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Ryu V, Gumerova AA, Witztum R, Korkmaz F, Cullen L, Kannangara H, Moldavski O, Barak O, Lizneva D, Goosens KA, Stanley S, Kim SM, Yuen T, Zaidi M. An atlas of brain-bone sympathetic neural circuits in mice. eLife 2024; 13:e95727. [PMID: 38963696 PMCID: PMC11245306 DOI: 10.7554/elife.95727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
There is clear evidence that the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) mediates bone metabolism. Histological studies show abundant SNS innervation of the periosteum and bone marrow-these nerves consist of noradrenergic fibers that immunostain for tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, or neuropeptide Y. Nonetheless, the brain sites that send efferent SNS outflow to the bone have not yet been characterized. Using pseudorabies (PRV) viral transneuronal tracing, we report, for the first time, the identification of central SNS outflow sites that innervate bone. We find that the central SNS outflow to bone originates from 87 brain nuclei, sub-nuclei, and regions of six brain divisions, namely the midbrain and pons, hypothalamus, hindbrain medulla, forebrain, cerebral cortex, and thalamus. We also find that certain sites, such as the raphe magnus (RMg) of the medulla and periaqueductal gray (PAG) of the midbrain, display greater degrees of PRV152 infection, suggesting that there is considerable site-specific variation in the levels of central SNS outflow to the bone. This comprehensive compendium illustrating the central coding and control of SNS efferent signals to bone should allow for a greater understanding of the neural regulation of bone metabolism, and importantly and of clinical relevance, mechanisms for central bone pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Ryu
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Anisa Azatovna Gumerova
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ronit Witztum
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Funda Korkmaz
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Liam Cullen
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Hasni Kannangara
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ofer Moldavski
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Orly Barak
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Daria Lizneva
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ki A Goosens
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Sarah Stanley
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Se-Min Kim
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Tony Yuen
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Mone Zaidi
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
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2
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Ryu V, Gumerova A, Witztum R, Korkmaz F, Kannangara H, Moldavski O, Barak O, Lizneva D, Goosens KA, Stanley S, Kim SM, Yuen T, Zaidi M. An Atlas of Brain-Bone Sympathetic Neural Circuits. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.07.579382. [PMID: 38370676 PMCID: PMC10871366 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.07.579382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
There is clear evidence that the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) mediates bone metabolism. Histological studies show abundant SNS innervation of the periosteum and bone marrow--these nerves consist of noradrenergic fibers that immunostain for tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta hydroxylase, or neuropeptide Y. Nonetheless, the brain sites that send efferent SNS outflow to bone have not yet been characterized. Using pseudorabies (PRV) viral transneuronal tracing, we report, for the first time, the identification of central SNS outflow sites that innervate bone. We find that the central SNS outflow to bone originates from 87 brain nuclei, sub-nuclei and regions of six brain divisions, namely the midbrain and pons, hypothalamus, hindbrain medulla, forebrain, cerebral cortex, and thalamus. We also find that certain sites, such as the raphe magnus (RMg) of the medulla and periaqueductal gray (PAG) of the midbrain, display greater degrees of PRV152 infection, suggesting that there is considerable site-specific variation in the levels of central SNS outflow to bone. This comprehensive compendium illustrating the central coding and control of SNS efferent signals to bone should allow for a greater understanding of the neural regulation of bone metabolism, and importantly and of clinical relevance, mechanisms for central bone pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Ryu
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (CeTMaP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Anisa Gumerova
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (CeTMaP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ronit Witztum
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (CeTMaP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Funda Korkmaz
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (CeTMaP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Hasni Kannangara
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (CeTMaP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ofer Moldavski
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (CeTMaP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Orly Barak
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (CeTMaP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Daria Lizneva
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (CeTMaP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ki A. Goosens
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (CeTMaP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Sarah Stanley
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Se-Min Kim
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (CeTMaP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Tony Yuen
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (CeTMaP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Mone Zaidi
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (CeTMaP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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3
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Engel EA, Card JP, Enquist LW. Transneuronal Circuit Analysis with Pseudorabies Viruses. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e841. [PMID: 37486157 PMCID: PMC10664030 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Our ability to understand the function of the nervous system is dependent upon defining the connections of its constituent neurons. Development of methods to define connections within neural networks has always been a growth industry in the neurosciences. Transneuronal spread of neurotropic viruses currently represents the best means of defining synaptic connections within neural networks. The method exploits the ability of viruses to invade neurons, replicate, and spread through the intimate synaptic connections that enable communication among neurons. Since the method was first introduced in the 1970s, it has benefited from an increased understanding of the virus life cycle, the function of viral genomes, and the ability to manipulate the viral genome in support of directional spread of virus and the expression of transgenes. In this article, we review these advances in viral tracing technology and the ways in which they may be applied for functional dissection of neural networks. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Retrograde infection of CNS circuits by peripheral injection of virus Basic Protocol 2: Transneuronal analysis by intracerebral injection Alternate Protocol 1: Transneuronal analysis with multiple recombinant strains Alternate Protocol 2: Conditional replication and spread of PRV Alternate Protocol 3: Conditional reporters of PRV infection and spread Alternate Protocol 4: Reporters of neural activity in polysynaptic circuits Support Protocol 1: Growing and titering a PRV viral stock Support Protocol 2: Immunohistochemical processing and detection Support Protocol 3: Dual-immunofluorescence localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban A Engel
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
- Current address: Spark Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - J Patrick Card
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lynn W Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
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Hui Y, Zheng X, Zhang H, Li F, Yu G, Li J, Zhang J, Gong X, Guo G. Strategies for Targeting Neural Circuits: How to Manipulate Neurons Using Virus Vehicles. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:882366. [PMID: 35571271 PMCID: PMC9099413 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.882366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral strategies are the leading methods for mapping neural circuits. Viral vehicles combined with genetic tools provide the possibility to visualize entire functional neural networks and monitor and manipulate neural circuit functions by high-resolution cell type- and projection-specific targeting. Optogenetics and chemogenetics drive brain research forward by exploring causal relationships among different brain regions. Viral strategies offer a fresh perspective for the analysis of the structure-function relationship of the neural circuitry. In this review, we summarize current and emerging viral strategies for targeting neural circuits and focus on adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Hui
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou
| | - Huijie Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou
| | - Guangyin Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou
- Jifeng Zhang,
| | - Xiaobing Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Xiaobing Gong,
| | - Guoqing Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou
- *Correspondence: Guoqing Guo,
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5
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Gan X, Chopp M, Xin H, Wang F, Golembieski W, Lu M, He L, Liu Z. Targeted tPA overexpression in denervated spinal motor neurons promotes stroke recovery in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:92-104. [PMID: 31987011 PMCID: PMC7747163 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20901686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that axonal remodeling of the corticospinal tract (CST) contributes to neurological recovery after stroke in rodents. The present study employed a novel non-invasive peripheral approach, to over-express tPA in denervated spinal motor neurons via recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) intramuscular injection in transgenic mice subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), in which the CST axons are specifically and completely labeled with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). One day after surgery, mice were randomly selected to receive saline, AAV5-RFP, or tPA (1 × 1010 viral particles) injected into the stroke-impaired forelimb muscles (n = 10/group). Functional deficits and recovery were monitored with foot-fault and single pellet reaching tests. At day 28 after MCAo, mice received intramuscular injection of PRV-614-mRFP (1.52 × 107 pfu) as above, and were euthanized four days later. Compared with saline or AAV-RFP-treated mice, AAV-tPA significantly enhanced behavioral recovery (p < 0.01, both tests), as well as increased CST axonal density in the denervated gray matter of the cervical cord (p < 0.001), and RFP-positive pyramidal neurons in both ipsilesional and contralesional cortices (p < 0.001). Behavioral outcomes were significantly correlated to neural remodeling (p < 0.05). Our results provide a fundamental basis for the development of therapeutic approaches aimed at promoting corticospinal innervation for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Gan
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Hongqi Xin
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fengjie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Mei Lu
- Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Li He
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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6
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Parker CG, Dailey MJ, Phillips H, Davis EA. Central sensory-motor crosstalk in the neural gut-brain axis. Auton Neurosci 2020; 225:102656. [PMID: 32151980 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2020.102656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The neural gut-brain axis consists of viscerosensory and autonomic motor neurons innervating the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Sensory neurons transmit nutrient-related and non-nutrient-related information to the brain, while motor neurons regulate GI motility and secretion. Previous research provides an incomplete picture of the brain nuclei that are directly connected with the neural gut-brain axis, and no studies have thoroughly assessed sensory-motor overlap in those nuclei. Our goal in this study was to comprehensively characterize the central sensory and motor circuitry associated with the neural gut-brain axis linked to a segment of the small intestine. We injected a retrograde (pseudorabies; PRV) and anterograde (herpes simplex virus 1; HSV) transsynaptic viral tracer into the duodenal wall of adult male rats. Immunohistochemical processing revealed single- and double-labeled cells that were quantified per nucleus. We found that across nearly all brain regions assessed, PRV + HSV immunoreactive neurons comprised the greatest percentage of labeled cells compared with single-labeled PRV or HSV neurons. These results indicate that even though sensory and motor information can be processed by separate neuronal populations, there is neuroanatomical evidence of direct sensory-motor feedback in the neural gut-brain axis throughout the entire caudal-rostral extent of the brain. This is the first study to exhaustively investigate the sensory-motor organization of the neural gut-brain axis, and is a step toward phenotyping the many central neuronal populations involved in GI control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coltan G Parker
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana 61801, IL, USA
| | - Megan J Dailey
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana 61801, IL, USA; Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana 61801, IL, USA
| | - Heidi Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana 61802, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Davis
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana 61801, IL, USA
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7
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Thompson N, Mastitskaya S, Holder D. Avoiding off-target effects in electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus nerve: Neuroanatomical tracing techniques to study fascicular anatomy of the vagus nerve. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 325:108325. [PMID: 31260728 PMCID: PMC6698726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a promising therapy for treatment of various conditions that are resistant to standard medication, such as heart failure, epilepsy, and depression. The vagus nerve is a complex nerve providing afferent and efferent innervation of the pharynx, larynx, heart, tracheobronchial tree and lungs, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine and proximal colon. It is therefore a prime target for intervention for VNS. Surprisingly, the fascicular organisation of the vagus nerve at the cervical level is still not well understood. This, along with the current stimulation techniques, results in the entire nerve being stimulated, which leads to unwanted off-target effects. Neuronal tracing is a promising method to delineate the organ-specific innervation by the vagus nerve, thereby providing valuable insight into the fascicular anatomy. In this review we discuss the current knowledge of vagus nerve anatomy and neuronal tracers used for mapping of its organ-specific projections in various species. Efferent vagal projections are a chain of two neurones (pre- and postganglionic), while afferent projections consist of only one pseudounipolar neurone with one branch terminating in the target organ/tissue directly and another in the brainstem. It would be feasible to retrogradely trace the afferent fibres from their respective visceral targets and identify them at the cervical level using non-transsynaptic neuronal tracers. Using this to create a map of the functional anatomical organisation of the vagus nerve will enable selective VNS ultimately allowing for the avoidance of the off-target effects and improving overall efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Thompson
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Svetlana Mastitskaya
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Holder
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Doslikova B, Tchir D, McKinty A, Zhu X, Marks DL, Baracos VE, Colmers WF. Convergent neuronal projections from paraventricular nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, and brainstem onto gastrocnemius muscle, white and brown adipose tissue in male rats. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2826-2842. [PMID: 31045239 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
When energy balance is altered by aerobic exercise, starvation, and cold exposure, for example, there appears to be coordination of the responses of skeletal muscle, white adipose (WAT), and brown adipose (BAT) tissues. We hypothesized that WAT, BAT, and skeletal muscle may share an integrated regulation by the central nervous system (CNS); specifically, that neurons in brain regions associated with energy balance would possess neuroanatomical connections to permit coordination of multiple, complementary responses in these downstream tissues. To study this, we used trans-neuronal viral retrograde tract tracing, using isogenic strains of pseudorabies virus (PRV) with distinct fluorescent reporters (either eGFP or mRFP), injected pairwise into male rat gastrocnemius, subcutaneous WAT and interscapular BAT, coupled with neurochemical characterization of specific cell populations for cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript (CART), oxytocin (OX), corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Cells in the paraventricular (PVN) and parabrachial (PBN) nuclei and brainstem showed dual projections to muscle + WAT, muscle + BAT, and WAT + BAT. Dual PRV-labeled cells were found in parvocellular, magnocellular and descending/pre-autonomic regions of the PVN, and multiple structural divisions of the PBN and brainstem. In most PBN subdivisions, more than 50% of CGRP cells dually projected to muscle + WAT and muscle + BAT. Similarly, 31-68% of CGRP cells projected both to WAT + BAT. However, dual PRV-labeled cells in PVN only occasionally expressed OX or CRH but not CART. These studies reveal for the first time both separate and shared outflow circuitries among skeletal muscle and subcutaneous WAT and BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Doslikova
- Department of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Devan Tchir
- Department of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amanda McKinty
- Department of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xinxia Zhu
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Daniel L Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Vickie E Baracos
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - William F Colmers
- Department of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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9
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Transcriptome-wide survey of pseudorabies virus using next- and third-generation sequencing platforms. Sci Data 2018; 5:180119. [PMID: 29917014 PMCID: PMC6007087 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus of swine. PRV has a large double-stranded DNA genome and, as the latest investigations have revealed, a very complex transcriptome. Here, we present a large RNA-Seq dataset, derived from both short- and long-read sequencing. The dataset contains 1.3 million 100 bp paired-end reads that were obtained from the Illumina random-primed libraries, as well as 10 million 50 bp single-end reads generated by the Illumina polyA-seq. The Pacific Biosciences RSII non-amplified method yielded 57,021 reads of inserts (ROIs) aligned to the viral genome, the amplified method resulted in 158,396 PRV-specific ROIs, while we obtained 12,555 ROIs using the Sequel platform. The Oxford Nanopore's MinION device generated 44,006 reads using their regular cDNA-sequencing method, whereas 29,832 and 120,394 reads were produced by using the direct RNA-sequencing and the Cap-selection protocols, respectively. The raw reads were aligned to the PRV reference genome (KJ717942.1). Our provided dataset can be used to compare different sequencing approaches, library preparation methods, as well as for validation and testing bioinformatic pipelines.
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10
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and optical imaging have emerged as key tools to understand brain function and neurological disorders in preclinical mouse models. They offer the unique advantage of monitoring individual structural and functional changes over time. What remained unsolved until recently was to generate whole-brain microscopy data which can be correlated to the 3D in vivo neuroimaging data. Conventional histological sections are inappropriate especially for neuronal tracing or the unbiased screening for molecular targets through the whole brain. As part of the European Society for Molecular Imaging (ESMI) meeting 2016 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, we addressed this issue in the Molecular Neuroimaging study group meeting. Presentations covered new brain clearing methods, light sheet microscopes for large samples, and automatic registration of microscopy to in vivo imaging data. In this article, we summarize the discussion; give an overview of the novel techniques; and discuss the practical needs, benefits, and limitations.
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11
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Csabai Z, Takács IF, Snyder M, Boldogkői Z, Tombácz D. Evaluation of the impact of ul54 gene-deletion on the global transcription and DNA replication of pseudorabies virus. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2679-2694. [PMID: 28577213 PMCID: PMC5927779 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an animal alphaherpesvirus with a wide host range. PRV has 67 protein-coding genes and several non-coding RNA molecules, which can be classified into three temporal groups, immediate early, early and late classes. The ul54 gene of PRV and its homolog icp27 of herpes simplex virus have a multitude of functions, including the regulation of viral DNA synthesis and the control of the gene expression. Therefore, abrogation of PRV ul54 function was expected to exert a significant effect on the global transcriptome and on DNA replication. Real-time PCR and real-time RT-PCR platforms were used to investigate these presumed effects. Our analyses revealed a drastic impact of the ul54 mutation on the genome-wide expression of PRV genes, especially on the transcription of the true late genes. A more than two hour delay was observed in the onset of DNA replication, and the amount of synthesized DNA molecules was significantly decreased in comparison to the wild-type virus. Furthermore, in this work, we were able to successfully demonstrate the utility of long-read SMRT sequencing for genotyping of mutant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Csabai
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Irma F Takács
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Michael Snyder
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zsolt Boldogkői
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Tombácz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
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12
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Wiedmann NM, Stefanidis A, Oldfield BJ. Characterization of the central neural projections to brown, white, and beige adipose tissue. FASEB J 2017; 31:4879-4890. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700433r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneta Stefanidis
- Department of PhysiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
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13
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Rozo AV, Babu DA, Suen PA, Groff DN, Seeley RJ, Simmons RA, Seale P, Ahima RS, Stoffers DA. Neonatal GLP1R activation limits adult adiposity by durably altering hypothalamic architecture. Mol Metab 2017; 6:748-759. [PMID: 28702330 PMCID: PMC5485307 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adult obesity risk is influenced by alterations to fetal and neonatal environments. Modifying neonatal gut or neurohormone signaling pathways can have negative metabolic consequences in adulthood. Here we characterize the effect of neonatal activation of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP1R) signaling on adult adiposity and metabolism. METHODS Wild type C57BL/6 mice were injected with 1 nmol/kg Exendin-4 (Ex-4), a GLP1R agonist, for 6 consecutive days after birth. Growth, body composition, serum analysis, energy expenditure, food intake, and brain and fat pad histology and gene expression were assessed at multiple time points through 42 weeks. Similar analyses were conducted in a Glp1r conditional allele crossed with a Sim1Cre deleter strain to produce Sim1Cre;Glp1rloxP/loxP mice and control littermates. RESULTS Neonatal administration of Ex-4 reduced adult body weight and fat mass, increased energy expenditure, and conferred protection from diet-induced obesity in female mice. This was associated with induction of brown adipose genes and increased noradrenergic fiber density in parametrial white adipose tissue (WAT). We further observed durable alterations in orexigenic and anorexigenic projections to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH). Genetic deletion of Glp1r in the PVH by Sim1-Cre abrogated the impact of neonatal Ex-4 on adult body weight, WAT browning, and hypothalamic architecture. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that the acute activation of GLP1R in neonates durably alters hypothalamic architecture to limit adult weight gain and adiposity, identifying GLP1R as a therapeutic target for obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea V. Rozo
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniella A. Babu
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - PoMan A. Suen
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David N. Groff
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Randy J. Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Simmons
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rexford S. Ahima
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Doris A. Stoffers
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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14
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Tombácz D, Balázs Z, Csabai Z, Moldován N, Szűcs A, Sharon D, Snyder M, Boldogkői Z. Characterization of the Dynamic Transcriptome of a Herpesvirus with Long-read Single Molecule Real-Time Sequencing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43751. [PMID: 28256586 PMCID: PMC5335617 DOI: 10.1038/srep43751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus gene expression is co-ordinately regulated and sequentially ordered during productive infection. The viral genes can be classified into three distinct kinetic groups: immediate-early, early, and late classes. In this study, a massively parallel sequencing technique that is based on PacBio Single Molecule Real-time sequencing platform, was used for quantifying the poly(A) fraction of the lytic transcriptome of pseudorabies virus (PRV) throughout a 12-hour interval of productive infection on PK-15 cells. Other approaches, including microarray, real-time RT-PCR and Illumina sequencing are capable of detecting only the aggregate transcriptional activity of particular genomic regions, but not individual herpesvirus transcripts. However, SMRT sequencing allows for a distinction between transcript isoforms, including length- and splice variants, as well as between overlapping polycistronic RNA molecules. The non-amplified Isoform Sequencing (Iso-Seq) method was used to analyse the kinetic properties of the lytic PRV transcripts and to then classify them accordingly. Additionally, the present study demonstrates the general utility of long-read sequencing for the time-course analysis of global gene expression in practically any organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Tombácz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Balázs
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Csabai
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Norbert Moldován
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Attila Szűcs
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Donald Sharon
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305-5120, USA
| | - Michael Snyder
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305-5120, USA
| | - Zsolt Boldogkői
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
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15
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Treweek JB, Gradinaru V. Extracting structural and functional features of widely distributed biological circuits with single cell resolution via tissue clearing and delivery vectors. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 40:193-207. [PMID: 27393829 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The scientific community has learned a great deal from imaging small and naturally transparent organisms such as nematodes and zebrafish. The consequences of genetic mutations on their organ development and survival can be visualized easily and with high-throughput at the organism-wide scale. In contrast, three-dimensional information is less accessible in mammalian subjects because the heterogeneity of light-scattering tissue elements renders their organs opaque. Likewise, genetically labeling desired circuits across mammalian bodies is prohibitively slow and costly via the transgenic route. Emerging breakthroughs in viral vector engineering, genome editing tools, and tissue clearing can render larger opaque organisms genetically tractable and transparent for whole-organ cell phenotyping, tract tracing and imaging at depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Brooke Treweek
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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16
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Construction of recombinant pseudorabies viruses by using PRV BACs deficient in IE180 or pac sequences: Application of vBAC90D recombinant virus to production of PRV amplicons. Virus Res 2016; 213:274-282. [PMID: 26756577 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple and efficient method to obtain recombinant pseudorabies virus (PRV) in mammalian cells by using the PRV BACs, PBAC80 deficient in pac sequences and PBAC90 deficient in the IE180 gene. These essential viral sequences were used as targets to obtain viable recombinant viruses. PBAC80 was constructed, confirmed to encode a copy of the IE180 gene regulated by the inducible Ptet promoter, and used to obtain recombinant attenuated PRV viruses that express the EGFP protein (PRV-BT80GF virus). PBAC90 was used to obtain the vBAC90D virus, deficient in IE180 and free of replication-competent revertants, and which can be used as a helper in the production of PRV amplicons.
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17
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Labbé SM, Caron A, Lanfray D, Monge-Rofarello B, Bartness TJ, Richard D. Hypothalamic control of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:150. [PMID: 26578907 PMCID: PMC4630288 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been known, in large part from animal studies, that the control of brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is insured by the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates several stimuli in order to control BAT activation through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). SNS-mediated BAT activity is governed by diverse neurons found in brain structures involved in homeostatic regulations and whose activity is modulated by various factors including oscillations of energy fluxes. The characterization of these neurons has always represented a challenging issue. The available literature suggests that the neuronal circuits controlling BAT thermogenesis are largely part of an autonomic circuitry involving the hypothalamus, brainstem and the SNS efferent neurons. In the present review, we recapitulate the latest progresses in regards to the hypothalamic regulation of BAT metabolism. We briefly addressed the role of the thermoregulatory pathway and its interactions with the energy balance systems in the control of thermogenesis. We also reviewed the involvement of the brain melanocortin and endocannabinoid systems as well as the emerging role of steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) neurons in BAT thermogenesis. Finally, we examined the link existing between these systems and the homeostatic factors that modulate their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien M Labbé
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Department of Medicine, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Department of Medicine, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Damien Lanfray
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Department of Medicine, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Boris Monge-Rofarello
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Department of Medicine, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Timothy J Bartness
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal (COR), Georgia State University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Denis Richard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Department of Medicine, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
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18
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an important source of thermogenesis which is nearly exclusively dependent on its sympathetic nervous system (SNS) innervation. We previously demonstrated the SNS outflow from brain to BAT using the retrograde SNS-specific transneuronal viral tract tracer, pseudorabies virus (PRV152) and demonstrated the sensory system (SS) inflow from BAT to brain using the anterograde SS-specific transneuronal viral tract tracer, H129 strain of herpes simplex virus-1. Several brain areas were part of both the SNS outflow to, and receive SS inflow from, interscapular BAT (IBAT) in these separate studies suggesting SNS-SS feedback loops. Therefore, we tested whether individual neurons participated in SNS-SS crosstalk by injecting both PRV152 and H129 into IBAT of Siberian hamsters. To define which dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are activated by BAT SNS stimulation, indicated by c-Fos immunoreactivity (IR), we prelabeled IBAT DRG innervating neurons by injecting the retrograde tracer Fast Blue (FB) followed 1 week later by intra-BAT injections of the specific β3-adrenoceptor agonist CL316,243 in one pad and the vehicle in the contralateral pad. There were PRV152+H129 dually infected neurons across the neuroaxis with highest densities in the raphe pallidus nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, periaqueductal gray, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and medial preoptic area, sites strongly implicated in the control of BAT thermogenesis. CL316,243 significantly increased IBAT temperature, afferent nerve activity, and c-Fos-IR in C2-C4 DRG neurons ipsilateral to the CL316,243 injections versus the contralateral side. The neuroanatomical reality of the SNS-SS feedback loops suggests coordinated and/or multiple redundant control of BAT thermogenesis.
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19
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Bartness TJ, Liu Y, Shrestha YB, Ryu V. Neural innervation of white adipose tissue and the control of lipolysis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:473-93. [PMID: 24736043 PMCID: PMC4175185 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and its activation is necessary for lipolysis. WAT parasympathetic innervation is not supported. Fully-executed SNS-norepinephrine (NE)-mediated WAT lipolysis is dependent on β-adrenoceptor stimulation ultimately hinging on hormone sensitive lipase and perilipin A phosphorylation. WAT sympathetic drive is appropriately measured electrophysiologically and neurochemically (NE turnover) in non-human animals and this drive is fat pad-specific preventing generalizations among WAT depots and non-WAT organs. Leptin-triggered SNS-mediated lipolysis is weakly supported, whereas insulin or adenosine inhibition of SNS/NE-mediated lipolysis is strongly supported. In addition to lipolysis control, increases or decreases in WAT SNS drive/NE inhibit and stimulate white adipocyte proliferation, respectively. WAT sensory nerves are of spinal-origin and sensitive to local leptin and increases in sympathetic drive, the latter implicating lipolysis. Transsynaptic viral tract tracers revealed WAT central sympathetic and sensory circuits including SNS-sensory feedback loops that may control lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Bartness
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA; Metabolic Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yogendra B Shrestha
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vitaly Ryu
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA; Metabolic Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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20
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Strain Kaplan of Pseudorabies Virus Genome Sequenced by PacBio Single-Molecule Real-Time Sequencing Technology. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/4/e00628-14. [PMID: 25035325 PMCID: PMC4102862 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00628-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a neurotropic herpesvirus that causes Aujeszky's disease in pigs. PRV strains are widely used as transsynaptic tracers for mapping neural circuits. We present here the complete and fully annotated genome sequence of strain Kaplan of PRV, determined by Pacific Biosciences RSII long-read sequencing technology.
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21
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Abstract
Our ability to understand the function of the nervous system is dependent upon defining the connections of its constituent neurons. Development of methods to define connections within neural networks has always been a growth industry in the neurosciences. Transneuronal spread of neurotropic viruses currently represents the best means of defining synaptic connections within neural networks. The method exploits the ability of viruses to invade neurons, replicate, and spread through the intimate synaptic connections that enable communication among neurons. Since the method was first introduced in the 1970s, it has benefited from an increased understanding of the virus life cycle, the function of viral genome, and the ability to manipulate the viral genome in support of directional spread of virus and the expression of transgenes. In this unit, we review these advances in viral tracing technology and the way in which they may be applied for functional dissection of neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Patrick Card
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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22
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Ryu V, Bartness TJ. Short and long sympathetic-sensory feedback loops in white fat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R886-900. [PMID: 24717676 PMCID: PMC4159734 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00060.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated white adipose tissue (WAT) innervation using the established WAT retrograde sympathetic nervous system (SNS)-specific transneuronal viral tract tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV152) and showed its role in the control of lipolysis. Conversely, we demonstrated WAT sensory innervation using the established anterograde sensory system (SS)-specific transneuronal viral tracer, the H129 strain of herpes simplex virus-1, with sensory nerves showing responsiveness with increases in WAT SNS drive. Several brain areas were part of the SNS outflow to and SS inflow from WAT between these studies suggesting SNS-SS feedback loops. Therefore, we injected both PRV152 and H129 into inguinal WAT (IWAT) of Siberian hamsters. Animals were perfused on days 5 and 6 postinoculation after H129 and PRV152 injections, respectively, and brains, spinal cords, sympathetic, and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were processed for immunohistochemical detection of each virus across the neuroaxis. The presence of H129+PRV152-colocalized neurons (~50%) in the spinal segments innervating IWAT suggested short SNS-SS loops with significant coinfections (>60%) in discrete brain regions, signifying long SNS-SS loops. Notably, the most highly populated sites with the double-infected neurons were the medial part of medial preoptic nucleus, medial preoptic area, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, oral part of the pontine reticular nucleus, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Collectively, these results strongly indicate the neuroanatomical reality of the central SNS-SS feedback loops with short loops in the spinal cord and long loops in the brain, both likely involved in the control of lipolysis or other WAT pad-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Ryu
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Timothy J Bartness
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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23
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The neuroinvasive profiles of H129 (herpes simplex virus type 1) recombinants with putative anterograde-only transneuronal spread properties. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:1395-420. [PMID: 24585022 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of viruses as transneuronal tracers has become an increasingly powerful technique for defining the synaptic organization of neural networks. Although a number of recombinant alpha herpesviruses are known to spread selectively in the retrograde direction through neural circuits only one strain, the H129 strain of herpes simplex virus type 1, is reported to selectively spread in the anterograde direction. However, it is unclear from the literature whether there is an absolute block or an attenuation of retrograde spread of H129. Here, we demonstrate efficient anterograde spread, and temporally delayed retrograde spread, of H129 and three novel recombinants. In vitro studies revealed no differences in anterograde and retrograde spread of parental H129 and its recombinants through superior cervical ganglion neurons. In vivo injections of rat striatum revealed a clear bias of anterograde spread, although evidence of deficient retrograde transport was also present. Evidence of temporally delayed retrograde transneuronal spread of H129 in the retina was observed following injection of the lateral geniculate nucleus. The data also demonstrated that three novel recombinants efficiently express unique fluorescent reporters and have the capacity to infect the same neurons in dual infection paradigms. From these experiments we conclude that H129 and its recombinants not only efficiently infect neurons through anterograde transneuronal passage, but also are capable of temporally delayed retrograde transneuronal spread. In addition, the capacity to produce dual infection of projection targets following anterograde transneuronal passage provides an important addition to viral transneuronal tracing technology.
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24
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Nguyen NLT, Randall J, Banfield BW, Bartness TJ. Central sympathetic innervations to visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R375-86. [PMID: 24452544 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00552.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a link between visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) and the metabolic syndrome in humans, with health improvements produced with small visceral WAT reduction. By contrast, subcutaneous WAT provides a site for lipid storage that is rather innocuous relative to ectopic lipid storage in muscle or liver. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is the principal initiator for lipolysis in WAT by mammals. Nothing is known, however, about the central origins of the SNS circuitry innervating the only true visceral WAT in rodents, mesenteric WAT (MWAT), which drains into the hepatic portal vein. We tested whether the central sympathetic circuits to subcutaneous [inguinal WAT (IWAT)] and visceral WAT (MWAT) are separate or shared and whether they possess differential sympathetic drives with food deprivation in Siberian hamsters. Using two isogenic strains of pseudorabies virus, a retrograde transneuronal viral tract tracer within the same hamsters, we found some overlap (∼20-55% doubly infected neurons) between the two circuitries across the neural axis with lesser overlap proximal to the depots (spinal cord and sympathetic chain) and with more neurons involved in the innervation of IWAT than MWAT in some brain regions. Food deprivation triggered a greater sympathetic drive to subcutaneous (IWAT) than visceral (MWAT) depots. Collectively, we demonstrated both shared and separate populations of brain, spinal cord, and sympathetic chain neurons ultimately project to a subcutaneous WAT depot (IWAT) and the only visceral WAT depot in rodents (MWAT). In addition, the lipolytic stimulus of food deprivation only increased SNS drive to subcutaneous fat (IWAT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Ly T Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Obesity Reversal Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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25
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Soden ME, Gore BB, Zweifel LS. Defining functional gene-circuit interfaces in the mouse nervous system. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 13:2-12. [PMID: 24007626 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Complexity in the nervous system is established by developmental genetic programs, maintained by differential genetic profiles and sculpted by experiential and environmental influence over gene expression. Determining how specific genes define neuronal phenotypes, shape circuit connectivity and regulate circuit function is essential for understanding how the brain processes information, directs behavior and adapts to changing environments. Mouse genetics has contributed greatly to current percepts of gene-circuit interfaces in behavior, but considerable work remains. Large-scale initiatives to map gene expression and connectivity in the brain, together with advanced techniques in molecular genetics, now allow detailed exploration of the genetic basis of nervous system function at the level of specific circuit connections. In this review, we highlight several key advances for defining the function of specific genes within a neural network.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Soden
- Department of Pharmacology; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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26
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Osten P, Margrie TW. Mapping brain circuitry with a light microscope. Nat Methods 2013; 10:515-23. [PMID: 23722211 PMCID: PMC3982327 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The beginning of the 21st century has seen a renaissance in light microscopy and anatomical tract tracing that together are rapidly advancing our understanding of the form and function of neuronal circuits. The introduction of instruments for automated imaging of whole mouse brains, new cell type–specific and trans-synaptic tracers, and computational methods for handling the whole-brain data sets has opened the door to neuroanatomical studies at an unprecedented scale. We present an overview of the present state and future opportunities in charting long-range and local connectivity in the entire mouse brain and in linking brain circuits to function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Osten
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA.
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27
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Anatomical characterization of a rabbit cerebellar eyeblink premotor pathway using pseudorabies and identification of a local modulatory network in anterior interpositus. J Neurosci 2012; 32:12472-87. [PMID: 22956838 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2088-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbit eyeblink conditioning is a well characterized model of associative learning. To identify specific neurons that are part of the eyeblink premotor pathway, a retrograde transsynaptic tracer (pseudorabies virus) was injected into the orbicularis oculi muscle. Four time points (3, 4, 4.5, and 5 d) were selected to identify sequential segments of the pathway and a map of labeled structures was generated. At 3 d, labeled first-order motor neurons were found in dorsolateral facial nucleus ipsilaterally. At 4 d, second-order premotor neurons were found in reticular nuclei, and sensory trigeminal, auditory, vestibular, and motor structures, including contralateral red nucleus. At 4.5 d, labeled third-order premotor neurons were found in the pons, midbrain, and cerebellum, including dorsolateral anterior interpositus nucleus and rostral fastigial nucleus. At 5 d, labeling revealed higher-order premotor structures. Labeled fourth-order Purkinje cells were found in ipsilateral cerebellar cortex in cerebellar lobule HVI and in lobule I. The former has been implicated in eyeblink conditioning and the latter in vestibular control. Labeled neurons in anterior interpositus were studied, using neurotransmitter immunoreactivity to classify individual cell types and delineate their interconnectivity. Labeled third-order premotor neurons were immunoreactive for glutamate and corresponded to large excitatory projection neurons. Labeled fourth-order premotor interneurons were immunoreactive for GABA (30%), glycine (18%), or both GABA and glycine (52%) and form a functional network within anterior interpositus involved in modulation of motor commands. These results identify a complete eyeblink premotor pathway, deep cerebellar interconnectivity, and specific neurons responsible for the generation of eyeblink responses.
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Bantubungi K, Prawitt J, Staels B. Control of metabolism by nutrient-regulated nuclear receptors acting in the brain. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 130:126-37. [PMID: 22033286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Today, we are witnessing a rising incidence of obesity worldwide. This increase is due to a sedentary life style, an increased caloric intake and a decrease in physical activity. Obesity contributes to the appearance of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular complications due to atherosclerosis, and nephropathy. Therefore, the development of new therapeutic strategies may become a necessity. Given the metabolism controlling properties of nuclear receptors in peripheral organs (such as liver, adipose tissues, pancreas) and their implication in various processes underlying metabolic diseases, they constitute interesting therapeutic targets for obesity, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The recent identification of the central nervous system as a player in the control of peripheral metabolism opens new avenues to our understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes and potential novel ways to treat these diseases. While the metabolic functions of nuclear receptors in peripheral organs have been extensively investigated, little is known about their functions in the brain, in particular with respect to brain control of energy homeostasis. This review provides an overview of the relationships between nuclear receptors in the brain, mainly at the hypothalamic level, and the central regulation of energy homeostasis. In this context, we will particularly focus on the role of PPARα, PPARγ, LXR and Rev-erbα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadiombo Bantubungi
- Univ Lille Nord de France, INSERM UMR1011, UDSL, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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McGovern AE, Davis-Poynter N, Rakoczy J, Phipps S, Simmons DG, Mazzone SB. Anterograde neuronal circuit tracing using a genetically modified herpes simplex virus expressing EGFP. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 209:158-67. [PMID: 22687938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Insights into the anatomical organization of complex neural circuits provide important information about function, and thus tools that facilitate neuroanatomical studies have proved invaluable in neuroscience. Advances in molecular cloning have allowed the production of novel recombinant neuroinvasive viruses for use in transynaptic neural tracing studies. However, the vast majority of these viruses have motility in the retrograde direction only, therefore limiting their use to studies of synaptic input circuitry. Here we describe the construction of an EGFP reporting herpes simplex virus, strain H129, which preferentially moves along synaptically connected neurons in the anterograde direction. In vitro and in vivo characterization studies confirm that the HSV-1 H129-EGFP retains comparable replication and neuroinvasiveness as the wildtype H129 virus. As a proof of principle we confirm anterograde movement of the H129-EGFP along polysynaptic pathways by inoculating the upper airways and tracking time-dependent EGFP expression in previously described ascending sensory pathways. These data confirm a genomic locus for recombining HSV-1 H129 such that normal viral function and replication is maintained. Novel viral recombinants such as HSV-1 H129-EGFP will be useful tools for delineating the central organization of peripheral sensory pathways as well as the synaptic outputs from central neuronal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E McGovern
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Vaughan CH, Bartness TJ. Anterograde transneuronal viral tract tracing reveals central sensory circuits from brown fat and sensory denervation alters its thermogenic responses. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 302:R1049-58. [PMID: 22378771 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00640.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity and growth are controlled by its sympathetic nervous system (SNS) innervation, but nerve fibers containing sensory-associated neuropeptides [substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)] also suggest sensory innervation. The central nervous system (CNS) projections of BAT afferents are unknown. Therefore, we used the H129 strain of the herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), an anterograde transneuronal viral tract tracer used to delineate sensory nerve circuits, to define these projections. HSV-1 was injected into interscapular BAT (IBAT) of Siberian hamsters and HSV-1 immunoreactivity (ir) was assessed 24, 48, 72, 96, and 114 h postinjection. The 96- and 114-h groups had the most HSV-1-ir neurons with marked infections in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, periaqueductal gray, olivary areas, parabrachial nuclei, raphe nuclei, and reticular areas. These sites also are involved in sympathetic outflow to BAT suggesting possible BAT sensory-SNS thermogenesis feedback circuits. We tested the functional contribution of IBAT sensory innervation on thermogenic responses to an acute (24 h) cold exposure test by injecting the specific sensory nerve toxin capsaicin directly into IBAT pads and then measuring core (T(c)) and IBAT (T(IBAT)) temperature responses. CGRP content was significantly decreased in capsaicin-treated IBAT demonstrating successful sensory nerve destruction. T(IBAT) and T(c) were significantly decreased in capsaicin-treated hamsters compared with the saline controls at 2 h of cold exposure. Thus the central sensory circuits from IBAT have been delineated for the first time, and impairment of sensory feedback from BAT appears necessary for the appropriate, initial thermogenic response to acute cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl H Vaughan
- Dept. of Biology, Georgia State Univ., Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA
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Lo L, Anderson DJ. A Cre-dependent, anterograde transsynaptic viral tracer for mapping output pathways of genetically marked neurons. Neuron 2011; 72:938-50. [PMID: 22196330 PMCID: PMC3275419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses that conditionally infect or replicate in molecularly defined neuronal subpopulations, and then spread transsynaptically, are powerful tools for mapping neural pathways. Genetically targetable retrograde transsynaptic tracer viruses are available to map the inputs to specific neuronal subpopulations, but an analogous tool for mapping synaptic outputs is not yet available. Here we describe a Cre recombinase-dependent, anterograde transneuronal tracer, based on the H129 strain of herpes simplex virus (HSV). Application of this virus to transgenic or knockin mice expressing Cre in peripheral neurons of the olfactory epithelium or the retina reveals widespread, polysynaptic labeling of higher-order neurons in the olfactory and visual systems, respectively. Polysynaptic pathways were also labeled from cerebellar Purkinje cells. In each system, the pattern of labeling was consistent with classical circuit-tracing studies, restricted to neurons, and anterograde specific. These data provide proof-of-principle for a conditional, nondiluting anterograde transsynaptic tracer for mapping synaptic outputs from genetically marked neuronal subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liching Lo
- Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, 1201 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1201 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - David J. Anderson
- Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, 1201 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1201 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125
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Card JP, Kobiler O, Ludmir EB, Desai V, Sved AF, Enquist LW. A dual infection pseudorabies virus conditional reporter approach to identify projections to collateralized neurons in complex neural circuits. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21141. [PMID: 21698154 PMCID: PMC3116869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication and transneuronal transport of pseudorabies virus (PRV) are widely used to define the organization of neural circuits in rodent brain. Here we report a dual infection approach that highlights connections to neurons that collateralize within complex networks. The method combines Cre recombinase (Cre) expression from a PRV recombinant (PRV-267) and Cre-dependent reporter gene expression from a second infecting strain of PRV (PRV-263). PRV-267 expresses both Cre and a monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP) fused to viral capsid protein VP26 (VP26-mRFP) that accumulates in infected cell nuclei. PRV-263 carries a Brainbow cassette and expresses a red (dTomato) reporter that fills the cytoplasm. However, in the presence of Cre, the dTomato gene is recombined from the cassette, eliminating expression of the red reporter and liberating expression of either yellow (EYFP) or cyan (mCerulean) cytoplasmic reporters. We conducted proof-of-principle experiments using a well-characterized model in which separate injection of recombinant viruses into the left and right kidneys produces infection of neurons in the renal preautonomic network. Neurons dedicated to one kidney expressed the unique reporters characteristic of PRV-263 (cytoplasmic dTomato) or PRV-267 (nuclear VP26-mRFP). Dual infected neurons expressed VP26-mRFP and the cyan or yellow cytoplasmic reporters activated by Cre-mediated recombination of the Brainbow cassette. Differential expression of cyan or yellow reporters in neurons lacking VP26-mRFP provided a unique marker of neurons synaptically connected to dual infected neurons, a synaptic relationship that cannot be distinguished using other dual infection tracing approaches. These data demonstrate Cre-enabled conditional reporter expression in polysynaptic circuits that permits the identification of collateralized neurons and their presynaptic partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Patrick Card
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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Bartness TJ, Vaughan CH, Song CK. Sympathetic and sensory innervation of brown adipose tissue. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 34 Suppl 1:S36-42. [PMID: 20935665 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The innervation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is incontrovertible and, with its activation, functions as the principal, if not exclusive, stimulator of BAT thermogenesis. The parasympathetic innervation of BAT only appears in two minor BAT depots, but not in the major interscapular BAT (IBAT) depot. BAT thermogenesis is triggered by the release of norepinephrine from its sympathetic nerve terminals, stimulating β3-adrenoceptors that turns on a cascade of intracellular events ending in activation of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1). BAT also has sensory innervation that may function to monitor BAT lipolysis, a response necessary for activation of UCP-1 by fatty acids, or perhaps responding in a feedback manner to BAT temperature changes. The central sympathetic outflow circuits ultimately terminating in BAT have been revealed by injecting the retrograde viral transneuronal tract tracer, pseudorabies virus, into the tissue; moreover, there is a high degree of colocalization of melanocortin 4-receptor mRNA on these neurons across the neural axis. The necessary and sufficient central BAT SNS outflow sites that are activated by various thermogenic stimuli are not precisely known. In a chronic decerebration procedure, IBAT UCP-1 gene expression can be triggered by fourth ventricular injections of melanotan II, the melanocortin 3/4 receptor agonist, suggesting that there is sufficient hindbrain neural circuitry to generate thermogenic responses with this stimulation. The recent recognition of BAT in normal adult humans suggests a potential target for stimulation of energy expenditure by BAT to help mitigate increased body fat storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Bartness
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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35
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Microdissection of neural networks by conditional reporter expression from a Brainbow herpesvirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:3377-82. [PMID: 21292985 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015033108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transneuronal transport of neurotropic viruses is widely used to define the organization of neural circuitry in the mature and developing nervous system. However, interconnectivity within complex circuits limits the ability of viral tracing to define connections specifically linked to a subpopulation of neurons within a network. Here we demonstrate a unique viral tracing technology that highlights connections to defined populations of neurons within a larger labeled network. This technology was accomplished by constructing a replication-competent strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV-263) that changes the profile of fluorescent reporter expression in the presence of Cre recombinase (Cre). The viral genome carries a Brainbow cassette that expresses a default red reporter in infected cells. However, in the presence of Cre, the red reporter gene is excised from the genome and expression of yellow or cyan reporters is enabled. We used PRV-263 in combination with a unique lentivirus vector that produces Cre expression in catecholamine neurons. Projection-specific infection of central circuits containing these Cre-expressing catecholamine neurons with PRV-263 resulted in Cre-mediated recombination of the PRV-263 genome and conditional expression of cyan/yellow reporters. Replication and transneuronal transport of recombined virus produced conditional reporter expression in neurons synaptically linked to the Cre-expressing catecholamine neurons. This unique technology highlights connections specific to phenotypically defined neurons within larger networks infected by retrograde transneuronal transport of virus from a defined projection target. The availability of other technologies that restrict Cre expression to defined populations of neurons indicates that this approach can be widely applied across functionally defined systems.
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36
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Muñoz AL, Gadea I, Lerma L, Varela L, Torres M, Martín B, García-Culebras A, Lim F, Tabarés E. Construction and properties of a recombinant pseudorabies virus with tetracycline-regulated control of immediate-early gene expression. J Virol Methods 2010; 171:253-9. [PMID: 21093486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A study was carried out to determine whether altering the control of expression of the IE180 gene of pseudorabies virus (PRV), by replacing the IE180 promoter with the tetracycline-responsive promoter (Ptet), affects virus replication and virulence. This PRV-BT90 mutant virus was constructed by complementation and recombination in Hela Tet-Off cells. The virus yield produced by infection of Hela Tet-Off cells with PRV-BT90 was similar to that of the parental virus vBecker2. Viral replication of PRV-BT90 was reduced in Vero cells as reflected by a reduction of virus yield and plating efficiency compared to vBecker2. PRV-BT90 plaque formation in Hela Tet-Off cells was inhibited in the presence of doxycycline, whereas vBecker2 plaque formation was not affected. Subcutaneous infection of mice with the two viruses revealed a LD(50) higher than 10(6) TCID(50) for the PRV-BT90 mutant virus while the LD(50) was 178 TCID(50) for the vBecker2 parental virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Muñoz
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Granstedt AE, Kuhn B, Wang SSH, Enquist LW. Calcium imaging of neuronal circuits in vivo using a circuit-tracing pseudorabies virus. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2010; 2010:pdb.prot5410. [PMID: 20360364 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot5410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a neuroinvasive virus of the herpes family that has a broad host range but does not infect higher-order primates. PRV characteristically travels along chains of synaptically connected neurons and has been used extensively for elucidating neural circuits in the peripheral and central nervous system in vivo. The recombinant virus PRV369 is an attenuated retrograde tracer that encodes G-CaMP2, a fluorescent calcium sensor protein that is stable at physiological pH and mammalian temperature. This protocol describes the use of PRV369 to express G-CaMP2 in a neuronal circuit and to monitor its activity in a living animal, specifically in the submandibular ganglia (SMG), the peripheral parasympathetic ganglia that innervate the salivary glands. The procedure describes the delivery of PRV369 to the glands and shows how SMG neurons can then be imaged post-inoculation to explore connectivity and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Granstedt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Oberti D, Kirschmann MA, Hahnloser RHR. Correlative microscopy of densely labeled projection neurons using neural tracers. Front Neuroanat 2010; 4:24. [PMID: 20676237 PMCID: PMC2912169 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2010.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional morphological information about neural microcircuits is of high interest in neuroscience, but acquiring this information remains challenging. A promising new correlative technique for brain imaging is array tomography (Micheva and Smith, 2007), in which series of ultrathin brain sections are treated with fluorescent antibodies against neurotransmitters and synaptic proteins. Treated sections are repeatedly imaged in the fluorescence light microscope (FLM) and then in the electron microscope (EM). We explore a similar correlative imaging technique in which we differentially label distinct populations of projection neurons, the key routers of electrical signals in the brain. In songbirds, projection neurons can easily be labeled using neural tracers, because the vocal control areas are segregated into separate nuclei. We inject tracers into areas afferent and efferent to the main premotor area for vocal production, HVC, to retrogradely and anterogradely label different classes of projection neurons. We optimize tissue preparation protocols to achieve high fluorescence contrast in the FLM and good ultrastructure in the EM (using osmium tetroxide). Although tracer fluorescence is lost during EM preparation, we localize the tracer molecules after fixation and embedding by using fluorescent antibodies against them. We detect signals mainly in somata and dendrites, allowing us to classify synapses within a single ultrathin section as belonging to a particular type of projection neuron. The use of our method will be to provide statistical information about connectivity among different neuron classes, and to elucidate how signals in the brain are processed and routed among different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Oberti
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
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Gelez H, Poirier S, Facchinetti P, Allers KA, Wayman C, Alexandre L, Giuliano F. Neuroanatomical Evidence for a Role of Central Melanocortin-4 Receptors and Oxytocin in the Efferent Control of the Rodent Clitoris and Vagina. J Sex Med 2010; 7:2056-2067. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Babic T, Purpera MN, Banfield BW, Berthoud HR, Morrison CD. Innervation of skeletal muscle by leptin receptor-containing neurons. Brain Res 2010; 1345:146-55. [PMID: 20501326 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In addition to suppressing food intake, leptin reduces body adiposity by altering metabolism within peripheral tissues such as adipose tissue and muscle. Recent work indicates that leptin action within the brain is sufficient to promote glucose uptake and increase fat oxidation within skeletal muscle, and that these effects are dependent on the sympathetic nervous system. To identify neuronal circuits through which leptin impacts skeletal muscle metabolism, we used LepRb-GFP reporter mice in combination with muscle-specific injection of an mRFP-expressing pseudorabies virus (PRV), which acts as a transsynaptic retrograde tracer. Consistent with previous observations in the rat, muscle-specific PRV injection lead to labeling within multiple areas of the hypothalamus and brainstem. However, the only areas in which PRV and LepRb colocalization was detected were within the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the hypothalamic retrochiasmatic area. Within the NTS 28.5+/-9.4% of PRV-positive neurons contained LepRb-GFP, while in the RCH 37+/-1.7% of PRV neurons also contained LepRb. In summary, these data clearly implicate the NTS and RCH as key sites through which brain leptin impacts skeletal muscle, and as such provide an anatomical framework within which to interpret physiological data indicating that leptin acts in the brain to influence metabolism within skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Babic
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Bartness TJ, Shrestha YB, Vaughan CH, Schwartz GJ, Song CK. Sensory and sympathetic nervous system control of white adipose tissue lipolysis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 318:34-43. [PMID: 19747957 PMCID: PMC2826518 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circulating factors are typically invoked to explain bidirectional communication between the CNS and white adipose tissue (WAT). Thus, initiation of lipolysis has been relegated primarily to adrenal medullary secreted catecholamines and the inhibition of lipolysis primarily to pancreatic insulin, whereas signals of body fat levels to the brain have been ascribed to adipokines such as leptin. By contrast, evidence is given for bidirectional communication between brain and WAT occurring via the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and sensory innervation of this tissue. Using retrograde transneuronal viral tract tracers, the SNS outflow from brain to WAT has been defined. Functionally, sympathetic denervation of WAT blocks lipolysis to a variety of lipolytic stimuli. Using anterograde transneuronal viral tract tracers, the sensory input from WAT to brain has been defined. Functionally, these WAT sensory nerves respond electrophysiologically to increases in WAT SNS drive suggesting a possible neural negative feedback loop to regulate lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Bartness
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA.
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Komiyama T, Sato TR, O’Connor DH, Zhang YX, Huber D, Hooks BM, Gabitto M, Svoboda K. Learning-related fine-scale specificity imaged in motor cortex circuits of behaving mice. Nature 2010; 464:1182-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature08897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Wickersham IR, Sullivan HA, Seung HS. Production of glycoprotein-deleted rabies viruses for monosynaptic tracing and high-level gene expression in neurons. Nat Protoc 2010; 5:595-606. [PMID: 20203674 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2009.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant rabies viruses rendered replication-deficient by the deletion of their envelope glycoprotein gene are useful tools for neuroscientists, permitting (1) extraordinarily high transgene expression levels within neurons, (2) retrograde infection of projection neurons through their axon terminals, (3) targeted infection of genetically specified neurons and (4) monosynaptic tracing of neuronal inputs. Here we present a detailed protocol for the production of high-titer and high-purity viral stocks, from initial generation of infectious virus from cDNA through amplification on complementing cell lines, pseudotyping if desired, purification by ultracentrifugation and titering. The procedure requires 3-4 weeks to complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Wickersham
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Regulation of pseudorabies virus gG glycoprotein gene promoter independently of pseudorabies immediate early IE180 protein. Arch Virol 2010; 155:515-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Granstedt AE, Szpara ML, Kuhn B, Wang SSH, Enquist LW. Fluorescence-based monitoring of in vivo neural activity using a circuit-tracing pseudorabies virus. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6923. [PMID: 19742327 PMCID: PMC2735035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of coordinated activity in neuronal circuits has been challenging without a method to simultaneously report activity and connectivity. Here we present the first use of pseudorabies virus (PRV), which spreads through synaptically connected neurons, to express a fluorescent calcium indicator protein and monitor neuronal activity in a living animal. Fluorescence signals were proportional to action potential number and could reliably detect single action potentials in vitro. With two-photon imaging in vivo, we observed both spontaneous and stimulated activity in neurons of infected murine peripheral autonomic submandibular ganglia (SMG). We optically recorded the SMG response in the salivary circuit to direct electrical stimulation of the presynaptic axons and to physiologically relevant sensory stimulation of the oral cavity. During a time window of 48 hours after inoculation, few spontaneous transients occurred. By 72 hours, we identified more frequent and prolonged spontaneous calcium transients, suggestive of neuronal or tissue responses to infection that influence calcium signaling. Our work establishes in vivo investigation of physiological neuronal circuit activity and subsequent effects of infection with single cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Granstedt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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Kampe J, Tschöp M, Hollis J, Oldfield BJ. An anatomic basis for the communication of hypothalamic, cortical and mesolimbic circuitry in the regulation of energy balance. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:415-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Liu Z, Zhang RL, Li Y, Cui Y, Chopp M. Remodeling of the corticospinal innervation and spontaneous behavioral recovery after ischemic stroke in adult mice. Stroke 2009; 40:2546-51. [PMID: 19478220 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.547265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To elucidate how the motor pathways rewire the denervated tissue after stroke, we investigated remodeling of the corticospinal tract (CST) in transgenic mice with yellow fluorescent protein CST labeling in conjunction with transsynaptic pseudorabies virus retrograde tracing. METHODS Adult male CST-yellow fluorescent protein mice were subjected to permanent right middle cerebral artery occlusion (n=8/group). Foot-fault test was performed to monitor functional deficit and recovery. Pseudorabies virus tracer was injected into the left forelimb muscles at 1 or 4 weeks after middle cerebral artery occlusion (4 days before euthanasia), respectively. A third group of CST-yellow fluorescent protein mice without middle cerebral artery occlusion was used for normal control (n=6). The yellow fluorescent protein labeling of CST in the cervical cord and pseudorabies virus labeling of pyramidal neurons in the bilateral cortices were measured on vibratome sections using a confocal imaging system. RESULTS Compared with normal animals, axonal density in the stroke-affected side of the cervical cord was significantly decreased at 11 days (P<0.001) and significantly increased at 32 days after stroke compared with the Day 11 values (P<0.05). Pseudorabies virus labeling was significantly decreased in the ischemic hemisphere 11 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion (P<0.001). In contrast, a significant increase was observed in pseudorabies virus labeling of bilateral cortices 32 days after stroke compared with 11 days (P<0.05). The CST axonal density in the denervated spinal cord and pyramidal neuron labeling in the bilateral cortices were significantly correlated with behavioral recovery (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Spontaneous functional recovery after stroke may, at least in part, be attributed to neuronal remodeling in the corticospinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Ohara S, Inoue KI, Yamada M, Yamawaki T, Koganezawa N, Tsutsui KI, Witter MP, Iijima T. Dual transneuronal tracing in the rat entorhinal-hippocampal circuit by intracerebral injection of recombinant rabies virus vectors. Front Neuroanat 2009; 3:1. [PMID: 19169410 PMCID: PMC2629710 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.05.001.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual transneuronal tracing is a novel viral tracing methodology which employs two recombinant viruses, each expressing a different reporter protein. Peripheral injection of recombinant pseudorabies viruses has been used as a powerful method to define neurons that coordinate outputs to various peripheral targets of motor and autonomic systems. Here, we assessed the feasibility of recombinants of rabies virus (RV) vector for dual transneuronal tracing in the central nervous system. First, we examined whether two different RV-vectors can double label cells in vitro, and showed that efficient double labeling can be realized by infecting targeted cells with the two RV-vectors within a short time interval. The potential of dual transneuronal tracing was then examined in vivo in the entorhinal-hippocampal circuit, using the chain of projections from CA3 pyramidal cells to CA1 pyramidal cells and subsequently to entorhinal cortex. Six days after the injection of two RV-vectors into the left and right entorhinal cortex respectively, double-labeled neurons were observed in CA3 bilaterally. Some double-labeled neurons showed a Golgi-like labeling. Dual transneuronal tracing potentially provides a powerful and sensitive method to study issues such as the amount of convergence and divergence within and between circuits in the central nervous system. Using this sensitive technique, we established that single neurons in CA3 are connected to the entorhinal cortex bilaterally with only one synaptic relay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohara
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences Tohoku, Japan
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Song CK, Schwartz GJ, Bartness TJ. Anterograde transneuronal viral tract tracing reveals central sensory circuits from white adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 296:R501-11. [PMID: 19109367 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90786.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The origins of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) innervation of white adipose tissue (WAT) have been defined using the transneuronal viral retrograde tract tracer, pseudorabies virus. Activation of this SNS innervation is acknowledged as the principal initiator of WAT lipolysis. The central control of WAT lipolysis may require neural feedback to a brain-SNS-WAT circuit via WAT afferents. Indeed, conventional tract tracing studies have demonstrated that peripheral pseudounipolar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory cells innervate WAT. The central nervous system projections of WAT afferents remain uncharted, however, and form the focus of the present study. We used the H129 strain of the herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), an anterograde transneuronal viral tract tracer, to define the afferent circuits projecting from WAT to the central nervous system. Siberian hamster inguinal (IWAT) or epididymal WAT was injected with H129 and the neuraxis processed for HSV-1 immunoreactivity. We found substantial overlap in the pattern of WAT sensory afferent projections with multiple SNS outflow sites along the neuraxis, suggesting the possibility of WAT sensory-SNS circuits that could regulate WAT SNS drive and thereby lipolysis. Previously, we demonstrated that systemic 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) elicited increases in the SNS drive to IWAT. Here, we show that systemic 2DG administration also significantly increases multiunit spike activity arising from decentralized IWAT afferents. Collectively, these data provide structural and functional support for the existence of a sensory WAT pathway to the brain, important in the negative feedback control of lipid mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kay Song
- Dept. of Biology, Georgia State Univ., 24 Peachtree Center Ave. NE, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA
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Liu Z, Li Y, Zhang X, Savant-Bhonsale S, Chopp M. Contralesional axonal remodeling of the corticospinal system in adult rats after stroke and bone marrow stromal cell treatment. Stroke 2008; 39:2571-7. [PMID: 18617661 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.511659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Motor recovery after stroke is associated with neuronal reorganization in bilateral hemispheres. We investigated contralesional corticospinal tract remodeling in the brain and spinal cord in rats after stroke and treatment of bone marrow stromal cells. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to permanent right middle cerebral artery occlusion. Phosphate-buffered saline or bone marrow stromal cells were injected into a tail vein 1 day postischemia. An adhesive removal test was performed weekly to monitor functional recovery. Threshold currents of intracortical microstimulation on the left motor cortex for evoking bilateral forelimb movements were measured 6 weeks after stroke. When intracortical microstimulation was completed, biotinylated dextran amine was injected into the left motor cortex to anterogradely label the corticospinal tract. At 4 days before euthanization, pseudorabies virus-152-EGFP and 614-mRFP were injected into left or right forelimb extensor muscles, respectively. All animals were euthanized 8 weeks after stroke. RESULTS In normal rats (n=5), the corticospinal tract showed a unilateral innervation pattern. In middle cerebral artery occlusion rats (n=8), our data demonstrated that: 1) stroke reduced the stimulation threshold evoking ipsilateral forelimb movement; 2) EGFP-positive pyramidal neurons were increased in the left intact cortex, which were labeled from the left stroke-impaired forelimb; and 3) biotinylated dextran amine-labeled contralesional axons sprouted into the denervated spinal cord. Bone marrow stromal cells significantly enhanced all 3 responses (n=8, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that corticospinal tract fibers originating from the contralesional motor cortex sprout into the denervated spinal cord after stroke and bone marrow stromal cells treatment, which may contribute to functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Liu
- Neurology Research, E&R Building, Room 3056, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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