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Ruedas-Torres I, Thi to Nga B, Salguero FJ. Pathogenicity and virulence of African swine fever virus. Virulence 2024; 15:2375550. [PMID: 38973077 PMCID: PMC11232652 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2375550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease with a high impact on the pork industry worldwide. ASF virus (ASFV) is a very complex pathogen, the sole member of the family Asfaviridae, which induces a state of immune suppression in the host through infection of myeloid cells and apoptosis of lymphocytes. Moreover, haemorrhages are the other main pathogenic effect of ASFV infection in pigs, related to the infection of endothelial cells, as well as the activation and structural changes of this cell population by proinflammatory cytokine upregulation within bystander monocytes and macrophages. There are still many gaps in the knowledge of the role of proteins produced by the ASFV, which is related to the difficulty in producing a safe and effective vaccine to combat the disease, although few candidates have been approved for use in Southeast Asia in the past couple of years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Ruedas-Torres
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre (VDEC), United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
| | - Bui Thi to Nga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre (VDEC), United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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2
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Alotaibi BS, Wu CH, Khan M, Nawaz M, Chen CC, Ali A. African swine fever; insights into genomic aspects, reservoirs and transmission patterns of virus. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1413237. [PMID: 39193370 PMCID: PMC11347335 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1413237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a hemorrhagic disease of pigs with high mortality rates. Since its first characterization in 1921, there has been sufficient information about African swine fever virus (ASFV) and related diseases. The virus has been found and maintained in the sylvatic cycle involving ticks and domestic and wild boars in affected regions. The ASFV is spread through direct and indirect contact with infected pigs, their products and carrier vectors especially Ornithodoros ticks. Severe economic losses and a decline in pig production have been observed in ASFV affected countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. At the end of 2018, the ASFV adversely affected China, the world's leading pork-producer. Control strategies for the disease remained challenging due to the unavailability of effective vaccines and the lack of successful therapeutic measures. However, considerable efforts have been made in recent years to understand the biology of the virus, surveillance and effective control measures. This review emphasizes and summarizes the current state of information regarding the knowledge of etiology, epidemiology, transmission, and vaccine-based control measures against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader S. Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chia-Hung Wu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Majid Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Nawaz
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot Azad Kashmir, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine and Rong Hsing Translational Medicine Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Porras N, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Barasona JÁ, Gómez-Buendía A, Cadenas-Fernández E, Rodríguez-Bertos A. Histopathologic evaluation system of African swine fever in wild boar infected with high (Arm07) and low virulence (Lv17/WB/Riel) isolates. Vet Pathol 2024:3009858241266944. [PMID: 39078034 DOI: 10.1177/03009858241266944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
To understand the clinicopathological forms of African swine fever (ASF) in wild boar, it is crucial to possess a basic knowledge of the biological characteristics of the currently circulating ASF virus isolates. The aim of this work is to establish an accurate and comprehensive histopathologic grading system to standardize the assessment of the ASF lesions in wild boar. The study evaluated the differences between animals infected with a high virulence genotype II isolate (Arm07) (HVI) through intramuscular (IM) (n = 6) and contact-infected (n = 12) routes, alongside those orally infected with a low virulence isolate (Lv17/WB/Riel) (LVI) (n = 6). The assessment included clinical (CS), macroscopic (MS), and histopathologic (HS) scores, as well as viral loads in blood and tissues by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Tissues examined included skin, lymph nodes, bone marrow, palatine tonsil, lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys, thymus, heart, adrenal glands, pancreas, urinary bladder, brain, and gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. The HVI group exhibited a 100% mortality rate with elevated CS, MS, and HS values. Animals infected by contact (CS = 12; MS = 58.5; HS = 112) and those intramuscularly infected (CS = 14.8; MS = 47; HS = 104) demonstrated similar values, indicating that the route of infection does not decisively influence the severity of clinical and pathological signs. The LVI group showed a 0% mortality rate, an inconspicuous clinical form, minimal lesions (CS = 0; MS = 12; HS = 29), and a lower viral load. Histopathologic evaluation has proven valuable in advancing our comprehension of ASF pathogenesis in wild boar and paves the groundwork for further research investigating protective mechanisms in vaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Porras
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Á Barasona
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Bertos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Liu W, Yang L, Di C, Sun J, Liu P, Liu H. Nonstructural Protein A238L of the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Enhances Antiviral Immune Responses by Activating the TBK1-IRF3 Pathway. Vet Sci 2024; 11:252. [PMID: 38921999 PMCID: PMC11209439 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a double-stranded DNA virus with an envelope. ASFV has almost the largest genome among all DNA viruses, and its mechanisms of immune evasion are complex. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ASFV genes will improve vaccine design. A238L, a nonstructural protein of ASFV, inhibits NF-κB activation by suppressing the HAT activity of p300. Whether A238L also affects the transcriptional activity of IRF3 remains unexplored. Here we first confirmed the ability of A238L to suppress NF-κB-activity in L929 cells. A238L inhibits the expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes. In contrast, A238L increased the phosphorylation levels of TBK1 and IRF3 in three different cell lines. A238L increases the IRF3-driven promoter activity and induces IRF3 nuclear translocation. Furthermore, A238L enhanced innate antiviral immunity in the absence or presence of poly d (A:T) or poly (I:C) stimulation, or herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or Sendai virus (SeV) infection. This study reveals a previously unrecognized role of A238L in promoting antiviral immune responses by TBK1-IRF3 pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lanlan Yang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
| | - Chuanyuan Di
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
| | - Penggang Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Zhu R, Wang Y, Zhang H, Yang J, Fan J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li Q, Zhou X, Yue H, Qi Y, Wang S, Chen T, Zhang S, Hu R. Deletion of the B125R gene in the African swine fever virus SY18 strain leads to an A104R frameshift mutation slightly attenuating virulence in domestic pigs. Virus Res 2024; 343:199343. [PMID: 38423214 PMCID: PMC10982076 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), caused by the ASF virus (ASFV), is a hemorrhagic and fatal viral disease that affects Eurasian wild boars and domestic pigs, posing a substantial threat to the global pig breeding industry. ASFV, a double-stranded DNA virus, possesses a large genome containing up to 160 open reading frames, most of which exhibit unknown functions. The B125R gene of ASFV, located at the 105595-105972 bp site in the ASFV-SY18 genome, remains unexplored. In this study, we discovered that B125R deletion did not affect recombinant virus rescue, nor did it hinder viral replication during the intermediate growth phase. Although the virulence of the recombinant strain harboring this deletion was attenuated, intramuscular inoculation of the recombinant virus in pigs at doses of 102 or 104 TCID50 resulted in mortality. Moreover, sequencing analysis of six recombinant strains obtained from three independent experiments consistently revealed an adenine insertion at the 47367-47375 bp site in the A104R gene due to the B125R deletion, leading to premature termination of this gene. Intriguingly, this insertion did not influence the transcription of the A104R gene between the recombinant and parental strains. Consequently, we postulate that the deletion of the B125R gene in ASFV-SY18 or other genotype II strains may marginally attenuate virulence in domestic pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Jiaqi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Qixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xintao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Huixian Yue
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Shuchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Shoufeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Rongliang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
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Banabazi MH, Freimanis G, Goatley LC, Netherton CL, de Koning DJ. The transcriptomic insight into the differential susceptibility of African Swine Fever in inbred pigs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5944. [PMID: 38467747 PMCID: PMC10928096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a global threat to animal health and food security. ASF is typically controlled by strict biosecurity, rapid diagnosis, and culling of affected herds. Much progress has been made in developing modified live virus vaccines against ASF. There is host variation in response to ASF infection in the field and under controlled conditions. To better understand the dynamics underlying this host differential morbidity, whole transcriptome profiling was carried out in twelve immunized and five sham immunized pigs. Seventeen MHC homozygous inbred Large white Babraham pigs were sampled at three time points before and after the challenge. The changes in the transcriptome profiles of infected animals were surveyed over time. In addition, the immunization effect on the host response was studied as well among the contrasts of all protection subgroups. The results showed two promising candidate genes to distinguish between recovered and non-recovered pigs after infection with a virulent African swine fever virus (ASFV) pre-infection: HTRA3 and GFPT2 (padj < 0.05). Variant calling on the transcriptome assemblies showed a two-base pair insertion into the ACOX3 gene closely located to HTRA3 that may regulate its expression as a putative genomic variant for ASF. Several significant DGEs, enriched gene ontology (GO) terms, and KEGG pathways at 1 day and 7 days post-infection, compared to the pre-infection, indicate a significant inflammation response immediately after ASF infection. The presence of the virus was confirmed by the mapping of RNA-Seq reads on two whole viral genome sequences. This was concordant with a higher virus load in the non-recovered animals 7 days post-infection. There was no transcriptome signature on the immunization at pre-infection and 1 day post-infection. More samples and data from additional clinical trials may support these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Banabazi
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Dirk-Jan de Koning
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lamberga K, Viltrop A, Nurmoja I, Masiulis M, Bušauskas P, Oļševskis E, Seržants M, Laddomada A, Ardelean F, Depner K. The Effectiveness of Protection and Surveillance Zones in Detecting Further African Swine Fever Outbreaks in Domestic Pigs-Experience of the Baltic States. Viruses 2024; 16:334. [PMID: 38543702 PMCID: PMC10974020 DOI: 10.3390/v16030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In the event of an outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) in pig farms, the European Union (EU) legislation requires the establishment of a restricted zone, consisting of a protection zone with a radius of at least 3 km and a surveillance zone with a radius of at least 10 km around the outbreak. The main purpose of the restricted zone is to stop the spread of the disease by detecting further outbreaks. We evaluated the effectiveness and necessity of the restricted zone in the Baltic States by looking at how many secondary outbreaks were detected inside and outside the protection and surveillance zones and by what means. Secondary outbreaks are outbreaks with an epidemiological link to a primary outbreak while a primary outbreak is an outbreak that is not epidemiologically linked to any previous outbreak. From 2014 to 2023, a total of 272 outbreaks in domestic pigs were confirmed, where 263 (96.7%) were primary outbreaks and 9 (3.3%) were secondary outbreaks. Eight of the secondary outbreaks were detected by epidemiological enquiry and one by passive surveillance. Epidemiological enquiries are legally required investigations on an outbreak farm to find out when and how the virus entered the farm and to obtain information on contact farms where the ASF virus may have been spread. Of the eight secondary outbreaks detected by epidemiological investigations, six were within the protection zone, one was within the surveillance zone and one outside the restricted zone. Epidemiological investigations were therefore the most effective means of detecting secondary outbreaks, whether inside or outside the restricted zones, while active surveillance was not effective. Active surveillance are legally prescribed activities carried out by the competent authorities in the restricted zones. Furthermore, as ASF is no longer a rare and exotic disease in the EU, it could be listed as a "Category B" disease, which in turn would allow for more flexibility and "tailor-made" control measures, e.g., regarding the size of the restricted zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristīne Lamberga
- Food and Veterinary Service, LV 1050 Riga, Latvia; (K.L.); (E.O.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, LV 1076 Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV 3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Arvo Viltrop
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Imbi Nurmoja
- National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment, 51006 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Marius Masiulis
- Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
- State Food and Veterinary Service, LT 07170 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | | | - Edvīns Oļševskis
- Food and Veterinary Service, LV 1050 Riga, Latvia; (K.L.); (E.O.); (M.S.)
- Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mārtiņš Seržants
- Food and Veterinary Service, LV 1050 Riga, Latvia; (K.L.); (E.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Alberto Laddomada
- Coordinator of the Better Training for Safer Food Courses on the EU Animal Health Law, 07021 Sardinia, Italy;
| | - Felix Ardelean
- County Sanitary Veterinary Health and Food Safety Directorate, 4400067 Satu Mare, Romania;
| | - Klaus Depner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Riems, Germany
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Deb R, Sengar GS, Sonowal J, Pegu SR, Das PJ, Singh I, Chakravarti S, Selvaradjou A, Attupurum N, Rajkhowa S, Gupta VK. Transcriptome signatures of host tissue infected with African swine fever virus reveal differential expression of associated oncogenes. Arch Virol 2024; 169:54. [PMID: 38381218 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) has emerged as a threat to swine production worldwide. Evasion of host immunity by ASF virus (ASFV) is well understood. However, the role of ASFV in triggering oncogenesis is still unclear. In the present study, ASFV-infected kidney tissue samples were subjected to Illumina-based transcriptome analysis. A total of 2463 upregulated and 825 downregulated genes were differentially expressed (p < 0.05). A literature review revealed that the majority of the differentially expressed host genes were key molecules in signaling pathways involved in oncogenesis. Bioinformatic analysis indicated the activation of certain oncogenic KEGG pathways, including basal cell carcinoma, breast cancer, transcriptional deregulation in cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Analysis of host-virus interactions revealed that the upregulated oncogenic RELA (p65 transcription factor) protein of Sus scrofa can interact with the A238L (hypothetical protein of unknown function) of ASFV. Differential expression of oncogenes was confirmed by qRT-PCR, using the H3 histone family 3A gene (H3F3A) as an internal control to confirm the RNA-Seq data. The levels of gene expression indicated by qRT-PCR matched closely to those determined through RNA-Seq. These findings open up new possibilities for investigation of the mechanisms underlying ASFV infection and offer insights into the dynamic interaction between viral infection and oncogenic processes. However, as these investigations were conducted on pigs that died from natural ASFV infection, the role of ASFV in oncogenesis still needs to be investigated in controlled experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Deb
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India.
| | | | - Joyshikh Sonowal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Jorhat Medical College and Hospital, Jorhat, Assam, 785001, India
| | - Seema Rani Pegu
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Pranab Jyoti Das
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India.
| | | | - Soumendu Chakravarti
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
- Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nitin Attupurum
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Swaraj Rajkhowa
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India.
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Wen Y, Duan X, Ren J, Zhang J, Guan G, Ru Y, Li D, Zheng H. African Swine Fever Virus I267L Is a Hemorrhage-Related Gene Based on Transcriptome Analysis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:400. [PMID: 38399804 PMCID: PMC10892147 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and severe disease transmitted among domestic pigs and wild boars. This disease is notorious for its high mortality rate and has caused great losses to the world's pig industry in the past few years. After infection, pigs can develop symptoms such as high fever, inflammation, and acute hemorrhage, finally leading to death. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causal agent of ASF; it is a large DNA virus with 150-200 genes. Elucidating the functions of each gene could provide insightful information for developing prevention and control methods. Herein, to investigate the function of I267L, porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) infected with an I267L-deleted ASFV strain (named ∆I267L) and wild-type ASFV for 18 h and 36 h were taken for transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). The most distinct different gene that appeared at both 18 hpi (hours post-infection) and 36 hpi was F3; it is the key link between inflammation and coagulation cascades. KEGG analysis (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analysis) revealed the complement and coagulation cascades were also significantly affected at 18 hpi. Genes associated with the immune response were also highly enriched with the deletion of I267L. RNA-seq results were validated through RT-qPCR. Further experiments confirmed that ASFV infection could suppress the induction of F3 through TNF-α, while I267L deletion partially impaired this suppression. These results suggest that I267L is a pathogenicity-associated gene that modulates the hemorrhages of ASF by suppressing F3 expression. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of ASFV pathogenicity and potential targets for ASFV prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xianghan Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
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10
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Tian Y, Wang D, He S, Cao Z, Li W, Jiang F, Shi Y, Hao Y, Wei X, Wang Q, Qie S, Wang J, Li T, Hao X, Zhu J, Wu J, Shang S, Zhai X. Immune cell early activation, apoptotic kinetic, and T-cell functional impairment in domestic pigs after ASFV CADC_HN09 strain infection. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1328177. [PMID: 38419627 PMCID: PMC10899498 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1328177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a fatal and highly contagious disease of domestic pigs characterized by rapid disease progression and death within 2 weeks. How the immune cells respond to acute ASFV infection and contribute to the immunopathogenesis of ASFV has not been completely understood. In this study, we examined the activation, apoptosis, and functional changes of distinct immune cells in domestic pigs following acute infection with the ASFV CADC_HN09 strain using multicolor flow cytometry. We found that ASFV infection induced broad apoptosis of DCs, monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of pigs over time. The expression of MHC class II molecule (SLA-DR/DQ) on monocytes and conventional DCs as well as CD21 expression on B cells were downregulated after ASFV infection, implying a potential impairment of antigen presentation and humoral response. Further examination of CD69 and ex vivo expression of IFN-γ on immune cells showed that T cells were transiently activated and expressed IFN-γ as early as 5 days post-infection. However, the capability of T cells to produce cytokines was significantly impaired in the infected pigs when stimulated with mitogen. These results suggest that the adaptive cellular immunity to ASFV might be initiated but later overridden by ASFV-induced immunosuppression. Our study clarified the cell types that were affected by ASFV infection and contributed to lymphopenia, improving our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dongyue Wang
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shicheng He
- Animal Disease Control Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wencai Li
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Shi
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Hao
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhao Wei
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Qie
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangtao Wang
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Zhai
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
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11
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Avagyan H, Hakobyan S, Baghdasaryan B, Arzumanyan H, Poghosyan A, Bayramyan N, Semerjyan A, Sargsyan M, Voskanyan H, Vardanyan T, Karalyan N, Hakobyan L, Abroyan L, Avetisyan A, Karalova E, Semerjyan Z, Karalyan Z. Pathology and Clinics of Naturally Occurring Low-Virulence Variants of African Swine Fever Emerged in Domestic Pigs in the South Caucasus. Pathogens 2024; 13:130. [PMID: 38392868 PMCID: PMC10893001 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Shortly after the establishment of African swine fever virus (ASFV) genotype II in 2007, cases of acute fatal infection were observed. However, after several years of circulation in the Eurasian region, the clinical signs of the disease changed. Currently, this disease can occur acutely, subclinically, chronically, or asymptomatically. Cases of the complete recovery of infected pigs, and the disappearance of ASFV from their tissues and secretions have been described. This form of the disease first appeared in Armenia at the end of 2011. This virus was described and identified as the Dilijan2011IMB strain. The goal of our research was to study the main features of clinical, pathological, immunological, virological, and genetic parameters involved in the development of new forms of African swine fever (ASF). Chronic ASF was characterized with low titers of the virus and a decrease in the intensity of hemadsorption. Additionally, a reduced intensity in clinical symptoms and pathoanatomical results was noted. The absolute, but not the relative number of immune cells changes; the neutropenia (in bone marrow and spleen), lymphopenia (in bone marrow), lymphocytosis (only in spleen), lymphoid cell depletion (in bone marrow), and pancytopenia (in bone marrow) observed in the chronic form of ASF were less pronounced compared to in the acute form. When comparing the late stage of chronic ASF to the acute form, the key cytological indicators in the spleen, lymph nodes, and blood were less severe in the chronic stage. Bone marrow failure in the chronic form, expressed in a pronounced decrease in all cell types, generally coincided with the data in the acute form of ASF. The same data were obtained after assessing serum TNF-alpha levels. Thus, we can conclude that the chronic form of ASF occurs due to a less pronounced immune response, as well as a decrease in virus titers in the blood and tissues of infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hranush Avagyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
- Experimental Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Sona Hakobyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Bagrat Baghdasaryan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Hranush Arzumanyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Arpine Poghosyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Nane Bayramyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Anna Semerjyan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia;
| | - Mariam Sargsyan
- Department of Epizootiology and Parasitology, Armenian National Agrarian University, Yerevan 0009, Armenia;
| | - Henry Voskanyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Tigranuhi Vardanyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Naira Karalyan
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Clinical Morphology, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Yerevan 0025, Armenia;
| | - Lina Hakobyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Liana Abroyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Aida Avetisyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
- Experimental Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Elena Karalova
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
- Experimental Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Zara Semerjyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
- Experimental Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Zaven Karalyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia;
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12
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Hu Y, Wang A, Yan W, Li J, Meng X, Chen L, Li S, Tong W, Kong N, Yu L, Yu H, Shan T, Xu J, Tong G, Zheng H. Identification of Linear Epitopes in the C-Terminal Region of ASFV p72 Protein. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2846. [PMID: 38137990 PMCID: PMC10746095 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever, which is induced by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), poses a significant threat to the global pig industry due to its high lethality in domestic pigs and wild boars. Despite the severity of the disease, there is a lack of effective vaccines and drugs against the ASFV. The p72 protein, constituting 31 to 33% of the total virus particle mass, serves as the primary capsid protein of ASFV. It is a crucial antigen for the development of ASF subunit vaccines and serological diagnostic methods. In this investigation, 27 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated through mouse immunization with the truncated C-terminal p72 protein expressed by Escherichia coli. Among these, six mAbs exhibited binding to the p72 trimer, with their respective recognized epitopes identified as 542VTAHGINLIDKF553, 568GNAIKTP574, and 584FALKPREEY592. All three epitopes were situated within the interval sequences of functional units of the C-terminal jelly-roll barrel of p72. Notably, two epitopes, 568GNAIKTP574 and 584FALKPREEY592, were internal to the p72 trimer, while the epitope 542VTAHGINLIDKF553 was exposed on the surface of the trimer and consistently conserved across all ASFV genotypes. These findings enhance our comprehension of the antigenic function and structure of the p72 protein, facilitating the utilization of p72 in the development of diagnostic techniques for ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Hu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Anchen Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230031, China;
| | - Wanwan Yan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Junbo Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lingchao Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Songnan Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Ning Kong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Jiaping Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230031, China;
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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13
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Olesen AS, Lohse L, Johnston CM, Rasmussen TB, Bøtner A, Belsham GJ. Increased Presence of Circulating Cell-Free, Fragmented, Host DNA in Pigs Infected with Virulent African Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:2133. [PMID: 37896910 PMCID: PMC10612093 DOI: 10.3390/v15102133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes severe hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boar, often with high case fatality rates. The virus replicates in the circulating cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and within lymphoid tissues. The infection leads to high fever and a variety of clinical signs. In this study, it was observed that ASFV infection in pigs resulted in a >1000-fold increase in the level of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA), derived from the nuclei of host cells in the serum. This change occurred in parallel with the increase in circulating ASFV DNA. In addition, elevated levels (about 30-fold higher) of host mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were detected in the serum from ASFV-infected pigs. For comparison, the release of the cellular enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a commonly used marker of cellular damage, was also found to be elevated during ASFV infection, but later and less consistently. The sera from pigs infected with classical swine fever virus (CSFV), which causes a clinically similar disease to ASFV, were also tested but, surprisingly, this infection did not result in the release of cfDNA, mtDNA, or LDH. It was concluded that the level of cfDNA in the serum is a sensitive host marker of virulent ASFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sofie Olesen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.L.); (C.M.J.); (T.B.R.)
| | - Louise Lohse
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.L.); (C.M.J.); (T.B.R.)
| | - Camille Melissa Johnston
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.L.); (C.M.J.); (T.B.R.)
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.L.); (C.M.J.); (T.B.R.)
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
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14
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Kosowska A, Barasona JA, Barroso-Arévalo S, Blondeau Leon L, Cadenas-Fernández E, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Low transmission risk of African swine fever virus between wild boar infected by an attenuated isolate and susceptible domestic pigs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1177246. [PMID: 37635760 PMCID: PMC10448392 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1177246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal infectious disease that affects domestic and wild pigs. This complex virus has already affected five continents and more than 70 countries and is considered to be the main threat to the global swine industry. The disease can potentially be transmitted directly through contact with infectious animals, or indirectly by means of contaminated feed or environments. Nevertheless, the knowledge regarding the transmission patterns of different ASF virus isolates at the wildlife-livestock interface is still limited. We have, therefore, assessed the potential transmission of an attenuated ASF virus isolate between infectious wild boar and directly exposed domestic pig. We registered 3,369 interspecific interactions between animals, which were brief and mostly initiated by wild boar. The major patterns observed during the study were head-to-head contact owing to sniffing, thus suggesting a high probability of pathogen transmission. However, only one of the five domestic pigs had a short period of viremia and became serologically positive for ASF virus antibodies. It was additionally discovered that the wild boar did not transmit the virulent virus isolate to the domestic pigs, which suggests that the presence of attenuated ASF virus isolates in affected areas may control the spreading of other more virulent isolates. These outcomes may help make decisions related to large-scale targeted management actions against ASF in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kosowska
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A. Barasona
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Barroso-Arévalo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa Blondeau Leon
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Kholod N, Koltsov A, Krutko S, Tulman ER, Namsrayn S, Kutish GF, Belov S, Korotin A, Sukher M, Koltsova G. Comparison of Attenuated and Virulent Strains of African Swine Fever Virus Genotype I and Serogroup 2. Viruses 2023; 15:1373. [PMID: 37376672 DOI: 10.3390/v15061373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious disease of pigs caused by the ASF virus (ASFV). The main problem in the field of ASF control is the lack of vaccines. Attempts to obtain vaccines by attenuating the ASFV on cultured cell lines led to the production of attenuated viruses, some of which provided protection against infection with a homologous virus. Here we report on the biological and genomic features of the attenuated Congo-a (KK262) virus compared to its virulent homologue Congo-v (K49). Our results showed differences in in vivo replication and virulence of Congo-a. However, the attenuation of the K49 virus did not affect its ability to replicate in vitro in the primary culture of pig macrophages. Complete genome sequencing of the attenuated KK262 strain revealed an 8,8 kb deletion in the left variable region of the genome compared to the virulent homologue K49. This deletion concerned five genes of MGF360 and three genes of MGF505. In addition, three inserts in the B602L gene, genetic changes in intergenic regions and missense mutations in eight genes were detected. The data obtained contribute to a better understanding of ASFV attenuation and identification of potential virulence genes for further development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kholod
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, 601125 Pokrov, Russia
| | - Andrey Koltsov
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, 601125 Pokrov, Russia
| | - Sergey Krutko
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, 601125 Pokrov, Russia
| | - Edan R Tulman
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Sanzhi Namsrayn
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, 601125 Pokrov, Russia
| | - Gerald F Kutish
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Sergey Belov
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, 601125 Pokrov, Russia
| | - Alexey Korotin
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, 601125 Pokrov, Russia
| | - Mikhail Sukher
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, 601125 Pokrov, Russia
| | - Galina Koltsova
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, 601125 Pokrov, Russia
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16
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Xu Z, Hu Y, Li J, Wang A, Meng X, Chen L, Wei J, Tong W, Kong N, Yu L, Yu H, Shan T, Tong G, Wang G, Zheng H. Screening and identification of the dominant antigens of the African swine fever virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1175701. [PMID: 37215478 PMCID: PMC10192620 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1175701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a highly lethal contagious disease of pigs for which there is no vaccine. Its causative agent African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly complex enveloped DNA virus encoding more than 150 open reading frames. The antigenicity of ASFV is still unclear at present. In this study, 35 proteins of ASFV were expressed by Escherichia coli, and ELISA was developed for the detection of antibodies against these proteins. p30, p54, and p22 were presented as the major antigens of ASFV, positively reacting with all five clinical ASFV-positive pig sera, and 10 pig sera experimentally infected by ASFV. Five proteins (pB475L, pC129R, pE199L, pE184L, and pK145R) reacted well with ASFV-positive sera. The p30 induced a rapid and strong antibody immune response during ASFV infection. These results will promote the development of subunit vaccines and serum diagnostic methods against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Xu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yifan Hu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbo Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ancheng Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lingchao Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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17
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Zheng N, Li C, Hou H, Chen Y, Zhang A, Han S, Wan B, Wu Y, He H, Wang N, Du Y. A Novel Linear B-Cell Epitope on the P54 Protein of African Swine Fever Virus Identified Using Monoclonal Antibodies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040867. [PMID: 37112846 PMCID: PMC10142506 DOI: 10.3390/v15040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious viral pathogen that presents a major threat to the global pig industry. No effective vaccine is available for the virus. The p54 protein, a major structural component of ASFV, is involved in virus adsorption and entry to target cells and also plays a key role in ASFV vaccine development and disease prevention. Here, we generated species-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), namely 7G10A7F7, 6E8G8E1, 6C3A6D12, and 8D10C12C8 (subtype IgG1/kappa type), against the ASFV p54 protein and characterized the specificity of these mAbs. Peptide scanning techniques were used to determine the epitopes that are recognized by the mAbs, which defined a new B-cell epitope, TMSAIENLR. Amino acid sequence comparison showed that this epitope is conserved among all reference ASFV strains from different regions of China, including the widely prevalent, highly pathogenic strain Georgia 2007/1 (NC_044959.2). This study reveals important signposts for the design and development of ASFV vaccines and also provides critical information for the functional studies of the p54 protein via deletion analysis.
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Salman M, Lin H, Suntisukwattana R, Watcharavongtip P, Jermsutjarit P, Tantituvanont A, Nilubol D. Intradermal needle-free injection prevents African Swine Fever transmission, while intramuscular needle injection does not. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4600. [PMID: 36944725 PMCID: PMC10028754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Shared needles are a possible iatrogenic and hematogenous inanimate vector of African Swine Fever virus (ASFV) in farm conditions. To evaluate that possible transmission, sixty, 4-week-old pigs were procured from an ASF free herd free. Upon arrival, pigs were randomly divided into two sets. Set 1 served as seeder pigs, and were randomly allocated to 4 groups. The other pigs were divided into 8 groups, and served as sentinels. Seeder pigs were oronasally challenged with ASFV at high (108 copy numbers/mL), moderate (106 copy numbers/mL) or low (101 copy numbers/mL) challenge titer, except a subgroup that remained unchallenged (negative control). At 7 days post challenge (peak viremia), all four seeder groups were intradermally and intramuscularly (IM) injected with a vaccine adjuvant (Diluvac Forte, MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands) using a needle-free device (IDAL 3G, MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands) and conventional needles, respectively. The same needle or needle-free device was then used to inject the same volume of adjuvant into set 2 (n = 48) pigs. All pigs were observed for clinical disease daily and assayed for the presence of ASFV DNA by quantitative PCR. All seeder groups developed viremia (except the control pigs). ASFV viremia was detected in all sentinel groups injected via the intramuscular route. Transmission rate from the IM route via conventional needles was positively correlated with virus titer in blood circulation of seeders. Sentinels intramuscularly exposed to needles from high titer challenged seeders displayed more severe and acute clinical disease compared to that of exposed to low titer challenged seeders. No viremia nor clinical signs were observed in the sentinel groups injected via the intradermal route. This study confirmed the hematogenous transmission of ASFV between pigs through needle-sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Hongyao Lin
- MSD Animal Health Innovation Pte Ltd, Singapore, 718847, Singapore
| | - Roypim Suntisukwattana
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Parin Watcharavongtip
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Patumporn Jermsutjarit
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Angkana Tantituvanont
- Department of Pharmaceutic and Industrial Pharmacies, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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19
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Buragohain L, Barman NN, Sen S, Bharali A, Dutta B, Choudhury B, Suresh KP, Gaurav S, Kumar R, Ali S, Kumar S, Singh Malik Y. Transmission of African Swine Fever Virus to the Wild Boars of Northeast India. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-10. [PMID: 36786106 PMCID: PMC10124978 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2178689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND India recorded the first outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) in North-eastern region (NER) in the year 2020. AIM The current study was undertaken to investigate the transmission of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in the wild boars of Northeast India, particularly of Assam. MATERIAL AND METHODS ASF suspected mortal tissue remains and blood samples of wild boars collected from different locations of Assam were screened for molecular detection of swine viruses which includes Classical swine fever virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and ASFV. RESULTS One sample each from Manas and Nameri National Parks were detected positive for ASFV. Besides this, one of the samples was positive for CSFV and one of the ASFV positive samples was also positive for PCV2. Several striking gross and microscopic alterations were noticed in different organs of ASFV infected animals. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of B646L gene confirmed the presence of ASFV genotype-II in wild boars. Circulation of similar genotype in domestic pigs of NER in the contemporary period as well as locations near to the aforementioned national parks indicates the transmission of ASFV from domestic to wild boars. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The detection of ASFV in the wild boars of Assam is alarming as it is an impending threat to pig population and other endangered species (particularly Pygmy hog), making it increasingly daunting to control the disease. CONCLUSION Chances are high for ASFV to become endemic in Assam region if stringent measures are not taken at proper time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukumoni Buragohain
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Nagendra Nath Barman
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Suparna Sen
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Arpita Bharali
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Biswajit Dutta
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | | | | | | - Rakesh Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Samsul Ali
- Wildlife Trust of India, CWRC, Kaziranga, Assam, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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20
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Oberin M, Hillman A, Ward MP, Holley C, Firestone S, Cowled B. The Potential Role of Wild Suids in African Swine Fever Spread in Asia and the Pacific Region. Viruses 2022; 15:61. [PMID: 36680101 PMCID: PMC9867030 DOI: 10.3390/v15010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) in Asia and the Pacific is currently dominated by ASF virus transmission within and between domestic pig populations. The contribution made by wild suids is currently not well understood; their distribution, density and susceptibility to the virus has raised concerns that their role in the epidemiology of ASF in the region might be underestimated. Whilst in the Republic of Korea wild suids are considered important in the spread and maintenance of ASF virus, there is an apparent underreporting to official sources of the disease in wild suids from other countires and regions. A review of the current literature, an analysis of the official reporting resources and a survey of the World Organisation of Animal Health Member delegates in Asia and the Pacific were used to assess the potential role of wild suids in ASF outbreaks, and also to gain insight into what ASF management or control strategies are currently implemented for wild suids. Applying appropriate population control and management strategies can be increased in some areas, especially to assist in the conservation of endangered endemic wild suids in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalene Oberin
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Ausvet, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Alison Hillman
- Ausvet, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Caitlin Holley
- The World Organisation for Animal Health, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Simon Firestone
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Brendan Cowled
- Ausvet, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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21
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The H240R Protein of African Swine Fever Virus Inhibits Interleukin 1β Production by Inhibiting NEMO Expression and NLRP3 Oligomerization. J Virol 2022; 96:e0095422. [DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00954-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), a lethal hemorrhagic disease, is caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). There are no commercially available vaccines or antivirals for the disease.
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22
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Wang Q, Tian Z, Yang J, Gao S, Du J, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Guan G, Niu Q, Yin H. An improved luciferase immunosorbent assay for ultrasensitive detection of antibodies against African swine fever virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1013678. [PMID: 36246209 PMCID: PMC9557169 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1013678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a fatal infectious disease of pigs and causes great socioeconomic losses globally. The reliable diagnostic method is critical for prevention and control of the disease. In this study, an improved Luciferase immunosorbent assay (LISA) for detecting ASF was developed using the cell lysates containing ASFV p35 protein fused with a reporter Nano-luciferase (p35-Luc protein). The improved method avoids the complicate procedures of immobilizing the serum samples with protein G in the normal LISA method, and replaced by directly coating the serum samples with carbonate buffer, therefore reduces the productive cost and simplifies the operation procedures. The p35-Luc LISA exhibited high specificity for anti-ASFV sera while no cross-reactions with the sera against other swine viruses. The detection limit of the p35-Luc LISA was shown to be at least four times higher than that of the p35 based indirect ELISA established in our lab. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed the 96.36% relative specificity and 96.97% relative sensitivity of the p35-Luc LISA with the cutoff values of 3.55 as compared to the commercial Ingezim p72-ELISA kit. Furthermore, a total of 248 serum samples were tested by both the p35-Luc LISA and commercial Ingezim p72-ELISA kit, and there was a high degree of agreement (97.6%, kappa = 0.9753) in the performance of the two assays. Collectively, the improved LISA based on the p35-Luc protein could be used as a rapid, ultrasensitive, cost-effective and reliable diagnostic tool for serological survey of ASF in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongjie Wang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhancheng Tian
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhancheng Tian,
| | - Jifei Yang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shandian Gao
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junzheng Du
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongge Zhang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhonghui Zhang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qingli Niu
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Yin
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology Project, Yangzhou, China
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23
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Oh SI, Nguyen TTH, Yang MS, Nga BTT, Bui VN, Le VP, Yi SW, Kim E, Hur TY, Lee HS, Kim B. Blood parameters and pathological lesions in pigs experimentally infected with Vietnam's first isolated African swine fever virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:978398. [PMID: 36157181 PMCID: PMC9495444 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.978398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a notable virus and one of the most serious global threats to the pig industry. Improving awareness about host–virus interactions could facilitate the understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Therefore, we investigated changes in blood parameters, viral loads, and pathological changes in ASFV-inoculated pigs according to the time of death after the onset of viremia. For the analyses, the ASFV-infected pigs (n = 10) were divided into two groups (five pigs/group) according to their time of death after the onset of viremia. The blood cell count dynamics and serum biochemistry profiles were similar between the groups; however, viral load distribution was different. A comparison of the histopathological changes and immunohistochemistry results between the two groups indicated that the lymphoid system, particularly the spleen, was more damaged in the early stage of the disease than in the last stage. Additionally, the virus-induced lesions in other organs (liver and kidney) were more severe in the late stage than in the early stage. Our findings provide invaluable information on the characteristics of blood parameters and pathological lesions in pigs infected with the Asia-epidemic ASFV strain and the course of ASF, targeting internal organs in pigs. Overall, this study characterizes the host-pathogen interaction in ASFV infection, offering insight for the establishment of ASF control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ik Oh
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
- Sang-Ik Oh
| | - Thi Thu Huyen Nguyen
- Bac Giang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Myeon-Sik Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Bui Thi To Nga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Phan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Seung-Won Yi
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Eunju Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Tai-Young Hur
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Hu Suk Lee
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Bumseok Kim
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24
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Li Z, Chen W, Qiu Z, Li Y, Fan J, Wu K, Li X, Zhao M, Ding H, Fan S, Chen J. African Swine Fever Virus: A Review. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1255. [PMID: 36013434 PMCID: PMC9409812 DOI: 10.3390/life12081255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease with a high fatality rate in both domestic pigs and wild boars. ASF has greatly challenged pig-raising countries and also negatively impacted regional and national trade of pork products. To date, ASF has spread throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia. The development of safe and effective ASF vaccines is urgently required for the control of ASF outbreaks. The ASF virus (ASFV), the causative agent of ASF, has a large genome and a complex structure. The functions of nearly half of its viral genes still remain to be explored. Knowledge on the structure and function of ASFV proteins, the mechanism underlying ASFV infection and immunity, and the identification of major immunogenicity genes will contribute to the development of an ASF vaccine. In this context, this paper reviews the available knowledge on the structure, replication, protein function, virulence genes, immune evasion, inactivation, vaccines, control, and diagnosis of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.L.); (W.C.); (Z.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (M.Z.); (H.D.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.L.); (W.C.); (Z.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (M.Z.); (H.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zilong Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.L.); (W.C.); (Z.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (M.Z.); (H.D.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.L.); (W.C.); (Z.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (M.Z.); (H.D.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jindai Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.L.); (W.C.); (Z.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (M.Z.); (H.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.L.); (W.C.); (Z.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (M.Z.); (H.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.L.); (W.C.); (Z.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (M.Z.); (H.D.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.L.); (W.C.); (Z.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (M.Z.); (H.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.L.); (W.C.); (Z.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (M.Z.); (H.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.L.); (W.C.); (Z.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (M.Z.); (H.D.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.L.); (W.C.); (Z.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (M.Z.); (H.D.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Walczak M, Szczotka-Bochniarz A, Żmudzki J, Juszkiewicz M, Szymankiewicz K, Niemczuk K, Pérez-Núñez D, Liu L, Revilla Y. Non-Invasive Sampling in the Aspect of African Swine Fever Detection-A Risk to Accurate Diagnosis. Viruses 2022; 14:1756. [PMID: 36016380 PMCID: PMC9416727 DOI: 10.3390/v14081756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever remains one of the most economically important and dangerous diseases of the Suidae family. Until now, neither a safe vaccine nor a treatment against ASF has been available, which is why prevention of the disease involves biosecurity measures and early recognition based on accurate diagnosis. Nowadays, different strategies for ASF detection are discussed to reduce both animal suffering and the costs of ASF surveillance. This article aims to indicate the risk, with regard to non-invasive sampling, for the detection of ASFV. In this study, we analyzed data from three independent animal trials, in the framework of the detection of positive samples in different matrices (blood, sera, oral and rectal swabs) collected from nineteen domestic pigs infected with similar doses but under different scenarios, including different ASFV strains or routes of infection. Genetic material of ASFV was found in all matrices, but detection occurred earlier in the blood samples than in the oral and the rectal swabs. Furthermore, analyses revealed that at relevant sampling timepoints, PCR-positive blood samples were detected more frequently and reached higher percentages (up to 100% during fever) than oral and rectal swabs. Moreover, mean Ct values in blood samples collected from animals infected with virulent strains were significantly lower than in oral and rectal swabs, ensuring a higher probability of ASFV detection. High Ct values and occasional shedding in all tested matrices, in the cases of animals infected by an attenuated ASFV-strain, showed that blood sampling may be necessary to confirm the presence of anti-ASFV antibodies in sera. This study showed that during veterinary surveillance, blood sampling (for both PCR and serological analyses) is essential for the accurate diagnosis of ASF and provides the highest probability of detection of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Walczak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Żmudzki
- National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lihong Liu
- National Veterinary Institute, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Establishment and Application of a Quantitative PCR Method for E248R Gene of African Swine Fever Virus. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080417. [PMID: 36006332 PMCID: PMC9416645 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary African swine fever (ASF) is the most serious animal disease that endangers the pig industry in China, causing the heaviest economic loss so far. Effective prevention and control of ASF is necessary for China’s pig industry, and also the focus and hotspot of global swine industry disease prevention and control research. In view of this, rapid, specific and sensitive diagnosis of ASF is of great significance. In this study, ASF virus (ASFV) E248R gene was selected to be the target for establishing a real-time PCR method which did not cross-react with other porcine viruses that could cause similar symptoms. The detection methods can be used for the efficient detection of ASFV infection and the recombinant live-vectored virus-expressing antigen protein of ASFV. Abstract ASF has caused huge economic losses to China’s swine industry. As clinical symptoms of ASF were difficult to distinguish from classical swine fever and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), rapid and effective differential diagnosis of ASFV seems very important to control the spread of the disease. In this study, the ASFV E248R gene was selected to be the target for establishing a real-time PCR method. TaqMan real-time PCR for the detection of ASFV E248R gene did not cross-react with other porcine viruses that could cause similar symptoms. The results of the repeatability test showed that the coefficients of variation between and within groups were lower than 1.977%. This method can be used for the rapid detection and early diagnosis of ASF. Meanwhile, the recombinant PRRS virus (PRRSV)-expressing E248R gene of ASFV was constructed and rescued by using the reverse genetic platform of live-attenuated PRRSV vaccine. The ASFV E248R gene can be detected by using this real-time PCR detection method, confirming that the ASFV E248R gene could be stably amplified in PRRSV genome at least 20 cell passages. The detection methods can be used for the efficient detection of the ASFV infection and recombinant PRRSV live vector virus-expressing ASFV antigen protein.
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SPR-Based Detection of ASF Virus in Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137463. [PMID: 35806467 PMCID: PMC9267641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most dangerous hemorrhagic infectious diseases that affect domestic and wild pigs. Currently, neither a vaccine nor effective treatments are available for this disease. As regards the degree of virulence, ASFV strains can be divided into high, moderate, or low virulence. The main detection methods are based on the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In order to prevent an uncontrolled spread of ASF, new on-site techniques that can enable the identification of an early-stage disease are needed. We have developed a specific immunological SPR-based assay for ASFV antigen detection directly in liquid samples. The developed assay allows us to detect the presence of ASFV at the dose of 103 HAD50/mL.
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Experimental Infections of Pigs with African Swine Fever Virus (Genotype II); Studies in Young Animals and Pregnant Sows. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071387. [PMID: 35891368 PMCID: PMC9318005 DOI: 10.3390/v14071387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is an important viral disease of wild and domestic pigs. To gain further knowledge of the properties of the currently circulating African swine fever virus (ASFV), experimental infections of young pigs (approximately 8 weeks of age) and pregnant sows (infected at about 100 days of gestation) with the genotype II ASFV Georgia/2007 were performed. The inoculated young pigs developed typical clinical signs of the disease and the infection was transmitted (usually within 3–4 days) to all of the “in contact” animals that shared the same pen. Furthermore, typical pathogical lesions for ASFV infection were found at necropsy. Inoculation of pregnant sows with the same virus also produced rapid onset of disease from post-infection day three; two of the three sows died suddenly on post-infection day five, while the third was euthanized on the same day for animal welfare reasons. Following necropsy, the presence of ASFV DNA was detected in tonsils, spleen and lymph nodes of some of the fetuses, but the levels of viral DNA were much lower than in these tissues from the sows. Thus, only limited transplacental transmission occurred during the course of this experiment. These studies contribute towards further understanding about the spread of this important viral disease in domestic pigs.
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Grigoryan R, Arabyan E, Izmailyan R, Karalyan Z, Jordão N, Ferreira F, Zakaryan H. Antiviral activity of brequinar against African swine fever virus infection in vitro. Virus Res 2022; 317:198826. [PMID: 35618075 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that causes an acute and hemorrhagic disease in domestic swine, resulting in significant economic losses to the global porcine industry. The lack of vaccines and antiviral drugs highlights the urgent need for antiviral studies against ASFV. Here, we report that brequinar (BQR), which is a specific inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, robustly inhibits ASFV replication in Vero cells, as well as in porcine macrophages. We demonstrate that BQR exerts its antiviral activity in a dose-dependent manner through the depletion of pyrimidine pool. Although BQR does not affect the synthesis of an early viral protein, pI215L, the synthesis of late viral proteins, p17 and p72, is suppressed in the presence of BQR. We also show that BQR is able to induce cellular antiviral response in ASFV-infected macrophages by enhancing the expression of interferon-stimulated genes. Taken together, our study reveals that targeting nucleotide biosynthesis represents a promising strategy for developing antiviral agents against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafayela Grigoryan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, E. Hasratyan 7, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Erik Arabyan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, E. Hasratyan 7, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Roza Izmailyan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, E. Hasratyan 7, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Zaven Karalyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, E. Hasratyan 7, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Nuno Jordão
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS)
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS)
| | - Hovakim Zakaryan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, E. Hasratyan 7, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia; Denovo Sciences CJSC, H. Hakobyan 3, 0033, Yerevan, Armenia.
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African Swine Fever (ASF) Trend Analysis in Wild Boar in Poland (2014–2020). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091170. [PMID: 35565596 PMCID: PMC9105269 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary African swine fever (ASF) has been present in Poland since 2014. The article describes and explains the changes in the ASF epidemic in the wild boar population in the period 2014–2020. In that relatively short time, the disease has spread to about half of the territory of Poland, affecting eastern and western provinces. Most ASF-positive animals were molecular/virus-positive, however, the observation of the increase of serologically positive animals (potential survivors) in successive years of the epidemic, especially in areas where the virus has been present for a longer time, may indicate the potential beginning of ASF endemicity in Poland. Abstract African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease of Suidae, i.e., domestic pigs and wild boars. The disease was introduced to Poland in 2014 and is now present in the wild boar population. Appropriate ASF prevention requires further research for answers to fundamental questions about the importance of vectors in virus transmission, the impact of environmental factors on the presence of ASFV in wild boar habitats, and the role of survivors as potential virus carriers and their part in the potential endemicity of ASF. In order to analyze the changes in the molecular and serological prevalence of ASFV in wild boar population in Poland, real-time PCR and ELISA/IPT tests were conducted. In the analyzed period (2014–2020), most of the ASF-positive wild boars were molecular/virus-positive, however, over the years the percentage and the number of seropositive animals has increased. At the beginning of the epidemic, the disease was limited to a small area of the country. Since then, it has spread to new provinces of Poland. From the beginning and until today, most notifications of ASF-positive wild boars were for carcasses (passive surveillance), however, the number of serologically positive animals is still increasing. Despite the fact that notifications of ASF outbreaks are still being received near the eastern border of Poland, the old ASF area seems to be limited mainly to ASF serologically positive animals, which may indicate the beginning of ASF endemicity in Poland.
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African swine fever virus: A raised global upsurge and a continuous threaten to pig husbandry. Microb Pathog 2022; 167:105561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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The African Swine Fever Virus with MGF360 and MGF505 Deleted Reduces the Apoptosis of Porcine Alveolar Macrophages by Inhibiting the NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Interleukin-1β. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111371. [PMID: 34835302 PMCID: PMC8622997 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) poses serious threats to the swine industry. The mortality rate of African swine fever (ASF) is 100%, and there is no effective vaccine currently available. Complex immune escape strategies of ASFV are crucial factors affecting immune prevention and vaccine development. CD2v and MGF360-505R genes have been implicated in the modulation of the immune response. The molecular mechanisms contributing to innate immunity are poorly understood. In this study, we discover the cytopathic effect and apoptosis of ΔCD2v/ΔMGF360-505R-ASFV after infection in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) was significantly less than wild-type ASFV. We demonstrated that CD2v- and MGF360-505R-deficient ASFV decrease the level of apoptosis by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and IL-1β mRNA transcription. Compared with wild-type ASFV infection, the levels of phospho-NF-κB p65 and p-IκB protein decreased in CD2v- and MGF360-505R-deficient ASFV. Moreover, CD2v- and MGF360-505R-deficient ASFV induced less IL-1β production than wild-type ASFV and was attenuated in replication compared with wild-type ASFV. We further found that MGF360-12L, MGF360-13L, and MGF-505-2R suppress the promoter activity of NF-κB by reporter assays, and CD2v activates the NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings suggested that CD2v- and MGF360-505R-deficient ASFV could reduce the level of ASFV p30 and the apoptosis of PAMs by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and IL-1β mRNA transcription, which might reveal a novel strategy for ASFV to maintain the replication of the virus in the host.
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Njau EP, Machuka EM, Cleaveland S, Shirima GM, Kusiluka LJ, Okoth EA, Pelle R. African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV): Biology, Genomics and Genotypes Circulating in Sub-Saharan Africa. Viruses 2021; 13:2285. [PMID: 34835091 PMCID: PMC8623397 DOI: 10.3390/v13112285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly infectious and fatal haemorrhagic disease of pigs that is caused by a complex DNA virus of the genus Asfivirus and Asfarviridae African suids family. The disease is among the most devastating pig diseases worldwide including Africa. Although the disease was first reported in the 19th century, it has continued to spread in Africa and other parts of the world. Globally, the rising demand for pork and concomitant increase in transboundary movements of pigs and pork products is likely to increase the risk of transmission and spread of ASF and pose a major challenge to the pig industry. Different genotypes of the ASF virus (ASFV) with varying virulence have been associated with different outbreaks in several countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and worldwide, and understanding genotype circulation will be important for ASF prevention and control strategies. ASFV genotypes unique to Africa have also been reported in SSA. This review briefly recounts the biology, genomics and genotyping of ASFV and provides an account of the different genotypes circulating in SSA. The review also highlights prevention, control and progress on vaccine development and identifies gaps in knowledge of ASFV genotype circulation in SSA that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma P. Njau
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa—International Livestock Research Institute Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.M.M.); (E.A.O.); (R.P.)
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (S.C.); (G.M.S.); (L.J.K.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3015, Tanzania
| | - Eunice M. Machuka
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa—International Livestock Research Institute Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.M.M.); (E.A.O.); (R.P.)
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (S.C.); (G.M.S.); (L.J.K.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Gabriel M. Shirima
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (S.C.); (G.M.S.); (L.J.K.)
| | - Lughano J. Kusiluka
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (S.C.); (G.M.S.); (L.J.K.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3015, Tanzania
- Mzumbe University, Morogoro P.O. Box 1, Tanzania
| | - Edward A. Okoth
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa—International Livestock Research Institute Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.M.M.); (E.A.O.); (R.P.)
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa—International Livestock Research Institute Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.M.M.); (E.A.O.); (R.P.)
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Juszkiewicz M, Walczak M, Woźniakowski G, Szczotka-Bochniarz A. Virucidal Activity of Plant Extracts against African Swine Fever Virus. Pathogens 2021; 10:1357. [PMID: 34832513 PMCID: PMC8624909 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is one of the most dangerous and fatal swine diseases, described for the first time roughly a hundred years ago. Even now, there is neither a commercially approved vaccine nor treatment available. The only way to hinder further spread of the disease is by culling the affected herds and applying prevention based mainly on proper biosecurity. Due to growing awareness of the potential ASF threat among pig producers, disinfection processes are considered as one of the most important preventive measures. Currently, a variety of chemical compounds are applied for the disinfection of pig farms. Meanwhile, these chemicals may pose a potential risk, due to their toxic, irritant or corrosive effect. The aim of this study was to determine whether any plant-based natural compounds may show a virucidal effect against ASFV, and simultaneously be depleted of some of the side-effects typical for chemical compounds. Ideally, natural virucidal compounds should be safe for both humans and animals, biodegradable, easily available and inexpensive. Fourteen plant extracts were selected and screened for their virucidal effect against ASFV, using the suspension test inspired by the PN-EN 14675:2015 European Standard procedure. The results of our study showed that most of the tested plant extracts were ineffective against ASFV. Some extracts suspended in a hydroglycolic medium exhibited high virus titre reduction, but it was confirmed that the effect resulted from medium composition. However, a 1.05% peppermint extract showed high effectiveness against ASFV, reducing the virus titre by ≥4 log10, thus demonstrating that natural compounds used as virucidal agents could potentially be used in disinfection procedures, being both effective and harmless to humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Juszkiewicz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.W.); (G.W.); (A.S.-B.)
| | - Marek Walczak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.W.); (G.W.); (A.S.-B.)
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.W.); (G.W.); (A.S.-B.)
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Szczotka-Bochniarz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.W.); (G.W.); (A.S.-B.)
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Pan L, Luo R, Wang T, Qi M, Wang B, Sun M, Luo Y, Ji C, Sun Y, Qiu HJ. Efficient inactivation of African swine fever virus by a highly complexed iodine. Vet Microbiol 2021; 263:109245. [PMID: 34649011 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal contagious disease of swine caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Cleaning and disinfection remain one of the most effective tools to prevent the ASFV spread in pig holdings. This study evaluated the inactivation effect of a highly complexed iodine (HPCI) disinfectant against ASFV. A commercially available povidone-iodine (PVP-I) was used as reference for comparison. The results showed that 5% HPCI and 5% PVP-I did not exhibit cytotoxicity in primary porcine alveolar macrophages, and 107.0 and 105.0 TCID50/mL ASFV were completely inactivated by 5% and 0.25% HPCI, respectively, in 5 min via either immersion or spray disinfection. However, 5% PVP-I required at least 15 min to completely inactivate 107.0 TCID50/mL ASFV, whereas 0.25% PVP-I failed to completely inactivate 105.0 TCID50/mL ASFV. This study demonstrated that HPCI could rapidly and efficiently inactivate ASFV, representing an effective disinfectant for ASF control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China; School of Life Science Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Mengnan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Maowen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Yuzi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Chen Ji
- Guangdong Ruiji Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Huizhou, 516131, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China; School of Life Science Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, China.
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Dynamic Variations in Infrared Skin Temperature of Weaned Pigs Experimentally Inoculated with the African Swine Fever Virus: A Pilot Study. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100223. [PMID: 34679053 PMCID: PMC8541399 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating viral disease in pigs and is therefore economically important for the swine industry. ASF is characterized by a short incubation period and immediate death, making the early identification of ASF-infected pigs essential. This pilot-scale study evaluates whether the infrared thermography (IRT) technique can be used as a diagnostic tool to detect changes in skin temperature (Tsk) during the early stages of disease development in experimentally ASF-infected pigs. Clinical symptoms and rectal temperatures (Tcore) were recorded daily, and IRT readings during the experimental ASF infection were analyzed. All infected pigs died at 5–8 days post inoculation (dpi), and the incubation period was approximately 4 dpi. The average Tcore increased from 0 dpi (38.9 ± 0.3 °C) to 7 dpi (41.0 ± 0.5 °C) and decreased by 8 dpi (39.8 ± 0 °C). The maximum Tsk of ASF-infected pigs increased from 2 (35.0 °C) to 3 dpi (38.5 °C). The mean maximum Tsk observed from three regions on the skin (ear, inguinal, and neck) significantly increased from 2 to 3 dpi. This study presents a non-contact method for the early detection of ASF in infected pigs using thermal imaging at 3 days after ASF infection.
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Development and preliminary testing of a probe-based duplex real-time PCR assay for the detection of African swine fever virus. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 59:101764. [PMID: 34534618 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) in China in 2018 caused substantial economic losses to the swine industry. To accurately diagnose clinical infection with ASF virus (ASFV), we developed a TaqMan probe-based duplex real-time PCR that simultaneously detected two discontinuous genes in the virus genome, thereby preventing the inaccurate results obtained with only one reaction. Two sets of ASFV gene-specific primers, along with two fluorescent TaqMan probes were designed to target conserved regions of the B646L and B438L genes. This method had high sensitivity and specificity, with a limit of detection of 10 copies/μL, and it did not cross-react with the genomes of other viral pathogens that affect pigs (i.e., CSFV, PRRSV, PEDV, PRV, PPV and PCV2). Overall, 180 clinical samples from ASFV-infected pig farms were used to compare this method with a commercial kit, which yielded excellent consistency (98.3%). This new diagnostic method should greatly improve the efficiency of ASFV surveillance and reduce economic losses, providing benefits for both animal and public health.
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Towards Efficient Early Warning: Pathobiology of African Swine Fever Virus "Belgium 2018/1" in Domestic Pigs of Different Age Classes. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092602. [PMID: 34573568 PMCID: PMC8472721 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating viral disease of both wild boar and domestic pigs. Historically, the disease was mainly found in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, after the introduction of ASF into Georgia in 2007, the fatal disease spread to many European and Asian countries. In the absence of vaccines or treatment options, early detection of disease incursions is of paramount importance to limit the impact on animal health and pig industry. Thus, the biological characteristics of circulating virus strains must be known and communicated to practitioners and official veterinarians. Along these lines, the ASFV strain found in Belgium in 2018 was further characterized for its disease course in young and subadult domestic pigs. In general, clinical and pathological findings were in line with previous experiments utilizing highly virulent ASFV genotype II strains. However, in one of our experimental infections, four out of eight subadult domestic pigs showed milder signs and recovered, which was unexpected and points to an age dependency of clinical signs that could impact the early recognition of ASF incursions. We hope that communication of the available data will help practical and official veterinarians in the field to detect ASF as early as possible and thus minimize its impact. Abstract African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important and devastating viral diseases in wild boar and domestic pigs worldwide. In the absence of vaccines or treatment options, early clinical detection is crucial and requires a sound knowledge of disease characteristics. To provide practitioners and state veterinarians with detailed information, the objective of the present study was to characterize the ASF virus (ASFV) isolate “Belgium 2018/1” in subadult and weaning domestic pigs. To this end, two animal trials were performed. Trial A included eight subadult domestic pigs and trial B five weaner pigs. In general, clinical signs and pathological lesions were in line with previous studies utilizing highly virulent ASF genotype II viruses. However, in trial A, four subadult domestic pigs survived and recovered, pointing to an age-dependent outcome. The long-term fate of these survivors remains under discussion and would need further investigation.
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Sauter-Louis C, Conraths FJ, Probst C, Blohm U, Schulz K, Sehl J, Fischer M, Forth JH, Zani L, Depner K, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Blome S. African Swine Fever in Wild Boar in Europe-A Review. Viruses 2021; 13:1717. [PMID: 34578300 PMCID: PMC8472013 DOI: 10.3390/v13091717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of genotype II African swine fever (ASF) virus, presumably from Africa into Georgia in 2007, and its continuous spread through Europe and Asia as a panzootic disease of suids, continues to have a huge socio-economic impact. ASF is characterized by hemorrhagic fever leading to a high case/fatality ratio in pigs. In Europe, wild boar are especially affected. This review summarizes the currently available knowledge on ASF in wild boar in Europe. The current ASF panzootic is characterized by self-sustaining cycles of infection in the wild boar population. Spill-over and spill-back events occur from wild boar to domestic pigs and vice versa. The social structure of wild boar populations and the spatial behavior of the animals, a variety of ASF virus (ASFV) transmission mechanisms and persistence in the environment complicate the modeling of the disease. Control measures focus on the detection and removal of wild boar carcasses, in which ASFV can remain infectious for months. Further measures include the reduction in wild boar density and the limitation of wild boar movements through fences. Using these measures, the Czech Republic and Belgium succeeded in eliminating ASF in their territories, while the disease spread in others. So far, no vaccine is available to protect wild boar or domestic pigs reliably against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Sauter-Louis
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.J.C.); (C.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Franz J. Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.J.C.); (C.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Carolina Probst
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.J.C.); (C.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Katja Schulz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.J.C.); (C.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Julia Sehl
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Melina Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.F.); (J.H.F.); (M.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Jan Hendrik Forth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.F.); (J.H.F.); (M.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Laura Zani
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.Z.); (K.D.)
| | - Klaus Depner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.Z.); (K.D.)
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.F.); (J.H.F.); (M.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.F.); (J.H.F.); (M.B.); (S.B.)
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Yang B, Shen C, Zhang D, Zhang T, Shi X, Yang J, Hao Y, Zhao D, Cui H, Yuan X, Chen X, Zhang K, Zheng H, Liu X. Mechanism of interaction between virus and host is inferred from the changes of gene expression in macrophages infected with African swine fever virus CN/GS/2018 strain. Virol J 2021; 18:170. [PMID: 34412678 PMCID: PMC8375147 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly lethal virus that can infect porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Since ASFV, China has dealt with a heavy blow to the pig industry. However, the effect of infection of ASFV strains isolated from China on PAM transcription level is not yet clarified. METHODS In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to detect the differential expression of genes in PAMs at different time points after ASFV-CN/GS/2018 infection. The fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method was used to confirm the altered expression of related genes in PAMs infected with ASFV. RESULTS A total of 1154 differentially expressed genes were identified after ASFV-CN/GS/2018 infection, of which 816 were upregulated, and 338 were downregulated. GO and KEGG analysis showed that these genes were dynamically enriched in various biological processes, including innate immune response, inflammatory response, chemokines, and apoptosis. Furthermore, qPCR verified that the DEAD box polypeptide 58 (DDX58), Interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 (IFIH1), Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), and TLR7 of PAMs were upregulated after ASFV infection, while TLR4 and TLR6 had a significant downward trend during ASFV infection. The expression of some factors related to antiviral and inflammation was altered significantly after ASFV infection, among which interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1), IFIT2, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) were upregulated, and Ewing's tumor-associated antigen 1 homolog (ETAA1) and Prosaposin receptor GPR37 (GPR37) were downregulated. In addition, we discovered that ASFV infection is involved in the regulation of chemokine expression in PAMs, and the chemokines, such as C-X-C motif chemokine 8 (CXCL8) and CXCL10, were upregulated after infection. However, the expression of chemokine receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CXCR2) is downregulated. Also, that the transcriptional levels of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors changed after infection. CONCLUSIONS After ASFV-CN/GS/2018 infection, the expression of some antiviral and inflammatory factors in PAMs changed significantly. The ASFV infection may activates the RLR and TLR signaling pathways. In addition, ASFV infection is involved in regulating of chemokine expression in PAMs and host cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004 China
| | - Chaochao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004 China
| | - Dajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004 China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004 China
| | - Xijuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004 China
| | - Jinke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004 China
| | - Yu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004 China
| | - Dengshuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004 China
| | - Huimei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004 China
| | - Xingguo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004 China
| | - Xuehui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004 China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004 China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004 China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004 China
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Hakizimana JN, Ntirandekura JB, Yona C, Nyabongo L, Kamwendo G, Chulu JLC, Ntakirutimana D, Kamana O, Nauwynck H, Misinzo G. Complete genome analysis of African swine fever virus responsible for outbreaks in domestic pigs in 2018 in Burundi and 2019 in Malawi. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:438. [PMID: 34402985 PMCID: PMC8368048 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02877-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks in domestic pigs have been reported in Burundi and Malawi and whole-genome sequences of circulating outbreak viruses in these countries are limited. In the present study, complete genome sequences of ASF viruses (ASFV) that caused the 2018 outbreak in Burundi (BUR/18/Rutana) and the 2019 outbreak in Malawi (MAL/19/Karonga) were produced using Illumina next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform and compared with other previously described ASFV complete genomes. The complete nucleotide sequences of BUR/18/Rutana and MAL/19/Karonga were 176,564 and 183,325 base pairs long with GC content of 38.62 and 38.48%, respectively. The MAL/19/Karonga virus had a total of 186 open reading frames (ORFs) while the BUR/18/Rutana strain had 151 ORFs. After comparative genomic analysis, the MAL/19/Karonga virus showed greater than 99% nucleotide identity with other complete nucleotides sequences of p72 genotype II viruses previously described in Tanzania, Europe and Asia including the Georgia 2007/1 isolate. The Burundian ASFV BUR/18/Rutana exhibited 98.95 to 99.34% nucleotide identity with genotype X ASFV previously described in Kenya and in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The serotyping results classified the BUR/18/Rutana and MAL/19/Karonga ASFV strains in serogroups 7 and 8, respectively. The results of this study provide insight into the genetic structure and antigenic diversity of ASFV strains circulating in Burundi and Malawi. This is important in order to understand the transmission dynamics and genetic evolution of ASFV in eastern Africa, with an ultimate goal of designing an efficient risk management strategy against ASF transboundary spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean N Hakizimana
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Jean B Ntirandekura
- Department of Animal Health and Productions, University of Burundi, PO Box 1550, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Clara Yona
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Biosciences, Solomon Mahlangu College of Science and Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Lionel Nyabongo
- National Veterinary Laboratory of Burundi, PO Box 227, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Gladson Kamwendo
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development, PO Box 2096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Julius L C Chulu
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development, PO Box 2096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Olivier Kamana
- Department of Applied Research and Development and Foresight Incubation, National Industrial Research and Development Agency, PO Box 273, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania.
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Ardelean F, Globig A, Gârdan Năvălici AI, Blome S, Dietze K, Depner K, Zani L. The course of African swine fever in Romanian backyard holdings - A case report. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:2273-2279. [PMID: 34378334 PMCID: PMC8604127 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) was diagnosed for the first time in Romania in a backyard holding in Satu-Mare County in July 2017. Since then, more than 3800 outbreaks occurred in the entire country. Disease control strategies in the backyard sector rely almost exclusively on reactive measures implemented upon appearance of clinical signs and laboratory confirmation of ASF. In our descriptive study, infection course and outbreak investigation data of 56 affected backyard holdings in Satu-Mare County has been investigated. Early disease detection based on clinical signs appeared to be efficient. In the majority of outbreaks, ASF was detected within the first 2 weeks after the estimated virus introduction. A clinical phase of 2-8 days was observed before pigs either succumbed to the disease or control measures were implemented on affected farms. A moderate on-farm transmissibility of ASF virus between pigs was observed. Four clusters of outbreaks were identified indicating virus perpetuation and transmission from farm to farm. To suspend infection chains, rapid intervention by isolating affected farms combined with effective biosecurity measures is required. However, due to the backyard peculiarities, quick and effective implementation of control measures has shown to be rather difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ardelean
- County Sanitary Veterinary Health and Food Safety Directorate Satu Mare, România
| | - Anja Globig
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Germany
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Germany
| | - Klaus Depner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Germany
| | - Laura Zani
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Germany
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Gallardo C, Soler A, Nurmoja I, Cano-Gómez C, Cvetkova S, Frant M, Woźniakowski G, Simón A, Pérez C, Nieto R, Arias M. Dynamics of African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection in domestic pigs infected with virulent, moderate virulent and attenuated genotype II ASFV European isolates. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2826-2841. [PMID: 34273247 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the infection dynamics of three genotype II African swine fever viruses (ASFV) circulating in Europe. Eighteen domestic pigs divided into three groups were infected intramuscularly or by direct contact with two haemadsorbent ASFVs (HAD) from Poland (Pol16/DP/ OUT21) and Estonia (Est16/WB/Viru8), and with the Latvian non-HAD ASFV (Lv17/WB/Rie1). Parameters, such as symptoms, pathogenicity, and distribution of the virus in tissues, humoral immune response, and dissemination of the virus by blood, oropharyngeal and rectal routes, were investigated. The Polish ASFV caused a case of rapidly developing fatal acute disease, while the Estonian ASFV caused acute to sub-acute infections and two animals survived. In contrast, animals infected with the ASFV from Latvia developed a more subtle, mild, or even subclinical disease. Oral excretion was sporadic or even absent in the attenuated group, whereas in animals that developed an acute or sub-acute form of ASF, oral excretion began at the same time the ASFV was detected in the blood, or even 3 days earlier, and persisted up to 22 days. Regardless of virulence, blood was the main route of transmission of ASFV and infectious virus was isolated from persistently infected animals for at least 19 days in the attenuated group and up to 44 days in the group of moderate virulence. Rectal excretion was limited to the acute phase of infection. In terms of diagnostics, the ASFV genome was detected in contact pigs from oropharyngeal samples earlier than in blood, independently of virulence. Together with blood, both samples could allow to detect ASFV infection for a longer period. The results presented here provide quantitative data on the spread and excretion of ASFV strains of different virulence among domestic pigs that can help to better focus surveillance activities and, thus, increase the ability to detect ASF introductions earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Gallardo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Soler
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Imbi Nurmoja
- Estonian Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Estonian ASF-National reference laboratory (NRL), Kreutzwaldi, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Cristina Cano-Gómez
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Svetlana Cvetkova
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Pathology Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Enviroment, BIOR, Latvian ASF-National reference laboratory, Lejupes, Riga, Latvia
| | - Maciej Frant
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland ASF-National reference laboratory, Partyzantow, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland ASF-National reference laboratory, Partyzantow, Pulawy, Poland.,Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska, Toruń, Poland
| | - Alicia Simón
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Nieto
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Arias
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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Koltsova G, Koltsov A, Krutko S, Kholod N, Tulman ER, Kolbasov D. Growth Kinetics and Protective Efficacy of Attenuated ASFV Strain Congo with Deletion of the EP402 Gene. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071259. [PMID: 34203302 PMCID: PMC8309992 DOI: 10.3390/v13071259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an emerging disease threat to the swine industry worldwide. There is no vaccine against ASF, and progress is hindered by a lack of knowledge concerning the extent of ASFV strain diversity and the viral antigens conferring type-specific protective immunity in pigs. We have previously demonstrated that homologous ASFV serotype-specific proteins CD2v (EP402R) and/or C-type lectin are required for protection against challenge with the virulent ASFV strain Congo (Genotype I, Serogroup 2), and we have identified T-cell epitopes on CD2v which may be associated with serotype-specific protection. Here, using a cell-culture adapted derivative of the ASFV strain Congo (Congo-a) with specific deletion of the EP402R gene (ΔCongoCD2v) in swine vaccination/challenge experiments, we demonstrated that deletion of the EP402R gene results in the failure of ΔCongoCD2v to induce protection against challenge with the virulent strain Congo (Congo-v). While ΔCongoCD2v growth kinetics in COS-1 cells and primary swine macrophage culture were almost identical to parental Congo-a, replication of ΔCongoCD2v in vivo was significantly reduced compared with parental Congo-a. Our data support the idea that the CD2v protein is important for the ability of homologous live-attenuated vaccines to induce protective immunity against the ASFV strain Congo challenge in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Koltsova
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.K.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrey Koltsov
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.K.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Sergey Krutko
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.K.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Natalia Kholod
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.K.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Edan R. Tulman
- Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Denis Kolbasov
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.K.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.K.)
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Barroso-Arévalo S, Barasona JA, Cadenas-Fernández E, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. The Role of Interleukine-10 and Interferon-γ as Potential Markers of the Evolution of African Swine Fever Virus Infection in Wild Boar. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060757. [PMID: 34203976 PMCID: PMC8232672 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFv) is one of the most challenging pathogens to affect both domestic and wild pigs. The disease has now spread to Europe and Asia, causing great damage to the pig industry. Although no commercial vaccine with which to control the disease is, as yet, available, some potential vaccine candidates have shown good results in terms of protection. However, little is known about the host immune mechanisms underlying that protection, especially in wild boar, which is the main reservoir of the disease in Europe. Here, we study the role played by two cytokines (IL-10 and IFN-γ) in wild boar orally inoculated with the attenuated vaccine candidate Lv17/WB/Rie1 and challenged with a virulent ASFv genotype II isolate. A group of naïve wild boar challenged with the latter isolate was also established as a control group. Our results showed that both cytokines play a key role in protecting the host against the challenge virus. While high levels of IL-10 in serum may trigger an immune system malfunctioning in challenged animals, the provision of stable levels of this cytokine over time may help to control the disease. This, together with high and timely induction of IFN-γ by the vaccine candidate, could help protect animals from fatal outcomes. Further studies should be conducted in order to support these preliminary results and confirm the role of these two cytokines as potential markers of the evolution of ASFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Barroso-Arévalo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.B.); (E.C.-F.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Jose A. Barasona
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.B.); (E.C.-F.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.B.); (E.C.-F.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.B.); (E.C.-F.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Walczak M, Wasiak M, Dudek K, Kycko A, Szacawa E, Olech M, Woźniakowski G, Szczotka-Bochniarz A. Blood Counts, Biochemical Parameters, Inflammatory, and Immune Responses in Pigs Infected Experimentally with the African Swine Fever Virus Isolate Pol18_28298_O111. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030521. [PMID: 33810057 PMCID: PMC8004642 DOI: 10.3390/v13030521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to indicate the influence of infection caused by genotype II African swine fever virus (ASFV)–isolate Pol18_28298_O111, currently circulating in Poland, on blood counts, biochemical parameters, as well as inflammatory and immune responses. Blood and sera collected from 21 domestic pigs infected intranasally with different doses of virulent ASFV were analysed. The infection led to variable changes in blood counts depending on the stage of the disease with a tendency towards leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. The elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and microscopic lesions in organs confirmed the development of the inflammation process, which also resulted in an increased level of biochemical markers such as: Aspartate transaminase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), creatinine, and urea. Antibodies could be detected from 9 to 18 days post infection (dpi). Two survivors presented the highest titer of antibodies (>5 log10/mL) with a simultaneous increase in the lymphocyte T (CD3+) percentage–revealed by flow cytometry. Results confirmed a progressive inflammatory process occurring during the ASFV infection, which may lead to multiple organs failure and death of the majority of affected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Walczak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (G.W.); (A.S.-B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Magdalena Wasiak
- Department of Anatomopathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.W.); (A.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Dudek
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (K.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Anna Kycko
- Department of Anatomopathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.W.); (A.K.)
| | - Ewelina Szacawa
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (K.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Olech
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (G.W.); (A.S.-B.)
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Szczotka-Bochniarz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (G.W.); (A.S.-B.)
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Schäfer A, Zani L, Pikalo J, Hühr J, Sehl J, Mettenleiter TC, Breithaupt A, Blome S, Blohm U. T-cell responses in domestic pigs and wild boar upon infection with the moderately virulent African swine fever virus strain 'Estonia2014'. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2733-2749. [PMID: 33630409 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infection with African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a highly lethal haemorrhagic disease in domestic and Eurasian wild pigs. Thus, it is a major threat to pig populations worldwide and a cause of substantial economic losses. Recently, less virulent ASFV strains emerged naturally, which showed higher experimental virulence in wild boar than in domestic pigs. The reason for this difference in disease progression and outcome is unclear but likely involves different immunological responses. Unfortunately, besides the importance of CD8α+ lymphocytes, little is known about the immune responses against ASFV in suids. Against this background, we used a multicolour flow cytometry platform to investigate the T-cell responses in wild boar and domestic pigs after infection with the moderately virulent ASFV strain 'Estonia2014' in two independent trials. CD4- /CD8α+ and CD4+ /CD8α+ αβ T-cell frequencies increased in both subspecies in various tissues, but CD8α+ γδ T cells differentiated and responded in wild boar only. Proliferation in CD8α+ T cells was found 10 days post infectionem only. Frequencies of T-bet+ T cells increased in wild boar but not in domestic pigs. Of note, we found a considerable loss of perforin expression in cytotoxic T cells, 5 and 7 dpi. Both subspecies established a regulatory T-cell response 10 dpi. In domestic pigs, we show increasing levels of ICOS+ and CD8α+ invariant Natural Killer T cells. These disparities in T-cell responses might explain some of the differences in disease progression in wild boar and domestic pigs and should pave the way for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Zani
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jutta Pikalo
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jane Hühr
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia Sehl
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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Liu B, Cui Y, Lu G, Wei S, Yang Z, Du F, An T, Liu J, Shen G, Chen Z. Small molecule inhibitor E-64 exhibiting the activity against African swine fever virus pS273R. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 35:116055. [PMID: 33607487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease in swine that results in high mortality in domestic pigs and causes considerable economic losses. Currently, there is no effective vaccine or drugs available for treatment. Identification of new anti-ASFV drugs is urgently needed. Here, the pS273R protein of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a specific SUMO-1-like cysteine protease that plays an important role in its replication process. To inhibit virus replication and improve treatment options, a set of small-molecule compounds, targeted inhibitors against the ASFV pS273R protease, were obtained through molecular screening by homology modeling and molecular docking based on structural information of pS273R. Our results clearly demonstrated that the 14th carbon atom of the cysteinase inhibitor E-64 could form one CS covalent bond with the Cys 232 amino acid of the pS273R protease and seven additional hydrogen bonds to maintain a stable binding state. Simultaneously, cell viability, immunophenotyping, and in vitro enzyme activity inhibition assays were performed to comprehensively evaluate E-64 characteristics. Our findings demonstrated that 4 mmol/L E-64 could effectively inhibit the enzyme activity center of the pS273R protease by preventing pS273R protease from lysing pp62, while promoting the upregulation of immune-related cytokines at the transcription level. Moreover, cell viability results revealed that 4 mmol/L E-64 was not cytotoxic. Taken together, we identified a novel strategy to potentially prevent ASFV infection in pigs by blocking the activity of pS273R protease with a small-molecule inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangzuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China, No.120, Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China
| | - Yuesong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China, No.120, Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China
| | - Gen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China, No.120, Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China
| | - Shu Wei
- The Preventive and Control Center of Animal Disease of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center, No. 95, Renhe Road, Shenbei District, Shenyang 110164, PR China
| | - Zuofeng Yang
- The Preventive and Control Center of Animal Disease of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center, No. 95, Renhe Road, Shenbei District, Shenyang 110164, PR China
| | - Fangyuan Du
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China, No.120, Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678, Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Jinling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China, No.120, Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China
| | - Guoshun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China, No.120, Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China, No.120, Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China
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49
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Wang S, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Yang J, Wang L, Qi Y, Han X, Zhou X, Miao F, Chen T, Wang Y, Zhang F, Zhang S, Hu R. Cytokine Storm in Domestic Pigs Induced by Infection of Virulent African Swine Fever Virus. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:601641. [PMID: 33553280 PMCID: PMC7862125 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.601641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever, caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a highly contagious hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs. The current continent-wide pandemic has persisted for over 10 years, and its economy-devastating effect was highlighted after spreading to China, which possesses half of the world pig industry. So far, development of an effective and safe vaccine has not been finished largely due to the knowledge gaps in pathogenesis and immunology, particularly the role of cytokines in the host's immune response. Therefore, we performed experiments in domestic pigs to analyze the kinetics of representative circulating interferons (IFNs), interleukins (ILs), growth factors, tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), and chemokines induced by infection of type II virulent ASFV SY18. Pigs infected with this Chinese prototypical isolate developed severe clinical manifestations mostly from 3 days post inoculation (dpi) and died from 7 to 8 dpi. Serum analysis revealed a trend of robust and sustained elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-18, RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), and IFN-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10) from 3 dpi, but not the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Moreover, secondary drastic increase of the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, as well as elevated IL-10, was observed at the terminal phase of infection. This pattern of cytokine secretion clearly drew an image of a typical cytokine storm characterized by delayed and dysregulated initiation of the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine and imbalanced pro- and anti-inflammatory response, which paved a way for further understanding of the molecular basis of ASFV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchao Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Ningxia, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Lidong Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Xun Han
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Xintao Zhou
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Ningxia, Yinchuan, China
| | - Faming Miao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Shoufeng Zhang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Rongliang Hu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
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50
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, De Clercq K, Klement E, Stegeman JA, Gubbins S, Antoniou S, Broglia A, Van der Stede Y, Zancanaro G, Aznar I. Scientific Opinion on the assessment of the control measures of the category A diseases of Animal Health Law: African Swine Fever. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06402. [PMID: 33552298 PMCID: PMC7848183 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures will be assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for African Swine Fever (ASF). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts reviewed the effectiveness of: (i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, (ii) monitoring period and (iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zone, and the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere; nonetheless, specific details of the model used for the assessment of the laboratory sampling procedures for ASF are presented here. Here, also, the transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones are shown. Several scenarios for which these control measures had to be assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. In summary, several sampling procedures as described in the diagnostic manual for ASF were considered ineffective and a suggestion to exclude, or to substitute with more effective procedures was made. The monitoring period was assessed as non-effective for several scenarios and a longer monitoring period was suggested to ensure detection of potentially infected herds. It was demonstrated that the surveillance zone comprises 95% of the infections from an affected establishment, and therefore is considered effective. Recommendations provided for each of the scenarios assessed aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to ASF.
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