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Williams DE, King K, Jackson R, Kuehner F, Arnoldy C, Marroquin JN, Tobey I, Banka A, Ragonese S, Van Doorslaer K. PRMT1 Modulates Alternative Splicing to Enhance HPV18 mRNA Stability and Promote the Establishment of Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.26.614592. [PMID: 39386465 PMCID: PMC11463397 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.26.614592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Only persistent HPV infections lead to the development of cancer. Thus, understanding the virus-host interplay that influences the establishment of viral infection has important implications for HPV biology and human cancers. The ability of papillomaviruses to establish in cells requires the strict temporal regulation of viral gene expression in sync with cellular differentiation. This control primarily happens at the level of RNA splicing and polyadenylation. However, the details of how this spatio-temporal regulation is achieved still need to be fully understood. Until recently, it has been challenging to study the early events of the HPV lifecycle following infection. We used a single-cell genomics approach to identify cellular factors involved in viral infection and establishment. We identify protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) as an important factor in viral infection of primary human cervical cells. PRMT1 is the main cellular enzyme responsible for asymmetric dimethylation of cellular proteins. PRMT1 is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the methylation of arginine residues on various proteins, which influences processes such as RNA processing, transcriptional regulation, and signal transduction. In this study, we show that HPV18 infection leads to increased PRMT1 levels across the viral lifecycle. PRMT1 is critical for the establishment of a persistent infection in primary cells. Mechanistically, PRMT1 inhibition leads to a highly dysregulated viral splicing pattern. Specifically, reduced PRMT1 activity leads to intron retention and a change in the E6 and E7 expression ratio. In the absence of PRMT1, viral transcripts are destabilized and subject to degradation via the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway. These findings highlight PRMT1 as a critical regulator of the HPV18 lifecycle, particularly in RNA processing, and position it as a potential therapeutic target for persistent HPV18 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E.J. Williams
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Medical Scientist Training M.D.-Ph.D. Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kelly King
- The Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Robert Jackson
- The Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Franziska Kuehner
- The Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Christina Arnoldy
- The Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Isabelle Tobey
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- The Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Amy Banka
- The Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Microbiology Graduate program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Sofia Ragonese
- The Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Molecular and cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- The Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Microbiology Graduate program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- The BIO5 Institute, The Department of Immunobiology, Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Nascimento KCG, São Marcos BDF, Fontes PHB, Isídio BEDO, Leão SL, da Silva GRP, Lussón DB, dos Santos DL, Leal LRS, Espinoza BCF, de Macêdo LS, de França Neto PL, Silva AJD, Silva Neto JC, Santos VEP, de Freitas AC. HPV Detection in Breast Tumors and Associated Risk Factors in Northeastern Brazil. Cells 2024; 13:1132. [PMID: 38994984 PMCID: PMC11240692 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer risk factors include lifestyle, genetic-hormonal influences, and viral infections. Human papillomavirus (HPV), known primarily as the etiological agent of cervical cancer, also appears active in breast carcinogenesis, as evidenced in our study of 56 patients from northeastern Brazil. We assessed the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics, correlating them with various breast cancer tumor types. HPV detection involved amplifying the L1 region, with viral load measured using the E2/E6 ratio and viral activity indicated by E5 oncogene expression. Predominantly, patients over 56 years of age with healthy lifestyles showed a high incidence of invasive ductal carcinoma and triple-negative breast cancer. HPV was detected in 35.7% of cases, mostly HPV16, which is associated with high viral loads (80 copies per cell) and significant E5 expression. These results hint at a possible link between HPV and breast carcinogenesis, necessitating further studies to explore this association and the underlying viral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235. Cidade Universitária Recife, Pernambuco, Recife 50670901, PE, Brazil; (K.C.G.N.); (B.d.F.S.M.); (P.H.B.F.); (B.E.d.O.I.); (S.L.L.); (G.R.P.d.S.); (D.B.L.); (D.L.d.S.); (L.R.S.L.); (B.C.F.E.); (L.S.d.M.); (P.L.d.F.N.); (A.J.D.S.); (J.C.S.N.); (V.E.P.S.)
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3
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Jönsson J, Wang L, Kajitani N, Schwartz S. A novel HPV16 splicing enhancer critical for viral oncogene expression and cell immortalization. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:316-336. [PMID: 37994701 PMCID: PMC10783526 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk carcinogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs), e.g. HPV16, express the E6 and E7 oncogenes from two mRNAs that are generated in a mutually exclusive manner by splicing. The HPV16 E7 mRNA, also known as the E6*I/E7 mRNA, is produced by splicing between splice sites SD226 and SA409, while E6 mRNAs retain the intron between these splice sites. We show that splicing between HPV16 splice sites SD226 and SA409 is controlled by a splicing enhancer consisting of a perfect repeat of an adenosine-rich, 11 nucleotide sequence: AAAAGCAAAGA. Two nucleotide substitutions in both 11 nucleotide sequences specifically inhibited production of the spliced E6*I/E7 mRNA. As a result, production of E7 protein was reduced and the ability of HPV16 to immortalize human primary keratinocytes was abolished. The splicing-enhancing effect was mediated by the cellular TRAP150/THRAP3 protein that also enhanced splicing of other high-risk HPV E6*I/E7 mRNAs, but had no effect on low-risk HPV mRNAs. In summary, we have identified a novel splicing enhancer in the E6 coding region that is specific for high-risk HPVs and that is critically linked to HPV16 carcinogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Jönsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, BMC-B9, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lianqing Wang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, BMC-B9, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Center of Translational Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, 255036 Zibo, China
| | - Naoko Kajitani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, BMC-B9, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Schwartz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, BMC-B9, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Peng Q, Wang L, Zuo L, Gao S, Jiang X, Han Y, Lin J, Peng M, Wu N, Tang Y, Tian H, Zhou Y, Liao Q. HPV E6/E7: insights into their regulatory role and mechanism in signaling pathways in HPV-associated tumor. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:9-17. [PMID: 38102462 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a class of envelope-free double-stranded DNA virus. HPV infection has been strongly associated with the development of many malignancies, such as cervical, anal and oral cancers. The viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 perform central roles on HPV-induced carcinogenic processes. During tumor development, it usually goes along with the activation of abnormal signaling pathways. E6 and E7 induces changes in cell cycle, proliferation, invasion, metastasis and other biological behaviors by affecting downstream tumor-related signaling pathways, thus promoting malignant transformation of cells and ultimately leading to tumorigenesis and progression. Here, we summarized that E6 and E7 proteins promote HPV-associated tumorigenesis and development by regulating the activation of various tumor-related signaling pathways, for example, the Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, and NF-kB signaling pathway. We also discussed the importance of HPV-encoded E6 and E7 and their regulated tumor-related signaling pathways for the diagnosis and effective treatment of HPV-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Peng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Lujuan Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Liang Zuo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shuichao Gao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xianjie Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yaqian Han
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jinguan Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Mingjing Peng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Nayiyuan Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
- Public Service Platform of Tumor organoids Technology, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
- Public Service Platform of Tumor organoids Technology, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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5
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Sasivimolrattana T, Chaiwongkot A, Bhattarakosol P. HPV16E1 downregulation altered the cell characteristics involved in cervical cancer development. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18217. [PMID: 37880374 PMCID: PMC10600143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary causes of cervical cancer are human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) and/or other high-risk (Hr -) HPV infections. Hr-HPVE5, E6, and E7 have been identified as oncoproteins that play roles in the development of cancer. However, other HPV proteins, especially E1, may also be involved in cancer development. In this study, the role of HPV16E1 in cervical carcinogenesis was examined by siRNA knockdown experiments using SiHa cells as a model. The results showed that HPV16E1 regulated P-FOXO3a and HPV16E7 expression. Various cell functions associated with the hallmarks of cancer, including cell viability, colony formation, invasion, and anchorage-independent cell growth, were altered when HPV16E1 was downregulated. However, no effect on cell migration and apoptosis properties was found. Moreover, HPV16E1 downregulation resulted in an increase in cisplatin susceptibility. In conclusion, this is the first demonstration that HPV16E1 might be regarded as a possible novel oncoprotein involved in several processes related to oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanayod Sasivimolrattana
- Medical Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Arkom Chaiwongkot
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Parvapan Bhattarakosol
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Ali U, Bette M, Ambreen G, Pinnapireddy SR, Tariq I, Marquardt A, Stuck BA, Bakowsky U, Mandic R. RNAi-Mediated Knockdown of Cottontail Rabbit Papillomavirus Oncogenes Using Low-Toxicity Lipopolyplexes as a Paradigm to Treat Papillomavirus-Associated Cancers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2379. [PMID: 37896139 PMCID: PMC10610439 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV)-associated VX2 carcinoma of the New Zealand White rabbit serves as a model system for human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the tumor-inhibiting effect of RNAi-mediated knockdown of the CRPV oncogenes, E6 and E7, using siRNA-loaded lipopolyplexes (LPPs). VX2-carcinoma-derived cells were cultured for up to 150 passages. In addition, CRPV E6 and E7 oncogenes were transiently expressed in COS-7 cells. Efficiency and safety of LPPs were evaluated in both VX2 cells and the COS-7 cell line. Both of these in vitro CRPV systems were validated and characterized by fluorescence microscopy, Western blot, and RT-qPCR. Efficient knockdown of CRPV E6 and E7 was achieved in VX2 cells and COS-7 cells pretransfected with CRPV E6 and E7 expression vectors. Knockdown of CRPV oncogenes in VX2 cells resulted in reduced viability, migration, and proliferation and led to a G0/G1 block in the cell cycle. CRPV E6 and E7 siRNA-loaded LPPs could represent promising therapeutic agents serving as a paradigm for the treatment of papillomavirus-positive cancers and could be of value for the treatment of CRPV-associated diseases in the rabbit such as papillomas and cancers of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany (I.T.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bette
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ghazala Ambreen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany (I.T.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Shashank R. Pinnapireddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany (I.T.)
- CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, 35041 Marburg, Germany
| | - Imran Tariq
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany (I.T.)
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - André Marquardt
- Department of Pathology, Klinikum Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Boris A. Stuck
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany (I.T.)
| | - Robert Mandic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Lyu M, Lai H, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Wu D, Chen J, Ying B. Roles of alternative splicing in infectious diseases: from hosts, pathogens to their interactions. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:767-779. [PMID: 36893312 PMCID: PMC10150853 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Alternative splicing (AS) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that removes introns and ligates exons to generate mature messenger RNAs (mRNAs), extremely improving the richness of transcriptome and proteome. Both mammal hosts and pathogens require AS to maintain their life activities, and inherent physiological heterogeneity between mammals and pathogens makes them adopt different ways to perform AS. Mammals and fungi conduct a two-step transesterification reaction by spliceosomes to splice each individual mRNA (named cis -splicing). Parasites also use spliceosomes to splice, but this splicing can occur among different mRNAs (named trans -splicing). Bacteria and viruses directly hijack the host's splicing machinery to accomplish this process. Infection-related changes are reflected in the spliceosome behaviors and the characteristics of various splicing regulators (abundance, modification, distribution, movement speed, and conformation), which further radiate to alterations in the global splicing profiles. Genes with splicing changes are enriched in immune-, growth-, or metabolism-related pathways, highlighting approaches through which hosts crosstalk with pathogens. Based on these infection-specific regulators or AS events, several targeted agents have been developed to fight against pathogens. Here, we summarized recent findings in the field of infection-related splicing, including splicing mechanisms of pathogens and hosts, splicing regulation and aberrant AS events, as well as emerging targeted drugs. We aimed to systemically decode host-pathogen interactions from a perspective of splicing. We further discussed the current strategies of drug development, detection methods, analysis algorithms, and database construction, facilitating the annotation of infection-related splicing and the integration of AS with disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Lyu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongli Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yili Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yanbing Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Dongsheng Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Binwu Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Zhao J, Zheng W, Wang L, Jiang H, Wang X, Hou J, Xu A, Cong J. Human papillomavirus (HPV) integration signature in cervical lesions: identification of MACROD2 gene as HPV hot spot integration site. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2023; 307:1115-1123. [PMID: 36008642 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-022-06748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-risk HPV is clearly associated with cervical cancer. Integration of HPV DNA into the host genome is considered a key event in driving cervical carcinogenesis. However, the mechanism on how HR-HPV integration influences the host genome structure has remained enigmatic. METHODS In our study, 25 DNA samples including 11 from fresh-frozen cervical carcinomas and 14 from fresh-frozen high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSILs) were detected using the method of HPV capture combined with next generation sequencing. RESULTS We calculated the frequency in each viral gene or region and found that breakpoints were prone to occur in L1 and L2 instead of E2 in the cervical cancer (P = 0.0004 and P = 5.15 × 10-40) and HSIL group (P = 2.1 × 10-32 and P = 7.06 × 10-13). The results revealed that HPV16 showed a strong tendency toward intronic region (P = 5.02 × 10-64) but a subtle tendency toward intergenic region (P = 0.04). The most frequent integration site was in the MACROD2 gene (introns 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9), which in MACROD2 functional domain. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that MACROD2 is HPV hot spot integration site in cervical lesions, and its deficiency alter DNA repair and sensitivity to DNA damage thought impaired PARP1 activity resulting in chromosome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20, East Yuhuangding Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20, East Yuhuangding Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Liqian Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20, East Yuhuangding Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20, East Yuhuangding Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20, East Yuhuangding Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Jianqing Hou
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20, East Yuhuangding Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Anli Xu
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20, East Yuhuangding Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.
| | - Jianglin Cong
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20, East Yuhuangding Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.
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9
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Fan J, Fu Y, Peng W, Li X, Shen Y, Guo E, Lu F, Zhou S, Liu S, Yang B, Qin X, Hu D, Xiao R, Li X, Yang S, Yuan C, Shu Y, Huang H, Wan T, Pi Y, Wang S, Chen W, Wang H, Zhong L, Yuan L, Wen B, Kong B, Mills GB, Zou D, Xia B, Song K, Chen G, Ma D, Sun C. Multi-omics characterization of silent and productive HPV integration in cervical cancer. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100211. [PMID: 36777180 PMCID: PMC9903858 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) that is caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) remains a significant public health problem worldwide. HPV integration sites can be silent or actively transcribed, leading to the production of viral-host fusion transcripts. Herein, we demonstrate that only productive HPV integration sites were nonrandomly distributed across both viral and host genomes, suggesting that productive integration sites are under selection and likely to contribute to CC pathophysiology. Furthermore, using large-scale, multi-omics (clinical, genomic, transcriptional, proteomic, phosphoproteomic, and single-cell) data, we demonstrate that tumors with productive HPV integration are associated with higher E6/E7 proteins and enhanced tumor aggressiveness and immunoevasion. Importantly, productive HPV integration increases from carcinoma in situ to advanced disease. This study improves our understanding of the functional consequences of HPV fusion transcripts on the biology and pathophysiology of HPV-driven CCs, suggesting that productive HPV integration should be evaluated as an indicator of high risk for progression to aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Wenju Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Xiong Li
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Yuanming Shen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ensong Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Funian Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Shengtao Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Si Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Xu Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Dianxing Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Rourou Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Siqi Yang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Cunzhong Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Yao Shu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Ting Wan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yanan Pi
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Shuxiang Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China
| | - Baogang Wen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China
| | - Beihua Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Dongling Zou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China
| | - Bairong Xia
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Kun Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Chaoyang Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
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Leiendecker L, Neumann T, Jung PS, Cronin SM, Steinacker TL, Schleiffer A, Schutzbier M, Mechtler K, Kervarrec T, Laurent E, Bachiri K, Coyaud E, Murali R, Busam KJ, Itzinger-Monshi B, Kirnbauer R, Cerroni L, Calonje E, Rütten A, Stubenrauch F, Griewank KG, Wiesner T, Obenauf AC. Human Papillomavirus 42 Drives Digital Papillary Adenocarcinoma and Elicits a Germ Cell-like Program Conserved in HPV-Positive Cancers. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:70-84. [PMID: 36213965 PMCID: PMC9827110 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The skin is exposed to viral pathogens, but whether they contribute to the oncogenesis of skin cancers has not been systematically explored. Here we investigated 19 skin tumor types by analyzing off-target reads from commonly available next-generation sequencing data for viral pathogens. We identified human papillomavirus 42 (HPV42) in 96% (n = 45/47) of digital papillary adenocarcinoma (DPA), an aggressive cancer occurring on the fingers and toes. We show that HPV42, so far considered a nononcogenic, "low-risk" HPV, recapitulates the molecular hallmarks of oncogenic, "high-risk" HPVs. Using machine learning, we find that HPV-driven transformation elicits a germ cell-like transcriptional program conserved throughout all HPV-driven cancers (DPA, cervical carcinoma, and head and neck cancer). We further show that this germ cell-like transcriptional program, even when reduced to the top two genes (CDKN2A and SYCP2), serves as a fingerprint of oncogenic HPVs with implications for early detection, diagnosis, and therapy of all HPV-driven cancers. SIGNIFICANCE We identify HPV42 as a uniform driver of DPA and add a new member to the short list of tumorigenic viruses in humans. We discover that all oncogenic HPVs evoke a germ cell-like transcriptional program with important implications for detecting, diagnosing, and treating all HPV-driven cancers. See related commentary by Starrett et al., p. 17. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Leiendecker
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University at Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Neumann
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University at Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Quantro Therapeutics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pauline S. Jung
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University at Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shona M. Cronin
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University at Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas L. Steinacker
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Schleiffer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schutzbier
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- The Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (GMI), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- The Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (GMI), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Thibault Kervarrec
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Center of Tours, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Estelle Laurent
- PRISM INSERM U1192, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Kamel Bachiri
- PRISM INSERM U1192, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- PRISM INSERM U1192, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Rajmohan Murali
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Klaus J. Busam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Cerroni
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eduardo Calonje
- Department of Dermatopathology, St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arno Rütten
- Dermatopathology Friedrichshafen, Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Frank Stubenrauch
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Klaus G. Griewank
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiesner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna C. Obenauf
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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11
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Kuehner F, Stubenrauch F. Functions of Papillomavirus E8^E2 Proteins in Tissue Culture and In Vivo. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050953. [PMID: 35632695 PMCID: PMC9143700 DOI: 10.3390/v14050953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PV) replicate in undifferentiated keratinocytes at low levels and to high levels in differentiated cells. The restricted replication in undifferentiated cells is mainly due to the expression of the conserved viral E8^E2 repressor protein, a fusion protein consisting of E8 and the hinge, DNA-binding, and dimerization domain of E2. E8^E2 binds to viral genomes and represses viral transcription and genome replication by recruiting cellular NCoR/SMRT-HDAC3 corepressor complexes. Tissue culture experiments have revealed that E8^E2 modulates long-term maintenance of extrachromosomal genomes, productive replication, and immortalization properties in a virus type-dependent manner. Furthermore, in vivo experiments have indicated that Mus musculus PV1 E8^E2 is required for tumor formation in immune-deficient mice. In summary, E8^E2 is a crucial inhibitor whose levels might determine the outcome of PV infections.
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12
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Bhat A, Yadav J, Thakur K, Aggarwal N, Chhokar A, Tripathi T, Singh T, Jadli M, Veerapandian V, Bharti AC. Transcriptome analysis of cervical cancer exosomes and detection of HPVE6*I transcripts in exosomal RNA. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:164. [PMID: 35148692 PMCID: PMC8840784 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes play a key role in cell-to-cell communication and are integral component of the tumor microenvironment. Recent observations suggest transfer of RNA through tumor-derived exosomes that can potentially translate into regulatory proteins in the recipient cells. Role of cervical cancer-derived exosomes and their transcript cargo is poorly understood. Materials and methods The total RNA of exosomes from HPV-positive (SiHa and HeLa) and HPV-negative (C33a) cervical cancer cell lines were extracted and the transcripts were estimated using Illumina HiSeq X. Further, validation of HPV transcripts were performed using RT-PCR. Results 3099 transcripts were found to be differentially-exported in HPV-positive vs. HPV-negative exosomes (p value <0.05). Analysis of top 10 GO terms and KEGG pathways showed enrichment of transcripts belonging to axon guidance and tumor innervation in HPV-positive exosomes. Among top 20 overexpressed transcripts, EVC2, LUZP1 and ANKS1B were the most notable due to their involvement in Hh signaling, cellular migration and invasion, respectively. Further, low levels of HPV-specific reads were detected. RT-PCR validation revealed presence of E6*I splice variant of HPV18 in exosomal RNA of HeLa cells. The E6*I transcripts were consistently retained in exosomes obtained from HeLa cells undergoing 5-FU and cisplatin-induced oxidative stress. Conclusion Our data suggests the enrichment of poly-A RNA transcripts in the exosomal cargo of cervical cancer cells, which includes pro-tumorigenic cellular RNA and viral transcripts such as HPV E6, which may have clinical utility as potential exosomal biomarkers of cervical cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09262-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Bhat
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Joni Yadav
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Kulbhushan Thakur
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Nikita Aggarwal
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Arun Chhokar
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Tanya Tripathi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Tejveer Singh
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Mohit Jadli
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | | | - Alok Chandra Bharti
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India.
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13
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Chen Z, Utro F, Platt D, DeSalle R, Parida L, Chan PKS, Burk RD. K-Mer Analyses Reveal Different Evolutionary Histories of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Papillomaviruses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9657. [PMID: 34502564 PMCID: PMC8432194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are a heterogeneous group of DNA viruses that can infect fish, birds, reptiles, and mammals. PVs infecting humans (HPVs) phylogenetically cluster into five genera (Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, Mu- and Nu-PV), with differences in tissue tropism and carcinogenicity. The evolutionary features associated with the divergence of Papillomaviridae are not well understood. Using a combination of k-mer distributions, genetic metrics, and phylogenetic algorithms, we sought to evaluate the characteristics and differences of Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-PVs constituting the majority of HPV genomes. A total of 640 PVs including 442 HPV types, 27 non-human primate PV types, and 171 non-primate animal PV types were evaluated. Our analyses revealed the highest genetic diversity amongst Gamma-PVs compared to the Alpha and Beta PVs, suggesting reduced selective pressures on Gamma-PVs. Using a sequence alignment-free trimer (k = 3) phylogeny algorithm, we reconstructed a phylogeny that grouped most HPV types into a monophyletic clade that was further split into three branches similar to alignment-based classifications. Interestingly, a subset of low-risk Alpha HPVs (the species Alpha-2, 3, 4, and 14) split from other HPVs and were clustered with non-human primate PVs. Surprisingly, the trimer-constructed phylogeny grouped the Gamma-6 species types originally isolated from the cervicovaginal region with the main Alpha-HPV clade. These data indicate that characterization of papillomavirus heterogeneity via orthogonal approaches reveals novel insights into the biological understanding of HPV genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Filippo Utro
- Computational Genomics, IBM T. J. Watson Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA; (F.U.); (D.P.); (L.P.)
| | - Daniel Platt
- Computational Genomics, IBM T. J. Watson Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA; (F.U.); (D.P.); (L.P.)
| | - Rob DeSalle
- Sackler Institute of Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA;
| | - Laxmi Parida
- Computational Genomics, IBM T. J. Watson Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA; (F.U.); (D.P.); (L.P.)
| | - Paul K. S. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert D. Burk
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Woman’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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14
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The exon junction complex core factor eIF4A3 is a key regulator of HPV16 gene expression. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228142. [PMID: 33760064 PMCID: PMC8026852 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPVs), particularly HPV16 and HPV18, are the etiologic factors of ano-genital cancers and some head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). Viral E6 and E7 oncoproteins, controlled at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, drive hrHPVs-induced carcinogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the implication of the DEAD-box helicase eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A3 (eIF4A3,) an Exon Junction Complex factor, in the regulation of HPV16 gene expression. Our data revealed that the depletion of the factor eIF4A3 up-regulated E7 oncoprotein levels. We also showed that the inhibition of the nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) pathway, resulted in the up-regulation of E7 at both RNA and protein levels. We therefore proposed that HPV16 transcripts might present different susceptibilities to NMD and that this pathway could play a key role in the levels of expression of these viral oncoproteins during the development of HPV-related cancers.
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15
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Younes S, Kaufmann AM, Häfner N, Beer K, Jansen L, Sanft J, Mall G, Koops S, Dürst M, Schneider A. Evidence for disseminated tumor cells in lymphatic vessels afferent to sentinel lymph nodes in patients diagnosed with cervical cancer. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 4:e1366. [PMID: 33719186 PMCID: PMC8388156 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients diagnosed with cervical cancer, the purpose of lymphadenectomy is the removal of lymph nodes for diagnosis and potential treatment of metastasized tumor cells. It is unclear if afferent lymphatic vessels harbor tumor cells and, thus, may pose additional risk for recurrence or progression if not removed. AIM In this feasibility study, we analyzed the lymphatic vessels afferent to sentinel lymph node (SLN) using a highly sensitive and specific molecular marker for cervical cancer cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty patients diagnosed with cervical cancer of FIGO stage IA1 to IIB2 underwent laparoscopic SLN removal. Labeling was done using patent blue and the afferent lymphatic vessels were harvested from the parametric tissue and frozen at -80°C. HPV DNA type was evaluated in the primary tumor. Lymphatic vessels afferent to the sentinel lymph nodes were analyzed for the presence of viral oncogene transcripts of the respective HPV type. In one of 18 patients, all with tumor stage ≤IBI and pN0 by conventional histopathology, HPV mRNA could be detected in two of four lymphatic vessels, whereas at least one of the lymphatic vessel biopsies of both patients with tumors ˃4 cm and pN1 status was HPV mRNA positive. No clinical correlation with recurrence after a median follow-up of 9 years was noticed. CONCLUSION HPV mRNA indicative of disseminated tumor cells could be detected in lymphatic vessels. The relevance of harvesting lymphatic vessels afferent to SLN in order to increase oncologic safety will have to be investigated in a future prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Younes
- Department of Gynaecology, Klinikum Bremen-Nord, Bremen, Germany
| | - Andreas M Kaufmann
- Department of Gynaecology, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norman Häfner
- Department of Gynaecology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Beer
- Department of Gynaecology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Lars Jansen
- Department of Gynaecology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Juliane Sanft
- Institute for Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Gita Mall
- Institute for Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Susan Koops
- Institute for Cytology and Dysplasia, MVZ im Fürstenberg-Karree, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Dürst
- Department of Gynaecology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Achim Schneider
- Institute for Cytology and Dysplasia, MVZ im Fürstenberg-Karree, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Coordinated Expression of HPV-6 Genes with Predominant E4 and E5 Expression in Laryngeal Papilloma. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030520. [PMID: 33802595 PMCID: PMC7998961 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal papilloma (LP) associated with human papillomavirus (HPV)-6 or -11 infection shows aggressive growth. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of virus-driven tumorigenesis has not been uncovered fully. HPV-6 viral gene expression and dynamic alterations were investigated with in situ localization of viral DNA and RNA in 13 patients with HPV-6-infected laryngeal papilloma. The average viral load was 4.80 × 105 ± 1.86 × 105 copies/ng DNA. E4, E5a, and E5b mRNAs accounted for 96% of the expression of 9 mRNAs. The alteration of viral DNA load during recurrence paralleled the mRNA expression levels, and the expression of all mRNAs showed a similar curve. E4, E5a, and E5b were expressed in the middle to upper part of the epithelium and were co-expressed in the same cells. E4 immunohistochemistry demonstrated an extensively positive reaction in the upper cell layer in accordance with E4 mRNA expression. These results suggest that individual viral genes are coordinately expressed for viral replication, virus release, and immunosurveillance avoidance. The newly developed E4-specific monoclonal antibody can be applied to further functional studies and clinical applications such as targeted molecular therapies.
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17
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Gutierrez-Xicotencatl L, Pedroza-Saavedra A, Chihu-Amparan L, Salazar-Piña A, Maldonado-Gama M, Esquivel-Guadarrama F. Cellular Functions of HPV16 E5 Oncoprotein during Oncogenic Transformation. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:167-179. [PMID: 33106372 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as the main etiologic agent associated with cervical cancer. HPVs are epitheliotropic, and the ones that infect the mucous membranes are classified into low-risk (LR) and high-risk (HR) types. LR-HPVs produce benign lesions, whereas HR-HPVs produce lesions that may progress to cancer. HR-HPV types 16 and 18 are the most frequently found in cervical cancer worldwide. E6 and E7 are the major HPV oncogenic proteins, and they have been profusely studied. Moreover, it has been shown that the HPV16 E5 (16E5) oncoprotein generates transformation, although the molecular mechanisms through which it carries out its activity have not been well defined. In contrast to E6 and E7, the E5 open reading frame is lost during the integration of the episomal HPV DNA into the cellular genome. This suggests that E5 acts at the early stages of the transformation process. In this review, we focused on the biochemical characteristics and functions of the HPV E5 oncoprotein, mainly on its association with growth factor receptors and other cellular proteins. Knowledge of the HPV E5 biology is important to understand the role of this oncoprotein in maintaining the viral cycle through the modulation of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, as well as the alteration of other processes, such as survival, adhesion, migration, and invasion during early carcinogenesis. Finally, we summarized recent research that uses the E5 oncoprotein as a therapeutic target, promising a novel approach to the treatment of cervical cancer in its early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Gutierrez-Xicotencatl
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Adolfo Pedroza-Saavedra
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Lilia Chihu-Amparan
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Azucena Salazar-Piña
- Facultad de Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Minerva Maldonado-Gama
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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18
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Kajitani N, Schwartz S. Role of Viral Ribonucleoproteins in Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Gene Expression. Viruses 2020; 12:E1110. [PMID: 33007936 PMCID: PMC7600041 DOI: 10.3390/v12101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) depend on the cellular RNA-processing machineries including alternative RNA splicing and polyadenylation to coordinate HPV gene expression. HPV RNA processing is controlled by cis-regulatory RNA elements and trans-regulatory factors since the HPV splice sites are suboptimal. The definition of HPV exons and introns may differ between individual HPV mRNA species and is complicated by the fact that many HPV protein-coding sequences overlap. The formation of HPV ribonucleoproteins consisting of HPV pre-mRNAs and multiple cellular RNA-binding proteins may result in the different outcomes of HPV gene expression, which contributes to the HPV life cycle progression and HPV-associated cancer development. In this review, we summarize the regulation of HPV16 gene expression at the level of RNA processing with focus on the interactions between HPV16 pre-mRNAs and cellular RNA-binding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kajitani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden;
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19
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Cerasuolo A, Buonaguro L, Buonaguro FM, Tornesello ML. The Role of RNA Splicing Factors in Cancer: Regulation of Viral and Human Gene Expression in Human Papillomavirus-Related Cervical Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:474. [PMID: 32596243 PMCID: PMC7303290 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spliceosomal complex components, together with the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) and serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins, regulate the process of constitutive and alternative splicing, the latter leading to the production of mRNA isoforms coding multiple proteins from a single pre-mRNA molecule. The expression of splicing factors is frequently deregulated in different cancer types causing the generation of oncogenic proteins involved in cancer hallmarks. Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and constitutive expression of viral oncogenes. The aberrant activity of hnRNPs and SR proteins in cervical neoplasia has been shown to trigger the production of oncoproteins through the processing of pre-mRNA transcripts either derived from human genes or HPV genomes. Indeed, hnRNP and SR splicing factors have been shown to regulate the production of viral oncoprotein isoforms necessary for the completion of viral life cycle and for cell transformation. Target-therapy strategies against hnRNPs and SR proteins, causing simultaneous reduction of oncogenic factors and inhibition of HPV replication, are under development. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the functional link between RNA splicing factors and deregulated cellular as well as viral RNA maturation in cervical cancer and the opportunity of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumouri IRCCS–Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although more than 95% of viral sequences found in skin tumors typically belong to human papillomaviruses (HPVs), HPV transcription has so far not been detected. As current technology allows very deep transcriptome sequencing, we examined skin tumors and precursor lesions for HPV transcription. METHOD Fresh frozen biopsies from 12 skin specimens (11/12 were positive for HPV DNA) were subjected to total RNA sequencing. The cervical cancer cell line CaSki was included as a positive control for HPV transcription. RESULTS HPV RNA was detected and confirmed in 1/12 skin lesions at a median depth of 66 million reads per sample. One specimen was positive for HPV 110 transcripts mapping to E6, E7, E2/E4 and L2 open reading frames, as well as to a spliced E1^E4 transcript. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the study revealed that a minority of skin lesions contains HPV transcripts and that HPV DNA detection does not predict HPV transcriptional activity.
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21
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Ramsauer AS, Kubacki J, Favrot C, Ackermann M, Fraefel C, Tobler K. RNA-seq analysis in equine papillomavirus type 2-positive carcinomas identifies affected pathways and potential cancer markers as well as viral gene expression and splicing events. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:985-998. [PMID: 31084699 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) was discovered only recently, but it is found consistently in the context of genital squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Since neither cell cultures nor animal models exist, the characterization of this potential disease agent relies on the analysis of patient materials. To analyse the host and viral transcriptome in EcPV2-affected horses, genital tissue samples were collected from horses with EcPV2-positive lesions as well as from healthy EcPV2-negative horses. It was determined by RNA-seq analysis that there were 1957 differentially expressed (DE) host genes between the SCC and control samples. These genes were most abundantly related to DNA replication, cell cycle, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction and focal adhesion. By comparison to other cancer studies, MMP1 and IL8 appeared to be potential marker genes for the development of SCCs. Analysis of the viral reads revealed the transcriptional activity of EcPV2 in all SCC samples. While few reads mapped to the structural viral genes, the majority of reads mapped to the non-structural early (E) genes, in particular to E6, E7 and E2/E4. Within these reads a distinct pattern of splicing events, which are essential for the expression of different genes in PV infections, was observed. Additionally, in one sample the integration of EcPV2 DNA into the host genome was detected by DNA-seq and confirmed by PCR. In conclusion, while host MMP1 and IL8 expression and the presence of EcPV2 may be useful markers in genital SCCs, further research on EcPV2-related pathomechanisms may focus on cell cycle-related genes, the viral genes E6, E7 and E2/E4, and integration events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Ramsauer
- 2 Dermatology Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,1 Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakub Kubacki
- 1 Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claude Favrot
- 2 Dermatology Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Ackermann
- 1 Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- 1 Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Tobler
- 1 Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Paget-Bailly P, Meznad K, Bruyère D, Perrard J, Herfs M, Jung AC, Mougin C, Prétet JL, Baguet A. Comparative RNA sequencing reveals that HPV16 E6 abrogates the effect of E6*I on ROS metabolism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5938. [PMID: 30976051 PMCID: PMC6459911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk Human Papillomavirus infections are responsible for anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Alternative splicing is an important mechanism controlling HPV16 gene expression. Modulation in the splice pattern leads to polycistronic HPV16 early transcripts encoding a full length E6 oncoprotein or truncated E6 proteins, commonly named E6*. Spliced E6*I transcripts are the most abundant RNAs produced in HPV-related cancers. To date, the biological function of the E6*I isoform remains controversial. In this study, we identified, by RNA sequencing, cellular targets deregulated by E6*I, among which genes related to ROS metabolism. Concomitantly, E6*I-overexpressing cells display high levels of ROS. However, co-overexpression of both E6 and E6*I has no effect on ROS production. In HPV16-infected cells expressing different E6/E6*I levels, we show that the newly identified targets CCL2 and RAC2 are increased by E6*I but decreased by E6 expression, suggesting that E6 abrogates the effect of E6*I. Taken together, these data support the idea that E6*I acts independently of E6 to increase ROS production and that E6 has the ability to counteract the effects of E6*I. This asks the question of how E6*I can be considered separately of E6 in the natural history of HPV16 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Paget-Bailly
- EA3181, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, UFR Santé, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, Besançon, France.,Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Koceila Meznad
- EA3181, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, UFR Santé, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, Besançon, France.,Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Diane Bruyère
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Perrard
- EA3181, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, UFR Santé, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, Besançon, France.,Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Michael Herfs
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Alain C Jung
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, UMR_S1113, Centre de lutte contre le cancer Paul STRAUSS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christiane Mougin
- EA3181, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, UFR Santé, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, Besançon, France.,Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besançon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, CNR HPV, 3 Bvd Alexandre Fleming, Besançon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Prétet
- EA3181, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, UFR Santé, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, Besançon, France.,Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besançon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, CNR HPV, 3 Bvd Alexandre Fleming, Besançon, France
| | - Aurélie Baguet
- EA3181, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, UFR Santé, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, Besançon, France. .,Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besançon, France.
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23
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Gleber-Netto FO, Rao X, Guo T, Xi Y, Gao M, Shen L, Erikson K, Kalu NN, Ren S, Xu G, Fisch KM, Akagi K, Seiwert T, Gillison M, Frederick MJ, Johnson FM, Wang J, Myers JN, Califano J, Skinner HD, Pickering CR. Variations in HPV function are associated with survival in squamous cell carcinoma. JCI Insight 2019; 4:124762. [PMID: 30626753 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of HPV+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has been increasing dramatically. Although long-term survival rates for these patients are high, they often suffer from permanent radiotherapy-related morbidity. This has prompted the development of de-escalation clinical protocols to reduce morbidity. However, a subset of patients do not respond even to standard therapy and have poor outcomes. It is unclear how to properly identify and treat the high- and low-risk HPV+ OPSCC patients. Since HPV positivity drives radiotherapy sensitivity, we hypothesized that variations in HPV biology may cause differences in treatment response and outcome. By analyzing gene expression data, we identified variations in HPV-related molecules among HPV+ OPSCC. A subset of tumors presented a molecular profile distinct from that of typical HPV+ tumors and exhibited poor treatment response, indicating molecular and clinical similarities with HPV- tumors. These molecular changes were also observed in vitro and correlated with radiation sensitivity. Finally, we developed a prognostic biomarker signature for identification of this subgroup of HPV+ OPSCC and validated it in independent cohorts of oropharyngeal and cervical carcinomas. These findings could translate to improved patient stratification for treatment deintensification and new therapeutic approaches for treatment-resistant HPV-related cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiayu Rao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. USA
| | - Theresa Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuanxin Xi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. USA
| | - Meng Gao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. USA
| | | | - Nene N Kalu
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shuling Ren
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Guorong Xu
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kathleen M Fisch
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California. USA
| | - Keiko Akagi
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tanguy Seiwert
- Department of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maura Gillison
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Faye M Johnson
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Myers
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph Califano
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Heath D Skinner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Curtis R Pickering
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
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24
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Gillison ML, Akagi K, Xiao W, Jiang B, Pickard RKL, Li J, Swanson BJ, Agrawal AD, Zucker M, Stache-Crain B, Emde AK, Geiger HM, Robine N, Coombes KR, Symer DE. Human papillomavirus and the landscape of secondary genetic alterations in oral cancers. Genome Res 2018; 29:1-17. [PMID: 30563911 PMCID: PMC6314162 DOI: 10.1101/gr.241141.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary but insufficient cause of a subset of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) that is increasing markedly in frequency. To identify contributory, secondary genetic alterations in these cancers, we used comprehensive genomics methods to compare 149 HPV-positive and 335 HPV-negative OSCC tumor/normal pairs. Different behavioral risk factors underlying the two OSCC types were reflected in distinctive genomic mutational signatures. In HPV-positive OSCCs, the signatures of APOBEC cytosine deaminase editing, associated with anti-viral immunity, were strongly linked to overall mutational burden. In contrast, in HPV-negative OSCCs, T>C substitutions in the sequence context 5'-ATN-3' correlated with tobacco exposure. Universal expression of HPV E6*1 and E7 oncogenes was a sine qua non of HPV-positive OSCCs. Significant enrichment of somatic mutations was confirmed or newly identified in PIK3CA, KMT2D, FGFR3, FBXW7, DDX3X, PTEN, TRAF3, RB1, CYLD, RIPK4, ZNF750, EP300, CASZ1, TAF5, RBL1, IFNGR1, and NFKBIA Of these, many affect host pathways already targeted by HPV oncoproteins, including the p53 and pRB pathways, or disrupt host defenses against viral infections, including interferon (IFN) and nuclear factor kappa B signaling. Frequent copy number changes were associated with concordant changes in gene expression. Chr 11q (including CCND1) and 14q (including DICER1 and AKT1) were recurrently lost in HPV-positive OSCCs, in contrast to their gains in HPV-negative OSCCs. High-ranking variant allele fractions implicated ZNF750, PIK3CA, and EP300 mutations as candidate driver events in HPV-positive cancers. We conclude that virus-host interactions cooperatively shape the unique genetic features of these cancers, distinguishing them from their HPV-negative counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura L Gillison
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Keiko Akagi
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Weihong Xiao
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Robert K L Pickard
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jingfeng Li
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Benjamin J Swanson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| | - Amit D Agrawal
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Mark Zucker
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin R Coombes
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - David E Symer
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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25
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Brant AC, Menezes AN, Felix SP, de Almeida LM, Sammeth M, Moreira MAM. Characterization of HPV integration, viral gene expression and E6E7 alternative transcripts by RNA-Seq: A descriptive study in invasive cervical cancer. Genomics 2018; 111:1853-1861. [PMID: 30552977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Scarce data are available on the expression of papillomavirus genome and the frequency of alternatively spliced E6E7 mRNAs in invasive cervical cancer. We carried out a comprehensive characterization of HPV expression by RNA-Seq analysis in 22 invasive cervical cancer with HPV16 or HPV18, characterizing the presence of integrated/episomal viral DNA, the integration sites in human genome and the proportion of alternative splicing products of E6 and E7 genes. The expression patterns suggested the presence of episomal and/or integrated viral DNA, with integration detected in most tumors, frequently occurring within human genes in HPV18+ and in intergenic regions in HPV16+ tumors. Alternative splicing of E6E7 transcripts showed E6*I as the most frequent isoform for both viral types, followed by E6*II and E6/E7 (unspliced) transcripts in HPV16+, and by E6/E7 in HPV18+ tumors. Previously described E6*VI and E6*V transcript isoforms for HPV16, and E6*X for HPV18, were rare or not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayslan C Brant
- Genetics Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Albert N Menezes
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Shayany P Felix
- Genetics Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Liz M de Almeida
- Department of Population Research, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Michael Sammeth
- Department of Bioinformatics, Transcriptomics and Functional Genomics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil.
| | - Miguel A M Moreira
- Genetics Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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26
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Morel A, Baguet A, Perrard J, Demeret C, Jacquin E, Guenat D, Mougin C, Prétet JL. 5azadC treatment upregulates miR-375 level and represses HPV16 E6 expression. Oncotarget 2018; 8:46163-46176. [PMID: 28521287 PMCID: PMC5542257 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses are the etiological agents of cervical cancer and HPV16 is the most oncogenic genotype. Immortalization and transformation of infected cells requires the overexpression of the two viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 following HPV DNA integration into the host cell genome. Integration often leads to the loss of the E2 open reading frame and the corresponding protein can no longer act as a transcriptional repressor on p97 promoter. Recently, it has been proposed that long control region methylation also contributes to the regulation of E6/E7 expression. To determine which epigenetic mechanism is involved in HPV16 early gene regulation, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine was used to demethylate Ca Ski and SiHa cell DNA. Decreased expression of E6 mRNA and protein levels was observed in both cell lines in an E2-independent manner. E6 repression was accompanied by neither a modification of the main cellular transcription factor expression involved in long control region regulation, nor by a modification of the E6 mRNA splicing pattern. In contrast, a pronounced upregulation of miR-375, known to destabilize HPV16 early viral mRNA, was observed. Finally, the use of miR-375 inhibitor definitively proved the involvement of miR-375 in E6 repression. These results highlight that cellular DNA methylation modulates HPV16 early gene expression and support a role for epigenetic events in high-risk HPV associated-carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Morel
- EA3181, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France
| | - Aurélie Baguet
- EA3181, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France
| | - Jérôme Perrard
- EA3181, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France
| | - Caroline Demeret
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, CNRS UMR 3569, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Elise Jacquin
- Signalling Department, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Guenat
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France.,Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christiane Mougin
- EA3181, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Prétet
- EA3181, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France
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27
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Groves IJ, Coleman N. Human papillomavirus genome integration in squamous carcinogenesis: what have next-generation sequencing studies taught us? J Pathol 2018; 245:9-18. [PMID: 29443391 DOI: 10.1002/path.5058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with ∼5% of all human cancers, including a range of squamous cell carcinomas. Persistent infection by high-risk HPVs (HRHPVs) is associated with the integration of virus genomes (which are usually stably maintained as extrachromosomal episomes) into host chromosomes. Although HRHPV integration rates differ across human sites of infection, this process appears to be an important event in HPV-associated neoplastic progression, leading to deregulation of virus oncogene expression, host gene expression modulation, and further genomic instability. However, the mechanisms by which HRHPV integration occur and by which the subsequent gene expression changes take place are incompletely understood. The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) of both RNA and DNA has allowed powerful interrogation of the association of HRHPVs with human disease, including precise determination of the sites of integration and the genomic rearrangements at integration loci. In turn, these data have indicated that integration occurs through two main mechanisms: looping integration and direct insertion. Improved understanding of integration sites is allowing further investigation of the factors that provide a competitive advantage to some integrants during disease progression. Furthermore, advanced approaches to the generation of genome-wide samples have given novel insights into the three-dimensional interactions within the nucleus, which could act as another layer of epigenetic control of both virus and host transcription. It is hoped that further advances in NGS techniques and analysis will not only allow the examination of further unanswered questions regarding HPV infection, but also direct new approaches to treating HPV-associated human disease. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Groves
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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28
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Olmedo-Nieva L, Muñoz-Bello JO, Contreras-Paredes A, Lizano M. The Role of E6 Spliced Isoforms (E6*) in Human Papillomavirus-Induced Carcinogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10010045. [PMID: 29346309 PMCID: PMC5795458 DOI: 10.3390/v10010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections with High Risk Human Papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) are the main cause of cervical cancer development. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins of HR-HPVs are derived from a polycistronic pre-mRNA transcribed from an HPV early promoter. Through alternative splicing, this pre-mRNA produces a variety of E6 spliced transcripts termed E6*. In pre-malignant lesions and HPV-related cancers, different E6/E6* transcriptional patterns have been found, although they have not been clearly associated to cancer development. Moreover, there is a controversy about the participation of E6* proteins in cancer progression. This review addresses the regulation of E6 splicing and the different functions that have been found for E6* proteins, as well as their possible role in HPV-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Olmedo-Nieva
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - J Omar Muñoz-Bello
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Adriana Contreras-Paredes
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
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RNA-Seq Analysis of Differentiated Keratinocytes Reveals a Massive Response to Late Events during Human Papillomavirus 16 Infection, Including Loss of Epithelial Barrier Function. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01001-17. [PMID: 29021401 PMCID: PMC5709591 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01001-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) replication cycle is tightly linked to epithelial cell differentiation. To examine HPV-associated changes in the keratinocyte transcriptome, RNAs isolated from undifferentiated and differentiated cell populations of normal, spontaneously immortalized keratinocytes (NIKS) and NIKS stably transfected with HPV16 episomal genomes (NIKS16) were compared using next-generation sequencing (RNA-Seq). HPV16 infection altered expression of 2,862 cellular genes. Next, to elucidate the role of keratinocyte gene expression in late events during the viral life cycle, RNA-Seq was carried out on triplicate differentiated populations of NIKS (uninfected) and NIKS16 (infected). Of the top 966 genes altered (>log2 = 1.8, 3.5-fold change), 670 genes were downregulated and 296 genes were upregulated. HPV downregulated many genes involved in epithelial barrier function, which involves structural resistance to the environment and immunity to infectious agents. For example, HPV infection repressed expression of the differentiated keratinocyte-specific pattern recognition receptor TLR7, the Langerhans cell chemoattractant CCL20, and proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1α (IL-1α) and IL-1β. However, the type I interferon regulator IRF1, kappa interferon (IFN-κ), and viral restriction factors (IFIT1, -2, -3, and -5, OASL, CD74, and RTP4) were upregulated. HPV infection abrogated gene expression associated with the physical epithelial barrier, including keratinocyte cytoskeleton, intercellular junctions, and cell adhesion. Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting confirmed changes in expression of seven of the most significantly altered mRNAs. Expression of three genes showed statistically significant changes during cervical disease progression in clinical samples. Taken together, the data indicate that HPV infection manipulates the differentiating keratinocyte transcriptome to create an environment conducive to productive viral replication and egress. IMPORTANCE HPV genome amplification and capsid formation take place in differentiated keratinocytes. The viral life cycle is intimately associated with host cell differentiation. Deep sequencing (RNA-Seq) of RNA from undifferentiated and differentiated uninfected and HPV16-positive keratinocytes showed that almost 3,000 genes were differentially expressed in keratinocytes due to HPV16 infection. Strikingly, the epithelial barrier function of differentiated keratinocytes, comprising keratinocyte immune function and cellular structure, was found to be disrupted. These data provide new insights into the virus-host interaction that is crucial for the production of infectious virus and reveal that HPV infection remodels keratinocytes for completion of the virus replication cycle.
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Graham SV. Keratinocyte Differentiation-Dependent Human Papillomavirus Gene Regulation. Viruses 2017; 9:E245. [PMID: 28867768 PMCID: PMC5618011 DOI: 10.3390/v9090245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause diseases ranging from benign warts to invasive cancers. HPVs infect epithelial cells and their replication cycle is tightly linked with the differentiation process of the infected keratinocyte. The normal replication cycle involves an early and a late phase. The early phase encompasses viral entry and initial genome replication, stimulation of cell division and inhibition of apoptosis in the infected cell. Late events in the HPV life cycle include viral genome amplification, virion formation, and release into the environment from the surface of the epithelium. The main proteins required at the late stage of infection for viral genome amplification include E1, E2, E4 and E5. The late proteins L1 and L2 are structural proteins that form the viral capsid. Regulation of these late events involves both cellular and viral proteins. The late viral mRNAs are expressed from a specific late promoter but final late mRNA levels in the infected cell are controlled by splicing, polyadenylation, nuclear export and RNA stability. Viral late protein expression is also controlled at the level of translation. This review will discuss current knowledge of how HPV late gene expression is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila V Graham
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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Herfs M, Soong TR, Delvenne P, Crum CP. Deciphering the Multifactorial Susceptibility of Mucosal Junction Cells to HPV Infection and Related Carcinogenesis. Viruses 2017; 9:v9040085. [PMID: 28425968 PMCID: PMC5408691 DOI: 10.3390/v9040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced neoplasms have long been considered to originate from viral infection of the basal cell layer of the squamous mucosa. However, this paradigm has been recently undermined by accumulating data supporting the critical role of a discrete population of squamo-columnar (SC) junction cells in the pathogenesis of cervical (pre)cancers. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on junctional cells, discusses their high vulnerability to HPV infection, and stresses the potential clinical/translational value of the novel dualistic model of HPV-related carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Herfs
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - Thing R Soong
- Division of Women's and Perinatal Pathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - Christopher P Crum
- Division of Women's and Perinatal Pathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Increased expression of PD‑L1 by the human papillomavirus 16 E7 oncoprotein inhibits anticancer immunity. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1063-1070. [PMID: 28075442 PMCID: PMC5367331 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte dysfunction is frequently associated with PD‑L1/PD‑1 pathway activation, and is a principal obstacle in cancer therapy. In the present study, the mechanisms underlying the human papillomavirus (HPV)‑induced evasion of cervical cancer cells to the host immune system via the programmed death ligand 1/programmed death 1 (PD‑L1/PD‑1) signaling pathway was investigated. A significant increase in the expression of the HPV16E7 viral protein and PD‑L1 in cervical tissues was observed when compared with normal cervical tissues. In addition, a positive correlation between HPV16E7 and PD‑L1 expression was observed by immunohistochemical staining and reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction. Overexpressing HPV16E7 oncoprotein in the epithelial carcinoma of PC3 cells increased the expression level of the PD‑L1 protein and inhibited peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. Upon knockdown of HPV16E7 in HPV16‑associated CaSki cervical cancer cells with a relevant siRNA, a reduction in PD‑L1 protein expression was observed, as well as a significant increase in PBMC proliferation and CTL activity. A recombinant plasmid, MSCVPIG‑soluble PD‑1, was constructed and transfected into the CaSki cell line, and was co‑cultured with PBMCs. PBMC proliferation and CTL activity were observed to increase significantly. In conclusion, the results presented in the current study suggest that overexpression of PD‑L1, induced by HPV16E7, may be responsible for lymphocyte dysfunction. In addition, soluble PD‑1 may restore the function of tumor‑infiltrating lymphocytes by inhibiting the PD‑L1/PD‑1 signaling pathway. These results may provide a novel insight for immunotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Paolini F, Curzio G, Cordeiro MN, Massa S, Mariani L, Pimpinelli F, de Freitas AC, Franconi R, Venuti A. HPV 16 E5 oncoprotein is expressed in early stage carcinogenesis and can be a target of immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 13:291-297. [PMID: 27929754 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1264777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HPV16 persistent infection is a well-known condition that precedes human cancer development. High risk HPV E5 proteins cooperate with E6/E7 oncogenes to promote hyper-proliferation of infected cells leading to possible cancer progression. Thus, presence of E5 viral transcripts could be a key marker of active infection and, in turn, a target of immunotherapy. Purpose of the study is to detect E5 transcripts in clinical samples and to explore the activity of novel anti-HPV16 E5 DNA vaccines. HPV transcripts were detected by PCR with specific primers encompassing the splice-donor sites of E5 transcript. For E5-based immunotherapies, 2 E5-based versions of DNA vaccines carrying whole E5 gene or a synthetic multiepitope gene were improved by fusion to sequence of PVX coat protein. These vaccines were challenged with a new luminescent animal model based on C3-Luc cell line. E5 transcripts were detected in clinical samples of women with HPV positive low-grade SIL, demonstrating the validity of our test. In C3 pre-clinical mouse model, vaccine candidates were able to induce a strong cellular immunity as indicated by ELISPOT assays. In addition, E5-CP vaccines elicited strong anti-tumor effects as showed by decreased tumor growth monitored by animal imaging. The tumor growth inhibition was comparable to those obtained with anti-E7 DNA vaccines. In conclusion, detection of E5 transcripts in clinical samples indicates that E5 is a possible target of immunotherapy. Data from pre-clinical model demonstrate that E5 genetic immunization is feasible, efficacious and could be utilized in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Massa
- c ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, C.R. Casaccia , Rome , Italy
| | - Luciano Mariani
- a Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, HPV Unit , Rome , Italy
| | | | | | - Rosella Franconi
- c ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, C.R. Casaccia , Rome , Italy
| | - Aldo Venuti
- a Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, HPV Unit , Rome , Italy
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Graham SV, Faizo AAA. Control of human papillomavirus gene expression by alternative splicing. Virus Res 2016; 231:83-95. [PMID: 27867028 PMCID: PMC5335905 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a key cellular mechanism controlling HPV gene expression. Many cellular SR proteins and hnRNPs have been identified that bind and control production of viral mRNAs. HPV16 E2 protein controls expression of SR proteins and has splicing-related functions. HPV16 infection through its regulatory effects on splicing factors may significantly alter cellular gene expression and cellular metabolism.
Human papillomaviruses possess circular double stranded DNA genomes of around 8 kb in size from which multiple mRNAs are synthesized during an infectious life cycle. Although at least three viral promoters are used to initiate transcription, viral mRNAs are largely the product of processing of pre-mRNAs by alternative splicing and polyadenylation. The HPV life cycle and viral gene expression are tightly linked to differentiation of the epithelium the virus infects: there is an orchestrated production of viral mRNAs and proteins. In this review we describe viral mRNA expression and the roles of the SR and hnRNP proteins that respectively positively and negatively regulate splicing. We discuss HPV regulation of splicing factors and detail the evidence that the papillomavirus E2 protein has splicing-related activities. We highlight the possibility that HPV-mediated control of splicing in differentiating epithelial cells may be necessary to accomplish the viral replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila V Graham
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Arwa Ali A Faizo
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
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35
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Dreer M, van de Poel S, Stubenrauch F. Control of viral replication and transcription by the papillomavirus E8^E2 protein. Virus Res 2016; 231:96-102. [PMID: 27825778 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses have adjusted their replication levels to the differentiation state of the infected keratinocyte. PV genomes replicate in undifferentiated cells at low levels and to high levels in differentiated cells. Genome replication requires the viral E1 helicase and the viral E2 transcription/replication activator. The limited replication in undifferentiated cells is predominantly due to the expression of the highly conserved E8^E2 viral repressor protein, which is a fusion between E8 and the C-terminal half of the E2 protein. E8^E2 is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein that inhibits viral gene expression and viral genome replication. The E8 domain is required for repression activities, which are mainly due to the interaction with cellular NCoR/SMRT corepressor complexes. In the case of HPV16, the most carcinogenic HPV type, E8^E2 not only limits genome replication in undifferentiated cells but also productive replication in differentiated epithelium. E8^E2 is expressed from a separate promoter that is controlled by unknown cellular factors and the viral transcription and replication regulators E1, E2 and E8^E2. In summary, E8^E2 is an important negative regulator whose levels may be critical for the outcome of HPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Dreer
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, Division of Experimental Virology, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Saskia van de Poel
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, Division of Experimental Virology, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Frank Stubenrauch
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, Division of Experimental Virology, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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36
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Xue Y, Toh SY, He P, Lim T, Lim D, Pang CL, Abastado JP, Thierry F. HPV16-E2 induces prophase arrest and activates the cellular DNA damage response in vitro and in precursor lesions of cervical carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:34979-91. [PMID: 26474276 PMCID: PMC4741503 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and is the precursor to cervical carcinoma. The completion of the HPV productive life cycle depends on the expression of viral proteins which further determines the severity of the cervical neoplasia. Initiation of the viral productive replication requires expression of the E2 viral protein that cooperates with the E1 viral DNA helicase. A decrease in the viral DNA replication ability and increase in the severity of cervical neoplasia is accompanied by simultaneous elevated expression of E6 and E7 oncoproteins. Here we reveal a novel and important role for the HPV16-E2 protein in controlling host cell cycle during malignant transformation. We showed that cells expressing HPV16-E2 in vitro are arrested in prophase alongside activation of a sustained DDR signal. We uncovered evidence that HPV16-E2 protein is present in vivo in cells that express both mitotic and DDR signals specifically in CIN3 lesions, immediate precursors of cancer, suggesting that E2 may be one of the drivers of genomic instability and carcinogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhen Xue
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore.,Current address: p53 Laboratory, A*STAR, Singapore
| | | | - Pingping He
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Thimothy Lim
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Diana Lim
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore
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37
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Salvermoser M, Chotewutmontri S, Braspenning-Wesch I, Hasche D, Rösl F, Vinzón SE. Transcriptome analysis of Mastomys natalensis papillomavirus in productive lesions after natural infection. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1658-1669. [PMID: 27043420 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastomys coucha, an African rodent, is a useful animal model of papillomavirus infection, as it develops both premalignant and malignant skin tumors as a consequence of a persistent infection with Mastomys natalensis papillomavirus (MnPV). In this study, we mapped the MnPV transcriptome in productive lesions by both classical molecular techniques and high-throughput RNA sequencing. Combination of these methods revealed a complex and comprehensive transcription map, with novel splicing events not described in other papillomaviruses. Furthermore, these splicing occurrences could potentially lead to the expression of novel E2, E1∧E4, E7 and L2 isoforms. Expression level estimation of each transcript showed that late-region mRNAs considerably outnumber early transcripts, with species coding for L1 and E1∧E4 being the most abundant. In summary, the full transcription map assembled in this study will allow us to further understand MnPV gene expression and the mechanisms that lead to natural tumour development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Salvermoser
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sasithorn Chotewutmontri
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facilities, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilona Braspenning-Wesch
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Hasche
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rösl
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina E Vinzón
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Giaretta A, Di Camillo B, Barzon L, Toffolo GM. Modeling HPV early promoter regulation. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:6493-6. [PMID: 26737780 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7319880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In high risk forms, human papillomaviruses (HPV) can either induce or promote cancerous lesions, especially cervical cancer which is considered the second most common cancer in the women worldwide. HPV life cycle is tightly linked to the infected cell differentiation program and its evolution is strictly joined to the switch between the early and the late viral polycistronic promoters.The aim of this study is to develop a novel mathematical model which collects and structures the available biologic knowledge on the early promoter regulation for HPV in episomal form. The model includes the main regulation by E2 viral protein as well as a novel discovered co-regulation function mediated by the viral E1 protein. Only by including both E2 and E1 regulatory effect the model is able to correctly predict the temporal behaviour of the early promoter switching off. A possible use of the model as in silico tool to evaluate new antiviral therapies is discussed.
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39
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Human papillomavirus types 16 E1 mRNA is transcribed from P14 early promoter in cervical neoplasms. Virology 2016; 488:196-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Probst-Hunczek S, Jäger G, Schneider M, Notz E, Stubenrauch F, Iftner T. RNA sequencing analysis identifies novel spliced transcripts but does not indicate quantitative or qualitative changes of viral transcripts during progression of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus-induced tumours. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3083-3089. [PMID: 26297146 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) can result in the development of cancer of the cervix uteri and other malignancies. The underlying molecular mechanisms leading to the progression of HPV-induced lesions are, however, not well understood. Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) induces papillomas in domestic rabbits which progress at a very high rate to cancer. Using this model, we compared the transcriptional patterns of CRPV in papillomas and carcinomas by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The most abundant transcripts can encode E7, short E6 and E1^E4, followed by full-length E6, E2, E1 and E9^E2C. In addition, we identified two rare, novel splice junctions 7810/3714 and 1751/3065 in both papillomas and carcinomas which have been described for other papillomaviruses. Neither RNA-seq nor quantitative real-time PCR-based assays identified qualitative or quantitative changes of viral transcription between papillomas and carcinomas. In summary, our analyses confirmed that papillomaviruses have highly similar transcriptional patterns, but they do not suggest that changes in these patterns contribute to the progression of CRPV-induced tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Probst-Hunczek
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 6, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Günter Jäger
- Centre for Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany.,Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstrasse 7, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Markus Schneider
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 6, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Notz
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 6, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Frank Stubenrauch
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 6, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Thomas Iftner
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 6, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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41
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Characterization of the Human Papillomavirus 16 E8 Promoter. J Virol 2015; 89:7304-13. [PMID: 25948744 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00616-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Persistent infections with certain human papillomaviruses (HPV) such as HPV16 are a necessary risk factor for the development of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV16 genomes replicate as low-copy-number plasmids in the nucleus of undifferentiated keratinocytes, which requires the viral E1 and E2 replication proteins. The HPV16 E8^E2C (or E8^E2) protein limits genome replication by repressing both viral transcription and the E1/E2-dependent DNA replication. How E8^E2C expression is regulated is not understood. Previous transcript analyses indicated that the spliced E8^E2C RNA is initiated at a promoter located in the E1 region upstream of the E8 gene. Deletion and mutational analyses of the E8 promoter region identify two conserved elements that are required for basal promoter activity in HPV-negative keratinocytes. In contrast, the transcriptional enhancer in the upstream regulatory region of HPV16 does not modulate basal E8 promoter activity. Cotransfection studies indicate that E8^E2C inhibits, whereas E2 weakly activates, the E8 promoter. Interestingly, the cotransfection of E1 and E2 induces the E8 promoter much more strongly than the major early promoter, and this is partially dependent upon binding of E2 to Brd4. Mutation of E8 promoter elements in the context of HPV16 genomes results in an increased genome copy number and elevated levels of viral early and late transcripts. In summary, the promoter responsible for the expression of E8^E2C is both positively and negatively regulated by viral and cellular factors, and this regulatory circuit may be crucial to maintain a low but constant copy number of HPV16 genomes in undifferentiated cells. IMPORTANCE HPV16 replicates in differentiating epithelia and can cause cancer. How HPV16 maintains its genome in undifferentiated cells at a low but constant level is not well understood but may be relevant for the immunological escape of HPV16 in the basal layers of the infected epithelium. This study demonstrates that the expression of the viral E8^E2C protein, which is a potent inhibitor of viral replication in undifferentiated cells, is driven by a separate promoter. The E8 promoter is both positively and negatively regulated by viral proteins and thus most likely acts as a sensor and modulator of viral copy number.
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