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Di Mario M, Bauwens G, Peltier F, Goscinny S, Focant JF, Purcaro G, Van Hoeck E. Investigation of potential migratables from paper and board food contact materials. Front Chem 2023; 11:1322811. [PMID: 38099191 PMCID: PMC10720245 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1322811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the ban on single-use plastic articles in Europe, the food contact material (FCM) industry has been forced to move to more sustainable alternatives. Paper and board FCM are convenient alternatives but must be safe for consumers. This study aims to investigate potential migrations of various substances (e.g., plasticizers, photoinitiators, primary aromatic amines, mineral oil, and bisphenols) from straws and takeaway articles made of paper and board. Twenty straws and fifty-eight takeaway articles were carefully selected and investigated using liquid and gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry or flame ionization detector. Fourteen substances of all the targeted categories were found in takeaway articles, including seven plasticizers, two photoinitiators, one primary aromatic amine, two bisphenols, and the saturated and aromatic fraction of mineral oil (MOSH and MOAH, respectively). In straws, fewer substances were detected, i.e., six substances, including three plasticizers, one photoinitiator, MOSH, and MOAH. At least one of the target substances was detected in 88% of the samples, demonstrating the importance of further evaluation of these materials. Finally, the associated risks were assessed, highlighting the potential risks for several types of articles regarding bisphenol A, one primary aromatic amine (3.3-DMB), and MOSH and MOAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Di Mario
- Organic Contaminants and Additives Service, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gregory Bauwens
- Analytical Chemistry Lab at the AgroBioChem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Florian Peltier
- Organic Contaminants and Additives Service, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Organic Contaminants and Additives Service, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab at the AgroBioChem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Organic Contaminants and Additives Service, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Hahladakis JN, Iacovidou E, Gerassimidou S. An overview of the occurrence, fate, and human risks of the bisphenol-A present in plastic materials, components, and products. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:45-62. [PMID: 35362236 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With over 95% of bisphenol-A (BPA) used in the production of polycarbonate (PC) and epoxy resins, termed here as BPA-based plastic materials, components, and products (MCPs), an investigation of human exposure to BPA over the whole lifecycle of BPA-based plastic MCPs is necessary. This mini-review unpacks the implications arising from the long-term human exposure to BPA and its potential accumulation across the lifecycle of BPA-based plastics (production, use, and management). This investigation is timely and necessary in promoting a sustainable circular economy model. Restrictions of BPA in the form of bans and safety standards are often specific to products, while safety limits rely on traditional toxicological and biomonitoring methods that may underestimate human health implications and therefore the "safety" of BPA exposure. Controversies in regards to the: (a) dose-response curves; (b) the complexity of sources, release mechanisms, and pathways of exposure; and/or (c) the quality and reliability of toxicological studies, appear to currently stifle progress toward the regulation of BPA-based plastic MCPs. Due to the abundance of BPA in our MCPs production, consumption, and management systems, there is partial and inadequate evidence on the contribution of BPA-based plastic MCPs to human exposure to BPA. Yet, the production, use, and end-of-life management of plastic MCPs constitute the most critical BPA source and potential exposure pathways that require further investigation. Active collaboration among risk assessors, government, policy-makers, and researchers is needed to explore the impacts of BPA in the long term and introduce restrictions to BPA-based MCPs. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:45-62. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Hahladakis
- Waste Management (FEWS) Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eleni Iacovidou
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, London, UK
- Division of Environmental Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
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3
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Ovchinnikov DV, Falev DI, Solovyova PV, Ul'yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS. Rapid determination of phthalates in paper products by supercritical fluid chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:4116-4127. [PMID: 36099363 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are widely used as components of industrial and consumer products including paper and cardboard packaging materials contacting with food or human skin. Being endocrine-disrupting chemicals, PAEs have a negative effect on human health and must be controlled in pulp and paper products. In the present study, supercritical fluid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry in combination with pressurized liquid extraction was proposed for PAEs determination in such objects. Octadecyl stationary phase with non-endcapped silanol groups ensured rapid (4 min) separation of the ten priority PAEs in isocratic elution mode and allowed for effective elimination of interferences from the trace impurities of PAEs in the mobile phase. The attained LOQs are in the range of 0.7-10 μg/L in extracts and 0.02-0.3 μg/g in paper and cardboard samples. The developed method is distinguished by analysis rapidity, easy sample preparation procedure, high selectivity, low susceptibility to mobile phase contamination with analytes, low cost and environmental friendliness due to the use of carbon dioxide as a main component of the mobile phase. The method was successfully tested on real samples of toilet paper and food packaging paper and cardboard in which eight analytes were found at the levels of 0.03-43.5 μg/g. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V Ovchinnikov
- Core Facility Center «Arktika», M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Danil I Falev
- Core Facility Center «Arktika», M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Polina V Solovyova
- Core Facility Center «Arktika», M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Ul'yanovskii
- Core Facility Center «Arktika», M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Kosyakov
- Core Facility Center «Arktika», M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
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Růžičková J, Raclavská H, Šafář M, Kucbel M, Švédová B, Raclavský K, Juchelková D, Scala F, Kantor P. Environmental risks related to organic compounds from the combustion of paper briquettes in domestic boilers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126291. [PMID: 34116275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risks connected with the combustion of paper/cardboard briquettes are still not sufficiently known. This paper aims to bring attention to the risks related to the utilisation of paper briquettes in local boilers and to characterise these risks by means of the identification of organic compounds in deposits from exhaust flues. The identification of the chemical compounds was performed by pyrolysis gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Paper/cardboard briquettes contain 119 compounds of biogenic origin derived from major biomass components and 53 additives. Additives are used both for improving the properties of paper and in printing inks. By burning the paper briquettes, the same 53 compounds from the additive group were caught in the deposits from the flue gas pathway, occurring in the range of 1-10% of the concentration of individual compounds (additives) contained in the input fuel. Compounds that are very stable during the combustion process have an enrichment factor (EF) >30, which corresponded to approximately 3% of the additive capture in deposits. The highest values were found for plasticisers (phthalates). Many of the primary organic compounds contained in the input raw material do not decompose during combustion and can have adverse effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Růžičková
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Helena Raclavská
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Šafář
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Kucbel
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Švédová
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Konstantin Raclavský
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Dagmar Juchelková
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Fabrizio Scala
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy.
| | - Pavel Kantor
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
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Chen M, Gowthaman S, Nakashima K, Komatsu S, Kawasaki S. Experimental Study on Sand Stabilization Using Bio-Cementation with Wastepaper Fiber Integration. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14185164. [PMID: 34576388 PMCID: PMC8466508 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, green materials and technologies have received considerable attention in geotechnical engineering. One of such techniques is microbially-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP). In the MICP process, CaCO3 is achieved bio-chemically within the soil, thus enhancing the strength and stiffness. The purpose of this study is to introduce the wastepaper fiber (WPF) onto the MICP (i) to study the mechanical properties of MICP-treated sand with varying WPF content (0–8%) and (ii) to assess the freeze–thaw (FT) durability of the treated samples. Findings revealed that the ductility of the treated samples increases with the increase in WPF addition, while the highest UCS is found with a small fiber addition. The results of CaCO3 content suggest that the WPF addition enhances the immobilization of the bacteria cells, thus yielding the precipitation content. However, shear wave velocity analysis indicates that a higher addition of WPF results in rapid deterioration of the samples when subjected to freeze–thaw cycles. Microscale analysis illuminates that fiber clusters replace the solid bonding at particle contacts, leading to reduced resistance to freeze–thaw damage. Overall, the study demonstrates that as a waste material, WPF could be sustainably reused in the bio-cementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Chen
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Sivakumar Gowthaman
- Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Jaffna, Kilinochchi 44000, Sri Lanka;
| | - Kazunori Nakashima
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan; (K.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Shin Komatsu
- Meiwa Seishi Genryo Co., Ltd., Osaka 532-0011, Japan;
| | - Satoru Kawasaki
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan; (K.N.); (S.K.)
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6
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Assessment and detection of the potential contaminants from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-based biodegradable tray. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Frankowski R, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Grześkowiak T, Sójka K. The presence of bisphenol A in the thermal paper in the face of changing European regulations - A comparative global research. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114879. [PMID: 32505936 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is used as a color developer in a thermal paper that after a heating process reacts with a leuco dye and changes it to a colored form. Receipts from cash registers are considered as the main source of consumer exposure to bisphenols together with polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Levels of BPA and its possible alternatives were determined in thermal paper samples collected between May 2018 and May 2019 in 22 European and 17 non-European countries on all inhabited continents (220 samples in total, 133 of which were from Europe and 87 from other countries). These measurements were intended to check the level of BPA presence in receipts originating from different countries, especially from Europe in the light of changing regulations restricting its use. The effect of thermal printing on developer content was also analyzed, but no major changes in concentrations of bisphenols were observed during the process. Thus, printed receipts could be used for the determination of bisphenol content. Analysis of receipts from 39 countries has shown that BPA is still the most common compound used around the world with 69% samples containing this color developer. Among other tested bisphenols, BPS was used as a color developer in 20% samples, but it was noted that all samples collected from Japan and the United States of America were found to contain only BPS. Other bisphenols (F, AF, E, and B) considered as possible alternatives for BPA were detected only at trace levels or not detected at all, which showed that they were not used as color developers. The relatively large use of BPS as a BPA substitute is worrying because this compound not only has similar endocrine properties but is also poorly biodegradable. Besides, its relatively high polarity facilitates spreading in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Frankowski
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zgoła-Grześkowiak
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Grześkowiak
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sójka
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
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8
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Castaldo R, De Falco F, Avolio R, Bossanne E, Cicaroni Fernandes F, Cocca M, Di Pace E, Errico ME, Gentile G, Jasiński D, Spinelli D, Albein Urios S, Vilkki M, Avella M. Critical Factors for the Recycling of Different End-of-Life Materials: Wood Wastes, Automotive Shredded Residues, and Dismantled Wind Turbine Blades. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1604. [PMID: 31581529 PMCID: PMC6835544 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Different classes of wastes, namely wooden wastes, plastic fractions from automotive shredded residues, and glass fiber reinforced composite wastes obtained from dismantled wind turbines blades were analyzed in view of their possible recycling. Wooden wastes included municipal bulky wastes, construction and demolition wastes, and furniture wastes. The applied characterization protocol, based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) coupled with FTIR spectrometry for the investigation of the evolved gases, revealed that the selected classes of wastes are very complex and heterogeneous materials, containing different impurities that can represent serious obstacles toward their reuse/recycling. Critical parameters were analyzed and discussed, and recommendations were reported for a safe and sustainable recycling of these classes of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Castaldo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Francesca De Falco
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Roberto Avolio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Emilie Bossanne
- Institut technologique FCBA,10 rue Galilée, 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France;
| | | | - Mariacristina Cocca
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Emilia Di Pace
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Maria Emanuela Errico
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Gennaro Gentile
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Dominik Jasiński
- Exergy Ltd, Coventry Innovation Village, CUTP, Cheetah Road, Coventry CV1 2TL, UK; (F.C.F.)
| | | | - Sonia Albein Urios
- Aimplas, Istituto Tecnologico del Plastico, València Parc Tecnològic, Calle Gustave Eiffel 4, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - Markku Vilkki
- Conenor Ltd, Kaitilantie 30, 16300 Orimattila, Finland;
| | - Maurizio Avella
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
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9
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Ishchenko V. Heavy metals in municipal waste: the content and leaching ability by waste fraction. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:1448-1456. [PMID: 31429386 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1655369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Today, heavy metals remain crucial pollutants in municipal waste due to their danger and leaching behavior. The purpose of this study is to analyze the sources of heavy metals in mixed municipal waste, including from recently introduced products, and to identify their composition and leaching properties in various fractions. The author has measured the concentration of four heavy metals (lead, cadmium, nickel, and chromium) in various fractions sampled from an operational municipal waste facility in the town of Pirna (Saxony, Germany). Batteries and waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) were found to be the main sources of heavy metals in municipal waste, while a relatively high metals' content was also detected in the rubber fraction. To assess leaching behavior, landfill simulation reactors were used to simulate conditions over several decades. The metals' weight in the input and output waste was compared. The lowest leaching rate was found for lead, while the highest was found for cadmium and chromium. In addition, it was confirmed that the degree of leaching depended on the humidity and organic matter in the landfill: the higher the moisture and organic matter, the more heavy metals are leached from the waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii Ishchenko
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Safety, Vinnytsia National Technical University, Vinnytsia, Ukraine
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10
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Jurek A, Leitner E. Analytical determination of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol analogues in paper products by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2256-2269. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1524157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Jurek
- Food Chemistry and Human Sensory Analysis, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Erich Leitner
- Food Chemistry and Human Sensory Analysis, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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11
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Pizarro-Alonso A, Cimpan C, Ljunggren Söderman M, Ravn H, Münster M. The economic value of imports of combustible waste in systems with high shares of district heating and variable renewable energy. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 79:324-338. [PMID: 30343761 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study analyses the socio-economic value of trade of combustible waste, taking Denmark as an example for importing countries with large district heating networks and already high shares of variable renewable energy. An integrated systems analysis framework allowed to assess under which circumstances import of wastes leads to less expensive waste management and energy, accounting for increasing ambitions for a circular economy and renewable energy. The dynamics of both systems are captured through two optimization models, which are solved simultaneously. OptiFlow optimizes Danish waste management and transport, and Balmorel, the Northern European energy system. Results show that waste import to cover the existing Danish incineration overcapacity during wintertime has definite economic value. Conversely, summertime import can have negative value unless a gate fee is received, with the exception of imports of waste with high calorific content (>16.2 GJ/t). In some cases, mothballing of up to 14% of the existing incineration plants is a cost-efficient alternative to decrease the level of over-capacity. In the longer term, results show a socio-economic value of importing waste, being mainly sensitive to assumptions regarding biomass prices and wind power cost, as the technologies would compete with incineration plants. The present methodology can be applied to other countries where waste-to-energy participates in district heating, and where variable renewable electricity and constraints on biomass resources are becoming important. A pan-regional approach regarding waste management planning to maximize the value from combustible waste might be desired, along with a coherent taxation to avoid competition based on tax differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Pizarro-Alonso
- Energy Systems Analysis, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 426, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Ciprian Cimpan
- SDU Life Cycle Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | | | - Hans Ravn
- RAM-løse edb, Æblevangen 55, 2765 Smørum, Denmark.
| | - Marie Münster
- Energy Systems Analysis, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 426, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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12
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Managing Cd Containing Waste—Caught by the Past, the Circular Economy Needs New Answers. RECYCLING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling3020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Hou G, Zhang R, Hao X, Liu C. An exploration of the effect and interaction mechanism of bisphenol A on waste sludge hydrolysis with multi-spectra, isothermal titration microcalorimetry and molecule docking. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 333:32-41. [PMID: 28340387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An increasing amount of bisphenol A (BPA) is being produced and used, then discharged into sewage treatment plants and accumulated in sludge or soil, when the sludge is used as fertilizer. Accumulation of BPA in sludge or soil causes poisoning to the enzyme, which affects the biological treatment of sludge and the circulation and conversion of materials in soil. In this research, effect of BPA on sludge hydrolysis is studied from the respect of concentration and components of soluble organic matter in sludge, using three-dimensional fluorescence spectra. In order to illuminate the interaction mechanism, toxic effect of BPA on α-Amylase (a model of hydrolase in sludge) is investigated with multi-spectra, isothermal titration microcalorimetry and molecule docking at the molecular level. Results show that the secondary structure of α-Amylase and the microenvironment of amino acid residue in α-Amylase are changed. The molecular docking study and ITC results show that hydrophobic bond and hydrogen bond exist in the interaction between BPA and α-Amylase. Based on the above analysis and enzyme activity assay, sludge hydrolysis is inhibited due to the denaturation of α-Amylase with BPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying Hou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250100, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250100, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250100, China
| | - Chunguang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250100, China.
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Jurek A, Leitner E. Analytical determination of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol analogues in paper products by GC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1225-1238. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1319076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Jurek
- Food Chemistry and Human Sensory Analysis, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - E. Leitner
- Food Chemistry and Human Sensory Analysis, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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15
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Arp HPH, Morin NAO, Hale SE, Okkenhaug G, Breivik K, Sparrevik M. The mass flow and proposed management of bisphenol A in selected Norwegian waste streams. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 60:775-785. [PMID: 28094158 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Current initiatives for waste-handling in a circular economy favor prevention and recycling over incineration or landfilling. However, the impact of such a transition on environmental emissions of contaminants like bisphenol A (BPA) during waste-handling is not fully understood. To address this, a material flow analysis (MFA) was constructed for selected waste categories in Norway, for which the amount recycled is expected to increase in the future; glass, vehicle, electronic, plastic and combustible waste. Combined, 92tons/y of BPA are disposed of via these waste categories in Norway, with 98.5% associated with plastic and electronic waste. During the model year 2011, the MFA showed that BPA in these waste categories was destroyed through incineration (60%), exported for recycling into new products (35%), stored in landfills (4%) or released into the environment (1%). Landfilling led to the greatest environmental emissions (up to 13% of landfilled BPA), and incinerating the smallest (0.001% of incinerated BPA). From modelling different waste management scenarios, the most effective way to reduce BPA emissions are to incinerate BPA-containing waste and avoid landfilling it. A comparison of environmental and human BPA concentrations with CoZMoMAN exposure model estimations suggested that waste emissions are an insignificant regional source. Nevertheless, from monitoring studies, landfill emissions can be a substantial local source of BPA. Regarding the transition to a circular economy, it is clear that disposing of less BPA-containing waste and less landfilling would lead to lower environmental emissions, but several uncertainties remain regarding emissions of BPA during recycling, particularly for paper and plastics. Future research should focus on the fate of BPA, as well as BPA alternatives, in emerging reuse and recycling processes, as part of the transition to a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Nicolas A O Morin
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Environmental and Food Laboratory of Vendée (LEAV), Department of Chemistry, Rond-point Georges Duval CS 80802, 85021 La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gudny Okkenhaug
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Sparrevik
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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16
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Pivnenko K, Laner D, Astrup TF. Material Cycles and Chemicals: Dynamic Material Flow Analysis of Contaminants in Paper Recycling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12302-12311. [PMID: 27572286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study provides a systematic approach for assessment of contaminants in materials for recycling. Paper recycling is used as an illustrative example. Three selected chemicals, bisphenol A (BPA), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOHs), are evaluated within the paper cycle. The approach combines static material flow analysis (MFA) with dynamic material and substance flow modeling. The results indicate that phasing out of chemicals is the most effective measure for reducing chemical contamination. However, this scenario was also associated with a considerable lag phase (between approximately one and three decades) before the presence of chemicals in paper products could be considered insignificant. While improved decontamination may appear to be an effective way of minimizing chemicals in products, this may also result in lower production yields. Optimized waste material source-segregation and collection was the least effective strategy for reducing chemical contamination, if the overall recycling rates should be maintained at the current level (approximately 70% for Europe). The study provides a consistent approach for evaluating contaminant levels in material cycles. The results clearly indicate that mass-based recycling targets are not sufficient to ensure high quality material recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostyantyn Pivnenko
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David Laner
- Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management, Vienna University of Technology , Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas F Astrup
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Pivnenko K, Astrup TF. The challenge of chemicals in material lifecycles. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 56:1-2. [PMID: 27597648 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kostyantyn Pivnenko
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Fruergaard Astrup
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark.
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18
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Cossu. Back to Earth Sites: From "nasty and unsightly" landfilling to final sink and geological repository. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 55:1-2. [PMID: 27470903 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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19
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Götze R, Pivnenko K, Boldrin A, Scheutz C, Astrup TF. Physico-chemical characterisation of material fractions in residual and source-segregated household waste in Denmark. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 54:13-26. [PMID: 27216729 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Physico-chemical waste composition data are paramount for the assessment and planning of waste management systems. However, the applicability of data is limited by the regional, temporal and technical scope of waste characterisation studies. As Danish and European legislation aims for higher recycling rates evaluation of source-segregation and recycling chains gain importance. This paper provides a consistent up-to-date dataset for 74 physico-chemical parameters in 49 material fractions from residual and 24 material fractions from source-segregated Danish household waste. Significant differences in the physico-chemical properties of residual and source-segregated waste fractions were found for many parameters related to organic matter, but also for elements of environmental concern. Considerable differences in potentially toxic metal concentrations between the individual recyclable fractions within one material type were observed. This indicates that careful planning and performance evaluation of recycling schemes are important to ensure a high quality of collected recyclables. Rare earth elements (REE) were quantified in all waste fractions analysed, with the highest concentrations of REE found in fractions with high content of mineral raw materials, soil materials and dust. The observed REE concentrations represent the background concentration level in non-hazardous waste materials that may serve as a reference point for future investigations related to hazardous waste management. The detailed dataset provided here can be used for assessments of waste management solutions in Denmark and for the evaluation of the quality of recyclable materials in waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Götze
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Miljoevej, Building 113, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - K Pivnenko
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Miljoevej, Building 113, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A Boldrin
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Miljoevej, Building 113, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C Scheutz
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Miljoevej, Building 113, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - T Fruergaard Astrup
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Miljoevej, Building 113, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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