VPA + SAH groups. (N = 5). RESULTS Convoluted internal elastic lamina, distorted endothelial wall, and smooth muscle micro-necrosis was prominently observed in the SAH groups, which is absent in the VPA treatment and the healthy controls. Treatment with VPA dose-dependently reduced the ICAM-1, E-selectin and RANTES level, compared with the SAH group (p <0.01). The administration of CCL5 significantly increased CD45(+) glia and ICAM-1 level in the VPA treatment groups. CONCLUSION VPA exerts its anti-vasospastic effect through the dual effect of inhibiting RANTES expression and reduced adhesion molecules. Besides, VPA also decreased CD45(+) cells transmigrated to the vascular wall. The administration of CCL5 significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of this compound on CD45(+) monocytes, E-selectin, and ICAM-1 level. This study also lends credence to support this compound could attenuate SAH induced adhesion molecules and neuro-inflammation in a CCL5 dependent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Zen Chang
- />Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- />Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- />Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chuan Wu
- />Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lung Lin
- />Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- />Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- />Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- />Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Macrophages are motile leukocytes, targeted by HIV-1, thought to play a critical role in host dissemination of the virus. However, whether infection impacts their migration capacity remains unknown. We show that 2-dimensional migration and the 3-dimensional (3D) amoeboid migration mode of HIV-1-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages were inhibited, whereas the 3D mesenchymal migration was enhanced. The viral protein Nef was necessary and sufficient for all HIV-1-mediated effects on migration. In Nef transgenic mice, tissue infiltration of macrophages was increased in a tumor model and in several tissues at steady state, suggesting a dominant role for mesenchymal migration in vivo. The mesenchymal motility involves matrix proteolysis and podosomes, cell structures constitutive of monocyte-derived cells. Focusing on the mechanisms used by HIV-1 Nef to control the mesenchymal migration, we show that the stability, size, and proteolytic function of podosomes are increased via the phagocyte-specific kinase Hck and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), 2 major regulators of podosomes. In conclusion, HIV-1 reprograms macrophage migration, which likely explains macrophage accumulation in several patient tissues, which is a key step for virus spreading and pathogenesis. Moreover, Nef points out podosomes and the Hck/WASP signaling pathway as good candidates to control tissue infiltration of macrophages, a detrimental phenomenon in several diseases.
Collapse
|
21
|
Purpurogallin, a natural phenol, attenuates high-mobility group box 1 in subarachnoid hemorrhage induced vasospasm in a rat model. Int J Vasc Med 2014; 2014:254270. [PMID: 25485154 PMCID: PMC4251792 DOI: 10.1155/2014/254270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was shown to be an important extracellular mediator involved in vascular inflammation of animals following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study is of interest to examine the efficacy of purpurogallin, a natural phenol, on the alternation of cytokines and HMGB1 in a SAH model. A rodent double hemorrhage SAH model was employed. Basilar arteries (BAs) were harvested to examine HMGB1 mRNA and protein expression (Western blot). CSF samples were to examine IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α (rt-PCR). Deformed endothelial wall, tortuous elastic lamina, and necrotic smooth muscle were observed in the vessels of SAH groups but were absent in the purpurogallin group. IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the SAH only and SAH plus vehicle groups were significantly elevated (P < 0.01). Purpurgallin dose-dependently reduced HMGB1 protein expression. Likewise, high dose purpurogallin reduced TNF-α and HMGB1 mRNA levels. In conclusion, purpurogallin exerts its neuroinflammation effect through the dual effect of inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression and reducing HMGB1 protein and mRNA expression. This study supports purpurogallin could attenuate both proinflammatory cytokines and late-onset inflammasome in SAH induced vasospasm.
Collapse
|