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De La Torre-Tarazona E, Ayala-Suárez R, Díez-Fuertes F, Alcamí J. Omic Technologies in HIV: Searching Transcriptional Signatures Involved in Long-Term Non-Progressor and HIV Controller Phenotypes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926499. [PMID: 35844607 PMCID: PMC9284212 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the main discoveries achieved by transcriptomic approaches on HIV controller (HIC) and long-term non-progressor (LTNP) individuals, who are able to suppress HIV replication and maintain high CD4+ T cell levels, respectively, in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Different studies using high throughput techniques have elucidated multifactorial causes implied in natural control of HIV infection. Genes related to IFN response, calcium metabolism, ribosome biogenesis, among others, are commonly differentially expressed in LTNP/HIC individuals. Additionally, pathways related with activation, survival, proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation, can be deregulated in these individuals. Likewise, recent transcriptomic studies include high-throughput sequencing in specific immune cell subpopulations, finding additional gene expression patterns associated to viral control and/or non-progression in immune cell subsets. Herein, we provide an overview of the main differentially expressed genes and biological routes commonly observed on immune cells involved in HIV infection from HIC and LTNP individuals, analyzing also different technical aspects that could affect the data analysis and the future perspectives and gaps to be addressed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick De La Torre-Tarazona
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunopathology Unit, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Ayala-Suárez
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunopathology Unit, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Francisco Díez-Fuertes
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunopathology Unit, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Francisco Díez-Fuertes,
| | - José Alcamí
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunopathology Unit, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Schmitz I. Gadd45 Proteins in Immunity 2.0. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1360:69-86. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94804-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Exacerbated AIDS progression by PD-1 blockade during therapeutic vaccination in chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques after ART treatment interruption. J Virol 2021; 96:e0178521. [PMID: 34818070 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01785-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of latent HIV-1-infected cells, named the latent reservoir, is the major barrier to HIV-1 eradication, and the formation and maintenance of latent reservoir might be exacerbated by activation of the immunoinhibitory pathway and dysfunction of CD8+ T cells during HIV-1 infection. Our previous findings demonstrated that prophylactic vaccination combined with PD-1 blockade generated distinct immune response profiles and conferred effective control of highly pathogenic SIVmac239 infection in rhesus macaques. However, to our surprise, herein we found that a therapeutic vaccination in combination with PD-1 blockade resulted in activation of the viral reservoir, faster viral rebound after treatment interruption, accelerated acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) progression and ultimately death in chronically SIV-infected macaques after ART treatment interruption. Our study further demonstrated that the SIV provirus was preferentially enriched in PD-1+CD4+ T cells due to their susceptibility to viral entry, potent proliferation ability and inability to perform viral transcription. In addition, the viral latency was effectively reactivated upon PD-1 blockade. Together, these results suggest that PD-1 blockade may be a double-edged sword for HIV-1 immunotherapy, and they provide important insight for the rational design of immunotherapy strategies toward an HIV-1 cure. Importance As one of the most challenging public health problems, there is no clinically effective cure strategies against HIV-1 infection yet. We have demonstrated that prophylactic vaccination combined with PD-1 blockade generated distinct immune response profiles and conferred better control of highly pathogenic SIVmac239 infection in rhesus macaques. In the present study, to our surprise, PD-1 blockade during therapeutic vaccination accelerated the reactivation of latent reservoir and then AIDS progression in chronically SIV-infected macaques after ART treatment interruption. Our further study demonstrated that the latent SIV provirus was preferentially enriched in PD-1+CD4+ T cells because of its susceptibility of viral entry, inhibition of SIV transcription and potent ability of proliferation, and the viral latency was effectively reactivated by PD-1 blockade. Therefore, PD-1 blockade might be a double-edged sword for AIDS therapy. These findings provoke extensive interests to further exploit novel therapeutic treatment against HIV-1 infection and other emerging infectious diseases.
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Sood N, Verma DK, Paria A, Yadav SC, Yadav MK, Bedekar MK, Kumar S, Swaminathan TR, Mohan CV, Rajendran KV, Pradhan PK. Transcriptome analysis of liver elucidates key immune-related pathways in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus following infection with tilapia lake virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 111:208-219. [PMID: 33577877 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most important aquaculture species farmed worldwide. However, the recent emergence of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) disease, also known as syncytial hepatitis of tilapia, has threatened the global tilapia industry. To gain more insight regarding the host response against the disease, the transcriptional profiles of liver in experimentally-infected and control tilapia were compared. Analysis of RNA-Seq data identified 4640 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were involved among others in antigen processing and presentation, MAPK, apoptosis, necroptosis, chemokine signaling, interferon, NF-kB, acute phase response and JAK-STAT pathways. Enhanced expression of most of the DEGs in the above pathways suggests an attempt by tilapia to resist TiLV infection. However, upregulation of some of the key genes such as BCL2L1 in apoptosis pathway; NFKBIA in NF-kB pathway; TRFC in acute phase response; and SOCS, EPOR, PI3K and AKT in JAK-STAT pathway and downregulation of the genes, namely MAP3K7 in MAPK pathway; IFIT1 in interferon; and TRIM25 in NF-kB pathway suggested that TiLV was able to subvert the host immune response to successfully establish the infection. The study offers novel insights into the cellular functions that are affected following TiLV infection and will serve as a valuable genomic resource towards our understanding of susceptibility of tilapia to TiLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Sood
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dev Kumar Verma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anutosh Paria
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shrish Chandra Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Megha Kadam Bedekar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, 682 018, Kerala, India
| | | | - K V Rajendran
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pravata Kumar Pradhan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Chander Y, Kumar R, Khandelwal N, Singh N, Shringi BN, Barua S, Kumar N. Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in virus replication and potential for developing broad spectrum antiviral drugs. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:1-16. [PMID: 33450133 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play a key role in complex cellular processes such as proliferation, development, differentiation, transformation and apoptosis. Mammals express at least four distinctly regulated groups of MAPKs which include extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK)-1/2, p38 proteins, Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK1/2/3) and ERK5. p38 MAPK is activated by a wide range of cellular stresses and modulates activity of several downstream kinases and transcription factors which are involved in regulating cytoskeleton remodeling, cell cycle modulation, inflammation, antiviral response and apoptosis. In viral infections, activation of cell signalling pathways is part of the cellular defense mechanism with the basic aim of inducing an antiviral state. However, viruses can exploit enhanced cell signalling activities to support various stages of their replication cycles. Kinase activity can be inhibited by small molecule chemical inhibitors, so one strategy to develop antiviral drugs is to target these cellular signalling pathways. In this review, we provide an overview on the current understanding of various cellular and viral events regulated by the p38 signalling pathway, with a special emphasis on targeting these events for antiviral drug development which might identify candidates with broad spectrum activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India.,Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India.,Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Namita Singh
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Brij Nandan Shringi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Díez-Fuertes F, De La Torre-Tarazona HE, Calonge E, Pernas M, Alonso-Socas MDM, Capa L, García-Pérez J, Sakuntabhai A, Alcamí J. Transcriptome Sequencing of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Elite Controller-Long Term Non Progressors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14265. [PMID: 31582776 PMCID: PMC6776652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The elite controller (EC)-long term non-progressor (LTNP) phenotype represent a spontaneous and advantageous model of HIV-1 control in the absence of therapy. The transcriptome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from EC-LTNPs was sequenced by RNA-Seq and compared with the transcriptomes from other phenotypes of disease progression. The transcript abundance estimation combined with the use of supervised classification algorithms allowed the selection of 20 genes and pseudogenes, mainly involved in interferon-regulated antiviral mechanisms and cell machineries of transcription and translation, as the best predictive genes of disease progression. Differential expression analyses between phenotypes showed an altered calcium homeostasis in EC-LTNPs evidenced by the upregulation of several membrane receptors implicated in calcium-signaling cascades and intracellular calcium-mobilization and by the overrepresentation of NFAT1/Elk-1-binding sites in the promoters of the genes differentially expressed in these individuals. A coordinated upregulation of host genes associated with HIV-1 reverse transcription and viral transcription was also observed in EC-LTNPs –i.e. p21/CDKN1A, TNF, IER3 and GADD45B. We also found an upregulation of ANKRD54 in EC-LTNPs and viremic LTNPs in comparison with typical progressors and a clear alteration of type-I interferon signaling as a consequence of viremia in typical progressors before and after receiving antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Díez-Fuertes
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km. 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain. .,Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Humberto Erick De La Torre-Tarazona
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km. 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Calonge
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km. 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Pernas
- Molecular Virology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km. 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura Capa
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km. 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier García-Pérez
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km. 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute, 75015, Paris, France
| | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km. 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain. .,Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ding J, Ma L, Zhao J, Xie Y, Zhou J, Li X, Cen S. An integrative genomic analysis of transcriptional profiles identifies characteristic genes and patterns in HIV-infected long-term non-progressors and elite controllers. J Transl Med 2019; 17:35. [PMID: 30665429 PMCID: PMC6341564 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1777-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite that most HIV-infected individuals experience progressive CD4+ T cell loss and develop AIDS, a minority of HIV-infected individuals remain asymptomatic and maintain high level CD4+ T cell counts several years after seroconversion. Efforts have been made to understand the determinants of the nonprogressive status, exemplified by the clinical course of elite controllers (ECs) who maintain an undetectable viremia and viremic nonprogressors (VNPs) who have a normal CD4+ count in spite of circulating viral load. However, the intrinsic mechanism underlying nonprogression remained elusive. In this study, we performed an integrative analysis of transcriptional profiles to pinpoint the underlying mechanism for a naturally occurring viral control. Methods Three microarray datasets, reporting mRNA expression of the LTNPs or ECs in HIV-infected patients, were retrieved from Gene Expression Ominbus (GEO) or Arrayexpress databases. These datasets, profiled on the same type of microarray chip, were selected and merged by a bioinformatic approach to build a meta-analysis derived transcriptome (MADNT). In addition, we investigated the different transcriptional pathways and potential biomarkers in CD4+ and CD8+ cells in ECs and whole blood in VNPs compared to HIV progressors. The combined transcriptome and each subgroup was subject to gene set enrichment analysis and weighted co-expression network analysis to search potential transcription patterns related to the non-progressive status. Results 30 up-regulated genes and 83 down-regulated genes were identified in lymphocytes from integrative meta-analysis of expression data. The interferon response and innate immune activation was reduced in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from ECs. Several characteristic genes including CMPK1, CBX7, EIF3L, EIF4A and ZNF395 were indicated to be highly correlated with viremic control. Besides that, we indicated that the reduction of ribosome components and blockade of translation facilitated AIDS disease progression. Most interestingly, among VNPs who have a relatively high viral load, we detected a two gene-interaction networks which showed a strong correlation to immune control even with a rigorous statistical threshold (p value = 2−e4 and p value = 0.004, respectively) by WGCNA. Conclusions We have identified differentially expressed genes and transcriptional patterns in ECs and VNPs compared to normal chronic HIV-infected individuals. Our study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of HIV and AIDS and clues for the therapeutic strategies for anti-retroviral administration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1777-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Ding
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jianyuan Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yongli Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Wang M, Yang W, Chen Y, Wang J, Tan J, Qiao W. Cellular RelB interacts with the transactivator Tat and enhance HIV-1 expression. Retrovirology 2018; 15:65. [PMID: 30241541 PMCID: PMC6150996 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein plays an essential role in HIV-1 gene transcription. Tat transactivates HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR)-directed gene expression through direct interactions with the transactivation-responsive region (TAR) element and other cis elements in the LTR. The TAR-independent Tat-mediated LTR transactivation is modulated by several host factors, but the mechanism is not fully understood. RESULTS Here, we report that Tat interacts with the Rel homology domain of RelB through its core region. Furthermore, RelB significantly increases Tat-mediated transcription of the HIV-1 LTR and viral gene expression, which is independent of the TAR. Both Tat and RelB are recruited to the HIV-1 promoter, of which RelB facilitates the recruitment of Tat to the viral LTR. The NF-κB elements are key to the accumulation of Tat and RelB on the LTR. Knockout of RelB reduces the accumulation of RNA polymerase II on the LTR, and decreases HIV-1 gene transcription. Together, our data suggest that RelB contributes to HIV-1 transactivation. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that RelB interacts with Tat and enhances TAR-independent activation of HIV-1 LTR promoter, which adds new insights into the multi-layered mechanisms of Tat in regulating the gene expression of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Juhász S, Elbakry A, Mathes A, Löbrich M. ATRX Promotes DNA Repair Synthesis and Sister Chromatid Exchange during Homologous Recombination. Mol Cell 2018; 71:11-24.e7. [PMID: 29937341 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
ATRX is a chromatin remodeler that, together with its chaperone DAXX, deposits the histone variant H3.3 in pericentromeric and telomeric regions. Notably, ATRX is frequently mutated in tumors that maintain telomere length by a specific form of homologous recombination (HR). Surprisingly, in this context, we demonstrate that ATRX-deficient cells exhibit a defect in repairing exogenously induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by HR. ATRX operates downstream of the Rad51 removal step and interacts with PCNA and RFC-1, which are collectively required for DNA repair synthesis during HR. ATRX depletion abolishes DNA repair synthesis and prevents the formation of sister chromatid exchanges at exogenously induced DSBs. DAXX- and H3.3-depleted cells exhibit identical HR defects as ATRX-depleted cells, and both ATRX and DAXX function to deposit H3.3 during DNA repair synthesis. This suggests that ATRX facilitates the chromatin reconstitution required for extended DNA repair synthesis and sister chromatid exchange during HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Juhász
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Amira Elbakry
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Arthur Mathes
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Löbrich
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Multiple Inhibitory Factors Act in the Late Phase of HIV-1 Replication: a Systematic Review of the Literature. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:82/1/e00051-17. [PMID: 29321222 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00051-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of lentiviral vectors for therapeutic purposes has shown promising results in clinical trials. The ability to produce a clinical-grade vector at high yields remains a critical issue. One possible obstacle could be cellular factors known to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To date, five HIV restriction factors have been identified, although it is likely that more factors are involved in the complex HIV-cell interaction. Inhibitory factors that have an adverse effect but do not abolish virus production are much less well described. Therefore, a gap exists in the knowledge of inhibitory factors acting late in the HIV life cycle (from transcription to infection of a new cell), which are relevant to the lentiviral vector production process. The objective was to review the HIV literature to identify cellular factors previously implicated as inhibitors of the late stages of lentivirus production. A search for publications was conducted on MEDLINE via the PubMed interface, using the keyword sequence "HIV restriction factor" or "HIV restriction" or "inhibit HIV" or "repress HIV" or "restrict HIV" or "suppress HIV" or "block HIV," with a publication date up to 31 December 2016. Cited papers from the identified records were investigated, and additional database searches were performed. A total of 260 candidate inhibitory factors were identified. These factors have been identified in the literature as having a negative impact on HIV replication. This study identified hundreds of candidate inhibitory factors for which the impact of modulating their expression in lentiviral vector production could be beneficial.
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Hou XJ, Zhao QD, Jing YY, Han ZP, Yang X, Wei LX, Zheng YT, Xie F, Zhang BH. Methylation mediated Gadd45β enhanced the chemosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting the stemness of liver cancer cells. Cell Biosci 2017; 7:63. [PMID: 29225771 PMCID: PMC5717842 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-017-0189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Defects of the growth arrest DNA damage-inducible gene 45β (Gadd45β) play an important role in the progression of tumor and confer resistance to chemotherapy. However, the role of Gadd45β in the apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma is still not clear. Purpose of this study was to explore the effect of Gadd45β on the apoptosis of liver cancer cells, and the possible mechanism was examined. Result In this study, we first confirmed the decreased expression of Gadd45β in human liver cancer tissues and human liver cancer cell lines, when compared to the peri-tumor liver tissue and normal liver cells. And, it was found that Gadd45β could inhibit the stemness of liver cancer cells, enhancing the apoptosis of cancer cells induced by chemotherapy. Furthermore, the results showed that HCC tissues and cell lines showed a higher methylation status in Gadd45β promoter than that in peri-tumor tissues and normal liver cells. Methylation was then reversed by pretreatment of SMMC-7721 and Hep-3B with 5-azacytidine which is the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. And the 5-azacytidine decreased the stemness of SMMC-7721 and Hep-3B, enhanced the sensitivity of SMMC-7721 and Hep-3B to cisplatin. Conclusions Methylation mediated Gadd45β expression inhibited the stemness of liver cancer cells, promoting the chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Thus Gadd45β may be the potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of human hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Hou
- Department of Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, NO. 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Qiu-Dong Zhao
- Department of Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, NO. 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Ying-Ying Jing
- Department of Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, NO. 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Zhi-Peng Han
- Department of Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, NO. 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, NO. 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Li-Xin Wei
- Department of Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, NO. 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Yu-Ting Zheng
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery Department III, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xie
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery Department III, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bai-He Zhang
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery Department III, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
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