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Moar P, Premeaux TA, Atkins A, Ndhlovu LC. The latent HIV reservoir: current advances in genetic sequencing approaches. mBio 2023; 14:e0134423. [PMID: 37811964 PMCID: PMC10653892 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01344-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple cellular HIV reservoirs in diverse anatomical sites can undergo clonal expansion and persist for years despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy, posing a major barrier toward an HIV cure. Commonly adopted assays to assess HIV reservoir size mainly consist of PCR-based measures of cell-associated total proviral DNA, intact proviruses and transcriptionally competent provirus (viral RNA), flow cytometry and microscopy-based methods to measure translationally competent provirus (viral protein), and quantitative viral outgrowth assay, the gold standard to measure replication-competent provirus; yet no assay alone can provide a comprehensive view of the total HIV reservoir or its dynamics. Furthermore, the detection of extant provirus by these measures does not preclude defects affecting replication competence. An accurate measure of the latent reservoir is essential for evaluating the efficacy of HIV cure strategies. Recent approaches have been developed, which generate proviral sequence data to create a more detailed profile of the latent reservoir. These sequencing approaches are valuable tools to understand the complex multicellular processes in a diverse range of tissues and cell types and have provided insights into the mechanisms of HIV establishment and persistence. These advancements over previous sequencing methods have allowed multiplexing and new assays have emerged, which can document transcriptional activity, chromosome accessibility, and in-depth cellular phenotypes harboring latent HIV, enabling the characterization of rare infected cells across restrictive sites such as the brain. In this manuscript, we provide a review of HIV sequencing-based assays adopted to address challenges in quantifying and characterizing the latent HIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Moar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Thomas A. Premeaux
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Atkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
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2
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Gao J, Hu J, Li P, Che K, Wang F, Yan S. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviate the imbalance of CD4 + T cells via protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling in ameliorating experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in rats. Endocr J 2022; 69:613-625. [PMID: 35153255 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) on experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) and the underlying mechanisms by utilizing a porcine thyroglobulin-induced EAT rat model. The rats received four tail vein injections of vehicle or hUCMSCs at an interval of 7 days and were sacrificed on day 28 after the first injection. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to assess the therapeutic effects of hUCMSCs on EAT. Splenic lymphocytes were isolated from rats, and the proportions of CD4+ T cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. Splenic CD4+ T cells from EAT rats were cocultured with hUCMSCs. A loss-of-function assay for protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2) was performed to explore the involvement of PTPN2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling on the therapeutic benefit of hUCMSCs in EAT. hUCMSC treatment significantly alleviated inflammation, reduced serum thyroid antibody levels, and decreased the ratios of IL-17α+/CD25+FOXP3+ cells and serum IFN-γ/IL-4 in EAT rats. Furthermore, hUCMSC treatment upregulated PTPN2 protein expression in splenic lymphocytes of EAT rats as well as enhanced the PTPN2 protein level and attenuated phosphorylation of STAT3 in CD4+ T cells in vitro. Importantly, knockdown of Ptpn2 significantly reversed hUCMSC-mediated suppression of cell proliferation and hUCMSC-induced alterations in the expression of inflammatory cytokines in CD4+ T cells. Thus, hUCMSC treatment alleviates thyroid inflammation and the CD4+ T cell imbalance in EAT via PTPN2/STAT3 signaling, serving as a promising therapeutic approach for autoimmune thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Gao
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianxia Hu
- The Laboratory of Thyroid Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kui Che
- The Laboratory of Thyroid Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shengli Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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3
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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4
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Wang L, Sandmeyer A, Hübner W, Li H, Huser T, Chen BK. A Replication-Competent HIV Clone Carrying GFP-Env Reveals Rapid Env Recycling at the HIV-1 T Cell Virological Synapse. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010038. [PMID: 35062242 PMCID: PMC8781834 DOI: 10.3390/v14010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is enhanced by cell-cell adhesions between infected and uninfected T cells called virological synapses (VS). VS are initiated by the interactions of cell-surface HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) and CD4 on target cells and act as sites of viral assembly and viral transfer between cells. To study the process that recruits and retains HIV-1 Env at the VS, a replication-competent HIV-1 clone carrying an Env-sfGFP fusion protein was designed to enable live tracking of Env within infected cells. Combined use of surface pulse-labeling of Env and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) studies, enabled the visualization of the targeted accumulation and sustained recycling of Env between endocytic compartments (EC) and the VS. We observed dynamic exchange of Env at the VS, while the viral structural protein, Gag, was largely immobile at the VS. The disparate exchange rates of Gag and Env at the synapse support that the trafficking and/or retention of a majority of Env towards the VS is not maintained by entrapment by a Gag lattice or immobilization by binding to CD4 on the target cell. A FRAP study of an Env endocytosis mutant showed that recycling is not required for accumulation at the VS, but is required for the rapid exchange of Env at the VS. We conclude that the mechanism of Env accumulation at the VS and incorporation into nascent particles involves continuous internalization and targeted secretion rather than irreversible interactions with the budding virus, but that this recycling is largely dispensable for VS formation and viral transfer across the VS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (L.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Alice Sandmeyer
- Biomolecular Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.S.); (W.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Wolfgang Hübner
- Biomolecular Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.S.); (W.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Hongru Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (L.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Thomas Huser
- Biomolecular Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.S.); (W.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Benjamin K. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (L.W.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Enick PN, Brooker JP, Tumiotto CM, Staines BT, Eron JJ, McMahon DK, Gandhi RT, Mellors JW, Sobolewski MD. Comparison of methods to quantify inducible HIV-1 outgrowth. J Virus Erad 2021; 7:100043. [PMID: 34136266 PMCID: PMC8176359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2021.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantitative viral outgrowth assay (qVOA) is the gold standard for measuring inducible, replication-competent HIV-1. Using MOLT4-R5 and SupT1-R5 cell lines instead of allogeneic blasts and HIV-1 RNA detection rather than p24 enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) has been proposed to improve the sensitivity of the qVOA. It is unclear, however, how these alternative approaches affect qVOA performance. We compared three qVOAs methods across 15 persons with HIV-1 on suppressive antiretroviral therapy and found that the MOLT4-R5 method yielded a significantly higher proportion of p24-positive wells (42%) than both the allogeneic blast (29%) and SupT1-R5 (32%) assays. Additionally, 5 of 7 qVOAs that were negative by p24 EIA showed viral outgrowth by HIV-1 RNA quantification (>10-fold increase within 7 days). These findings reveal the potential for underestimation of the latent, inducible reservoir by qVOA depending on the target cells used and the measure of viral outgrowth. Use of MOLT4-R5 cells with both p24 EIA and HIV-1 RNA to detect viral outgrowth was the most sensitive method.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nathan Enick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph P Brooker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Camille M Tumiotto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brittany T Staines
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Deborah K McMahon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rajesh T Gandhi
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John W Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michele D Sobolewski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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6
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Olwenyi OA, Acharya A, Routhu NK, Pierzchalski K, Jones JW, Kane MA, Sidell N, Mohan M, Byrareddy SN. Retinoic Acid Improves the Recovery of Replication-Competent Virus from Latent SIV Infected Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E2076. [PMID: 32932813 PMCID: PMC7565696 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate estimation and eradication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) viral reservoirs is limited by the incomplete reactivation of cells harboring the latent replication-competent virus. We investigated whether the in vitro and in vivo addition of retinoic acid (RA) enhances virus replication and improves the detection of latent virus. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from naive and anti-retroviral therapy (ART)-treated SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) were cultured in vitro with anti-CD3/CD28 + IL-2 in the presence/absence of RA. Viral RNA and p27 levels were quantified using RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Viral reservoirs were estimated using the Tat/Rev-Induced Limited Dilution Assay (TILDA) and Quantitative Viral Outgrowth Assay (QVOA). In vitro and in vivo measures revealed that there was also an increase in viral replication in RA-treated versus without RA conditions. In parallel, the addition of RA to either CD3/CD28 or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)/ionomycin during QVOA and TILDA, respectively, was shown to augment reactivation of the replication-competent viral reservoir in anti-retroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed RMs as shown by a greater than 2.3-fold increase for QVOA and 1 to 2-fold increments for multi-spliced RNA per million CD4+ T cells. The use of RA can be a useful approach to enhance the efficiency of current protocols used for in vitro and potentially in vivo estimates of CD4+ T cell latent reservoirs. In addition, flow cytometry analysis revealed that RA improved estimates of various viral reservoir assays by eliciting broad CD4 T-cell activation as demonstrated by elevated CD25 and CD38 but reduced CD69 and PD-1 expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omalla A. Olwenyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA; (O.A.O.); (A.A.); (N.K.R.)
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA; (O.A.O.); (A.A.); (N.K.R.)
| | - Nanda Kishore Routhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA; (O.A.O.); (A.A.); (N.K.R.)
| | - Keely Pierzchalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.P.); (J.W.J.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Jace W. Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.P.); (J.W.J.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.P.); (J.W.J.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Neil Sidell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA; (O.A.O.); (A.A.); (N.K.R.)
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
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7
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Simonetti FR, White JA, Tumiotto C, Ritter KD, Cai M, Gandhi RT, Deeks SG, Howell BJ, Montaner LJ, Blankson JN, Martin A, Laird GM, Siliciano RF, Mellors JW, Siliciano JD. Intact proviral DNA assay analysis of large cohorts of people with HIV provides a benchmark for the frequency and composition of persistent proviral DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18692-18700. [PMID: 32690683 PMCID: PMC7414172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006816117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A scalable approach for quantifying intact HIV-1 proviruses is critical for basic research and clinical trials directed at HIV-1 cure. The intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA) is a novel approach to characterizing the HIV-1 reservoir, focusing on the genetic integrity of individual proviruses independent of transcriptional status. It uses multiplex digital droplet PCR to distinguish and separately quantify intact proviruses, defined by a lack of overt fatal defects such as large deletions and APOBEC3G-mediated hypermutation, from the majority of proviruses that have such defects. This distinction is important because only intact proviruses cause viral rebound on ART interruption. To evaluate IPDA performance and provide benchmark data to support its implementation, we analyzed peripheral blood samples from 400 HIV-1+ adults on ART from several diverse cohorts, representing a robust sample of treated HIV-1 infection in the United States. We provide direct quantitative evidence that defective proviruses greatly outnumber intact proviruses (by >12.5 fold). However, intact proviruses are present at substantially higher frequencies (median, 54/106 CD4+ T cells) than proviruses detected by the quantitative viral outgrowth assay, which requires induction and in vitro growth (∼1/106 CD4+ T cells). IPDA amplicon signal issues resulting from sequence polymorphisms were observed in only 6.3% of individuals and were readily apparent and easily distinguished from low proviral frequency, an advantage of the IPDA over standard PCR assays which generate false-negative results in such situations. The large IPDA dataset provided here gives the clearest quantitative picture to date of HIV-1 proviral persistence on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco R Simonetti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jennifer A White
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Camille Tumiotto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | | | - Mian Cai
- AccelevirDx, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Rajesh T Gandhi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | | | | | - Joel N Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | | | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;
- HHMI, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - John W Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Zhang Y, Planas D, Raymond Marchand L, Massanella M, Chen H, Wacleche VS, Gosselin A, Goulet JP, Filion M, Routy JP, Chomont N, Ancuta P. Improving HIV Outgrowth by Optimizing Cell-Culture Conditions and Supplementing With all-trans Retinoic Acid. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:902. [PMID: 32499767 PMCID: PMC7243435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of replication-competent HIV reservoirs in people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a barrier to cure. Therefore, their accurate quantification is essential for evaluating the efficacy of new therapeutic interventions and orienting the decision to interrupt ART. Quantitative viral outgrowth assays (QVOAs) represent the "gold standard" for measuring the size of replication-competent HIV reservoirs. However, they require large numbers of cells and are technically challenging. This justifies the need for the development of novel simplified methods adapted for small biological samples. Herein, we sought to simplify the viral outgrowth procedure (VOP) by (i) using memory CD4+ T-cells, documented to be enriched in HIV reservoirs (ii) optimizing cell-culture conditions, and (iii) supplementing with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a positive regulator of HIV replication. Memory CD4+ T-cells were sorted from the peripheral blood of ART-treated (HIV+ART; n = 14) and untreated (HIV+; n = 5) PLWH. The VOP was first performed with one original replicate of 1 × 106 cells/well in 48-well plates. Cells were stimulated via CD3/CD28 for 3 days, washed to remove residual CD3/CD28 Abs, split every 3 days for optimal cell density, and cultured in the presence or the absence of ATRA for 12 days. Soluble and intracellular HIV-p24 levels were quantified by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. Optimal cell-culture density achieved by splitting improved HIV outgrowth detection. ATRA promoted superior/accelerated detection of replication-competent HIV in all HIV+ART individuals tested, including those with low/undetectable viral outgrowth in the absence of ATRA. Finally, this VOP was used to design a simplified ATRA-based QVOA by including 4 and 6 original replicates of 1 × 106 cells/well in 48-well plates and 2 × 105 cells/well in 96-well plates, respectively. Consistently, the number of infectious units per million cells (IUPM) was significantly increased in the presence of ATRA. In conclusion, we demonstrate that memory CD4+ T-cell splitting for optimal density in culture and ATRA supplementation significantly improved the efficacy of HIV outgrowth in a simplified ATRA-based QVOA performed in the absence of feeder/target cells or indicator cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhang
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Delphine Planas
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Marta Massanella
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Huicheng Chen
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vanessa Sue Wacleche
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Gosselin
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Nicolas Chomont
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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9
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Stone M, Rosenbloom D, Bacchetti P, Deng X, Dimapasoc M, Keating S, Bakkour S, Richman D, Mellors J, Deeks S, Lai J, Beg S, Siliciano J, Pagliuzza A, Chomont N, Lackman-Smith C, Ptak RG, Busch MP. Assessing suitability of next-generation viral outgrowth assays as proxies for classic QVOA to measure HIV-1 latent reservoir size. J Infect Dis 2020; 224:1209-1218. [PMID: 32147687 PMCID: PMC8514180 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) curative interventions require reliable and efficient quantification of replication-competent latent reservoirs. The “classic” quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA) has been regarded as the reference standard, although prohibitively resource and labor intensive. We compared 6 “next-generation” viral outgrowth assays, using polymerase chain reaction or ultrasensitive p24 to assess their suitability as scalable proxies for QVOA. Methods Next-generation QVOAs were compared with classic QVOA using single leukapheresis-derived samples from 5 antiretroviral therapy–suppressed HIV-infected participants and 1 HIV-uninfected control; each laboratory tested blinded batches of 3 frozen and 1 fresh sample. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods estimated extra-Poisson variation at aliquot, batch, and laboratory levels. Models also estimated the effect of testing frozen versus fresh samples. Results Next-generation QVOAs had similar estimates of variation to QVOA. Assays with ultrasensitive readout reported higher infectious units per million values than classic QVOA. Within-batch testing had 2.5-fold extra-Poisson variation (95% credible interval [CI], 2.1–3.5-fold) for next-generation assays. Between-laboratory variation increased extra-Poisson variation to 3.4-fold (95% CI, 2.6–5.4-fold). Frozen storage did not substantially alter infectious units per million values (−18%; 95% CI, −52% to 39%). Conclusions The data offer cautious support for use of next-generation QVOAs as proxies for more laborious QVOA, while providing greater sensitivities and dynamic ranges. Measurement of latent reservoirs in eradication strategies would benefit from high throughput and scalable assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | - Daniel Rosenbloom
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Bacchetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | | | - Sheila Keating
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | - Sonia Bakkour
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | - Douglas Richman
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego CA and Center for AIDS Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jun Lai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Subul Beg
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janet Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amélie Pagliuzza
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Michael P Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine
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10
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Garliss CC, Kwaa AK, Blankson JN. A Comparison of Different Immune Activation Strategies to Reverse HIV-1 Latency. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa082. [PMID: 32284948 PMCID: PMC7139987 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting CD4+ T cells are the best characterized component of the latent reservoir. Activation of these CD4+ T cells is needed to optimize transcription and viral replication, and this strategy has been used to measure the inducible reservoir. There are several methods that can be used to activate CD4+ T cells, and in this study, we compared 3 different strategies: the combination of the lectin phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and irradiated allogeneic feeders, a combination of PHA and a superagonistic anti-CD28 antibody, and the combination of the protein kinase C agonist phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and the calcium ionophore ionomycin. We show that each strategy induces a different pattern of expression of activation markers on CD4+ T cells. However, the different activation strategies induced similar frequencies of latently infected CD4+ T cells from people living with HIV on suppressive antiretroviral therapy regimens to produce replication-competent virus. Furthermore, the frequency of infectious units per million induced by each regimen was positively correlated with the copies of intact proviral DNA per million CD4+ T cells. Our results suggest that no single pattern of activation marker expression is most associated with latency reversal and demonstrate that different immune activation strategies reverse latency in a low frequency of CD4+ T cells that harbor intact proviral DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Garliss
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Abena K Kwaa
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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11
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Ait-Ammar A, Kula A, Darcis G, Verdikt R, De Wit S, Gautier V, Mallon PWG, Marcello A, Rohr O, Van Lint C. Current Status of Latency Reversing Agents Facing the Heterogeneity of HIV-1 Cellular and Tissue Reservoirs. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3060. [PMID: 32038533 PMCID: PMC6993040 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most explored therapeutic approaches aimed at eradicating HIV-1 reservoirs is the "shock and kill" strategy which is based on HIV-1 reactivation in latently-infected cells ("shock" phase) while maintaining antiretroviral therapy (ART) in order to prevent spreading of the infection by the neosynthesized virus. This kind of strategy allows for the "kill" phase, during which latently-infected cells die from viral cytopathic effects or from host cytolytic effector mechanisms following viral reactivation. Several latency reversing agents (LRAs) with distinct mechanistic classes have been characterized to reactivate HIV-1 viral gene expression. Some LRAs have been tested in terms of their potential to purge latent HIV-1 in vivo in clinical trials, showing that reversing HIV-1 latency is possible. However, LRAs alone have failed to reduce the size of the viral reservoirs. Together with the inability of the immune system to clear the LRA-activated reservoirs and the lack of specificity of these LRAs, the heterogeneity of the reservoirs largely contributes to the limited success of clinical trials using LRAs. Indeed, HIV-1 latency is established in numerous cell types that are characterized by distinct phenotypes and metabolic properties, and these are influenced by patient history. Hence, the silencing mechanisms of HIV-1 gene expression in these cellular and tissue reservoirs need to be better understood to rationally improve this cure strategy and hopefully reach clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Ait-Ammar
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Virology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Anna Kula
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Virology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gilles Darcis
- Infectious Diseases Department, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Roxane Verdikt
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Virology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Stephane De Wit
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Virginie Gautier
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick W G Mallon
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Olivier Rohr
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Virology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
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12
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Hataye JM, Casazza JP, Best K, Liang CJ, Immonen TT, Ambrozak DR, Darko S, Henry AR, Laboune F, Maldarelli F, Douek DC, Hengartner NW, Yamamoto T, Keele BF, Perelson AS, Koup RA. Principles Governing Establishment versus Collapse of HIV-1 Cellular Spread. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:748-763.e20. [PMID: 31761718 PMCID: PMC6948011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A population at low census might go extinct or instead transition into exponential growth to become firmly established. Whether this pivotal event occurs for a within-host pathogen can be the difference between health and illness. Here, we define the principles governing whether HIV-1 spread among cells fails or becomes established by coupling stochastic modeling with laboratory experiments. Following ex vivo activation of latently infected CD4 T cells without de novo infection, stochastic cell division and death contributes to high variability in the magnitude of initial virus release. Transition to exponential HIV-1 spread often fails due to release of an insufficient amount of replication-competent virus. Establishment of exponential growth occurs when virus produced from multiple infected cells exceeds a critical population size. We quantitatively define the crucial transition to exponential viral spread. Thwarting this process would prevent HIV transmission or rebound from the latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Hataye
- Immunology Section, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Joseph P Casazza
- Immunology Section, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katharine Best
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - C Jason Liang
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Taina T Immonen
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David R Ambrozak
- Immunology Section, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samuel Darko
- Human Immunology Section, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy R Henry
- Human Immunology Section, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Farida Laboune
- Human Immunology Section, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicolas W Hengartner
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Section, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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13
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Eradication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (HIV-1)-Infected Cells. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11060255. [PMID: 31159417 PMCID: PMC6631149 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11060255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Predictions made soon after the introduction of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors about potentially eradicating the cellular reservoirs of HIV-1 in infected individuals were too optimistic. The ability of the HIV-1 genome to remain in the chromosomes of resting CD4+ T cells and macrophages without being expressed (HIV-1 latency) has prompted studies to activate the cells in the hopes that the immune system can recognize and clear these cells. The absence of natural clearance of latently infected cells has led to the recognition that additional interventions are necessary. Here, we review the potential of utilizing suicide gene therapy to kill infected cells, excising the chromosome-integrated HIV-1 DNA, and targeting cytotoxic liposomes to latency-reversed HIV-1-infected cells.
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14
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Rosenbloom DIS, Bacchetti P, Stone M, Deng X, Bosch RJ, Richman DD, Siliciano JD, Mellors JW, Deeks SG, Ptak RG, Hoh R, Keating SM, Dimapasoc M, Massanella M, Lai J, Sobolewski MD, Kulpa DA, Busch MP. Assessing intra-lab precision and inter-lab repeatability of outgrowth assays of HIV-1 latent reservoir size. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006849. [PMID: 30978183 PMCID: PMC6481870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative viral outgrowth assays (QVOA) use limiting dilutions of CD4+ T cells to measure the size of the latent HIV-1 reservoir, a major obstacle to curing HIV-1. Efforts to reduce the reservoir require assays that can reliably quantify its size in blood and tissues. Although QVOA is regarded as a "gold standard" for reservoir measurement, little is known about its accuracy and precision or about how cell storage conditions or laboratory-specific practices affect results. Owing to this lack of knowledge, confidence intervals around reservoir size estimates-as well as judgments of the ability of therapeutic interventions to alter the size of the replication-competent but transcriptionally inactive latent reservoir-rely on theoretical statistical assumptions about dilution assays. To address this gap, we have carried out a Bayesian statistical analysis of QVOA reliability on 75 split samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 5 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed participants, measured using four different QVOAs at separate labs, estimating assay precision and the effect of frozen cell storage on estimated reservoir size. We found that typical assay results are expected to differ from the true value by a factor of 1.6 to 1.9 up or down. Systematic assay differences comprised a 24-fold range between the assays with highest and lowest scales, likely reflecting differences in viral outgrowth readout and input cell stimulation protocols. We also found that controlled-rate freezing and storage of samples did not cause substantial differences in QVOA compared to use of fresh cells (95% probability of < 2-fold change), supporting continued use of frozen storage to allow transport and batched analysis of samples. Finally, we simulated an early-phase clinical trial to demonstrate that batched analysis of pre- and post-therapy samples may increase power to detect a three-fold reservoir reduction by 15 to 24 percentage points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I S Rosenbloom
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter Bacchetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mars Stone
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ronald J Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Douglas D Richman
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John W Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Roger G Ptak
- Southern Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sheila M Keating
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Melanie Dimapasoc
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marta Massanella
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jun Lai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michele D Sobolewski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Deanna A Kulpa
- Southern Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael P Busch
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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15
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Massanella M, Yek C, Lada SM, Nakazawa M, Shefa N, Huang K, Richman DD. Improved assays to measure and characterize the inducible HIV reservoir. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:113-121. [PMID: 30316868 PMCID: PMC6197429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved assays are critical to better characterize the HIV reservoir and to reliably evaluate candidate intervention strategies. Here we describe different methods to quantify the HIV reservoir. METHODS We developed an optimized quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA) to quantify the frequency of cells harboring replication-competent HIV, which is simpler and more sensitive than classical QVOAs. We also developed new inducible RNA assays that concomitantly measure the frequency of cell-associated [ca-] (gag and tat-rev) and cell-free [cf-] HIV RNA after three days of anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation. FINDINGS The median frequency of the infected cells measured after induction was 94 IQR[60-132], 16 IQR [9-29] and 2.9 IQR[1.9-6.8] cells/106 CD4+ T-cells for ca-RNA gag and tat-rev, and cf-RNA, respectively. There are a large proportion of transcription-competent proviruses (ca-RNA) that seemed unable to form complete virions (cf-RNA), suggesting post-transcriptional blocks or defective proviruses. Importantly, the median frequency of infected CD4+ T-cells as estimated by 3-day inducible cf-RNA assay was not statistically different from the frequency measured by the QVOA (median of 3.3 [1.9-6.2] IUPM). The latently infected cells detected by the inducible cf-RNA assay correlated highly with the QVOA ( r= 0.67, p < .001), and both assays were equivalent in 60% of the samples tested, suggesting that most cells induced to produce virions are generating replication-competent virus. INTERPRETATION These inducible RNA assays provide more sensitivity and a greater dynamic range for the monitoring of reduction of the reservoir by eradication strategies. Such assays may serve as robust and useful tools for clinical investigations of the HIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Yek
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven M Lada
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Neda Shefa
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karissa Huang
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Douglas D Richman
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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16
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Wang Z, Simonetti FR, Siliciano RF, Laird GM. Measuring replication competent HIV-1: advances and challenges in defining the latent reservoir. Retrovirology 2018; 15:21. [PMID: 29433524 PMCID: PMC5810003 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy cannot cure HIV-1 infection due to the persistence of a small number of latently infected cells harboring replication-competent proviruses. Measuring persistent HIV-1 is challenging, as it consists of a mosaic population of defective and intact proviruses that can shift from a state of latency to active HIV-1 transcription. Due to this complexity, most of the current assays detect multiple categories of persistent HIV-1, leading to an overestimate of the true size of the latent reservoir. Here, we review the development of the viral outgrowth assay, the gold-standard quantification of replication-competent proviruses, and discuss the insights provided by full-length HIV-1 genome sequencing methods, which allowed us to unravel the composition of the proviral landscape. In this review, we provide a dissection of what defines HIV-1 persistence and we examine the unmet needs to measure the efficacy of interventions aimed at eliminating the HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Francesco R Simonetti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 879, Edward D. Miller Research Building, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 879, Edward D. Miller Research Building, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Gregory M Laird
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 879, Edward D. Miller Research Building, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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17
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Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Assays to Measure Latency, Reservoirs, and Reactivation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 417:23-41. [PMID: 29071475 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 persists even in patients who are successfully treated with combination antiretroviral therapy. The major barrier to cure is a small pool of latently infected resting CD4+ T cells carrying an integrated copy of the viral genome that is not expressed while the cells remain in a resting state. Targeting this latent reservoir is a major focus of HIV-1 cure research, and the development of a rapid and scalable assay for the reservoir is a rate-limiting step in the search for a cure. The most commonly used assays are standard PCR assays targeting conserved regions of the HIV-1 genome. However, because the vast majority of HIV-1 proviruses are defective, such assays may not accurately capture changes in the minor subset of proviruses that are replication-competent and that pose a barrier to cure. On the other hand, the viral outgrowth assay that was used to initially define the latent reservoir may underestimate reservoir size because not all replication-competent proviruses are induced by a single round of T cell activation in this assay. Therefore, this assay is best regarded as a definitive minimal estimate of reservoir size. The best approach may be to measure all of the proviruses with the potential to cause viral rebound. A variety of novel assays have recently been described. Ultimately, the assay that best predicts time to viral rebound will be the most useful to the cure effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet D Siliciano
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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18
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Nonhuman Primate Models for Studies of AIDS Virus Persistence During Suppressive Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 417:69-109. [PMID: 29026923 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primate (NHP) models of AIDS represent a potentially powerful component of the effort to understand in vivo sources of AIDS virus that persist in the setting of suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and to develop and evaluate novel strategies for more definitive treatment of HIV infection (i.e., viral eradication "cure", or sustained off-cART remission). Multiple different NHP models are available, each characterized by a particular NHP species, infecting virus, and cART regimen, and each with a distinct capacity to recapitulate different aspects of HIV infection. Given these different biological characteristics, and their associated strengths and limitations, different models may be preferred to address different questions pertaining to virus persistence and cure research, or to evaluate different candidate intervention approaches. Recent developments in improved cART regimens for use in NHPs, new viruses, a wider array of sensitive virologic assay approaches, and a better understanding of pathogenesis should allow even greater contributions from NHP models to this important area of HIV research in the future.
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