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Yang B, Wang B, Bin L, Chen W, Chen X, Li P, Wen S, Huang S, Zhang Z, Tang B. Evaluation of the shear stability of aerobic granular sludge from a pilot-scale membrane bioreactor: Establishment of a quantitative method. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 148:579-590. [PMID: 39095191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2024.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
This work established a quantitative method to access the shear stability of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and validated its feasibility by using the mature AGS from a pilot-scale (50 tons/day) membrane bioreactor (MBR) for treating real municipal wastewater. The results showed that the changing rate (ΔS) of the peak area (S) of granule size distribution (GSD) exhibited an exponential relationship (R2≥0.76) with the shear time (y=a-b·cx), which was a suitable indicative index to reflect the shear stability of different AGS samples. The limiting granule size (LGS) was defined and proposed to characterize the equilibrium size for AGS after being sheared for a period of time, whose value in terms of Dv50 showed high correlation (R2=0.92) with the parameter a. The free Ca2+ (28.44-34.21 mg/L) in the influent specifically interacted with polysaccharides (PS) in the granule's extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) as a nucleation site, thereby inducing the formation of Ca precipitation to enhance its Young's modulus, while Ca2+ primarily interacted with PS in soluble metabolic product (SMP) during the initial granulation process. Furthermore, the Young's modulus significantly affected the parameter a related to shear stability (R2=0.99). Since the parameter a was more closely related (R2=1.00) to ΔS than that of the parameter b or c, the excellent correlation (R2=0.99) between the parameter a and the wet density further verified the feasibility of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bingduo Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liying Bin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weirui Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Guangdong Guangshen Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shanglong Wen
- Guangdong Guangshen Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Shaosong Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Guangdong Yuehai Water Investment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Bing Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Pereira Almeida FD, Bandeira de Carvalho C, Mendes Barros AR, Amancio Frutuoso FK, Bezerra Dos Santos A. Aerobic granulation and resource production under continuous and intermittent saline stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 360:142402. [PMID: 38777193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Three sequential batch reactors (SBR) were operated to evaluate salt addition's impact on granulation, performance, and biopolymer production in aerobic granular sludge (AGS) systems. System R1 was fed without adding salt (control); system R2 operated with saline pulses, i.e., one cycle with salt (2.5 g NaCl/L) addition followed by another without salt; and R3 received continuous supplementation of 2.5 g NaCl/L. The results indicated that the reactors supplemented with salt presented higher concentrations of mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) and better settleability than R1, showing that osmotic pressure contributed to biomass growth, accelerated granulation, and improved physical characteristics. The faster granulation occurred in R2, thus proving the beneficial effects of intermittent salt addition through alternating pulses. Salt addition did not impair the simultaneous removal of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. In fact, R2 showed better carbon removals. In conclusion, continuous or intermittent (pulsed) supplementation of 2.5 g NaCl/L did not lead to increased production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and alginate-like exopolymers (ALE). This outcome could be attributed to the low saline concentration employed, a higher food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratio observed in R1, and possibly greater endogenous consumption of biopolymers in the famine period in R2 and R3 due to the greater solids retention time (SRT). Therefore, this study brings important results that contribute to a better understanding of the effect of salt in continuous dosing or in pulses as a selection pressure strategy to accelerate granulation, as well as the behavior of the AGS systems for saline effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Bandeira de Carvalho
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - André Bezerra Dos Santos
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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3
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Wang W, Wang W, Li Z, Deng J, Li D, Zhang J. Insight into anammox granular system operation in wet/dry weather. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 396:130419. [PMID: 38325610 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Effects of short hydraulic retention time (HRT) in wet weather and long HRT in dry weather on sludge properties, microbial community, and metabolomic of anammox granular system were studied. Results showed under equal nitrogen loading rate (0.4 kg N/(m3 · d)) conditions, an HRT of 4.41 h was beneficial for total nitrogen removal efficiency (78.9 %). The shorter the HRT, the lower the particle density (1.01±0.34 g/cm3), the lower the settling performance (1.18±0.28 cm/s), and the worse the biomass retention (1.04±0.18 g/L), but the higher the mechanical strength (85.22 Pa). Properly decreasing HRT could increase the permeability of anammox granules, ensuring their activity. Metabolomics analysis indicated that the activity of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria was promoted by stimulating the metabolic pathways of amino acids and glycerophospholipids. In summary, this research clarified the effect of wet/dry weather on anammox granular system and provided theoretical guidance for the application in engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jiguang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Li YS, Li BB, Tian T, Yu HQ. Quorum sensing unveils the sludge floccule-assisted stabilization of aerobic granules in granule-dominated sequencing batch reactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:444-455. [PMID: 36303067 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Floccules are another major form of microbial aggregates in aerobic granular sludge systems. Previous studies mainly attributed the persistence of floccules to their relatively faster nutrient uptake and higher growth rate over aerobic granules; however, they failed to unravel the underlying mechanism of the long-term coexistence of these two aggregates. In this work, the existence and function of the floccules in an aerobic granule-dominated sequencing batch reactor were investigated from the view of quorum sensing (QS) and quorum quenching (QQ). The results showed that though the floccules were closely associated with the granules in terms of similar community structures (including the QS- and QQ-related ones), they exhibited a relatively higher QQ-related activity but a lower QS-related activity. A compatible proportion of floccules might be helpful to maintain the QS-related activity and keep the granules stable. In addition, the structure difference was demonstrated to diversify the QS- and QQ-related activities of the floccules and the aerobic granules. These findings could broaden our understanding of the interactions between the coexistent floccules and granules in aerobic granule-dominated systems and would be instructive for the development of the aerobic granular sludge process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bing-Bing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tian Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Enhancing Effects of Sludge Biochar on Aerobic Granular Sludge for Wastewater Treatment. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sludge biochar can be used as bio-carrier to enhance aerobic granular sludge, however, its impact on the formation and especially long-term stability of aerobic granules has not been fully investigated. In this paper, aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in two parallel sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), R1 and R2, with and without sludge biochar addition in the activated sludge inoculum, respectively. The sludge characteristics, wastewater treatment performance, and microbial community structure of granular sludge were examined on a 240-day operation, during which aerobic granular sludge in the two reactors experienced dynamic changes including granule formation, maturation, breakage, filamentous proliferation, and recovery. Aerobic granules in R1 with biochar formed two weeks earlier than that in R2, presenting a larger mean size, and higher settling ability and biomass retention in the granule maturation period. Concurrently, aerobic granules in R1 showed higher denitrification ability with over 80% removal efficiency throughout the whole operation period. During the maturation period, the ratio of food to biomass (F/M) in R1 was below 0.5 gCOD/gVSS d while it ranged between 0.5 and 1.0 gCOD/gVSS d in R2 due to lower biomass retention. The elemental analysis showed more Ca and P accumulation in aerobic granular sludge from R1, with 3% Ca and 2.75% P in sludge from R1 and 0.91% Ca and 0.75% P in sludge from R2, respectively. The microbial community in R1 had higher richness, diversity, excretion of extracellular polymer substances (EPSs) and abundance of denitrifying genera than that in R2, supporting its higher stability and denitrification performance. These results demonstrated that aerobic granular sludge formed by using sludge biochar as a carrier for granulation can speed up granule formation, improve denitrification performance, and enhance the long-term stability of aerobic granules. The findings disclosed the enhancing effects of biochar for wastewater treatment by aerobic granular sludge, suggesting the potential of practical application of biochar in aerobic granular sludge-based reactors.
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Ferreira Dos Santos A, Amancio Frutuoso FK, de Amorim de Carvalho C, Sousa Aguiar Lira VN, Mendes Barros AR, Bezerra Dos Santos A. Carbon source affects the resource recovery in aerobic granular sludge systems treating wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 357:127355. [PMID: 35609753 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of carbon sources on alginate-like exopolymers (ALE) and tryptophan (Trp) biosynthesis in the aerobic granular sludge (AGS). With acetate, the highest biopolymers levels, per gram of volatile suspended solids (VSS) (418.7 mgALE∙g-1 and 4.1 mgTrp∙gVSS-1), were found likely due to biomass loss throughout the operation, which resulted in lower sludge age (4-7 days) and shorter famine period. During granulation, encouraging results on ALE production were obtained with propionate (>250 mgALE∙gVSS-1), significantly higher than those found with glycerol, glucose, and sucrose. Regarding tryptophan production, propionate and glycerol proved to be good substrates, although the content was still lower than acetate (1.6 mgTrp∙gVSS-1). Granules fed with glucose showed the worst results compared to the other substrates (38.5 mgALE∙VSS-1 and 0.6 mgTrp∙gVSS-1) due to the filamentous microorganisms' abundance found. Therefore, this study provides insights to value the production of compounds of industrial interest in AGS systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Ferreira Dos Santos
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Clara de Amorim de Carvalho
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - André Bezerra Dos Santos
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Ran X, Zhou M, Wang T, Wang W, Kumari S, Wang Y. Multidisciplinary characterization of nitrogen-removal granular sludge: A review of advances and technologies. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 214:118214. [PMID: 35240472 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-removal granular sludge (NRGS) is a promising technology in wastewater treatment, with advantages of efficient nitrogen removal, less footprint, lower sludge production and energy consumption, and is a way for wastewater treatment plants to achieve carbon-neutrality. Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and anammox granular sludge (AnGS) are two typical NRGS technologies that have attracted extensive attention. Mounting evidence has shown strong associations between NRGS properties and the status of NRGS systems; however, a holistic view is still missing. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of NRGS with an emphasis on characterization. Specifically, the integrated nitrogen transformation pathways inside NRGS and the performance of NRGS treating various wastewaters are discussed. NRGS properties are categorized as physical-, chemical-, biological- and systematical ones, presenting current advances and corresponding characterization technologies. Finally, the future prospects for furthering the mechanistic understanding and engineering application of NRGS are proposed. Overall, the technological advancements in characterization have greatly contributed to understanding NRGS properties, which are potential factors for optimizing the performance and evaluating the working status of NRGS. This review will provide guidance in characterizing NRGS properties and boost the introduction of novel characterization technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mingda Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Yayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
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8
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The Impact of Berberine Pharmaceutical Wastewater on Aerobic Granules Formation: Change of Granules’ Size. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As important parameters in the characterization of aerobic granulation, the shape and average diameter were related to substrates. The previous studies disclosed that the morphology change in aerobic granules was the result of growth and the relatively strong hydrodynamic shear force. No further exploration of the size distribution of the aerobic granules has been conducted. To better understand the impact of toxic compounds on aerobic granules’ growth during their formation, the properties of aerobic granules were traced over 81 days in 3 sequencing batch reactors fed with acetate and berberine wastewater, especially the particle size and size distribution. The results showed that the aerobic granules were cultivated by the simulated acetate wastewater (R1), simulated berberine wastewater (R2), and effluent from an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) reactor which was fed with industrial berberine wastewater (R3). The reactors exhibited different COD removal efficiencies, and the MLSS and MLVSS values affected by the different substrates which were in an order of R1 > R2 > R3. However, the SVI and SOUR, which were affected by several factors, showed more complicated results. The aerobic granules had the lowest microbial activity (SOUR), while the aerobic granules in R3 had the lowest settling ability among the three kinds of granules. For the three reactors with different influent compositions, the aerobic granulation process displayed a three-stage process separately. Compared with the granules fed with berberine wastewater, the granules fed with acetate in a stable operation period showed more independence from other periods.The size distribution was affected by substrates. The aerobic granules with a range of 0.3–1.0 µm occupied 77.0%, 67.0%, and 35.7% of the volume for R1, R2, and R3, respectively. The biomass less than 0.3 µm occupied 59.1% volume in R3. The components of the substrate had a great influence on the growth of aerobic granules, not only on the diameter but also on the size distribution.
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9
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Liu Q, Wu C, Bin L, Li P, Gao X, Zhao Y, Huang S, Fu F, Tang B. Distribution characteristics of phosphorus-containing substances in a long running aerobic granular sludge-membrane bioreactor with no sludge discharge. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126694. [PMID: 35017092 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed at revealing the distribution characteristics of phosphorus (P) containing substances in an aerobic granular sludge-membrane bioreactor (AGS-MBR). During the long running period (180 days) with no sludge discharge, AGS was successfully cultivated on day 20, and the system performed well in removing organic pollutants and total nitrogen (TN). However, the removal of total P (TP) showed a fluctuant tendency, and P was found to distribute in all the phases of the system. In the intracellular phase, it occupied the largest ratio all through the period. In AGS, inorganic P (IP) was measured to be about 74.4-77.8% of TP, with non-apatite IP (NAIP) composing 57.5-69.6%, while in organic P (OP), the ratio of monoester and diester phosphate was in the range of 19-26.9% and 12-13.5%, respectively. The presence of highly releasable and bioavailable P (NAIP + OP) in AGS implied that it might be a potential P resource for utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chuandong Wu
- Guangdong Yuehai Water Investment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518021, PR China
| | - Liying Bin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xinlei Gao
- Guangdong Yuehai Water Investment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518021, PR China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Guangdong Yuehai Water Investment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518021, PR China
| | - Shaosong Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Fenglian Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Bing Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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10
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Hamiruddin NA, Awang NA, Mohd Shahpudin SN, Zaidi NS, Said MAM, Chaplot B, Azamathulla HM. Effects of wastewater type on stability and operating conditions control strategy in relation to the formation of aerobic granular sludge - a review. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:2113-2130. [PMID: 34810301 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently, research trends on aerobic granular sludge (AGS) have integrated the operating conditions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) towards the stability of AGS systems in various types of wastewater with different physical and biochemical characteristics. More attention is given to the stability of the AGS system for real site applications. Although recent studies have reported comprehensively the mechanism of AGS formation and stability in relation to other intermolecular interactions such as microbial distribution, shock loading and toxicity, standard operating condition control strategies for different types of wastewater have not yet been discussed. Thus, the dimensional multi-layer structural model of AGS is discussed comprehensively in the first part of this review paper, focusing on diameter size, thickness variability of each layer and diffusion factor. This can assist in facilitating the interrelation between disposition and stability of AGS structure to correspond to the changes in wastewater types, which is the main objective and novelty of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Hamiruddin
- School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia E-mail:
| | - N A Awang
- School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia E-mail:
| | - S N Mohd Shahpudin
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - N S Zaidi
- School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - M A M Said
- School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia E-mail:
| | - B Chaplot
- Department of Geography, M.J.K College, Bettiah, a constituent unit of B.R.A., Bihar University, Bettiah, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - H M Azamathulla
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad
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11
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Leal CS, Lopes M, Val Del Río A, Quintelas C, Castro PML, Ferreira EC, Amaral AL, Mesquita DP. Assessment of an aerobic granular sludge system in the presence of pharmaceutically active compounds by quantitative image analysis and chemometric techniques. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 289:112474. [PMID: 33831759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with aerobic granular sludge (AGS) was operated with synthetic wastewater containing environmental relevant concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX). Despite the presence of the studied PhAC, the granular fraction clearly predominated (TSSgran/TSS ranging from 0.82 to 0.98) throughout the monitoring period, presenting aggregates with high organic fraction (VSS/TSS above 0.83) and good settling characteristics (SVI5 ranging from 15 to 39 mL/gTSS). A principal component analysis (PCA) with quantitative image analysis (QIA) based data allowed to distinguish the different operational periods, namely with mature granules (CONT), and the E2, EE2, and SMX feeding periods. It further revealed a positive relationship between the biomass density, sludge settling ability, overall and granular biomass contents, granulation properties, granular biomass fraction and large granules fraction and size. Moreover, a discriminant analysis (DA) allowed to successfully discriminate not only the different operational periods, mainly by using the floccular apparent density, granular stratification and contents data, but also the PhAC presence in samples. The filamentous bacteria contents, sludge settling properties, settling properties stability and granular stratification, structure and contents parameters were found to be crucial for that purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano S Leal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Mariana Lopes
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Angeles Val Del Río
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15705, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Quintelas
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paula M L Castro
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eugénio C Ferreira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - A Luís Amaral
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ISEC, DEQB, Rua Pedro Nunes, Quinta da Nora, 3030-199, Coimbra, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação Aplicada, Laboratório SiSus, Rua Pedro Nunes, Quinta da Nora, 3030-199, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela P Mesquita
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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12
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Mills S, Trego AC, Ward J, Castilla-Archilla J, Hertel J, Thiele I, Lens PNL, Ijaz UZ, Collins G. Methanogenic granule growth and development is a continual process characterized by distinct morphological features. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 286:112229. [PMID: 33667821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Up-flow anaerobic bioreactors are widely applied for high-rate digestion of industrial wastewaters and rely on formation, and retention, of methanogenic granules, comprising of dense, fast-settling, microbial aggregates (approx. 0.5-4.0 mm in diameter). Granule formation (granulation) mechanisms have been reasonably well hypothesized and documented. However, this study used laboratory-scale bioreactors, inoculated with size-separated granular sludge to follow new granule formation, maturation, disintegration and re-formation. Temporal size profiles, volatile solids content, settling velocity, and ultrastructure of granules were determined from each of four bioreactors inoculated only with small granules, four with only large granules, and four with a full complement of naturally-size-distributed granules. Constrained granule size profiles shifted toward the natural distribution, which was associated with maximal bioreactor performance. Distinct morphological features characterized different granule sizes and biofilm development stages, including 'young', 'juvenile', 'mature' and 'old'. The findings offer opportunities toward optimizing management of high-rate, anaerobic digesters by shedding light on the rates of granule growth, the role of flocculent sludge in granulation and how shifting size distributions should be considered when setting upflow velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mills
- Microbial Communities Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Anna Christine Trego
- Microbial Communities Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - John Ward
- Microbial Communities Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Juan Castilla-Archilla
- IETSBIO3 Laboratory, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Johannes Hertel
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland; Institute for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ines Thiele
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland; Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Piet N L Lens
- IETSBIO3 Laboratory, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Umer Zeeshan Ijaz
- Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, The University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Collins
- Microbial Communities Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland; Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, The University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom; Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland.
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13
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Wei SP, Nguyen Quoc B, Shapiro M, Chang PH, Calhoun J, Winkler MKH. Application of aerobic kenaf granules for biological nutrient removal in a full-scale continuous flow activated sludge system. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 271:129522. [PMID: 33450421 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a biofilm technology that offers more treatment capacity in comparison to activated sludge. The integration of AGS into existing continuous-flow activated sludge systems is of great interest as process intensification can be achieved without the use of plastic-based biofilm carriers. Such integration should allow good separation of granules/flocs and ideally with minor retrofitting, making it an ongoing challenge. This study utilized an all-organic media carrier made of porous kenaf plant stalks with high surface areas to facilitate biofilm attachment and granule development. A 5-stage Bardenpho plant was upgraded with the addition of kenaf media and a rotary drum screen to retain the larger particles from the secondary clarifier underflow whereas flocs were selectively wasted. Startup took 5 months with a sludge volume index (SVI) reduction from >200 to 50 mL g-1. Most of the kenaf granules fell in the size range of 600-1400 μm and had a clear biofilm layer. The wet biomass density, SVI30, and SVI30/SVI5 of the kenaf granules were 1035 g L-1, 30.6 mL g-1, and 1.0, respectively, which met the standards of aerobic granules. Improved stability of biological phosphorus removal performance enabled a 25% reduction in sodium aluminate usage. Microbial activities of kenaf granules were compared with aerobic granules, showing comparable N and P removal rates and presence of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and polyphosphate-accumulating organisms in the outer 50-60 μm layer of the granule. This work is the first viable example for integrating fully organic biofilm particles in existing continuous-flow systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephany P Wei
- University of Washington, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 616 Northlake Place, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Bao Nguyen Quoc
- University of Washington, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 616 Northlake Place, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Madelyn Shapiro
- University of Washington, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 616 Northlake Place, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | | | | | - Mari K H Winkler
- University of Washington, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 616 Northlake Place, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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14
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Zhou H, Xing D, Xu M, Su Y, Ma J, Angelidaki I, Zhang Y. Optimization of a newly developed electromethanogenesis for the highest record of methane production. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124363. [PMID: 33199142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of an effective biocathode with high catalytic ability and dense biomass is a major challenge for the industrial applications of electromethanogenesis (EM) process. In our previous study, intact anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS) biocathode and EM hybrid system (AnGS-EM) showed superior ability and stability when treating raw biogas, but its maximum CO2-to-CH4 conversion potential and the response to different operating conditions are still unknown. Herein, we optimized the performance of the AnGS-EM system and explored its maximum CH4 production capacity. The AnGS-EM system achieved a maximum methane production rate of 202.15 L CH4/m2catproj/d, which is over 3 times higher than the maximum value reported so far. Within a certain range, the methane production rate increased with the buffer concentration, applied voltage, and bicarbonate concentration. Excessive applied voltage and carbonate concentration not only led to resource waste but also inhibited methanogen performance. The AnGS biocathode could withstand oxygen exposure for 24 h, the acidic (pH of 5.5), and alkaline conditions (pH over 9). Illumina sequencing results showed that hydrogenotrophic methanogen (especially Methanobacterium) were dominant. This work using AnGS as biocathode for CH4 synthesis offers insight into the development of scalable, efficient, and cost-effective biocathode for biofuels and value-added chemicals production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Defeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Mingyi Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yanyan Su
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Bjerregaardsvej 5, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Irini Angelidaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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15
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Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) with oversized diameter commonly affects its stability and pollutant removal. In order to effectively restrict the particle size of AGS, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with a spiny aeration device was put forward. A conventional SBR (R1) and an SBR (R2) with the spiny aeration device treating tannery wastewater were compared in the laboratory. The result indicates that the size of the granular sludge from R2 was smaller than that from R1 with sludge granulation. The spines and air bubbles could effectively restrict the particle size of AGS by collision and abrasion. Nevertheless, there was no significant change in mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and the sludge volume index (SVI) in either bioreactors. The removal (%) of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) in these two bioreactors did not differ from each other greatly. The analysis of biological composition displays that the proportion of Proteobacteria decreased slightly in R2. The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis revealed less accumulation of Fe and Ca in smaller granules. Furthermore, a pilot-scale SBR with a spiny aeration device was successfully utilized to restrict the diameter of granules at about 300 μm.
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16
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Stegman S, Batstone DJ, Rozendal R, Jensen PD, Hülsen T. Purple phototrophic bacteria granules under high and low upflow velocities. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116760. [PMID: 33360616 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The application of granular biomass has enabled energy efficient, high-rate wastewater treatment systems. While initially designed for high-strength wastewater treatment, granular systems can also play a major role in resource recovery. This study focused on the formation of purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB) granular biomass during synthetic wastewater treatment. Liquid upflow velocity was applied as the driving force for granulation. Separate reactors were operated at either low (2-5m h-1) or high (6-9m h-1) upflow velocities, with sludge retention times (SRTs) ranging from 5-15d. Reactors produced anaerobic, photo-granules within ~50d. The sludge volume index (SVI30) of the granules was 10mL g-1 and average settling rates were greater than 30m h-1, both metrics being similar to existing granular technologies. Granule sizes of 2-3mm were recorded, however the particle size distribution was bimodal with a large floc fraction (70-80% volume fraction). The extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and alginate-like extract (ALE) contents were similar to those in aerobic granular biomass. Fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH) imaging identified PPB bacteria dispersed throughout the granules with very few methanogens and an active core. Outer layer morphology was substantially different in the two reactors. The high-upflow reactor had an outer layer of Chromatiales and an inner layer of Rhodobacteriales, while the low-upflow reactor had lower abundances of both, and limited layering. According to 16s gene sequencing, PPB were a similar fraction of the microbial community in both reactors (40-70%), but the high upflow granules were dominated by Chromatiales (supporting FISH results), while the low upflow velocity reactor had a more diverse PPB community. Methanogens were seen only in the low upflow granules and only in small amounts (≤8%). Granule crude protein content was ~0.60gCP gVS-1 (~0.45gCP gTS-1), similar to that from other PPB production technologies. The growth of a rapid settling and discrete PPB granular biomass on synthetic wastewater suggests methods for resource recovery using PPB can be diversified to also include granular biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stegman
- Advanced Water Management Centre, Gehrmann Building, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Damien J Batstone
- Advanced Water Management Centre, Gehrmann Building, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - René Rozendal
- Paques BV, Tjalke de Boerstritte 24, 8561 EL, Balk, Netherlands
| | - Paul D Jensen
- Advanced Water Management Centre, Gehrmann Building, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Tim Hülsen
- Advanced Water Management Centre, Gehrmann Building, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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17
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Dasgupta S, Podder A, Goel R. Response of an aerobic granular and conventional flocculated reactors against changing feed composition from simple composition to more complex. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 253:126694. [PMID: 32298910 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This research evaluated the effect of changing feed composition on the performances of a conventional activated sludge (CAS) and an aerobic granular sludge (AGS) reactor operated simultaneously. Both reactors were initially fed with 100% synthetic feed. In a stepwise manner, the feed composition was slowly changed to real primary effluent collected from a local wastewater treatment plant. After an initial stabilization period, both reactors could achieve more than 90% NH4+-N removal. However, PO43--P removal eventually reached to a maximum of 92% in the AGS and 88% in the CAS. COD removal in both reactors was least affected, with the lowest percent removal of 81 ± 3% achieved in AGS and 62 ± 4% in CAS respectively when fed with 100% real wastewater. Despite granule breakage the AGS reactor was able to remove the pollutants (COD, N, P). The abundance of Candidatus Accumulibacter, a polyphosphate accumulating organism, in the AGS system increased over the operational phases: II (6.2%), III (10.32%), and IV (11.9%). While in CAS, it increased from phase I to phase II (12.6%), but decreased in phase III to 9.9%. Genus-based classification revealed a successive increase in the relative abundance of Nitrospira to 11.05% during Phase III and 10.3% during Phase IV in the AGS. In contrast with its presence in the CAS, which was, 3.4% during Phase III and 9.5% during Phase IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunayna Dasgupta
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 110 S Central Campus Drive, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Aditi Podder
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 110 S Central Campus Drive, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ramesh Goel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 110 S Central Campus Drive, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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18
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Allende S, Henry C, Bec J. Dynamics and fragmentation of small inextensible fibres in turbulence. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190398. [PMID: 32564725 PMCID: PMC7333949 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation of small, brittle, flexible, inextensible fibres is investigated in a fully developed, homogeneous, isotropic turbulent flow. Such small fibres spend most of their time fully stretched and their dynamics follows that of stiff rods. They can then break through tensile failure, i.e. when the tension is higher than a given threshold. Fibres bend when experiencing a strong compression. During these rare and intermittent buckling events, they can break under flexural failure, i.e. when the curvature exceeds a threshold. Fine-scale massive simulations of both the fluid flow and the fibre dynamics are performed to provide statistics on these two fragmentation processes. This gives ingredients for the development of accurate macroscopic models, namely the fragmentation rate and daughter-size distributions, which can be used to predict the time evolution of the fibre size distribution. Evidence is provided for the generic nature of turbulent fragmentation and of the resulting population dynamics. It is indeed shown that the statistics of break-up is fully determined by the probability distribution of Lagrangian fluid velocity gradients. This approach singles out that the only relevant dimensionless parameter is a local flexibility which balances flow stretching to the fibre elastic forces. This article is part of the theme issue 'Fluid dynamics, soft matter and complex systems: recent results and new methods'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Allende
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, CEMEF, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Christophe Henry
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRIA, Team TOSCA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Jérémie Bec
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, CEMEF, Sophia-Antipolis, France
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19
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Leal C, Val del Río A, Mesquita DP, Amaral AL, Castro PM, Ferreira EC. Sludge volume index and suspended solids estimation of mature aerobic granular sludge by quantitative image analysis and chemometric tools. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Zhang L, Long B, Wu J, Cheng Y, Zhang B, Zeng Y, Huang S, Zeng M. Evolution of microbial community during dry storage and recovery of aerobic granular sludge. Heliyon 2019; 5:e03023. [PMID: 31890963 PMCID: PMC6926229 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) was imbedded in agar and stored at 4 °C for 30 days, and then the stored granules were recovered in a sequencing batch reactor fed real wastewater within 11 days. Variations in microbial community compositions were investigated during dry storage and recovery of AGS, aiming to elucidate the mechanism of granular stability loss and recovery. The storage and recovery of AGS involved microbial community evolution. The dominant bacterial genera of the mature AGS were Zoogloea (relative abundance of 22.39%), Thauera (16.03%) and Clostridium_sensu_stricto (11.17%), and those of the stored granules were Acidovorax (26.79%), Macellibacteroides (12.83%) and Pseudoxanthomonas (5.69%), respectively. However, the dominant genera were Streptococcus (43.64%), Clostridium_sensu_stricto (12.3.6%) and Lactococcus (11.47%) in the recovered AGS. Methanogens were always the dominant archaeal species in mature AGS (93.01%), stored granules (99.99%) and the recovered AGS (94.84%). Facultative anaerobes and anaerobes proliferated and dominated in the stored granules, and their metabolic activities gradually led to granular structure destruction and property deterioration. However, the stored granules served as carriers for the microbes originated from the real septic tank wastewater during recovery. They proliferated rapidly and secreted a large number of extracellular polymeric substances which helped to recover the granular structure in 11 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Zhang
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave. 86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bei Long
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave. 86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junfeng Wu
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Mingyue Road, Pingdingshan, 467036, Henan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave. 86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Binchao Zhang
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave. 86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave. 86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Sinong Huang
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave. 86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mingjing Zeng
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave. 86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
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21
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Li ZH, Zhu YM, Zhang YL, Zhang YR, He CB, Yang CJ. Characterization of aerobic granular sludge of different sizes for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:3622-3631. [PMID: 29855222 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1483971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Granular size plays a key role in the performance of the aerobic granular sludge (AGS). As the diameter of the granule increases, stratification may begin to appear due to the increase in mass transfer resistance. Aerobic granules harvested from a lab-scale anaerobic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor (AO-SBR) were classified into three categories according to their size: (a) 0.15-0.28 mm, (b) 0.28-0.45 mm and (c) larger than 0.45 mm. In this study, the categories were called small-size, medium-size and large-size granules, respectively. A fraction of the different forms of phosphate and denitrification efficiency was investigated in each category. Results show that small-size granules present much more easily mobile phosphorus than other granules. Moreover, the denitrification performance has been tested by using dumping and trickling patterns for COD and NO3--N feeding. The results demonstrated that the large-size granules exhibit poor denitrification rates, as opposed to the medium-size granules. Therefore, medium-size granules, with a size of 0.28-0.45 mm, are regarded as the most suitable granular size for AGS in this experiment from the perspective of denitrification and phosphorus removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Mo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Rong Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology , Lanzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Bo He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Cheng-Jian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
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22
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Li X, Lin S, Hao T, Khanal SK, Chen G. Elucidating pyrolysis behaviour of activated sludge in granular and flocculent form: Reaction kinetics and mechanism. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 162:409-419. [PMID: 31299428 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The pyrolysis kinetics of sewage sludge was studied to determine the constituent of sludge and explore the feasibility of pyrolytic post-treatment. Both flocculent sludge and granular sludge were pyrolysed in a thermogravimetric analyser under inert atmospheric conditions. The pyrolysis of granular sludge and flocculent sludge were described by three parallel reactions model with three individual pseudo-components. The decomposition activation energy values of the three pseudo-components were determined by iso-conversional methods to be 263.97 kJ/mol, 257.18 kJ/mol and 153.61 kJ/mol in flocculent sludge and 139.89 kJ/mol, 228.78 kJ/mol and 142.78 kJ/mol in granular sludge, respectively. Granular sludge exhibited better thermal stability but lower devolatilisation activation energy than flocculent sludge, which could be attributed by enriched alkali and alkaline metals during granulation. Master plots of experimental data sets suggested that the decomposition of all organic pseudo-components of flocculent sludge followed the nth-order mechanism while the pyrolytic mechanism of the first organic fraction in granular sludge coincided with random nucleation and nuclei growth. By investigating the pyrolytic behaviour, this study sheds light on the composition of granular sludge and the impact of sludge components on granular sludge pyrolysis, and lays the foundation for the treatment of waste granular sludge with potential for resource and energy recovery in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiling Li
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tianwei Hao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Samir Kumar Khanal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai᾽i at Mānoa, 1995 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Guanghao Chen
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Wastewater Treatment Laboratory, FYT Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Nansha, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Zou J, Pan J, Wu S, Qian M, He Z, Wang B, Li J. Rapid control of activated sludge bulking and simultaneous acceleration of aerobic granulation by adding intact aerobic granular sludge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 674:105-113. [PMID: 31004888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of rapidly controlling activated sludge bulking and accelerating aerobic sludge granulation was evaluated by adding intact aerobic granular sludge (AGS) to the bulking activated sludge (BAS) reactor. Two ratios of AGS to BAS (0.2 in the first reactor (R1), and 0.4 in the second reactor (R2)) were tested. The results indicate that the addition of AGS immediately improved the settling ability of BAS (sludge volume index at 30 min (SVI30) in R1 and R2 decreased from 173.1 mL/g to 130.8 and 91.3 mL/g, respectively) and gradually increased the biomass concentration (mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) in R1 and R2 increased to 4722 and 5190 mg/L, respectively), thus resolving the sludge bulking problem. Meanwhile, adding AGS not only promoted the BAS growth in aggregates, but also facilitated the selection of well-settling aggregates at an early stage. Consequently, the granulation process was significantly accelerated. The granulation time in R1 and R2 was 14 and 10 days, respectively, indicating that the higher ratio of AGS to BAS can result in the faster granulation. Partial nitrification could be maintained during the BAS granulation process when the initial inoculation of nitritation sludge was large enough. Additionally, the microbial community changed during the BAS granulation process. The genera Thauera and Zoogloea belonging to family Rhodobacteraceae were speculated to play an important role in the BAS granulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinte Zou
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiyang Pan
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shuyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Mengjie Qian
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhanfei He
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Long B, Xuan X, Yang C, Zhang L, Cheng Y, Wang J. Stability of aerobic granular sludge in a pilot scale sequencing batch reactor enhanced by granular particle size control. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:460-469. [PMID: 30889409 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granulation was successfully achieved in a pilot scale sequencing batch reactor within 40 days. Then, stability of different particle size granules was explored according to their activity and resistance to ultrasonic crushing. Different particle size granules (0.3-0.6 mm, 0.6-1 mm, 1-1.43 mm, 1.43-2 mm, 2-3 mm and 3-4 mm) were exposed under different ultrasonic power separately. It was found that the granules with 2-3 mm always had the maximum granulation rates after ultrasonic crushing. Meanwhile, activity data showed that the 2-3 mm granules had the lowest specific oxygen utilization rates, which indicated that they were easier to maintain stability as the increase of their particle sizes was the slowest. So, 500 mL mixed liquid of the reactor were taken out and sieved to obtain the 2-3 mm granules, which were subsequently returned to the reactor to increase their proportion. Through the manual regulation, the proportion of 2-3 mm granules kept increasing which gradually became dominant in the reactor. Under the strategy of 86 days of operation, the aerobic granules were regular and compact, which had good removal effects of the real wastewater. The results indicated that the stability of the system could be greatly enhanced by the method, which provided a new strategy to maintain the granular stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Long
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave.86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinpeng Xuan
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave.86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Changzhu Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, Wuhan, China.
| | - Linan Zhang
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave.86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave.86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianqi Wang
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave.86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
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25
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Guo X, Zhang C, Liu J. Optimal hydraulic shear strength and mechanism of activated sludge floc re-growth after breakage. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 176:202-211. [PMID: 30623807 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of hydraulic shearing action on activated sludge floc aggregation, floc aggregation, breakage and re-growth performances under different shear strengths were systematically examined. Performances were evaluated by measuring the floc size variations using a laser particle size analyser on-line monitoring technique. The flocs after breakage were characterised by investigating the composition of extracellular polymer substances (EPS), floc size, substances released due to surface erosion and chemical structures using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to clarify the breakage model and re-growth mechanism. The results showed that activated sludge flocs broken at a hydraulic shear strength GT value (the product of the velocity gradient and time) of 56,280 exhibited enhanced re-growth performance compared with the control. The substances released from sludge increased with shear strength, indicating that the floc breakage mode gradually transitioned from fragmentation to surface erosion. FTIR revealed that, after breakage, the spectrum of loosely bound EPS in sludge tended to be similar to that of tightly bound EPS. The results suggest that the breakage of activated sludge flocs under moderate hydraulic shear strength can fragment flocs into smaller particles without surface erosion and promote the exposure of inner tightly bound EPS, thereby improving re-growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Guo
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Chengjun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Junxin Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
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26
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Rollemberg SLDS, de Oliveira LQ, Barros ARM, Melo VMM, Firmino PIM, Dos Santos AB. Effects of carbon source on the formation, stability, bioactivity and biodiversity of the aerobic granule sludge. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 278:195-204. [PMID: 30703637 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three aerobic granular sludge systems were operated as sequencing batch reactors (SBR) with acetate, ethanol and glucose as carbon source. The SBR cycle was 6 h, with an anaerobic phase followed by an aerobic phase. The acetate granules (>1.5 mm) had the greatest microbial diversity and better results in terms of removal efficiency for carbon and nutrients (TN ≈ 72% and TP ≈ 42%) and also in the resistance tests. However, partial disintegration was observed. On the other hand, when ethanol was the substrate, the granules were stable, good nitrogen removal was achieved (TN ≈ 53%), but phosphorus removal was not favored (TP ≈ 31%). Glucose presented the lowest efficiency values for nitrogen (TN ≈ 44%) and phosphorous removal (TP ≈ 21%), and the granules formed (<1 mm) had the lowest microbial diversity. Therefore, the carbon source had a high impact on the characteristics of the granules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorayne Queiroz de Oliveira
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Igor Milen Firmino
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - André Bezerra Dos Santos
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Chen G, Bin L, Tang B, Huang S, Li P, Fu F, Wu L, Yang Z. Rapid reformation of larger aerobic granular sludge in an internal-circulation membrane bioreactor after long-term operation: Effect of short-time aeration. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 273:462-467. [PMID: 30469136 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The investigation aimed at revealing the influence of an external disturbance on the rapid reformation of larger aerobic granular sludge (AGS) in an internal-circulation membrane bioreactor (IC-MBR) after long-term operation. The used IC-MBR was continuously operated well for more than one year, in which, the biomass was still in the state of AGS with a balanced average size at around 200 μm and an even size distribution. By providing short-time aeration to the biomass within this bioreactor, the characteristics of biomass were totally changed in a very short time, including the surface hydrophilicity, physic-chemical properties, and the structure of microbial community, which created suitable conditions for the growth of filamentous bacteria (Saccharibacteria). Such a variation was very beneficial to the reformation of larger AGS, which resulted in the average size of AGS increased to nearly 400 μm with a compact structure and clear edge in no more than one month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangpeng Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Liying Bin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Bing Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Shaosong Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Fenglian Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Luying Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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28
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Dasgupta S, De Clippeleir H, Goel R. Short operational differences support granulation in a lab scale reactor in comparison to another conventional activated sludge reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 271:417-426. [PMID: 30317147 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study explains how small operational differences support excellent granulation in aerobic granular reactors. Short settling time promoted granulation in AGS reactor. Gene expressions based on mRNA revealed much higher ammonium monooxygenase (amoA) in conventional reactor biomass than in the aerobic granular reactor (AGS) biomass during a complete cycle operation. The number of glycogen accumulating organisms in conventional was much higher than in the granular reactor. The denitrifying functional genes in the granular systems were upregulated in anaerobic and aerobic phases. The granular reactor removed 1.84 kg COD-m-3day-1, 0.09 kg NH4+-N-m-3day-1, and 0.063 kg PO43-P-m-3day-1. The conventional reactor removed 1.14 Kg-m-3day-1 COD, 0.05 kg-m-3day-1 NH4+-N, and 0.028 kg-m-3day-1 PO43--P. The granular reactor showed faster kinetics for nutrient and organics removal compared to the conventional reactor. Flocs in the conventional reactor had a lower abundance of Candidatus accumulibacter sp. and higher relative abundance of Candidatus competibacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunayna Dasgupta
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Haydee De Clippeleir
- District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority, 5000 Overlook Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20032, United States
| | - Ramesh Goel
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
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29
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Figdore BA, David Stensel H, Winkler MKH. Bioaugmentation of sidestream nitrifying-denitrifying phosphorus-accumulating granules in a low-SRT activated sludge system at low temperature. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 135:241-250. [PMID: 29477062 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Sidestream granular activated sludge grown on anaerobic digester dewatering centrate was bioaugmented and selectively retained to enable high nitrification performance of a 2.5-day aerobic SRT non-nitrifying flocculent activated sludge system at 12 °C. Sidestream-grown granules performed enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) and short-cut nitrogen removal via nitrite. After bioaugmentation, EBPR continued in the mainstream but ammonia oxidation was eventually to nitrate. Low effluent NH3-N concentrations from 0.6 to 1.7 mg/L were achieved with nitrification solely by granules, thus enabling denitrification and nitrogen removal. Molecular microbial analyses of flocs and granules also suggested that nitrifying organisms persisted on granules with minimal nitrifier loss to flocs. Mainstream granule mass at the end of bioaugmentation testing was 1.7 times the amount of sidestream granules added, indicating mainstream granular growth. Nitrite and nitrate availability during the unaerated feeding period encouraged significant growth of ordinary heterotrophs in mainstream granules, but nevertheless mainstream nitrification capacity was sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A Figdore
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 201 More Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - H David Stensel
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 201 More Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mari-Karoliina H Winkler
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 201 More Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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30
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Wilén BM, Liébana R, Persson F, Modin O, Hermansson M. The mechanisms of granulation of activated sludge in wastewater treatment, its optimization, and impact on effluent quality. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5005-5020. [PMID: 29705957 PMCID: PMC5960003 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Granular activated sludge has gained increasing interest due to its potential in treating wastewater in a compact and efficient way. It is well-established that activated sludge can form granules under certain environmental conditions such as batch-wise operation with feast-famine feeding, high hydrodynamic shear forces, and short settling time which select for dense microbial aggregates. Aerobic granules with stable structure and functionality have been obtained with a range of different wastewaters seeded with different sources of sludge at different operational conditions, but the microbial communities developed differed substantially. In spite of this, granule instability occurs. In this review, the available literature on the mechanisms involved in granulation and how it affects the effluent quality is assessed with special attention given to the microbial interactions involved. To be able to optimize the process further, more knowledge is needed regarding the influence of microbial communities and their metabolism on granule stability and functionality. Studies performed at conditions similar to full-scale such as fluctuation in organic loading rate, hydrodynamic conditions, temperature, incoming particles, and feed water microorganisms need further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt-Marie Wilén
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Raquel Liébana
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frank Persson
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Modin
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malte Hermansson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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31
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Cetin E, Karakas E, Dulekgurgen E, Ovez S, Kolukirik M, Yilmaz G. Effects of high-concentration influent suspended solids on aerobic granulation in pilot-scale sequencing batch reactors treating real domestic wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 131:74-89. [PMID: 29275102 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-influent-concentration suspended solids (SS) on the cultivation, structure and long-term stability of aerobic granular sludge (AGS). Cultivation and long-term stability of AGS were monitored in two pilot-scale sequencing batch reactors fed with raw (R1) and settled (R2) domestic wastewater, representing high and medium SS content, respectively. The real domestic wastewater had high chemical oxygen demand (COD) content (1100 ± 270 mg COD L-1). Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in 44 days (R1) and 25 days (R2) under the conditions of high settling velocity (18 m h-1) and high organic loading rate (OLR) (2.1-2.4 kg COD m3 day). The AGS in both reactors had similar structural properties during long-term operation and remained structurally and functionally stable during the last five months of operation. Comparative evaluation of the results indicated that the high influent SS content of the real domestic wastewater had a positive influence on maintaining significantly lower SVI30 and relatively lower effluent SS concentration. Moreover, a higher influent SS content resulted in smaller mature granules during the stable period. Microbial community analyses helped to understand the aerobic granular sludge structure and showed that the sludge retention time and OLR affected the granular sludge population. The high influent SS increased biomass detachment from the granular sludge surface and caused wash-out of some bacteria colonizing the exterior of the granular sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ender Cetin
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, Avcilar 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Karakas
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, Avcilar 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Dulekgurgen
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Ovez
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Gulsum Yilmaz
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, Avcilar 34320, Istanbul, Turkey.
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32
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State of the art on granular sludge by using bibliometric analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3453-3473. [PMID: 29497798 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With rapid industrialization and urbanization in the nineteenth century, the activated sludge process (ASP) has experienced significant steps forward in the face of greater awareness of and sensitivity toward water-related environmental problems. Compared with conventional flocculent ASP, the major advantages of granular sludge are characterized by space saving and resource recovery, where the methane and hydrogen recovery in anaerobic granular and 50% more space saving, 30-50% of energy consumption reduction, 75% of footprint cutting, and even alginate recovery in aerobic granular. Numerous engineers and scientists have made great efforts to explore the superiority over the last 40 years. Therefore, a bibliometric analysis was desired to trace the global trends of granular sludge research from 1992 to 2016 indexed in the SCI-EXPANDED. Articles were published in 276 journals across 44 subject categories spanning 1420 institutes across 68 countries. Bioresource Technology (293, 11.9%), Water Research (235, 9.6%), and Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (127, 5.2%) dominated in top three journals. The Engineering (991, 40.3%), China (906, 36.9%), and Harbin Inst Technol, China (114, 4.6%) were the most productive subject category, country, and institution, respectively. The hotspot is the emerging techniques depended on granular reactors in response to the desired removal requirements and bio-energy production (primarily in anaerobic granular sludge). In view of advanced and novel bio-analytical methods, the characteristics, functions, and mechanisms for microbial granular were further revealed in improving and innovating the granulation techniques. Therefore, a promising technique armed with strengthened treatment efficiency and efficient resource and bio-energy recovery can be achieved.
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33
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Franca RD, Pinheiro HM, van Loosdrecht MC, Lourenço ND. Stability of aerobic granules during long-term bioreactor operation. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:228-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Corsino SF, Capodici M, Torregrossa M, Viviani G. Physical properties and Extracellular Polymeric Substances pattern of aerobic granular sludge treating hypersaline wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 229:152-159. [PMID: 28110232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The modification of the physical properties of aerobic granular sludge treating fish-canning wastewater is discussed in this paper. The structure and composition of the Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPSs) were analyzed at different salinity levels and related to granules stability. Results outlined that the total EPSs content increased with salinity, despite the EPSs increment was not proportional to the salt concentration. Moreover, the EPSs structure was significantly modified by salinity, leading to a gradual increase of the not-bound EPSs fraction, which was close to the 50% of the total EPSs content at 75gNaClL-1. The increasing salt concentration modified also the EPSs composition, causing the gradual reduction of protein content resulting in a decrease of granule hydrophobicity. The results pointed out that the granules stability significantly reduced above 50gNaClL-1, suggesting the existence of a salinity threshold above which granules stability is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Fabio Corsino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Capodici
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Michele Torregrossa
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaspare Viviani
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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35
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Corsino SF, Capodici M, Torregrossa M, Viviani G. Fate of aerobic granular sludge in the long-term: The role of EPSs on the clogging of granular sludge porosity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 183:541-550. [PMID: 27623364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to investigate the stability of aerobic granular sludge in the long term, focusing on the clogging of the granular sludge porosity exerted by the extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). The effects of different cycle lengths (short and long-term cycle) on the granular sludge stability were investigated. Results obtained outlined that during the short duration cycle, the formation and breakage of the aerobic granules were continuously observed. During this period, the excess of EPS production contributed to the clogging of the granules porosity, causing their breakage in the long run. During the long-duration cycle, the extended famine period entailed a greater EPSs consumption by bacteria, thus limiting the clogging of the porosity, and allowed obtaining stable aerobic granules. Reported results demonstrated that an excess in EPSs content could be detrimental to the stability of aerobic granular sludge in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Fabio Corsino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Marco Capodici
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Michele Torregrossa
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaspare Viviani
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
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36
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Zhou JH, Zhang ZM, Zhao H, Yu HT, Alvarez PJJ, Xu XY, Zhu L. Optimizing granules size distribution for aerobic granular sludge stability: Effect of a novel funnel-shaped internals on hydraulic shear stress. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 216:562-570. [PMID: 27281434 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel funnel-shaped internals was proposed to enhance the stability and pollutant removal performance of an aerobic granular process by optimizing granule size distribution. Results showed up to 68.3±1.4% of granules in novel reactor (R1) were situated in optimal size range (700-1900μm) compared to less than 29.7±1.1% in conventional reactor (R2), and overgrowth of large granules was effectively suppressed without requiring additional energy. Consequently, higher total nitrogen (TN) removal (81.6±2.1%) achieved in R1 than in R2 (48.1±2.7%). Hydraulic analysis revealed the existence of selectively assigning hydraulic pressure in R1. The total shear rate (τtotal) on large granules was 3.07±0.14 times higher than that of R2, while τtotal of small granules in R1 was 70.7±4.6% in R2. Furthermore, large granules in R1 with intact extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) outer layer structure entrapped hydroxyapatite at center, which formed a core structure and further enhanced the stability of aerobic granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Heng Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hai-Tian Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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37
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Moussavi G, Shekoohiyan S, Naddafi K. Anoxic biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in saline media using denitrifier biogranules. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 129:51-56. [PMID: 26990939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) biodegradation was examined using biogranules at different initial TPH concentration and contact time under anoxic condition in saline media. The circular compact biogranules having the average diameter between 2 and 3mm were composed of a dense population of Bacillus spp. capable of biodegrading TPH under anoxic condition in saline media were formed in first step of the study. The biogranules could biodegrade over 99% of the TPH at initial concentration up to 2g/L at the contact time of 22h under anoxic condition in saline media. The maximum TPH biodegradation rate of 2.6 gTPH/gbiomass.d could be obtained at initial TPH concentration of 10g/L. Accordingly, the anoxic biogranulation is a possible and promising technique for high-rate biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in saline media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Moussavi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sakine Shekoohiyan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Li D, Lv Y, Zeng H, Zhang J. Startup and long term operation of enhanced biological phosphorus removal in continuous-flow reactor with granules. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 212:92-99. [PMID: 27085149 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The startup and long term operation of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in a continuous-flow reactor (CFR) with granules were investigated in this study. Through reducing the settling time from 9min to 3min gradually, the startup of EBPR in a CFR with granules was successfully realized in 16days. Under continuous-flow operation, the granules with good phosphorus and COD removal performance were stably operated for more than 6months. And the granules were characterized with particle size of around 960μm, loose structure and good settling ability. During the startup phase, polysaccharides (PS) was secreted excessively by microorganisms to resist the influence from the variation of operational mode. Results of relative quantitative PCR indicated that granules dominated by polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) were easier accumulated in the CFR because more excellent settling ability was needed in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100123, China.
| | - Yufeng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100123, China.
| | - Huiping Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100123, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Mata A, Pinheiro H, Lourenço N. Effect of sequencing batch cycle strategy on the treatment of a simulated textile wastewater with aerobic granular sludge. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Barr JJ, Dutilh BE, Skennerton CT, Fukushima T, Hastie ML, Gorman JJ, Tyson GW, Bond PL. Metagenomic and metaproteomic analyses of Accumulibacter phosphatis-enriched floccular and granular biofilm. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:273-87. [PMID: 26279094 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are ubiquitous in nature, forming diverse adherent microbial communities that perform a plethora of functions. Here we operated two laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors enriched with Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis (Accumulibacter) performing enhanced biological phosphorus removal. Reactors formed two distinct biofilms, one floccular biofilm, consisting of small, loose, microbial aggregates, and one granular biofilm, forming larger, dense, spherical aggregates. Using metagenomic and metaproteomic methods, we investigated the proteomic differences between these two biofilm communities, identifying a total of 2022 unique proteins. To understand biofilm differences, we compared protein abundances that were statistically enriched in both biofilm states. Floccular biofilms were enriched with pathogenic secretion systems suggesting a highly competitive microbial community. Comparatively, granular biofilms revealed a high-stress environment with evidence of nutrient starvation, phage predation pressure, and increased extracellular polymeric substance and cell lysis. Granular biofilms were enriched in outer membrane transport proteins to scavenge the extracellular milieu for amino acids and other metabolites, likely released through cell lysis, to supplement metabolic pathways. This study provides the first detailed proteomic comparison between Accumulibacter-enriched floccular and granular biofilm communities, proposes a conceptual model for the granule biofilm, and offers novel insights into granule biofilm formation and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Barr
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Environmental Biotechnology Cooperative Research Centre (EBCRC), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bas E Dutilh
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Centre for Molecular and Biomedical Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Connor T Skennerton
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Toshikazu Fukushima
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Division of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Marcus L Hastie
- Protein Discovery Centre, Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Gorman
- Protein Discovery Centre, Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Gene W Tyson
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Philip L Bond
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Environmental Biotechnology Cooperative Research Centre (EBCRC), Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Leong J, Rezania B, Mavinic DS. Aerobic granulation utilizing fermented municipal wastewater under low pH and alkalinity conditions in a sequencing batch reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 37:55-63. [PMID: 26086940 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1063704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to achieve aerobic granulation utilizing fermented municipal wastewater under low pH, and alkalinity conditions. Stable granulation was achieved after a 166-day start-up period. Due to low influent strength, supplemental carbon addition, in the form of sucrose, was added to the feed storage tank on the 82nd day of start-up to facilitate granulation. This increased the system's organic loading rate from 1.43 ± 0.14 to 2.53 ± 0.18 kg COD/m(3)/d, and reduced the influent pH due to fermentation of the added sucrose. Although granulation was successful, the nutrient removal was limited. Removal rates at an influent pH of 6.23 ± 0.06 were 54.4% ± 8.3% for phosphorus, 21.9% ± 4.1% for ammonium, and 84.0% ± 3.0% for total chemical oxygen demand (COD). During the second phase of experimentation, increased amounts of sucrose were added to the feed, which resulted in increased volatile fatty acid concentrations and pH reduction to 5.62 ± 0.12 due to fermentation. Under further reduced pH conditions, phosphorus, ammonium, and total COD removal were found to be 58.9% ± 4.7%, 37.9% ± 4.7%, and 87.1% ± 0.9%, respectively. Settling volume indexes, SVI10 and SVI30, were found to be 148.8 ± 28.9 mL/g, for the influent pH of 6.23 ± 0.06, and 157.5 ± 40.6 mL/g, for the influent pH of 5.62 ± 0.12. This high SVI is indicative of the formation of lower-density granules in comparison to high-ash-content granules. The absence of denitrification-induced chemical phosphorus precipitation within the granule was likely a contributing factor to the low granule density observed in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Leong
- a Department of Civil Engineering , The University of British Columbia , 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver BC , Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Babak Rezania
- b Prongineer R&D Ltd ., #211 - 2386 East Mall, Gerald McGavin Building, Vancouver , BC , Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Don S Mavinic
- a Department of Civil Engineering , The University of British Columbia , 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver BC , Canada V6T 1Z4
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Kim DH, Lee MK, Hwang Y, Im WT, Yun YM, Park C, Kim MS. Microbial granulation for lactic acid production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:101-11. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Civil Engineering; Inha University; 100 Inharo; Nam-gu; Incheon 402-751 Republic of Korea
| | - Mo-Kwon Lee
- Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory; Korea Institute of Energy Research; 152 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-343 Republic of Korea
| | - Yuhoon Hwang
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Miljøvej, Bygning 113, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby; Denmark
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu; Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Taek Im
- Department of Biotechnology; Hankyoung National Univeristy; 327 Chungang-no Anseong-si; Kyonggi-do 456-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Myeong Yun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu; Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of Massachusetts Amherst; 130 Natural Resources Road; Amherst Massachusetts 01003
| | - Mi-Sun Kim
- Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory; Korea Institute of Energy Research; 152 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-343 Republic of Korea
- Division of Renewable Energy Engineering; University of Science and Technology; 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu; Daejeon 305-350 Republic of Korea
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Jalali S, Shayegan J, Rezasoltani S. Rapid start-up and improvement of granulation in SBR. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2015; 13:36. [PMID: 25964854 PMCID: PMC4426651 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-015-0188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to accelerate and improve aerobic granulation within a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) by cationic polymer addition. METHODS To identify whether the polymer additive is capable of enhancing granule formation, two SBRs (R1 and R2, each 0.15 m in diameter and 2 m in height) are used by feeding synthetic wastewater. The cationic polymer with concentration of 30 to 2 ppm is added to R2, while no cationic polymer is added to R1. RESULTS Results show that the cationic polymer addition causes faster granule formation and consequently shorter reactor start-up period. The polymer-amended reactor contains higher concentration of biomass with better settling ability (23% reduction in SVI15) and larger and denser granules (112% increase of granular diameter). In addition, the results demonstrate that the cationic polymer improve the sludge granulation process by 31% increase in Extracellular Polymer Substance(EPS) concentration, 7% increase in Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate(SOUR), 18% increase in hydrophobicity, and 17% reduction in effluent Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid(MLSS) concentration. CONCLUSIONS Concludingly, it is found that using the cationic polymer to an aerobic granular system has the potential to enhance the sludge granulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Jalali
- Department of Chemical and of Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Shayegan
- Department of Chemical and of Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Rezasoltani
- Department of Chemical and of Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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45
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Dahalan FA, Abdullah N, Yuzir A, Olsson G, Hamdzah M, Din MFM, Ahmad SA, Khalil KA, Anuar AN, Noor ZZ, Ujang Z. A proposed aerobic granules size development scheme for aerobic granulation process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 181:291-296. [PMID: 25661308 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granulation is increasingly used in wastewater treatment due to its unique physical properties and microbial functionalities. Granule size defines the physical properties of granules based on biomass accumulation. This study aims to determine the profile of size development under two physicochemical conditions. Two identical bioreactors namely Rnp and Rp were operated under non-phototrophic and phototrophic conditions, respectively. An illustrative scheme was developed to comprehend the mechanism of size development that delineates the granular size throughout the granulation. Observations on granules' size variation have shown that activated sludge revolutionised into the form of aerobic granules through the increase of biomass concentration in bioreactors which also determined the changes of granule size. Both reactors demonstrated that size transformed in a similar trend when tested with and without illumination. Thus, different types of aerobic granules may increase in size in the same way as recommended in the aerobic granule size development scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrah Aini Dahalan
- The School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pengajian Kejuruteraan Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia; Institute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
| | - Norhayati Abdullah
- Palm Oil Research Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Ali Yuzir
- Institute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Gustaf Olsson
- Department of Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation, Lund University, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Myzairah Hamdzah
- Institute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fadhil Mohd Din
- Institute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khalilah Abdul Khalil
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40150 Sec. 2, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aznah Nor Anuar
- Institute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Zainura Zainon Noor
- Institute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Zaini Ujang
- Institute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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Long B, Yang CZ, Pu WH, Yang JK, Liu FB, Zhang L, Zhang J, Cheng K. Tolerance to organic loading rate by aerobic granular sludge in a cyclic aerobic granular reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 182:314-322. [PMID: 25710570 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sodium acetate as carbon source, tolerance to organic loading rate (OLR) by aerobic granular sludge in a cyclic aerobic granular reactor (CAGR) was investigated by gradually increasing the influent COD. AGS could maintain stability in the continuous flow reactor under OLR⩽15kg/m(3)d in the former 65 days, and SVI, granulation rate, average particle size and water content was 21 ml/g, 98%, 1.8mm and 97.2% on the 65th day. However, AGS gradually disintegrated after the 66 th day when OLR increased to 18 kg/m(3)d, and granules' properties deteriorated rapidly in a short time. High removal rates to pollutants were achieved by CAGR in the former 65 days, but the removal rates of pollutants dropped sharply from the 66 th day. With the increase of OLR and particle size, anaerobic cores inside the granules were formed by massive dead cells, while instability of anaerobic core eventually led to the collapse of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Long
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chang-Zhu Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Wen-Hong Pu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jia-Kuan Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fu-Biao Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
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Zou J, Li Y, Zhang L, Wang R, Sun J. Understanding the impact of influent nitrogen concentration on granule size and microbial community in a granule-based enhanced biological phosphorus removal system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 177:209-216. [PMID: 25496940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the effect of influent nitrogen concentration on granule size and microbial community in a granule-based enhanced biological phosphorus removal system, three influent nitrogen concentrations were tested while carbon concentration was an unlimited factor. The results show that although ammonium and phosphate were well removed in the tested nitrogen concentration range (20-50 mg L(-1)), granule size, the amount of phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and microbial activity were affected significantly. A possible mechanism for the effect of influent nitrogen concentration on granule size is proposed based on the experimental results. The increase in proteins/polysaccharides ratio caused by high influent nitrogen concentration plays a crucial role in granule breakage. The small granule size then weakens simultaneous nitrification-denitrification, which further causes higher nitrate concentration in the effluent and lower amount of PAOs in sludge. Consequently, phosphate concentration in the anaerobic phase decreases, which plays the secondary role in granule breakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinte Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China; UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
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48
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Huang W, Cai W, Huang H, Lei Z, Zhang Z, Tay JH, Lee DJ. Identification of inorganic and organic species of phosphorus and its bio-availability in nitrifying aerobic granular sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 68:423-431. [PMID: 25462749 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge is necessary for a sustainable development of the environment and thus the society due to gradual depletion of non-renewable P resources. Aerobic granular sludge is a promising biotechnology for wastewater treatment, which could achieve P-rich granules during simultaneous nitrification and denitrification processes. This study aimed to disclose the changes in inorganic and organic P species and their correlation with P mobility and bio-availability in aerobic granules. Two identical square reactors were used to cultivate aerobic granules, which were operated for 120 days with influent ammonia nitrogen (NH₄-N) of 100 mg/L before day 60 and then increased to 200 mg/L during the subsequent 60 days (chemical oxygen demand (COD) was kept constant at 600 mg/L). The aerobic granules exhibited excellent COD removal and nitrification efficiency. Results showed that inorganic P (IP) was about 61.4-67.7% of total P (TP) and non-apatite inorganic P (NAIP) occupied 61.9-70.2% of IP in the granules. The enrichment amount of NAIP and apatite P (AP) in the granules had strongly positive relationship with the contents of metal ions, i.e. Fe and Ca, respectively accumulated in the granules. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and solution index calculation demonstrated that hydroxyapatite (Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH)) and iron phosphate (Fe₇(PO₄)₆) were the major P minerals in the granules. Organic P (OP) content maintained around 7.5 mg per gram of biomass in the aerobic granules during the 120 days' operation. Monoester phosphate (21.8% of TP in extract), diester phosphate (1.8%) and phosphonate (0.1%) were identified as OP species by Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (³¹P NMR). The proportion of NAIP + OP to TP was about 80% in the granules, implying high potentially mobile and bio-available P was stored in the nitrifying aerobic granules. The present results provide a new insight into the characteristics of P species in aerobic granules, which could be helpful for developing P removal and recovery techniques through biological wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Huang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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