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Li Z, Yang D, Li S, Yang L, Yan W, Xu H. Advances on electrochemical disinfection research: Mechanisms, influencing factors and applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169043. [PMID: 38070567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection, a vital barrier against pathogenic microorganisms, is crucial in halting the spread of waterborne diseases. Electrochemical methods have been extensively researched and implemented for the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms from water and wastewater, primarily owing to their simplicity, efficiency, and eco-friendliness. This review succinctly outlined the core mechanisms of electrochemical disinfection (ED) and systematically examined the factors influencing its efficacy, including anode materials, system conditions, and target species. Additionally, the practical application of ED in water and wastewater treatment was comprehensively reviewed. Case studies involving various scenarios such as drinking water, hospital wastewater, black water, rainwater, and ballast water provided concrete instances of the expansive utility of ED. Finally, coupling ED with other technologies and the resulting synergies were introduced as pivotal foundations for subsequent engineering advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Duowen Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China; Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China; Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311200, China.
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2
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Sandoval MA, Coreño O, García V, Salazar-González R. Enhancing industrial swine slaughterhouse wastewater treatment: Optimization of electrocoagulation technique and operating mode. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119556. [PMID: 37984271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, industrial swine slaughterhouse effluents were treated by an electrocoagulation process (EC) with aluminum and iron electrodes. Batch and semicontinuous operation were performed. EC tests were carried out in batch operating mode for 2.5 h using fixed current densities (j = 10, 20, and 30 mA cm-2) in sulfate and chloride media. At the laboratory scale, higher TOC removal efficiencies were observed using aluminum electrodes at 20 mA cm-2 without the addition of a supporting electrolyte (82.7%). However, the EC process with Fe electrodes consumed 43.6% less energy. After the best operating parameters were found at the laboratory scale, the process was tested as a semicontinuous prepilot process using a filter-press FM01-LC-type electrochemical reactor equipped with flat plate aluminum electrodes. In this stage, current densities and mean linear flow rates were assessed. The highest TOC removal efficiency of 72.7% (i.e., residual TOC concentration of 85.18 mg L-1) in the semicontinuous process was achieved by the application of j = 25 mA cm-2 and ur = 0.64 cm s-1 with an energy consumption of 19.80 kW h m-3. The residual COD and TP concentrations met the international standard limits. Moreover, complete decoloration and disinfection were accomplished. EDXRF, SEM, EDAX, XRD, and FTIR analyses indicated that pollutants were removed by adsorption on aluminum/iron hydroxides/oxyhydroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Sandoval
- Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Guanajuato, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Carretera Estatal Guanajuato-Puentecillas km. 10.5, 36262, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, 36050, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Oscar Coreño
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Guanajuato, Av. Juárez 77, Zona Centro, 36000, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Verónica García
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Salazar-González
- Analysis, Treatment, Electrochemistry, Recovery and Reuse of Water Research Group, WATER(2), Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.
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Hu Q, He L, Lan R, Feng C, Pei X. Recent advances in phosphate removal from municipal wastewater by electrocoagulation process: A review. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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4
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Lu S, Zhang G. Recent advances on inactivation of waterborne pathogenic microorganisms by (photo) electrochemical oxidation processes: Design and application strategies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128619. [PMID: 35359104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Compared with other conventional water disinfection processes, (photo) electrochemical oxidation (P/ECO) processes have the characteristics of environmental friendliness, convenient installation and operation, easy control and high efficiency of inactivating waterborne pathogenic microorganisms (PMs), so that more and more research work has been focused on this topic, but there is still a huge gap between the research and practical application. Here, the research network of inactivating PMs by P/ECO processes has been comprehensively summarized, and the electrode/reactor/process design strategies based on strengthening direct and indirect oxidation, enhancing mass transfer efficiency and electron transfer efficiency, and improving the effective dose of electrogenerated oxidants are discussed. Furthermore, the factors affecting the inactivation of PMs and the issues regarding to stability and lifetime of the electrode are discussed respectively. Finally, the important research priorities and possible research challenges of P/ECO processes are put forward to make significant progress of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Guan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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5
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Nichols F, Ozoemena KI, Chen S. Electrocatalytic generation of reactive species and implications in microbial inactivation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63941-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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6
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Yücel AN, Keskin CS, Özdemir A. Individual Dye Removal Efficiencies in a Ternary Dye Mixture by Electrocoagulation. Chem Eng Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202200108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Nur Yücel
- Sakarya University Department of Chemistry Faculty of Arts and Science 54050 Sakarya Turkey
| | - Can Serkan Keskin
- Sakarya University Department of Chemistry Faculty of Arts and Science 54050 Sakarya Turkey
| | - Abdil Özdemir
- Sakarya University Department of Chemistry Faculty of Arts and Science 54050 Sakarya Turkey
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7
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Niu Y, Yang Z, Wang J, Zhou Y, Wang H, Wu S, Xu R. Decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid from wastewater using coating electrode: efficiency, the anode characteristics and degradation mechanism. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Gong C, Ren X, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Huang H. Electrocoagulation pretreatment of pulp and paper wastewater for low pressure reverse osmosis membrane fouling control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:36897-36910. [PMID: 35064492 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Low pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO) has been increasingly used in advanced treatment of pulp and paper wastewater (PPWW) for the purpose of water reuse. However, membrane fouling is a major problem encountered by full-scale RO systems due to the organic and inorganic contents of the feedwater. Electrocoagulation (EC) as an effective treatment for foulants removal can be applied in pre-filtration. Therefore, the LPRO membrane fouling mechanism and the membrane fouling control performance by EC treatment were investigated in this study. EC pretreatment could reduce the membrane fouling and improve the membrane flux by 31%, by effectively removing and/or decomposing the organic pollutants in PPWW. Fluorescent spectrometry analyses of the feedwater and the permeate revealed that humic acid-like and fulvic acid-like organics in PPWW were the major foulants for the LPRO membranes. Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry results confirmed that the organic foulants contained benzoic rings and carboxylic groups, which were typical for organic substances. EC effectively removed organic pollutants containing functional groups such as carboxylic acid COH out-of-plane bending, olefin (trans), and NH3+ symmetrical angle-changing. Moreover, the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek model suggested that the membrane filtered 30-min EC-treated PPWW had the strong repulsion force to foulants due to the higher cohesion energy (12.1 mJ/m2) and the lower critical load, which theoretically explained the reason of EC pretreatment on membrane fouling control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Gong
- Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, No. 1 Gao Li Zhang Road, Beijing, 100095, China.
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Xiaojing Ren
- Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, No. 1 Gao Li Zhang Road, Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Zhongguo Zhang
- Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, No. 1 Gao Li Zhang Road, Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Yuwei Sun
- Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, No. 1 Gao Li Zhang Road, Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Haiou Huang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
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Acosta-Santoyo G, León-Fernández LF, Bustos E, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA, Llanos J. Valorization of high-salinity effluents for CO 2 fixation and hypochlorite generation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131359. [PMID: 34246099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, it is evaluated the fixation of carbon dioxide using the alkali generated in the chloralkaline process, as a new way to face the treatment of highly saline wastewater, in which it is aimed not to separate the wastewater into concentrated and diluted streams but to recover value-added products (VAPs) while contributing to minimize the carbon fingerprint of other processes. The electrolytic process is combined with a reactive absorption and with a crystallization, demonstrating the formation of pure nahcolite, hypochlorite (or chlorine) and hydrogen from the waste. Carbon dioxide is captured with a current efficiency over 90% and the energy required is around 0.65 kWh kg-1, which is very promising from the view point of sustainability, considering that the system can be easily powered with green energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Acosta-Santoyo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo, Mexico
| | - Luis F León-Fernández
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Erika Bustos
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo, Mexico
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Llanos
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Lu J, Zhang P, Li J. Electrocoagulation technology for water purification: An update review on reactor design and some newly concerned pollutants removal. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113259. [PMID: 34256295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water shortage and quality deterioration are plaguing people all over the world. Providing sustainable and affordable treatment solutions to these problems is a need of the hour. Electrocoagulation (EC) technology is a burgeoning alternative for effective water treatment, which offers the virtues such as compact equipment, easy operation, and low sludge production. Compared to other water purification technologies, EC shows excellent removal efficacy for a wide range of contaminants in water and has great potential for addressing limitations of conventional water purification technologies. This review summarizes the latest development of principle, characteristics, and reactor design of EC. The design of key parameters including reactor shape, power supply type, current density, as well as electrode configuration is further elaborated. In particular, typical water treatment systems powered by renewable energy (solar photovoltaic and wind turbine systems) are proposed. Further, this review provides an overview on expanded application of EC in the removal of some newly concerned pollutants in recent years, including arsenite, perfluorinated compounds, pharmaceuticals, oil, bacteria, and viruses. The removal efficiency and mechanisms of these pollutants are also discussed. Finally, future research trend and focus are further recommended. This review can bridge the large knowledge gap for the EC application that is beneficial for environmental researchers and engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Lu
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Economics and Management, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
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Güneş E, Gönder ZB. Evaluation of the hybrid system combining electrocoagulation, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for biologically treated textile effluent: Treatment efficiency and membrane fouling. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 294:113042. [PMID: 34126531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of the hybrid electrocoagulation-nanofiltration-reverse osmosis (EC-NF-RO) system for the treatment of biologically treated textile effluent was investigated. The treatment performances and membrane fouling behaviours of nanofiltration (NF) and hybrid EC-NF systems were compared. EC process was evaluated concerning mitigate the membrane fouling and increasing the removal efficiencies. Besides, the treated wastewater with the hybrid EC-NF process was finally processed using RO process for reuse purpose in the textile industry. The EC treatment was applied using Fe and Al electrodes at various conditions; pH:4-10, current density:0.5-17 mA/cm2 and operating time:30-180 min. Fe electrode showed better performance in terms of higher removal efficiencies (76% COD, 96% DFZ436), lower energy (21.1 kWh/m3) and electrode consumptions (3.7 kg/m3) for the optimum conditions. Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Index (ESEM-EDX) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were carried out for EC sludge samples obtained with Fe and Al electrodes. Desal 5 DL and NF 270 membranes were tested in terms of removal efficiency and membrane fouling for NF and hybrid EC-NF process of textile wastewater. Membrane fouling was evaluated with flux values, resistance-in-series model results as well as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), FTIR and contact angle measurements. NF 270 membrane achieved better chloride (28%) and conductivity (41%) removal efficiencies for NF treatment. EC pretreatment did not result in any noticeable improvement in rejections except for chloride (48%) and conductivity (59%) for the hybrid EC-NF process with NF 270. The ratios of Rc decreased to 40% for NF 270 and 42% for Desal 5DL after EC pretreatment. NF270 membrane indicated high permeate flux and low membrane fouling considering cake resistance distribution, surface roughness, hydrophilicity and chemical structure variation. >93% COD, 99% conductivity, 97% chloride, and 91% TDS removal efficiencies were obtained with the hybrid EC-NF-RO process. Finally, the obtained high quality water by RO after the EC + NF 270 hybrid process could be used for all textile finishing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Güneş
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Avcilar Campus, Avcilar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Z Beril Gönder
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Avcilar Campus, Avcilar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Effect of on-Site Sludge Reduction and Wastewater Treatment Based on Electrochemical-A/O Combined Process. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Working on sludge with electrochemical oxidation is beneficial to promote the subsequent recessive growth of microorganisms in the sludge. To achieve the on-site sludge reduction, this study combined the anoxic/oxic (A/O) process with the electrochemical oxidation process based on the cell lysis-cryptic growth theory by determining the experimental conditions and mechanism of electrochemical cell lysis. The sludge reduction and effluent treatment of the combined process in practical operation were studied. The results showed that the cumulative sludge discharge had been reduced by 37.1% compared with that of the A/O process, and the apparent sludge yield had been reduced by 39.1% during the 30-day operation time, indicating that the electrochemical-A/O combined process could have a considerable sludge reduction effect. After the treatment, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen, and total nitrogen in the effluent of the combined process reached 33.02 mg/L, 0.83 mg/L, and 9.95 mg/L, respectively. Due to the limitation of the A/O process, the removal of total phosphorus was poor. As a result, poly aluminum chloride (PAC) was employed to achieve a chemical removal of phosphorus, by which the total phosphorus (TP) of the effluent was controlled to be lower than 0.5 mg/L.
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Bicudo B, van Halem D, Trikannad SA, Ferrero G, Medema G. Low voltage iron electrocoagulation as a tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater: removal of enteric pathogen indicators and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116500. [PMID: 33059157 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we analyse the feasibility of low voltage iron electrocoagulation as a means of municipal secondary effluent treatment with a focus on removal of microbial indicators, Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (ARB) and nutrients. A laboratory scale batch unit equipped with iron electrodes was used on synthetic and real secondary effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Synthetic secondary effluent was separately assayed with spiked Escherichia coli WR1 and with bacteriophage ΦX174, while real effluent samples were screened before and after treatment for E. coli, Extended Spectrum Betalactamase-producing E. coli, Enterococci, Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci, Clostridium perfringens spores and somatic coliphages. Charge dosage (CD) and charge dosage rate (CDR) were used as the main process control parameters. Experiments with synthetic secondary effluent showed >4log10 and >5log10 removal for phage ΦX174 and for E. coli WR1, respectively. In real effluents, bacterial indicator removal exceeded 3.5log10, ARB were removed below detection limit (≥2.5log10), virus removal reached 2.3log10 and C. perfringens spore removal exceeded 2.5log10. Experiments in both real and synthetic wastewater showed that bacterial removal increased with increasing CD and decreasing CDR. Virus removal increased with increasing CD but was irresponsive to CDR. C. perfringens spore removal increased with increasing CD yet reached a removal plateau, being also irresponsive to CDR. Phosphate removal exceeded 99%, while total nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand removal were below 15% and 58%, respectively. Operational cost estimates were made for power and iron plate consumption, and were found to be in the range of 0.01 to 0.24€/m3 for the different assayed configurations. In conclusion, low voltage Fe-EC is a promising technology for pathogen reduction of secondary municipal effluents, with log10 removals comparable to those achieved by conventional disinfection methods such as chlorination, UV or ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bicudo
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Water Management Department, TU Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Doris van Halem
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Water Management Department, TU Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Shreya Ajith Trikannad
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Water Management Department, TU Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Giuliana Ferrero
- Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering Department, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Water Management Department, TU Delft, The Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, The Netherlands; Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
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Abstract
Insufficient funding and operator training, logistics of chemical transport, and variable source water quality can pose challenges for small drinking water treatment systems. Portable, robust electrochemical processes may offer a strategy to address these challenges. In this study, electrocoagulation (EC) and electrooxidation (EO) were investigated using two model surface waters and two model groundwaters to determine the efficacy of sequential EC-EO for mitigating Escherichia coli. EO alone (1.67 mA/cm2, 1 min) provided 0.03 to 3.9 logs mitigation in the four model waters. EC alone (10 mA/cm2, 5 min) achieved ≥1 log E. coli mitigation in all model waters. Sequential EC-EO did not achieve greater mitigation than EC alone. To enhance removal of natural organic matter, the initial pH was decreased. Lower initial pH (pH 5–6) improved E. coli mitigation during both stages of EC-EO. EC-EO also had slightly greater E. coli mitigation than EC alone at lower pH. However, EO alone provided more energy efficient E. coli mitigation than either EC or EC-EO.
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Heffron J, Ryan DR, Mayer BK. Sequential electrocoagulation-electrooxidation for virus mitigation in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 160:435-444. [PMID: 31174071 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical water treatment is a promising alternative for small-scale and remote water systems that lack operational capacity or convenient access to reagents for chemical coagulation and disinfection. In this study, the mitigation of viruses was investigated using electrocoagulation as a pretreatment prior to electrooxidation treatment using boron-doped diamond electrodes. This research is the first to investigate a sequential electrocoagulation-electrooxidation treatment system for virus removal. Bench-scale, batch reactors were used to evaluate mitigation of viruses in variable water quality via: a) electrooxidation, and b) a sequential electrocoagulation-electrooxidation treatment train. Electrooxidation of two bacteriophages, MS2 and ΦX174, was inhibited by natural organic matter and turbidity, indicating the probable need for pretreatment. However, the electrocoagulation-electrooxidation treatment train was beneficial only in the model surface waters employed. In model groundwaters, electrocoagulation alone was as good or better than the combined electrocoagulation-electrooxidation treatment train. Reduction of human echovirus was significantly lower than one or both bacteriophages in all model waters, though bacteriophage ΦX174 was a more representative surrogate than MS2 in the presence of natural organic matter and turbidity. Compared to conventional treatment by ferric salt coagulant and free chlorine disinfection, the electrocoagulation-electrooxidation system was less effective in model surface waters but more effective in model groundwaters. Sequential electrocoagulation-electrooxidation was beneficial for some applications, though practical considerations may currently outweigh the benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Heffron
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Donald R Ryan
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Brooke K Mayer
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
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Mamelkina MA, Tuunila R, Sillänpää M, Häkkinen A. Systematic study on sulfate removal from mining waters by electrocoagulation. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Electrochemical Oxidation/Disinfection of Urine Wastewaters with Different Anode Materials. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12081254. [PMID: 30995773 PMCID: PMC6515285 DOI: 10.3390/ma12081254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, electrochemical technology was used simultaneously for the deactivation of microorganisms and the destruction of micro-pollutants contained in synthetic urine wastewaters. Microorganisms (E. coli) were added to synthetic urine wastewaters to mimic secondary treated sewage wastewaters. Different anode materials were employed including boron-doped diamond (BDD), dimensionally stable anode (DSA: IrO2 and RuO2) and platinum (Pt). The results showed that for the different anode materials, a complete deactivation of E. coli microorganisms at low applied electric charge (1.34 Ah dm−3) was obtained. The complete deactivation of microorganisms in wastewater seems to be directly related to active chlorine and oxygen species electrochemically produced at the surface of the anode material. Complete depletion of COD and TOC can be attained during electrolyses with BDD anode after the consumption of specific electric charges of 4.0 and 8.0 Ah dm−3, respectively. Higher specific electric charges (>25 Ah dm−3) were consumed to removal completely COD and about 75% of TOC during electrolyses with DSA anodes (IrO2 and RuO2). However, the electrolysis using Pt anode can partially remove and even after the consumption of high specific electric charges (>40 Ah dm−3) COD and TOC did not exceed 50 and 25%, respectively. Active chlorine species including hypochlorite ions and chloramines formed during electrolysis contribute not only to deactivate microorganisms but also to degrade organics compounds. High conversion yields of organic nitrogen into nitrates and ammonium were achieved during electrolysis BDD and DSA anodes. The results have confirmed that BDD anode is more efficient than with IrO2, RuO2 and Pt electrodes in terms of COD and TOC removals. However, higher amounts of perchlorates were measured at the end of the electrolysis using BDD anode.
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Chaplin BP. The Prospect of Electrochemical Technologies Advancing Worldwide Water Treatment. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:596-604. [PMID: 30768240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Growing worldwide population, climate change, and decaying water infrastructure have all contributed to a need for a better water treatment and conveyance model. Distributed water treatment is one possible solution, which relies on the local treatment of water from various sources to a degree dependent on its intended use and, finally, distribution to local consumers. This distributed, fit-for-purpose water treatment strategy requires the development of new modular point-of-use and point-of-entry technologies to bring this idea to fruition. Electrochemical technologies have the potential to contribute to this vision, as they have several advantages over established water treatment technologies. Electrochemical technologies have the ability to simultaneously treat multiple classes of contaminants through the in situ production of chemicals at the electrode surfaces with low power and energy demands, thereby allowing the construction of compact, modular water treatment technologies that require little maintenance and can be easily automated or remotely controlled. In addition, these technologies offer the opportunity for energy recovery through production of fuels at the cathode, which can further reduce their energy footprint. In spite of these advantages, there are several challenges that need to be overcome before widespread adoption of electrochemical water treatment technologies is possible. This Account will focus primarily on destructive electrolytic technologies that allow for removal of water contaminants without the need for residual treatment or management. Most important to the development of destructive electrochemical technologies is a need to fabricate nontoxic, inexpensive, high-surface-area electrodes that have a long operational life and can operate without the production of unwanted toxic byproducts. Overcoming these barriers will decrease the capital costs of water treatment and allow the development of the point-of-use and point-of-entry technologies that are necessary to promote more sustainable water treatment solutions. However, to accomplish this goal, a reprioritization of research is needed. Current research is primarily focused on investigating individual contaminant transformation pathways and mechanisms. While this research is important for understanding these technologies, additional work is needed in developing inexpensive, high-surface-area, stable electrode materials, minimizing toxic byproduct formation, and determining the life cycle and technoeconomic analyses necessary for commercialization. Better understanding of these critical research areas will allow for strategic deployment of electrochemical water treatment technologies to promote a more sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Chaplin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 810 S. Clinton Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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Gonzalez‐Rivas N, Reyes‐Pérez H, Barrera‐Díaz CE. Recent Advances in Water and Wastewater Electrodisinfection. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Gonzalez‐Rivas
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química SustentableUAEM-UNAM Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Km 14.5, Campus San Cayetano, C. P. 50200 Toluca México
| | - Horacio Reyes‐Pérez
- División de Ingeniería QuímicaTecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Jocotitlán Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco km 44.8, Ejido de San Juan y San Agustin Jocotitlán, Edo. México
| | - Carlos E. Barrera‐Díaz
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química SustentableUAEM-UNAM Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Km 14.5, Campus San Cayetano, C. P. 50200 Toluca México
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Gautam K, Kumar S, Kamsonlian S. Decolourization of Reactive Dye from Aqueous Solution using Electrocoagulation: Kinetics and Isothermal Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2017-1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Reactive dyes are essential materials for the modern lifestyle due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, but they cause adverse effects on the environment. This research work aimed to decolourize the synthetic aqueous solution containing Reactive Black B (RBB) dye using electrocoagulation (EC) process with iron electrodes in batch reactor. The effect of operational parameters such as initial pH (3–9), the distance between electrodes (0.5–2 cm), current density (1.1–8.4 mA/cm2) and initial dye concentration (100–400 mg/L), was investigated in the presence of sodium chloride to maintain the conductivity of electrolytes. Under optimal value of process parameters, high decolourization (99.6%) was obtained at 25 min. The experimental data showed that pseudo-second order kinetics with a correlation coefficient (R
2 = 0.97) and Sips isotherm with a correlation coefficient (R
2 = 0.98) were found to be well fitted for kinetic and adsorption equilibrium models, respectively. The economic efficiency was also calculated on the basis of electrical energy consumption (EEC), specific electrical energy consumption (SEEC), and current efficiency, respectively. Moreover, characterization of EC generated sludge was also carried out by proximate analysis, IR spectra and XRD analysis. The results revealed that EC process using Fe electrode is quite efficient and clean process for decolourization of reactive dye from aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Gautam
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) , Allahabad – 211004, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) , Allahabad – 211004, India
| | - Suantak Kamsonlian
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) , Allahabad – 211004, India
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Ding J, Wei L, Huang H, Zhao Q, Hou W, Kabutey FT, Yuan Y, Dionysiou DD. Tertiary treatment of landfill leachate by an integrated Electro-Oxidation/Electro-Coagulation/Electro-Reduction process: Performance and mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 351:90-97. [PMID: 29522929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study presents an integrated Electro-Oxidation/Electro-Coagulation/Electro-Reduction (EO/EC/ER) process for tertiary landfill leachate treatment. The influence of variables including leachate characteristics and operation conditions on the performance of EO/EC/ER process was evaluated. The removal mechanisms were explored by comparing results of anode, cathode, and bipolar electrode substitution experiments. The performance of the process in a scaled-up reactor was investigated to assure the feasibility of the process. Results showed that simultaneous removal of carbonaceous and nitrogenous pollutants was achieved under optimal conditions. Ammonia removal was due to the free chlorine generation of EO while organic matter degradation was achieved by both EO and EC processes. Nitrate removal was attributed to both ER and EC processes, with the higher removal achieved by ER process. In a scaled-up reactor, the EO/EC/ER process was able to remove 50-60% organic matter and 100% ammonia at charge of 1.5 Ah/L with energy consumption of 15 kW h/m3. Considering energy cost, the process is more efficient to meet the requirement of organic removal efficiency less than 70%. These results show the feasibility and potential of the EO/EC/ER process as an alternative tertiary treatment to achieve the simultaneous removal of organic matter, ammonia, nitrate, and color of leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Liangliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Huibin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Weizhu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Felix Tetteh Kabutey
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yixing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
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22
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Giannakopoulos E, Isari E, Bourikas K, Karapanagioti HK, Psarras G, Oron G, Kalavrouziotis IK. Oxidation of municipal wastewater by free radicals mechanism. A UV/Vis spectroscopy study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 195:186-194. [PMID: 27492877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the oxidation of municipal wastewater (WW) by complexation with natural polyphenols having radical scavenging activity, such as (3,4,5 tri-hydroxy-benzoic acid) gallic acid (GA) in alkaline pH (>7), under ambient O2 and temperature. Physicochemical and structural characteristics of GA-WW complex-forming are evaluated by UV/Vis spectroscopy. The comparative analysis among UV/Vis spectra of GA monomer, GA-GA polymer, WW compounds, and GA-WW complex reveals significant differences within 350-450 and 500-900 nm. According to attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), these spectra differences correspond to distinct complexes formed. This study suggests a novel role of natural polyphenols on the degradation and humification of wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giannakopoulos
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Tsamadou 13-15 & Saint Andrea, 262 22, Patras, Greece
| | - E Isari
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Tsamadou 13-15 & Saint Andrea, 262 22, Patras, Greece
| | - K Bourikas
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Tsamadou 13-15 & Saint Andrea, 262 22, Patras, Greece
| | - H K Karapanagioti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - G Psarras
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-"DIMITRA"-Institute for Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Lab. of Plant Mineral Nutrition & Physiology, Chania, 73 100, Greece
| | - G Oron
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Zuckerberg Water Research Center, Kiryat Sde Boker, 8499000, Israel
| | - I K Kalavrouziotis
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Tsamadou 13-15 & Saint Andrea, 262 22, Patras, Greece.
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23
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Potakis N, Frontistis Z, Antonopoulou M, Konstantinou I, Mantzavinos D. Oxidation of bisphenol A in water by heat-activated persulfate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 195:125-132. [PMID: 27240715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The heat-activated persulfate oxidation of bisphenol A (BPA), a representative endocrine disrupting compound, was investigated with respect to the effect of several process variables on degradation rates. The activation temperature appears to be the single most important parameter, i.e. a temperature increase from 40 to 70 °C results in an 80-fold rate increase. Regarding initial BPA concentration, the reaction follows a pseudo-first order rate expression, where the kinetic constant decreases from 11.5 10-2 to 3.5 10-2 min-1 when BPA concentration increases from 110 to 440 μg/L. Reactions in actual water matrices, such as bottled water and secondary treated wastewater, are slower than in pure water since various organic/inorganic water constituents compete with BPA for being oxidized by the reactive oxidizing species; this was confirmed with experiments in pure water spiked with humic acid or bicarbonate. Interestingly though, the presence of chloride seems to promote BPA degradation. Furthermore, degradation is favored at near-neutral pH and increased sodium persulfate (SPS) concentrations. Experiments at an increased BPA concentration of 20 mg/L were performed to identify transformation by-products (TBPs), as well as assess the mineralization and toxicity of the treated samples. Liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) revealed the formation of eleven TBPs of BPA and plausible pathways including hydroxylation, oxidation, cleavage and oligomerization reactions are proposed. Mineralization occurs slower than BPA degradation, while the toxicity to marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri increases during the early stages of the reaction but it progressively decreases thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Potakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Zacharias Frontistis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504, Patras, Greece.
| | - Maria Antonopoulou
- Department of Environmental & Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, 2 Seferi St., GR-30100, Agrinio, Greece
| | | | - Dionissios Mantzavinos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504, Patras, Greece
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24
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Qi Z, You S, Ren N. Wireless Electrocoagulation in Water Treatment Based on Bipolar Electrochemistry. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ding J, Zhao QL, Jiang JQ, Wei LL, Wang K, Zhang YS, Hou WZ, Yu H. Electrochemical disinfection and removal of ammonia nitrogen for the reclamation of wastewater treatment plant effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:5152-5158. [PMID: 27068905 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Residual ammonia and pathogenic microorganisms restrict the reclamation and reuse of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. An electrochemical system was developed for the simultaneous removal of ammonia and disinfection of actual WWTP effluent. The performance of the electrochemical process on synthetic wastewater at different chloride ion concentrations was also investigated. Results demonstrated that the optimal chloride concentration for ammonia and Escherichia coli (E. coli) removal was 250 mg/L. Successful disinfection of E. coli in actual effluent was achieved at 0.072 Ah/L, but the inverse S-type inactivation curve indicated that there was a competitive consumption of strong oxidants and chloramines working as another disinfectant. A higher electric charge (0.58 Ah/L) was required to simultaneously reduce E. coli and ammonia to levels that meet the reclamation requirements for WWTP effluent. At this electric charge, no trihalomethane, chlorate, or perchlorate in the system was observed, indicating the biological safety of this process. These results demonstrate the potential of this electrochemical process as a tertiary wastewater treatment process for WWTP effluent reclamation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Qing-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Jun-Qiu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Liang-Liang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yun-Shu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wei-Zhu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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Cotillas S, Llanos J, Castro-Ríos K, Taborda-Ocampo G, Rodrigo MA, Cañizares P. Synergistic integration of sonochemical and electrochemical disinfection with DSA anodes. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:562-568. [PMID: 27570213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the disinfection actual urban wastewater by the combination of ultrasound (US) irradiation and electrodisinfection with Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA). First, the inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) during the sonochemical disinfection was studied at increasing ultrasound power. Results showed that it was not possible to achieve a complete disinfection, even at the highest US power (200 W) dosed by the experimental device used. Next, the electrodisinfection with DSA anodes at different current densities was studied, finding that it was necessary a minimum current density of 11.46 A m(-2) to reach the complete disinfection. Finally, an integrated sonoelectrodisinfection process was studied. Results showed a synergistic effect when coupling US irradiation with DSA electrodisinfection, with a synergy coefficient higher than 200% of the disinfection rate attained for the highest US power applied. In this process, hypochlorite and chloramines were identified as the main reagents for the disinfection process (neither chlorate nor perchlorate were detected), and the presence of trihalomethanes was far below acceptable values. Confirming this synergistic effect with DSA anodes opens the door to novel efficient disinfection processes, limiting the occurrence of hazardous disinfection by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Cotillas
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Llanos
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Katherin Castro-Ríos
- Chemical Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Caldas, A.A. 265 Manizales, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Taborda-Ocampo
- Chemical Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Caldas, A.A. 265 Manizales, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Rubí-Juárez H, Cotillas S, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Barrera-Díaz C, Rodrigo MA. Use of conductive diamond photo-electrochemical oxidation for the removal of pesticide glyphosate. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Martin de Vidales MJ, Millán M, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. What happens to inorganic nitrogen species during conductive diamond electrochemical oxidation of real wastewater? Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Symonds EM, Cook MM, McQuaig SM, Ulrich RM, Schenck RO, Lukasik JO, Van Vleet ES, Breitbart M. Reduction of nutrients, microbes, and personal care products in domestic wastewater by a benchtop electrocoagulation unit. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9380. [PMID: 25797885 PMCID: PMC4369739 DOI: 10.1038/srep09380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To preserve environmental and human health, improved treatment processes are needed to reduce nutrients, microbes, and emerging chemical contaminants from domestic wastewater prior to discharge into the environment. Electrocoagulation (EC) treatment is increasingly used to treat industrial wastewater; however, this technology has not yet been thoroughly assessed for its potential to reduce concentrations of nutrients, a variety of microbial surrogates, and personal care products found in domestic wastewater. This investigation's objective was to determine the efficiency of a benchtop EC unit with aluminum sacrificial electrodes to reduce concentrations of the aforementioned biological and chemical pollutants from raw and tertiary-treated domestic wastewater. EC treatment resulted in significant reductions (p < 0.05, α = 0.05) in phosphate, all microbial surrogates, and several personal care products from raw and tertiary-treated domestic wastewater. When wastewater was augmented with microbial surrogates representing bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens to measure the extent of reduction, EC treatment resulted in up to 7-log10 reduction of microbial surrogates. Future pilot and full-scale investigations are needed to optimize EC treatment for the following: reducing nitrogen species, personal care products, and energy consumption; elucidating the mechanisms behind microbial reductions; and performing life cycle analyses to determine the appropriateness of implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Symonds
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - M M Cook
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - S M McQuaig
- St. Petersburg College, 2465 Drew Street, Clearwater, Florida, USA
| | - R M Ulrich
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - R O Schenck
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - J O Lukasik
- BCS Laboratories, Inc., 4609-A NW 6th Street, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - E S Van Vleet
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - M Breitbart
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
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