1
|
Xie YJ, Li TM, Shang ZT, Lu WT, Yu F. Efficient recovery of gold from solution with a thiocyanate-modified Zr-MOF: adsorption properties and DFT calculations. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39027930 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01250j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The design and development of new large-capacity and selective materials for extracting rare precious metals via electronic waste is practically essential. In this paper, a new efficient UiO-66-NCS has been obtained as a consequence of the modification of the classical Zr-MOF (UiO-66-NH2), and its ability to recover gold has been investigated. These batch results adequately illustrated that UiO-66-NCS exhibited good adsorption capacity (675.5 mg g-1) and exceptional selectivity. In addition, UiO-66-NCS achieved faster adsorption equilibrium times of about 120 min. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms demonstrated that the pseudo-second-order adsorption scheme and a Langmuir-type procedure were shown by the adsorption of Au(III) on UiO-66-NCS. Characterized by pH effect experiments, TEM, XRD, and XPS, the adsorption of UiO-66-NCS with Au(III) relies on coordination, which further results in reduction, and the generated Au(0) is uniformly dispersed in the MOF. The adsorbent has considerable advantages for cyclic regeneration. Finally, DFT fitting results showed that the adsorption binding energy of UiO-66-NCS with [AuCl4]- was -8.63 kcal mol-1 for the adsorption process. UiO-66-NCS is likely to be an ideal substance for gold recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Juan Xie
- College of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tang-Ming Li
- College of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhao-Ting Shang
- College of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wang-Ting Lu
- College of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fan Yu
- College of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cao C, Xu X, Wang G, Yang Z, Cheng Z, Zhang S, Li T, Pu Y, Lv G, Xu C, Cai J, Zhou W, Li F, Pu Z, Li X. Characterization of ionic liquids removing heavy metals from electroplating sludge: Influencing factors, optimisation strategies and reaction mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 324:138309. [PMID: 36889480 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The disposal of electroplating sludge (ES) is a common concern of researchers. Currently, it is difficult to achieve effective fixation of heavy metals (HMs) using traditional ES treatment. As green and effective HMs removal agents, ionic liquids can be used for the disposal of ES. In this study, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazole hydrogen sulphate ([Bmim]HSO4) and 1-propyl sulphonic acid-3-methyl imidazole hydrogen sulphate ([PrSO3Hmim]HSO4) were used as washing solvents for the removal of Cr, Ni, and Cu from ES. In reaction with increased agent concentration, solid-liquid ratio, and duration, the amount of HMs eliminated from ES rises, whereas opposite patterns were shown in response to rising pH. The quadratic orthogonal regression optimisation analysis also revealed that the ideal washing specifications for [Bmim]HSO4 were 60 g L-1, 1:40, and 60 min, respectively, for agent concentration, solid-liquid ratio, and washing time, while those for [PrSO3Hmim]HSO4 were 60 g L-1, 1:35, and 60 min, respectively. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the Cr, Ni, and Cu removal efficiencies for [Bmim]HSO4 were 84.3, 78.6, and 89.7%, respectively, and those values for [PrSO3Hmim]HSO4 were 99.8, 90.1, and 91.3%, respectively. This was mainly attributed to that ionic liquids enhance metal desorption through acid solubilisation, chelation, and electrostatic attraction. Overall, ionic liquids are reliable washing reagents for ES contaminated by HMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Cao
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoxun Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment Protection of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Guiyin Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment Protection of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhanbiao Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment Protection of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhang Cheng
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment Protection of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yulin Pu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guochun Lv
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Changlian Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Junzhuo Cai
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhien Pu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Srivastav AL, Markandeya, Patel N, Pandey M, Pandey AK, Dubey AK, Kumar A, Bhardwaj AK, Chaudhary VK. Concepts of circular economy for sustainable management of electronic wastes: challenges and management options. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:48654-48675. [PMID: 36849690 PMCID: PMC9970861 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The electronic and electrical industrial sector is exponentially growing throughout the globe, and sometimes, these wastes are being disposed of and discarded with a faster rate in comparison to the past era due to technology advancements. As the application of electronic devices is increasing due to the digitalization of the world (IT sector, medical, domestic, etc.), a heap of discarded e-waste is also being generated. Per-capita e-waste generation is very high in developed countries as compared to developing countries. Expansion of the global population and advancement of technologies are mainly responsible to increase the e-waste volume in our surroundings. E-waste is responsible for environmental threats as it may contain dangerous and toxic substances like metals which may have harmful effects on the biodiversity and environment. Furthermore, the life span and types of e-waste determine their harmful effects on nature, and unscientific practices of their disposal may elevate the level of threats as observed in most developing countries like India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and China. In the present review paper, many possible approaches have been discussed for effective e-waste management, such as recycling, recovery of precious metals, adopting the concepts of circular economy, formulating relevant policies, and use of advance computational techniques. On the other hand, it may also provide potential secondary resources valuable/critical materials whose primary sources are at significant supply risk. Furthermore, the use of machine learning approaches can also be useful in the monitoring and treatment/processing of e-wastes. HIGHLIGHTS: In 2019, ~ 53.6 million tons of e-wastes generated worldwide. Discarded e-wastes may be hazardous in nature due to presence of heavy metal compositions. Precious metals like gold, silver, and copper can also be procured from e-wastes. Advance tools like artificial intelligence/machine learning can be useful in the management of e-wastes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Lal Srivastav
- Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Markandeya
- Ex-Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Naveen Patel
- Department of Civil Engineerin, IET, Dr. RammanoharLohia Avadh University, Uttar Pradesh, Ayodhya, India
| | - Mayank Pandey
- Department of Environmental Studies, P.G.D.A.V. College (Evening), University of Delhi, Delhi, 110065, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Earth Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith, Radha Kishnpura, P. O. Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Dubey
- Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India.
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Bhardwaj
- Amity School of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Science, Amity University, Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, 474001, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang J, Zhang X, Wang R, Wen K, Xu H, Xiang Z, Zhou X. Copper recovery from waste printed circuit boards with small peptides enhanced by ultrasound. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
|
5
|
Seif R, Salem FZ, Allam NK. E-waste recycled materials as efficient catalysts for renewable energy technologies and better environmental sustainability. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2023:1-36. [PMID: 36691418 PMCID: PMC9848041 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-02925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Waste from electrical and electronic equipment exponentially increased due to the innovation and the ever-increasing demand for electronic products in our life. The quantities of electronic waste (e-waste) produced are expected to reach 44.4 million metric tons over the next five years. Consequently, the global market for electronics recycling is expected to reach $65.8 billion by 2026. However, electronic waste management in developing countries is not appropriately handled, as only 17.4% has been collected and recycled. The inadequate electronic waste treatment causes significant environmental and health issues and a systematic depletion of natural resources in secondary material recycling and extracting valuable materials. Electronic waste contains numerous valuable materials that can be recovered and reused to create renewable energy technologies to overcome the shortage of raw materials and the adverse effects of using non-renewable energy resources. Several approaches were devoted to mitigate the impact of climate change. The cooperate social responsibilities supported integrating informal collection and recycling agencies into a well-structured management program. Moreover, the emission reductions resulting from recycling and proper management systems significantly impact climate change solutions. This emission reduction will create a channel in carbon market mechanisms by trading the CO2 emission reductions. This review provides an up-to-date overview and discussion of the different categories of electronic waste, the recycling methods, and the use of high recycled value-added (HAV) materials from various e-waste components in green renewable energy technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rania Seif
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835 Egypt
| | - Fatma Zakaria Salem
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835 Egypt
| | - Nageh K. Allam
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ha TH, Mahasti NN, Lu MC, Huang YH. Ammonium-Nitrogen recovery as Struvite from swine wastewater using various magnesium sources. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
7
|
Kumari R, Samadder SR. A critical review of the pre-processing and metals recovery methods from e-wastes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 320:115887. [PMID: 35933880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
E-wastes being potential sources of numerous valuable metals are promoted to undergo recycling and recovery under the umbrella of urban mining and circular economy. Thus, the present study provides a critical review of the technological details of different metal recycling processes, pre-treatment methods, and the advancements made in these techniques. Critical evaluation of different metal recovery techniques has also been presented based on the available life cycle assessment (LCA), techno-economic, and industrial-scale studies. The study revealed that the integrated metal recovery techniques serve better in terms of recovery efficiency and environmental performance than any single recovery technique. Also, scaling up of biometallurgical, electrochemical, and super critical fluid extraction methods needs to be promoted due to their better environmental performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rima Kumari
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India.
| | - Sukha Ranjan Samadder
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Application of Ionic Liquids for the Recycling and Recovery of Technologically Critical and Valuable Metals. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15020628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Population growth has led to an increased demand for raw minerals and energy resources; however, their supply cannot easily be provided in the same proportions. Modern technologies contain materials that are becoming more finely intermixed because of the broadening palette of elements used, and this outcome creates certain limitations for recycling. The recovery and separation of individual elements, critical materials and valuable metals from complex systems requires complex energy-consuming solutions with many hazardous chemicals used. Significant pressure is brought to bear on the improvement of separation and recycling approaches by the need to balance sustainability, efficiency, and environmental impacts. Due to the increase in environmental consciousness in chemical research and industry, the challenge for a sustainable environment calls for clean procedures that avoid the use of harmful organic solvents. Ionic liquids, also known as molten salts and future solvents, are endowed with unique features that have already had a promising impact on cutting-edge science and technologies. This review aims to address the current challenges associated with the energy-efficient design, recovery, recycling, and separation of valuable metals employing ionic liquids.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The need to drive towards sustainable metal resource recovery from end-of-cycle products cannot be overstated. This review attempts to investigate progress in the development of recycling strategies for the recovery of strategic metals, such as precious metals and base metals, from catalytic converters, e-waste, and batteries. Several methods for the recovery of metal resources have been explored for these waste streams, such as pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and biohydrometallurgy. The results are discussed, and the efficiency of the processes and the chemistry involved are detailed. The conversion of metal waste to high-value nanomaterials is also presented. Process flow diagrams are also presented, where possible, to represent simplified process steps. Despite concerns about environmental effects from processing the metal waste streams, the gains for driving towards a circular economy of these waste streams are enormous. Therefore, the development of greener processes is recommended. In addition, countries need to manage their metal waste streams appropriately and ensure that this becomes part of the formal economic activity and, therefore, becomes regulated.
Collapse
|
10
|
Appraisal of Households’ Knowledge and Perception towards E-Waste Management in Limpopo Province, South Africa. RECYCLING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling6020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The generation of electronic waste (e-waste) is increasing at an alarming rate in South Africa. This waste stream is also emanating from household appliances due to beneficial attributes accrued to the use of these electronic devices. At the same time, these devices are a source of concern considering the environmental impacts as well the threat of health hazards they possess to human wellbeing. In appraising household knowledge and perception on e-waste management in Limpopo Province of South Africa, 200 semi-structured, self-administered questionnaires were used in eliciting data from the participants. The results indicated that 76% of the respondents believed that e-waste streams have negatively affected their environment. Additionally, 85% of the survey households are willing to pay for the proper disposal of their e-waste. Furthermore, the results indicated a statistically significance between gender and knowledge on e-waste management (p-value 0.003) while there was no statistically significant difference between gender and perception (p-value 0.318) on e-waste management. Based on the results, the study recommends awareness and educational campaigns as a step in changing the perception of households on e-waste and environmental consciousness.
Collapse
|
11
|
Chung J, Seo B, Lee J, Kim JY. Comparative analysis of I 2-KI and HNO 3 leaching in a life cycle perspective: Towards sustainable recycling of end-of-life c-Si PV panel. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:123989. [PMID: 33053466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An iodine-iodide system was investigated as an alternative lixiviant for HNO3 for leaching precious metals from the end-of-life c-Si photovoltaic (PV) cell. A series of batch experiments were conducted for the optimization of leaching kinetics and thermodynamic equilibrium followed by a life cycle assessment (LCA) using data from the experiments. The results showed that more than 95% of Ag and Al leached out within the first 5 min. The optimum conditions for equilibrium leaching were as follows: solid to liquid ratio of 1:10 for Ag (1:9 ml for Al), and I2 concentration of 0.35 M for Ag (0.3 M for Al), with I- concentration of 0.7 M. In addition, selective leaching of Ag could also be accomplished by adjusting the reaction pH to 9.6%, and 93% of reproducibility was achieved via the rejuvenation of the exhausted leaching solution, which can benefit the subsequent recovery process. The leaching efficiency of iodine-iodide system was nearly comparable to that of HNO3, and the environmental impacts of the two cycle of continuous process with rejuvenation of the iodine leaching solution can be effectively reduced especially in the acidification & eutrophication, respiratory effect, and mineral extraction categories with subsequent exclusion of the additional neutralization process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaeshik Chung
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bora Seo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Abdelbasir SM, McCourt KM, Lee CM, Vanegas DC. Waste-Derived Nanoparticles: Synthesis Approaches, Environmental Applications, and Sustainability Considerations. Front Chem 2020; 8:782. [PMID: 33110911 PMCID: PMC7488813 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
For the past few decades, a plethora of nanoparticles have been produced through various methods and utilized to advance technologies for environmental applications, including water treatment, detection of persistent pollutants, and soil/water remediation, amongst many others. The field of materials science and engineering is increasingly interested in increasing the sustainability of the processes involved in the production of nanoparticles, which motivates the exploration of alternative inputs for nanoparticle production as well as the implementation of green synthesis techniques. Herein, we start by overviewing the general aspects of nanoparticle synthesis from industrial, electric/electronic, and plastic waste. We expand on critical aspects of waste identification as a viable input for the treatment and recovery of metal- and carbon-based nanoparticles. We follow-up by discussing different governing mechanisms involved in the production of nanoparticles, and point to potential inferences throughout the synthesis processes. Next, we provide some examples of waste-derived nanoparticles utilized in a proof-of-concept demonstration of technologies for applications in water quality and safety. We conclude by discussing current challenges from the toxicological and life-cycle perspectives that must be taken into consideration before scale-up manufacturing and implementation of waste-derived nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelli M. McCourt
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Cindy M. Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
- Department of Engineering and Science Education, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Diana C. Vanegas
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
- Interdisciplinary Group for Biotechnological Innovation and Ecosocial Change-BioNovo, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Abstract
Kinetics, as a fundamental requirement of nearly all industrial activities and engineering researches, plays a great role in leaching processes. Although there are many pieces of research on its application, there is not a clear pathway for investigating the kinetics of leaching and researchers usually follow different strategies in their studies. The conventional investigation techniques, which usually do not consider the mixed mechanisms and possibility of any change in the mechanism, normally include many calculations, plots, and inadequate capabilities to detect changes in the controlling mechanism of leaching. In this review, the main mathematical models of leaching and all possible scenarios are presented and discussed. The effect of various leaching parameters (including leaching agent, temperature, particle size, agitation, and solid to liquid ratio) on the rate of dissolution is summarized. Besides, two main approaches of rate determination step (single controlling mechanism and combined resistances method) are described and compared by reporting related equations and suitable examples. A technique to detect any changes in the leaching controlling mechanism is introduced and the alternatives to confirm the results are described. Additional models and equations were suggested for the cases that there is no agreement between data and the conventional models. Also, situations which are ignored in simple models (e.g., reversibility of the leaching reactions, adsorption and desorption of leached species, influence of charge and surface potential, existence of multiple reactants in the solid, galvanic effect, wide particle size distribution, etc.) to develop more legalistic models are discussed. Considering various possible mechanisms in the kinetics of leaching, equations are derived for industrial leaching reactors.
Collapse
|
15
|
Tan Q, Liu L, Yu M, Li J. An innovative method of recycling metals in printed circuit board (PCB) using solutions from PCB production. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 390:121892. [PMID: 31883733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) have both a potentially high resource value and hazardous drawbacks. Meanwhile, large quantities of corrosive waste solutions are generated in PCB production. Existing methods for recycling metals in WPCBs produce high yields but unfortunately produce secondary pollution. In this study, to minimize these disadvantages, a win-win innovative recycling method for WPCBs was developed using waste solutions that are generated in PCB production. Both of the waste solutions - waste tin stripping solution (WTSS) and waste etching solution (WES) - had an enormous capacity to extract Pb, Sn, and Cu. It was suggested that 1 L of WTSS was potentially capable for dissolving solder from 3.6 to 7.2 kg of WPCBs under room temperature, while WES was capable for Cu leaching from 0.13-0.35 kg of WPCBs. Compared with conventional leaching solutions, it was demonstrated that approximately 1 kW h of electricity could be saved from the recycling process when WTSS and WES were used to recycle only 1 kg of WPCBs. The proposed approach can be expected to significantly reduce energy consumption for recycling metals from WPCBs, without additional waste solution generated, and to increase the potential value of WTSS and WES, as they can facilitate the recycling process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanyin Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lili Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; College of Humanities and Urban - Rural Development, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
This paper mainly discusses electrodeposition of gold from iodine leaching solution through single-factor testing and explores the influence of gold concentration in catholyte, mass fraction of iodine in anolyte, anolyte n(I2):n(I−), cell voltage, and electrolysis time on the percentage of gold deposition and coulombic efficiency. Moreover, a response surface methodology was adopted to study interactions among variables and influence on the percentage of gold deposition, with mass fraction of iodine in anolyte, anolyte n(I2):n(I−), and cell voltage as variable factors and percentage of gold deposition as the response value. The electrodeposition process was fitted via pseudo first-order kinetics and pseudo second-order kinetics. Finally, the free surface morphology of gold deposited on the cathode plate was observed by scanning electron microscope. Given the results, a principal effect relationship can be concluded between mass fraction of iodine in anolyte, anolyte n(I2):n(I−), cell voltage, and percentage of gold deposition, with cell voltage > anolyte n(I2):n(I−) > mass fraction of iodine in anolyte and a second-order regression equation obtained with percentage of gold deposition as the response value. The optimized process conditions were gold concentration in catholyte 20 mg/L, mass fraction of iodine in anolyte 0.59%, anolyte n(I2):n(I−) is 1:7.5, cell voltage 12.9 V, and electrolysis time 2 h. The average percentage of gold deposition of three confirmatory experiments was 96.43%, a figure very close to the predicted value of the model 97.76%, which proves that the quadratic polynomial model obtained by response surface methodology optimization is feasible and that the electrodeposition of gold process conforms to a pseudo second-order kinetic model. Au can be attached well to the cathode plate and the deposition layer is formed by granular grain accumulation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Singh N, Duan H, Ogunseitan OA, Li J, Tang Y. Toxicity trends in E-Waste: A comparative analysis of metals in discarded mobile phones. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120898. [PMID: 31330384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mobile phones and various electronic products contribute to the world's fastest-growing category of hazardous waste with international repercussions. We investigated the trends in potential human health impacts and ecotoxicity of waste mobile phones through quantitative life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods and regulatory total threshold limit concentrations. A market-dominant sample of waste basic phones and smartphones manufactured between 2001 and 2015, were analyzed for toxicity trends based on 19 chemicals. The results of the LCIA (using USEtox model) show an increase in the relative mass of toxic materials over the 15-year period. We found no significant changes in the use of toxic components in basic phones, whereas smartphones contained a statistically significant increase in the content of toxic materials from 2006 to 2015. Nickel contributed the largest risk for carcinogens in mobile phones, but the contributions of lead and beryllium were also notable. Silver, zinc and copper contents were associated with non-cancer health risks. Copper components at 45,818-77,938 PAF m3/kg dominated ecotoxicity risks in mobile phones. Overall, these results highlight the increasing importance of monitoring trends in materials use for electronic product manufacturing and electronic-waste management processes that should prevent human and environmental exposures to toxic components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Singh
- School of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Huabo Duan
- School of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Oladele A Ogunseitan
- Department of Population Health & Disease Prevention, Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of & Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Qi Y, Yi X, Zhang Y, Meng F, Shu J, Xiu F, Sun Z, Sun S, Chen M. Effect of ionic liquid [MIm]HSO 4 on WPCB metal-enriched scraps refined by slurry electrolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:33260-33268. [PMID: 31520374 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) are usually dismantled, crushed, and sorted to WPCB metal-enriched scraps, still containing an amount of non-metallic materials. This research used slurry electrolysis to refine these WPCB metal-enriched scraps and to examine if a standard ionic liquid, [MIm]HSO4, can replace H2SO4 in the system. The impact of the refinement process on metal migration and transformation is discussed in detail. The results demonstrated that metals in WPCB metal-enriched scraps could be successfully refined using slurry electrolysis, and [MIm]HSO4 can be used to replace H2SO4 in the system. When 80% of H2SO4 was replaced by [MIm]HSO4 (electrolyte of 200 mL, 30 g/L CuSO4·5H2O, 60 g/L NaCl, 130 g/L H2SO4, and 1.624 A for 4 h), the total metal recovery rate is 85%, and the purity, current efficiency, and particle size of cathode metal powder were 89%, 52%, and 3.77 μm, respectively. Moreover, the microstructure of the cathode metal powder was dendritic in the H2SO4-CuSO4-NaCl slurry electrolysis system, whereas at an 80% [MIm]HSO4 substitution rate slurry electrolysis system, the cathode metal powder was irregular and accumulated as small-sized spherical particles. Thus, replacing inorganic leaching solvents with ionic liquids may provide a potential choice for the resources in WPCB metal-enriched scraps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Qi
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yi
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Yugai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Fansong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Jiancheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Furong Xiu
- College of Geology & Environmental, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Zhi Sun
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shuhui Sun
- Institute National de la Recherché Scientifique-Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Mengjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Becci A, Amato A, Rodríguez Maroto JM, Beolchini F. Prediction Model for Cu Chemical Leaching from Printed Circuit Boards. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Becci
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60121, Italy
| | - Alessia Amato
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60121, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Beolchini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60121, Italy
- ECO Recycling S.r.L., Via Francesco Siacci, 4, Roma, 00197, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Printed circuit boards (PCBs), a typical end-of-life electronic waste, were collected from an E-waste recycling company located in the Netherlands. Cu and precious metal concentration analyses of the powdered PCBs confirm that the PCBs are multimetallic in nature, rich, but contain high concentrations of Cu, Au, Ag, Pd, and Pt. Ferric sulfate concentration (100 mM), agitation speed (300 rpm), temperature (20 °C), and solid-to-liquid ratio (10 g·L−1) were found to be the optimum conditions for the maximum leaching of Cu from PCBs. The ferric sulfate leachates were further examined for selective recovery of Cu as copper sulfides. The important process variables of sulfide precipitation, such as lixiviant concentration and sulfide dosage were investigated and optimized 100 ppm of ferric sulfate and (copper:sulfide) 1:3 molar ratio, respectively. Over 95% of the dissolved Cu (from the multimetallic leachates) was selectively precipitated as copper sulfide under optimum conditions. The characterization of the copper sulfide precipitates by SEM-EDS analyses showed that the precipitates mainly consist of Cu and S. PCBs can thus be seen as a potential secondary resource for copper.
Collapse
|
21
|
Solvometallurgical route for the recovery of Sm, Co, Cu and Fe from SmCo permanent magnets. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
22
|
Díaz-Martínez ME, Argumedo-Delira R, Sánchez-Viveros G, Alarcón A, Mendoza-López MR. Microbial Bioleaching of Ag, Au and Cu from Printed Circuit Boards of Mobile Phones. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76:536-544. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
23
|
Ilankoon IMSK, Ghorbani Y, Chong MN, Herath G, Moyo T, Petersen J. E-waste in the international context - A review of trade flows, regulations, hazards, waste management strategies and technologies for value recovery. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 82:258-275. [PMID: 30509588 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
E-waste, or waste generated from electrical and electronic equipment, is considered as one of the fastest-growing waste categories, growing at a rate of 3-5% per year in the world. In 2016, 44.7 million tonnes of e-waste were generated in the world, which is equivalent to 6.1 kg for each person. E-waste is classified as a hazardous waste, but unlike other categories, e-waste also has significant potential for value recovery. As a result it is traded significantly between the developed and developing world, both as waste for disposal and as a resource for metal recovery. Only 20% of global e-waste in 2016 was properly recycled or disposed of, with the fate of the remaining 80% undocumented - likely to be dumped, traded or recycled under inferior conditions. This review paper provides an overview of the global e-waste resource and identifies the major challenges in the sector in terms of generation, global trade and waste management strategies. It lists the specific hazards associated with this type of waste that need to be taken into account in its management and includes a detailed overview of technologies employed or proposed for the recovery of value from e-waste. On the basis of this overview the paper identifies future directions for effective e-waste processing towards sustainable waste/resource management. It becomes clear that there is a strong divide between developed and developing countries with regard to this sector. While value recovery is practiced in centralised facilities employing advanced technologies in a highly regulated industrial environment in the developed world, in the developing world such recovery is practiced in a largely unregulated artisanal industry employing simplistic, labour intensive and environmentally hazardous approaches. Thus value is generated safely in the hi-tech environment of the developed world, whereas environmental burdens associated with exported waste and residual waste from simplistic processing remain largely in developing countries. It is argued that given the breadth of available technologies, a more systematic evaluation of the entire e-waste value chain needs to be conducted with a view to establishing integrated management of this resource (in terms of well-regulated value recovery and final residue disposal) at the appropriately local rather than global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I M S K Ilankoon
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Yousef Ghorbani
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Meng Nan Chong
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; Sustainable Water Alliance, Advanced Engineering Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Gamini Herath
- Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; School of Business, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Thandazile Moyo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Jochen Petersen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Completely separating metals and nonmetals from waste printed circuit boards by slurry electrolysis. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
25
|
Zhang DJ, Dong L, Li YT, Wu Y, Ma YX, Yang B. Copper leaching from waste printed circuit boards using typical acidic ionic liquids recovery of e-wastes' surplus value. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 78:191-197. [PMID: 32559904 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, using several types of acidic ionic liquids as the leaching reagents, the leaching behaviors of the copper present in waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) were investigated. The effects of various parameters on the copper leaching rate were studied, such as the particle size of the shredded WPCB, type of ionic liquid used, hydrogen peroxide dosage, solid-to-liquid ratio, leaching temperature, and leaching time. The experimental results showed that the copper leaching rate increases continuously when the powder particle size is increased from 0.071 to 0.500 mm. Moreover, the copper leaching rate also increases with an increase in the leaching temperature. In contrast, the leaching rate first increases and then decreases with increases in the leaching time, hydrogen peroxide dosage, and solid-to-liquid ratio. The optimal conditions that provided a 98.31% copper leaching rate were: particle size >0.500 mm, 8.5 mL 90% (v/v) ionic liquid, 1.5 mL 30% hydrogen peroxide, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1/20, leaching temperature of 80 °C, and leaching time of 2 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Li Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Yong-Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Yanfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Ying-Xia Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sohrab Hossain M, Naim Ahmad Yahaya A, Suhaila Yacob L, Zulkhairi Abdul Rahim M, Nadiah Mohamad Yusof N, Thomas Bachmann R. Selective recovery of Copper from waste mobile phone printed circuit boards using Sulphuric acid leaching. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
27
|
Meng L, Gao J, Zhong Y, Wang Z, Chen K, Guo Z. Supergravity separation for recovering Pb and Sn from electronic waste. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
28
|
Awasthi AK, Zlamparet GI, Zeng X, Li J. Evaluating waste printed circuit boards recycling: Opportunities and challenges, a mini review. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2017; 35:346-356. [PMID: 28097947 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x16682607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid generation of waste printed circuit boards has become a very serious issue worldwide. Numerous techniques have been developed in the last decade to resolve the pollution from waste printed circuit boards, and also recover valuable metals from the waste printed circuit boards stream on a large-scale. However, these techniques have their own certain specific drawbacks that need to be rectified properly. In this review article, these recycling technologies are evaluated based on a strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis. Furthermore, it is warranted that, the substantial research is required to improve the current technologies for waste printed circuit boards recycling in the outlook of large-scale applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Gabriel Ionut Zlamparet
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianlai Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu S, Hou H, Liu X, Duan J, Yao Y, Liao Q, Li J, Yang Y. Recycled hierarchical tripod-like CuCl from Cu-PCB waste etchant for lithium ion battery anode. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 324:357-364. [PMID: 27887815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical CuCl with high economic value added (EVA) was successfully recycled with 85% recovery from the acid Cu printed circuit board (Cu-PCB) waste etchant via facile liquid chemical reduction. The micro-structure and morphology of the recycled hierarchical CuCl were systematically characterized in terms of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). Furthermore, the corresponding electrochemical performances as lithium ion battery (LIB) anode were also investigated in terms of galvanostatic charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and AC impedance. As expected, the recycled CuCl displayed a hierarchical tripod-like structure and large specific surface area of 21.2m2/g. As the anode in LIB, the reversible discharge capacity was about 201.4 mAh/g even after 100 cycles, implying the satisfactory cycle performance. Clearly, the satisfactory results may open a new avenue to develop the sustainable industry, which is very important in terms of both the resource recovery and the environmental protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093 China
| | - Hongying Hou
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093 China.
| | - Xianxi Liu
- Faculty of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093 China
| | - Jixiang Duan
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093 China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093 China
| | - Qishu Liao
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093 China
| | - Jing Li
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093 China
| | - Yunzhen Yang
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093 China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Iannicelli-Zubiani EM, Cristiani C, Dotelli G, Gallo Stampino P. Recovery of valuable metals from electronic scraps by clays and organo-clays: Study on bi-ionic model solutions. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 60:582-590. [PMID: 27478027 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The demand of valuable metals, as precious metals and rare earths, is constantly increasing in the global market, as many and different technological applications exploit these materials because of their unique properties. Since natural resources are located just in focused areas, an interesting possibility could be the recovery of metals from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). The aim of this work is to evaluate the recovery potentialities of clays and organo-clay based systems towards the metals contained in the solutions of electronic scraps dissolved in strong acid, by preliminary tests on bi-ionic model solutions. Lanthanum has been chosen as representative of the rare earths while copper has been considered since it is by far the most used metal in electric and electronic equipment. The considered sorbents are a montmorillonitic clay and two polyamine based organo-clays. Uptake and release processes have been carried out in order to assess the performances of these solids and to evaluate the uptake and release mechanisms. The results showed that the cationic exchange is the prevailing mechanism in the case of pristine clay, while both coordinating effect due to amino groups and cationic exchange occur in the case of modified clays, respectively accounting for copper and lanthanum uptake. Furthermore the pH was found having a great influence in both the adsorption and desorption phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Maria Iannicelli-Zubiani
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Cristiani
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Dotelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Gallo Stampino
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhu XW, Ge HL, Cao YB. Mixture cytotoxicity assessment of ionic liquids and heavy metals in MCF-7 cells using mixtox. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:544-551. [PMID: 27567154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely used as extractants for heavy metals. However, the effect of mixtures of ILs and heavy metals is rarely understood. In this study, we tested the cytotoxicity of four ILs, four heavy metals and their mixtures on human MCF-7 cells in 96-well microplates. The toxicity of single compounds in MCF-7 cells ranges from 3.07 × 10(-6) M for Cu(II) to 2.20 × 10(-3) M for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The toxicity of heavy metals in MCF-7 is generally higher than the toxicity of ILs. A uniform experimental design was used to simulate environmentally realistic mixtures. Two classical reference models (concentration addition and independent action) were used to predict their mixture. The experiments to evaluate the toxicity of the mixture revealed antagonism among four ILs and four heavy metals in MCF-7 cells. Pearson correlation analysis showed that Ni(II) and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride are positively correlated with the extent of antagonism, while 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate showed a negative correlation. Data analysis was conducted in the R package mixtox, which integrates features such as curve fitting, experimental design, and mixture toxicity prediction. The international community of toxicologists is welcome to use this package and provide feedback as suggestions and comments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Wei Zhu
- College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Hui-Lin Ge
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Yu-Bin Cao
- College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Awasthi AK, Zeng X, Li J. Integrated bioleaching of copper metal from waste printed circuit board-a comprehensive review of approaches and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21141-21156. [PMID: 27678000 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (e-waste) is the most rapidly growing waste stream in the world, and the majority of the residues are openly disposed of in developing countries. Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) make up the major portion of e-waste, and their informal recycling can cause environmental pollution and health risks. Furthermore, the conventional disposal and recycling techniques-mechanical treatments used to recover valuable metals, including copper-are not sustainable in the long term. Chemical leaching is rapid and efficient but causes secondary pollution. Bioleaching is a promising approach, eco-friendly and economically feasible, but it is slower process. This review considers the recycling potential of microbes and suggests an integrated bioleaching approach for Cu extraction and recovery from WPCBs. The proposed recycling system should be more effective, efficient and both technically and economically feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Rm. 805, Sino-Italian Environment and Energy Efficient Building, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xianlai Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Rm. 805, Sino-Italian Environment and Energy Efficient Building, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Rm. 805, Sino-Italian Environment and Energy Efficient Building, Beijing, 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jadhao P, Chauhan G, Pant KK, Nigam KDP. Greener approach for the extraction of copper metal from electronic waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 57:102-112. [PMID: 26597372 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Technology innovations resulted into a major move from agricultural to industrial economy in last few decades. Consequently, generation of waste electronic and electrical equipments (WEEE) has been increased at a significant rate. WEEE contain large amount of precious and heavy metals and therefore, can be considered a potential secondary resource to overcome the scarcity of metals. Also, presence of these metals may affect the ecosystem due to lack of adequate management of WEEE. Building upon our previous experimental investigations for metal extraction from spent catalyst, present study explores the concept of green technology for WEEE management. Efforts have been made to recover base metal from a printed circuit board using eco-friendly chelation technology and results were compared with the conventional acid leaching method. 83.8% recovery of copper metal was achieved using chelation technology whereas only 27% could be recovered using acid leaching method in absence of any oxidant at optimum reaction conditions. Various characterization studies (energy dispersive X-ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, inductive coupled plasma spectrophotometry) of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) and residues were performed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of samples. Significant metal extraction, more than 96% recovery of chelating agent, recycling of reactant in next chelation cycle and nearly zero discharge to the environment are the major advantages of the proposed green process which articulate the transcendency of chelation technology over other conventional approaches. Kinetic investigation suggests diffusion controlled process as the rate determining step for the chelate assisted recovery of copper from WEEE with activation energy of 22kJ/mol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Jadhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Garima Chauhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - K K Pant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - K D P Nigam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cayumil R, Khanna R, Rajarao R, Mukherjee PS, Sahajwalla V. Concentration of precious metals during their recovery from electronic waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 57:121-130. [PMID: 26712661 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of electronic devices, their subsequent obsolescence and disposal has resulted in electronic waste (e-waste) being one of the fastest increasing waste streams worldwide. The main component of e-waste is printed circuit boards (PCBs), which contain substantial quantities of precious metals in concentrations significantly higher than those typically found in corresponding ores. The high value and limited reserves of minerals containing these metals makes urban mining of precious metals very attractive. This article is focused on the concentration and recovery of precious metals during pyro-metallurgical recycling of waste PCBs. High temperature pyrolysis was carried out for ten minutes in a horizontal tube furnace in the temperature range 800-1350°C under Argon gas flowing at 1L/min. These temperatures were chosen to lie below and above the melting point (1084.87°C) of copper, the main metal in PCBs, to study the influence of its physical state on the recovery of precious metals. The heat treatment of waste PCBs resulted in two different types of solid products, namely a carbonaceous non-metallic fraction (NMFs) and metallic products, composed of copper rich foils and/or droplets and tin-lead rich droplets and some wires. Significant proportions of Ag, Au, Pd and Pt were found concentrated within two types of metallic phases, with very limited quantities retained by the NMFs. This process was successful in concentrating several precious metals such as Ag, Au, Pd and Pt in a small volume fraction, and reduced volumes for further processing/refinement by up to 75%. The amounts of secondary wastes produced were also minimised to a great extent. The generation of precious metals rich metallic phases demonstrates high temperature pyrolysis as a viable approach towards the recovery of precious metals from e-waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Cayumil
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - R Khanna
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - R Rajarao
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - P S Mukherjee
- Advanced Materials Technology Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
| | - V Sahajwalla
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Torres R, Lapidus GT. Copper leaching from electronic waste for the improvement of gold recycling. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 57:131-139. [PMID: 26969289 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Gold recovery from electronic waste material with high copper content was investigated at ambient conditions. A chemical preliminary treatment was found necessary to remove the large quantities of copper before the precious metal can be extracted. For this purpose inorganic acids (HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4) and two organic substances EDTA and citrate, were tested. The effect of auxiliary oxidants such as air, ozone and peroxide hydroxide was studied. In pretreatments with peroxide and HCl or citrate, copper extractions greater than 90% were achieved. In the second leaching stage for gold recovery, the solid residue of the copper extraction was contacted with thiourea solutions, resulting in greater than 90% gold removal after only one hour of reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Torres
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa, Depto. Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidráulica, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340 México D.F., Mexico; Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Fac. Ingeniería, Escuela de Metalurgia, Avenida central del norte Km 4, Edif. de Ingeniería 201, Tunja, Colombia.
| | - Gretchen T Lapidus
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa, Depto. Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidráulica, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340 México D.F., Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang J, Liu S, Chen J, Zu J, Wang Y. Preparation of anion exchange resin by recycling of waste printed circuit boards. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18142a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of the non-metal components of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) is very difficult because they are inflexible and insoluble, and thus a new method to convert them into anion exchange resin was studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiu Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Songhang Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Jinyang Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Jianhua Zu
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- 200240 China
| | - Yangjun Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| |
Collapse
|