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Esposito E, Pace A, Affuso A, Oliviero M, Iaccarino D, Paduano G, Maffucci F, Fusco G, De Carlo E, Hochscheid S, Di Nocera F. Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria Isolated from Clinical Samples and Organs of Rescued Loggerhead Sea Turtles ( Caretta caretta) in Southern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2103. [PMID: 39061565 PMCID: PMC11273476 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance affects all environments, endangering the health of numerous species, including wildlife. Increasing anthropic pressure promotes the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic resistance by wild animals. Sea turtles, being particularly exposed, are considered sentinels and carriers of potential zoonotic pathogens and resistant strains. Therefore, this study examined the antibiotic resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from loggerhead sea turtles hospitalised in a rescue centre of Southern Italy over a 9-year period. Resistance to ceftazidime, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, flumequine, gentamicin, oxytetracycline and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was evaluated for 138 strains isolated from the clinical samples or organs of 60 animals. Gram-negative families were the most isolated: Vibrionaceae were predominant, followed by Shewanellaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Morganellaceae. These last three families exhibited the highest proportion of resistance and multidrug-resistant strains. Among the three Gram-positive families isolated, Enterococcaceae were the most represented and resistant. The opportunistic behaviour of all the isolated species is particularly concerning for diseased sea turtles, especially considering their resistance to commonly utilised antibiotics. Actually, the multiple antibiotic resistance was higher when the sea turtles were previously treated. Taken together, these findings highlight the need to improve antimicrobial stewardship and monitor antibiotic resistance in wildlife, to preserve the health of endangered species, along with public and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Esposito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.O.); (D.I.); (G.P.); (G.F.); (E.D.C.); (F.D.N.)
| | - Antonino Pace
- Department of Marine Animal Conservation and Public Engagement, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Nuova Macello 16, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.A.); (F.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Andrea Affuso
- Department of Marine Animal Conservation and Public Engagement, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Nuova Macello 16, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.A.); (F.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Maria Oliviero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.O.); (D.I.); (G.P.); (G.F.); (E.D.C.); (F.D.N.)
| | - Doriana Iaccarino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.O.); (D.I.); (G.P.); (G.F.); (E.D.C.); (F.D.N.)
| | - Gianluigi Paduano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.O.); (D.I.); (G.P.); (G.F.); (E.D.C.); (F.D.N.)
| | - Fulvio Maffucci
- Department of Marine Animal Conservation and Public Engagement, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Nuova Macello 16, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.A.); (F.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.O.); (D.I.); (G.P.); (G.F.); (E.D.C.); (F.D.N.)
| | - Esterina De Carlo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.O.); (D.I.); (G.P.); (G.F.); (E.D.C.); (F.D.N.)
| | - Sandra Hochscheid
- Department of Marine Animal Conservation and Public Engagement, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Nuova Macello 16, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.A.); (F.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Fabio Di Nocera
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.O.); (D.I.); (G.P.); (G.F.); (E.D.C.); (F.D.N.)
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Khanal S, K C S, Joshi TP, Han Z, Wang C, Maharjan J, Tuladhar R, Joshi DR. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria and their resistance determinants in different wastewaters and rivers in Nepal. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134660. [PMID: 38795483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Wastewaters serve as significant reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Despite the evidence of antimicrobial resistance in wastewaters and river water in Kathmandu, direct linkage between them is not discussed yet. This study investigated the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria and associated resistance genes in wastewaters and river water. Out of 246 bacteria from wastewaters, 57.72% were ESBL producers and 77.64% of them were multidrug resistant (MDR). ESBL producing E. coli was dominant in municipal and hospital wastewaters (HWW) as well as in river water while K. pneumoniae was common in pharmaceutical wastewater. The blaSHV and blaTEM genes were prevalent and commonly co-occurred with aac(6')-Ib-cr in K. pneumoniae isolated pharmaceutical wastewater. blaCTX-M carrying E. coli from hospital co-harbored aac(6')-Ib-cr while that from municipal influent and river water co-harbored qnrS. Whole genome sequencing data revealed the presence of diverse ARGs in bacterial isolates against multiple antibiotics. In average, an E. coli and a K. pneumoniae isolate contained 55.75 ± 0.96 and 40.2 ± 5.36 ARGs, respectively. Multi-locus sequence typing showed the presence of globally high-risk clones with wider host range such as E. coli ST10, and K. pneumoniae ST15 and ST307 in HWW and river indicating frequent dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in wastewater of Kathmandu. Whole genome sequence data aligned with phenotypic antibiograms and resistance genes detected by PCR in selected isolates. The presence of significant plasmid replicons (IncF, IncY) and mobile genetic elements (IS903, IS26) indicate high frequency of spreading antibiotic resistance. These findings indicate burden and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in the environment and highlight the need for effective strategies to mitigate the antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Khanal
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal; Environment Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Lalitpur, Nepal; Department of Microbiology, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sudeep K C
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal; Environment Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Tista Prasai Joshi
- Environment Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Ziming Han
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chunzhen Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jyoti Maharjan
- Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Reshma Tuladhar
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dev Raj Joshi
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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Smith WJM, Liu Y, Simpson SL, Bivins A, Ahmed W. Assessment of nucleic acid extraction protocols for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) quantification in aircraft wastewater. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:54. [PMID: 38816866 PMCID: PMC11138010 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated ten nucleic acid extraction protocols (EP1 to EP10) for measuring five endogenous antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in four aircraft wastewater samples (AWW1 to AWW4). The targeted ARGs, including blaCTX-M, blaNDM-1, ermB, qnrS, and tetA, encompassed highly and minimally abundant ARGs. TetA and ermB were consistently detected across four aircraft wastewater samples using the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit and the AllPrep PowerViral DNA/RNA kit. QnrS displayed high detection rates with specific extraction protocols and aliquot volumes. Concentrations of ARGs varied across aircraft wastewater samples, with differing extraction protocols influencing quantitative results. The concentrations of tetA, ermB, and qnrS in AWW1 were distinct, while AWW2 to AWW4 exhibited a broader range for tetA, ermB, qnrS, blaCTX-M, and blaNDM-1. EP1 consistently produced the highest concentrations for several ARGs. Collective data analysis revealed varying ARG concentrations across the ten extraction protocols, suggesting the importance of careful extraction protocol selection in ARG monitoring in aircraft wastewater samples. Based on the results, we suggest that a small sample volume (as low as 0.2 mL) may be sufficient for ARG characterization in aircraft wastewater samples. The findings also emphasize the need for considering toilet paper removal without compromising nucleic acid extraction efficiency. The study highlights promising prospects for aircraft wastewater monitoring of ARGs, calling for further investigation into the import and spread of unique ARGs through transport hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J M Smith
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Yawen Liu
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Stuart L Simpson
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Aaron Bivins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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Sardari M, Manouchehrifar M, Hasani K, Habibzadeh N, Doghaheh HP, Azimi T, Arzanlou M. Molecular characterization and prevalence of β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in livestock and poultry slaughterhouses wastewater in Iran. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:572-583. [PMID: 38557572 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales bacteria cause severe hard-to-treat infections. Currently, they are spreading beyond hospitals and becoming a serious global health concern. This study investigated the prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC-type β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE, AmpC-PE) in wastewater from livestock and poultry slaughterhouses in Ardabil, Iran. A total of 80 Enterobacterales bacteria belonging to 9 species were identified. Among the isolates, Escherichia coli (n = 21/80; 26.2%) and Citrobacter spp. (n = 18/80; 22.5%) exhibited the highest frequency. Overall, 18.7% (n = 15/80) and 2.5% (n = 2/80) of Enterobacterales were found to be ESBL and AmpC producers, respectively. The most common ESBL producer isolates were E. coli (n = 9/21; 42.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 6/7; 85.7%). All AmpC-PE isolates belonged to E. coli strains (n = 2/21; 9.5%). In this study, 80% of ESBL-PE and 100% of AmpC-PE isolates were recovered from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. All ESBL-PE and AmpC-PE isolates were multidrug-resistant. In total, 93.3% of ESBL-PE isolates harbored the blaCTX-M gene, with the blaCTX-M-15 being the most common subgroup. The emergence of ESBL-PE and AmpC-PE in wastewater of food-producing animals allows for zoonotic transmission to humans through contaminated food products and contaminations of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Sardari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | | | - Kamal Hasani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Nasrin Habibzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hadi Peeri Doghaheh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Taher Azimi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Arzanlou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran E-mail: ;
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Waśko I, Kozińska A, Kotlarska E, Baraniak A. Clinically Relevant β-Lactam Resistance Genes in Wastewater Treatment Plants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192113829. [PMID: 36360709 PMCID: PMC9657204 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the largest global concerns due to its influence in multiple areas, which is consistent with One Health's concept of close interconnections between people, animals, plants, and their shared environments. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) circulate constantly in various niches, sediments, water sources, soil, and wastes of the animal and plant sectors, and is linked to human activities. Sewage of different origins gets to the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where ARB and ARG removal efficiency is still insufficient, leading to their transmission to discharge points and further dissemination. Thus, WWTPs are believed to be reservoirs of ARGs and the source of spreading AMR. According to a World Health Organization report, the most critical pathogens for public health include Gram-negative bacteria resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems (last-choice drugs), which represent β-lactams, the most widely used antibiotics. Therefore, this paper aimed to present the available research data for ARGs in WWTPs that confer resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, with a particular emphasis on clinically important life-threatening mechanisms of resistance, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases (KPC, NDM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Waśko
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Medicines Institute, Chelmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-228-410-623
| | - Aleksandra Kozińska
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Medicines Institute, Chelmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kotlarska
- Genetics and Marine Biotechnology Department, Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Anna Baraniak
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Medicines Institute, Chelmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
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Azuma T, Murakami M, Sonoda Y, Ozaki A, Hayashi T. Occurrence and Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a Sub-Catchment of the Yodo River Basin, Japan. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101355. [PMID: 36290013 PMCID: PMC9598951 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in a sub-catchment of the Yodo River Basin, a representative water system of a drinking water source in Japan, was investigated. The chromogenic enzyme-substrate medium method was used for the detection of S. aureus and MRSA by the presence or absence of antimicrobials in the medium for viable bacteria in a culture-based setting. The contributions of S. aureus and MRSA from wastewater to the rivers were estimated based on mass flux-based analysis, and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was further conducted for S. aureus and MRSA in river environments. The mean abundance of S. aureus and MRSA was 31 and 29 CFU/mL in hospital effluent, 124 and 117 CFU/mL in sewage treatment plant (STP) influent, 16 and 13 CFU/mL in STP effluent, and 8 and 9 CFU/mL in river water, respectively. Contribution of the pollution load derived from the target STP effluent to river water ranged from 2% to 25%. The QMRA showed that to achieve the established health benchmarks, the drinking water treatment process would need to yield 1.7 log10 and 2.9 log10 inactivation in terms of infection risk and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) indexes, respectively. These findings highlight the link between medical environment and the importance of environmental risk management for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Azuma
- Department of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki 569-1094, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-72-690-1055
| | - Michio Murakami
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Techno Alliance C209, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Sonoda
- Nursing Unit, Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, 57 Kaminodai, Jyoban-Kamiyunaga-Yamachi, Iwaki 972-8322, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ozaki
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, 57 Kaminodai, Jyoban-Kamiyunaga-Yamachi, Iwaki 972-8322, Japan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki 569-1094, Japan
- Department of Food and Nutrition Management Studies, Faculty of Human Development, Soai University, 4-4-1 Nankonaka, Osaka 559-0033, Japan
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Tacão M, Laço J, Teixeira P, Henriques I. CTX-M-Producing Bacteria Isolated from a Highly Polluted River System in Portugal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191911858. [PMID: 36231185 PMCID: PMC9565674 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enterobacteriaceae resistant to third-generation cephalosporins are a great concern for public health, as these are first-line drugs to treat infections. The production of carbapenemases and extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and/or the overexpression of AmpC β-lactamases are the main mechanisms of resistance to these antibiotics. Among the ESBLs, CTX-M β-lactamases are the most prevalent worldwide. Our aims were to determine the prevalence of cefotaxime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae along a heavily polluted river and characterize blaCTX-M carriers. River water was collected in 11 sites along the main course and tributaries, in two sampling moments. Water quality was evaluated and a collection of cefotaxime-resistant isolates was obtained. blaCTX-M carriers were characterized regarding phylogenetic affiliation, clonality, antibiotic susceptibility, gene diversity, and context. Water presented very low quality in all sites. From 147 cefotaxime-resistant isolates, 46% carried blaCTX-M and were affiliated with Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter. Molecular typing revealed clonal isolates in different sites and over the two years, suggesting survival of the strains in the river or continuous pollution inputs from the same sources. Eight variants of blaCTX-M were found, with blaCTX-M-15 being the most prevalent (52.5%). Sites with a lower water quality showed the highest resistance rates and prevalence of blaCTX-M, suggesting that river water may embody human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tacão
- CESAM and Biology Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José Laço
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Teixeira
- CESAM and Biology Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Henriques
- Department of Life Sciences and CFE, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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Aristizabal-Hoyos A, Rodríguez EA, Torres-Palma RA, Jiménez JN. Concern levels of beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacilli in hospital wastewater: hotspot of antimicrobial resistance in Latin-America. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 105:115819. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sultan I, Siddiqui MT, Gogry FA, Haq QMR. Molecular characterization of resistance determinants and mobile genetic elements of ESBL producing multidrug-resistant bacteria from freshwater lakes in Kashmir, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154221. [PMID: 35245551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance conceded as a global concern is a phenomenon that emerged from the bacterial response to the extensive utilization of antimicrobials. The expansion of resistance determinants through horizontal transfer is linked with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) like transposons, insertion sequences, and integrons. Heavy metals also create consequential health hazards. Metal resistance gene in alliance with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and MGEs is assisting bacteria to attain exalted quantity of resistance. METHODOLOGY The present work was carried out to study ARGs blaCTX-M, AmpC, qnrS, MGEs like ISecp1, TN3, TN21, and Int I by performing PCR and sequencing from Wular and Dal lakes of Kashmir; India. The genetic environment analysis of blaCTX-M-15 was carried out using PCR amplification, and sequencing approach followed by in-silico docking and mutational studies. Co-occurrence of ARGs and HMRGs was determined. Plasmid typing was done using PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT) and conjugation assay was also performed. RESULTS Out of 201 isolates attained from 16 locations, 33 were ESBLs producers. 30 ESBL displaying isolates were perceived positive for CTX-M gene, followed by AmpC (17), qnrS (13), ISecp1 (15), TN3 (11), TN21 (11), Int I (18), and SulI (14). The genetic environment of blaCTX-M-15 was observed as (ISEcp1-blaCTX-M-15-orf477), classical promoter-10 TACAAT and -35 TTGAA was found at the 3' region. The 3D structure of CTX-M-15 and ISEcp1 was generated and CTX-M-15-ISEcp1 (R299L) docking and mutation showed a reduction in hydrogen bonds. Co-occurrence of antibiotics and HMRGs (mer, sil, and ars) was found in 18, 14, and 8 isolates. PBRT analysis showed the presence of Inc. groups- B/O, F, I1, HI1, FIA, HI2, N, FIB, L/M. Molecular analysis of transconjugants showed the successful transfer of ARGs, MGEs, and HMRGs in the E. coli J53 AZR strain. CONCLUSION This study highlights the occurrence of ESBL producing bacteria in the aquatic environment of Kashmir India that can serve as a reservoir of ARGs. It also discussed the molecular mechanisms of MGEs which can help in containing the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insha Sultan
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
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Mutuku C, Melegh S, Kovacs K, Urban P, Virág E, Heninger R, Herczeg R, Sonnevend Á, Gyenesei A, Fekete C, Gazdag Z. Characterization of β-Lactamases and Multidrug Resistance Mechanisms in Enterobacterales from Hospital Effluents and Wastewater Treatment Plant. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060776. [PMID: 35740182 PMCID: PMC9219941 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials in wastewater promote the emergence of antibiotic resistance, facilitated by selective pressure and transfer of resistant genes. Enteric bacteria belonging to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, and Citrobacter species (n = 126) from hospital effluents and proximate wastewater treatment plant were assayed for susceptibility to four antimicrobial classes. The β-lactamase encoding genes harbored in plasmids were genotyped and the plasmids were sequenced. A multidrug resistance phenotype was found in 72% (n = 58) of E. coli isolates, 70% (n = 43) of Klebsiella species isolates, and 40% (n = 25) of Enterobacter and Citrobacter species. Moreover, 86% (n = 50) of E. coli, 77% (n = 33) of Klebsiella species, and 25% (n = 4) of Citrobacter species isolates phenotypically expressed extended spectrum β-lactamase. Regarding ESBL genes, blaCTX-M-27 and blaTEM-1 were found in E. coli, while Klebsiella species harbored blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-30, or blaSHV-12. Genes coding for aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, adenylyltransferases (aadA1, aadA5), phosphotransferases (aph(6)-1d, aph(3″)-Ib), acetyltransferases (aac(3)-IIa), (aac(6)-Ib), sulfonamide/trimethoprim resistant dihydropteroate synthase (sul), dihydrofolate reductase (dfrA), and quinolone resistance protein (qnrB1) were also identified. Monitoring wastewater from human sources for acquired resistance in clinically important bacteria may provide a cheaper alternative in regions facing challenges that limit clinical surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mutuku
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; (R.H.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (Z.G.)
| | - Szilvia Melegh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.K.); (Á.S.)
| | - Krisztina Kovacs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.K.); (Á.S.)
| | - Peter Urban
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (P.U.); (R.H.); (A.G.)
| | - Eszter Virág
- Educomat Ltd., Iskola utca 12/A, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary;
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Reka Heninger
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; (R.H.); (C.F.)
| | - Robert Herczeg
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (P.U.); (R.H.); (A.G.)
| | - Ágnes Sonnevend
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.K.); (Á.S.)
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (P.U.); (R.H.); (A.G.)
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; (R.H.); (C.F.)
| | - Zoltan Gazdag
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; (R.H.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (Z.G.)
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11
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Li X, Wang P, Chu S, Xu Y, Su Y, Wu D, Xie B. Short-term biodrying achieves compost maturity and significantly reduces antibiotic resistance genes during semi-continuous food waste composting inoculated with mature compost. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:127915. [PMID: 34863571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Food waste (FW) is important object of resource utilization and source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study investigated the effects of biodrying combined with inoculating mature compost (B&M) on the composting efficiency, succession of bacterial communities and their links with metabolism functions as well as the fate of ARGs during FW composting. The results showed that B&M could rapidly raise and maintain high relative abundance of Bacillaceae (66.59-94.44%) as well as composting temperature (45.86-65.86 ℃), so as to achieve the final maturity of FW composting in a short time by regulating microbial carbohydrate (14.02-15.31%) and amino acid metabolism (10.33-12.47%). Network analysis demonstrated that high temperature could effectively inhibit the proliferation and spread of potential bacterial hosts of ARGs and integrons including Lactobacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Leuconostocaceae and Corynebacteriaceae during the first two days of composting. As a result, B&M significantly reduced the absolute (72.09-99.47%) and relative abundances (0.31-2.44 logs) of nearly all ARGs especially ermB, tetM, blaCTX-M and blaOXA. Present study deepened the knowledge of ARGs variation, succession and metabolism functions of bacterial communities when B&M processes were used for FW composting, suggesting a promising technology for reducing the transmission risk of ARGs and reaching maturity of FW composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunan Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Panliang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Siqin Chu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yulu Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yinglong Su
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Dong Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Bing Xie
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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12
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Analysis of Wastewater Reveals the Spread of Diverse Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing E. coli Strains in uMgungundlovu District, South Africa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070860. [PMID: 34356780 PMCID: PMC8300763 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are major reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), favouring antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) interchange among bacteria and they can provide valuable information on ARB circulating in a community. This study characterised extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli from the influent and effluent of four WWTPs in uMgungundlovu District, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. E. coli was enumerated using the membrane filtration method and confirmed using the API 20E test and real-time polymerase chain reaction. ESBL-producers were phenotypically identified by their susceptibility to the third-generation cephalosporins using the disc diffusion and the double-disc synergy methods against cefotaxime (30 µg) with and without 10 µg clavulanic acid. Genotypic verification was by PCR of the TEM, SHV, and CTX-M genes. The clonality of isolates was assessed by ERIC-PCR. The highest E. coli count ranged between 1.1 × 105 (influent) and 4.3 × 103 CFU/mL (effluent). Eighty pure isolates were randomly selected, ten from the influent and effluent of each of the four WWTP. ESBLs were phenotypically confirmed in 49% (n = 39) of the isolates, of which 77% (n = 30) were genotypically confirmed. Seventy-three percent of the total isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Only two isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics. Overall, resistance to first and second-generation cephalosporins was higher than to third and fourth generation cephalosporins. Also, 15% of the isolates were resistant to carbapenems. The CTX-M-type ESBL (67%; n = 20) was the most common ESBL antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) followed by TEM (57%; n = 17) and SHV-types (27%; n = 8). Also, a substantial number of isolates simultaneously carried all three ESBL genes. ERIC-PCR revealed a high diversity of isolates. The diversity of the isolates observed in the influent samples suggest the potential circulation of different ESBL-producing strains within the studied district, requiring a more comprehensive epidemiological study to prevent the spread of ESBL-producing bacteria within impoverished communities.
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13
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Azuma T, Hayashi T. Effects of natural sunlight on antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (AMRB) and antimicrobial-susceptible bacteria (AMSB) in wastewater and river water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:142568. [PMID: 33066962 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of natural sunlight on antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (AMRB) and antimicrobial-susceptible bacteria (AMSB) were investigated in three types of water: sewage treatment plant (STP) influent, STP secondary effluent, and river water in an urban area of Japan. The AMRB were grouped into six classes: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E), multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter (MDRA), multi-drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRP), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). The amount of each group of bacteria present was estimated using specific chromogenic agar formulations. AMRB were detected in all water samples, with 13-2,407 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL in the STP influent, N.D. to 202 CFU/mL in the secondary STP effluent, and N.D. to 207 CFU/mL in the river water. The distribution profiles of the AMSB in water samples were similar to those of AMRB. The degree to which AMRB and AMSB present in the river water were inactivated by natural sunlight was tested as the main aim of this study. Irradiation by natural sunlight was found to inactivate almost 100% of all the target AMRB after 5 h of exposure, with no significant differences (P < 0.05) observed in the effects that sunlight had on AMSB and AMRB. Analysis of the bacterial community structure based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the structure of the bacterial community was apparently not affected by the exposure to sunlight. In addition, the taxonomic diversity in the STP secondary effluent did not change as a result of additional disinfection with chlorine. The results of this study suggest that it is possible that exposure to sunlight could be used as an alternative to disinfection via chlorine. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the mitigation of AMSB and AMRB pollution in a river environment via the exposure to natural sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Azuma
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
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14
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Irfan S, Azhar A, Bashir A, Ahmed S, Haque A. High frequency of simultaneous presence of ESBL and carbapenemase producers among nosocomial coliform isolates in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci 2020; 37:34-39. [PMID: 33437247 PMCID: PMC7794153 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.37.1.3192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of the current study was to find prevalence of relevant ESBL and carbapenemase producing genes in nosocomial E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates and to check phenotypic susceptibility of all ESBL positive isolates to carbapenems. Methods: Forty ESBL producing clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (n=33) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=7) were examined for the presence of β-lactamase genes (CTX-M, CTX-M-1, 2, 3, 4 and TEM). Carbapenem resistance was checked phenotypically and by presence of blaNDM-1 gene. Results: Nine (27%) were positive for CTX-M genes, and 10 (30%) for TEM among E. coli isolates. Importantly, six isolates showed co-existence of CTX-M and TEM genes. In K. pneumoniae, two (28%) isolates were positive for CTX-M and one (14%) for TEM genes. Eight (24%) E. coli and one (14%) K. pneumoniae isolates were positive for CTX-M-1. Respective figures for CTX-M-4 were three (10%) and one (14%). CTX-M-2 and CTX-M-3 groups were not represented. Twenty (50%) isolates were resistant to both imipenem and meropenem out of which only four isolates expressed blaNDM-1 gene. Conclusions: The significant presence of both ESBL and carbapenemase producers and co-existence of ESBL and carbapenemases in the same isolates is worrisome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Irfan
- Sofia Irfan, B.Sc. (Hons.). Department of Health Biotechnology, Akhuwat FIRST, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aysha Azhar
- Aysha Azhar, PhD. Postgraduate Research Laboratory, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asad Bashir
- Asad Bashir, MPhil. Department of Health Biotechnology, Akhuwat FIRST, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Ahmed
- Salman Ahmed, B.Sc. (Hons.). Department of Health Biotechnology, Akhuwat FIRST, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Haque
- Abdul Haque, PhD. Department of Health Biotechnology, Akhuwat FIRST, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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15
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Fadare FT, Adefisoye MA, Okoh AI. Occurrence, identification, and antibiogram signatures of selected Enterobacteriaceae from Tsomo and Tyhume rivers in the Eastern Cape Province, Republic of South Africa. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238084. [PMID: 33284819 PMCID: PMC7721149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in clinical and environmental settings has been seen globally as a complex public health challenge, mostly in the developing nations where they significantly impact freshwater used for a variety of domestic purposes and irrigation. This paper detail the occurrence and antibiogram signatures of the Enterobacteriaceae community in Tsomo and Tyhume rivers within the Eastern Cape Province, the Republic of South Africa, using standard methods. The average distribution of the presumptive Enterobacteriaceae in the rivers ranged from 1 × 102 CFU/100ml to 1.95 × 104 CFU/100ml. We confirmed 56 (70.8%) out of 79 presumptive Enterobacteriaceae isolated being species within the family Enterobacteriaceae through the Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight technique. Citrobacter-, Enterobacter-, Klebsiella species, and Escherichia coli were selected (n = 40) due to their pathogenic potentials for antibiogram profiling. The results of the antibiotic susceptibility testing gave a revelation that all the isolates were phenotypically multidrug-resistant. The resistance against ampicillin (95%), tetracycline and doxycycline (88%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (85%) antibiotics were most prevalent. The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance indices stretched from 0.22 to 0.94, with the highest index observed in a C. freundii isolate. Molecular characterisation using the PCR technique revealed the dominance of blaTEM (30%; 12/40) among the eight groups of β-lactams resistance determinants assayed. The prevalence of others was blaCTX-M genes including group 1, 2 and 9 (27.5%), blaSHV (20%), blaOXA-1-like (10%), blaPER (2.5%), and blaVEB (0%). The frequencies of the resistance determinants for the carbapenems were blaKPC (17.6%), blaGES (11.8%), blaIMP (11.8%), blaVIM (11.8%), and blaOXA-48-like (5.9%). Out of the six plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC) genes investigated blaACC, blaEBC, blaFOX, blaCIT, blaDHA, and blaMOX, only the first four were detected. In this category, the most dominant was blaEBC, with 18.4% (7/38). The prevalence of the non-β-lactamases include tetA (33.3%), tetB (30.5%), tetC (2.8%), tetD (11.1%), tetK (0%), tetM (13.9%), catI (12%), catII (68%), sulI (14.3%), sulII (22.9%) and aadA (8.3%). Notably, a C. koseri harboured 42.8% (12/28) of the genes assayed for which includes five of the ESBL genes (including the only blaPER detected in this study), two of the pAmpC resistance genes (blaACC and blaCIT), and five of the non-β-lactamase genes. This study gives the first report on C. koseri exhibiting the co-occurrence of ESBL/AmpC β-lactamase genes from the environment to the best of our knowledge. The detection of a blaPER producing Citrobacter spp. in this study is remarkable. These findings provide evidence that freshwater serves as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance determinants, which can then be easily transferred to human beings via the food chain and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folake Temitope Fadare
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Martins Ajibade Adefisoye
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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16
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Chaturvedi P, Chaurasia D, Pandey A, Gupta P. Co-occurrence of multidrug resistance, β-lactamase and plasmid mediated AmpC genes in bacteria isolated from river Ganga, northern India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115502. [PMID: 32892014 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater effluents released in surface water provides suitable nutrient rich environment for the growth and proliferation of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and genes (ARG). Consequently, bacterial resistance has highly evolved over the recent years and diversified that each antibiotic class is inhibited by a distinct mechanism. In the present study, the prevalence of Multidrug resistant (MDR), extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and plasmid mediated Amp-C producing strains was analyzed in 28 surface water samples collected near domestic effluent discharge sites in river Ganga located across 11 different geographical indices of Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 243 bacterial strains with different phenotypes were isolated. Among 243 isolates, 206 (84.77%) exhibited MDR trait displaying maximum resistance towards β-lactams (P = 78.19%; AMX = 72.84%), glycopeptides (VAN = 32.92%; TEI = 79.42%), cephalosporins (CF = 67.90%; CFX = 38.27%), and lincosamides (CD = 78.18%) followed by sulfonamide, macrolide and tetracycline. ESBL production was confirmed in 126 (51.85%) isolates that harbored the genes: blaTEM (95.24%), blaSHV (22.22%), blaOXA (11.90%) and blaCTX-M group (14.28%). The presence of plasmid mediated AmpC was detected only in 6.17% of isolates. The existence of such pathogenic strains in the open environment generates an urgent need for incorporating stringent measures to reduce the antibiotic consumption and hence its release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chaturvedi
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology-Raipur, G.E. Road, Raipur, 492010, Chhattisgarh, India.
| | - Deepshi Chaurasia
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Transnational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pratima Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology-Raipur, G.E. Road, Raipur, 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
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17
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Lenart-Boroń AM, Kulik K, Jelonkiewicz E. Antimicrobial resistance and ESBL genes in E. coli isolated in proximity to a sewage treatment plant. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:1571-1580. [PMID: 33030087 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1826774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in the Szreniawa river with detailed aims of: (i) assessment of differences in the number of microbiological indicators of water quality in a diurnal cycle in a vicinity of the sewage treatment plant (STP); (ii) determination of prevalence of antimicrobial resistant E. coli isolated from three sites located at varying locations toward the STP; (iii) evaluation of the presence of extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)-determining genes in waterborne E. coli isolated from three sites of Szreniawa and (iv) genetic similarity assessment among the E. coli populations. Bacteriological contamination (coliforms, E. coli, E. faecalis) was assessed using membrane filtration. Fifty E. coli strains, the species of which was confirmed by MALDI-TOF analysis, were subjected to antimicrobial resistance tests using standard disk-diffusion method. Double disk synergy test was used to assess the ESBL production and PCR tests were conducted to detect the ESBL-conferring genes and evaluate the genetic diversity. A significant variation in the number of bacteriological indicators was observed both within and between the sampling sites, suggesting the effect of effluent from the STP, point discharge of household sewage and agricultural runoff on the water contamination. The resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate (90%) and ampicillin (36%) was most prevalent. Multidrug resistance was observed in 40% of strains but no ESBL-producing strains were observed phenotypically. However, the presence of three ESBL-determining genes (TEM, OXA and CTX-M) was detected in 24, 10 and 8% of strains, respectively. A number of factors caused considerable pollution of the river and numerous multidrug resistant E. coli strains were isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Lenart-Boroń
- Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Klaudia Kulik
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Jelonkiewicz
- Faculty of Geography and Geology, Institute of Geography and Spatial Management, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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18
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Pérez-Etayo L, González D, Leiva J, Vitas AI. Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Different Aquatic Environments in the North of Spain and South of France. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1425. [PMID: 32947947 PMCID: PMC7565385 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the global progress of antimicrobial resistance, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the list of the antibiotic-resistant "priority pathogens" in order to promote research and development of new antibiotics to the families of bacteria that cause severe and often deadly infections. In the framework of the One Health approach, the surveillance of these pathogens in different environments should be implemented in order to analyze their spread and the potential risk of transmission of antibiotic resistances by food and water. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the presence of high and critical priority pathogens included in the aforementioned list in different aquatic environments in the POCTEFA area (North Spain-South France). In addition to these pathogens, detection of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was included due its relevance as being the antibiotic of choice to treat infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR). From the total of 80 analyzed samples, 100% of the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and collectors (from hospitals and slaughterhouses) and 96.4% of the rivers, carried antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) against the tested antibiotics. Fifty-five (17.7%) of the isolates were identified as target microorganisms (high and critical priority pathogens of WHO list) and 58.2% (n = 32) of them came from WWTPs and collectors. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization showed that 96.4% were MDR and resistance to penicillins/cephalosporins was the most widespread. The presence of bla genes, KPC-type carbapenemases, mcr-1 and vanB genes has been confirmed. In summary, the presence of clinically relevant MDR bacteria in the studied aquatic environments demonstrates the need to improve surveillance and treatments of wastewaters from slaughterhouses, hospitals and WWTPs, in order to minimize the dispersion of resistance through the effluents of these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Pérez-Etayo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (D.G.); (A.I.V.)
| | - David González
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (D.G.); (A.I.V.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Leiva
- Microbiology Service, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Ana Isabel Vitas
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (D.G.); (A.I.V.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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19
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Smyth C, O'Flaherty A, Walsh F, Do TT. Antibiotic resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing faecal coliforms in wastewater treatment plant effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114244. [PMID: 32146363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) provide optimal conditions for the maintenance and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this work we describe the occurrence of antibiotic resistant faecal coliforms and their mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in the effluent of two urban WWTPs in Ireland. This information is critical to identifying the role of WWTPs in the dissemination of ARB and ARGs into the environment. Effluent samples were collected from two WWTPs in Spring and Autumn of 2015 and 2016. The bacterial susceptibility patterns to 13 antibiotics were determined. The phenotypic tests were carried out to identify AmpC or extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers. The presence of ESBL genes were detected by PCR. Plasmids carrying ESBL genes were transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α recipient and underwent plasmid replicon typing to identify incompatibility groups. More than 90% of isolated faecal coliforms were resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin, followed by tetracycline (up to 39.82%), ciprofloxacin (up to 31.42%) and trimethoprim (up to 37.61%). Faecal coliforms resistant to colistin (up to 31.62%) and imipenem (up to 15.93%) were detected in all effluent samples. Up to 53.98% of isolated faecal coliforms expressed a multi-drug resistance (MRD) phenotype. AmpC production was confirmed in 5.22% of isolates. The ESBL genes were confirmed for 11.84% of isolates (9.2% of isolates carried blaTEM, 1.4% blaSHV-12, 0.2% blaCTX-M-1 and 1% blaCTX-M-15). Plasmids extracted from 52 ESBL isolates were successfully transformed into recipient E. coli. The detected plasmid incompatibility groups included the IncF group, IncI1, IncHI1/2 and IncA/C. These results provide evidence that treated wastewater is polluted with ARB and MDR faecal coliforms and are sources of ESBL-producing, carbapenem and colistin resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian Smyth
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Aidan O'Flaherty
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Fiona Walsh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Thi Thuy Do
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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Zagui GS, de Andrade LN, Moreira NC, Silva TV, Machado GP, da Costa Darini AL, Segura-Muñoz SI. Gram-negative bacteria carrying β-lactamase encoding genes in hospital and urban wastewater in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:376. [PMID: 32417981 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08319-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance mediated by β-lactamase in Gram-negative bacilli is a serious public health problem. Sewers are considered reservoirs of multiresistant bacteria due to presence of antibiotics that select them and favor their dissemination. The present study evaluated the antibiotic resistance profile and β-lactamases production in Gram-negative bacilli isolates from hospital sewage and urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTP) in Brazil. Bacteria were isolated and identified with biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the disk-diffusion method and detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenemases by enzymatic inhibitor and conventional PCR. Differences in resistance to amoxicillin clavulanic, aztreonam, cefepime, and cefotaxime were observed in hospital sewage compared with urban sewage (p < 0.05). The multidrug-resistant phenotype was observed in 33.3% of hospital sewage isolates (p = 0.0025). β-lactamases genes were found in 35.6% of isolates, with the most frequent being blaKPC and blaTEM (17.8%), and blaSHV and blaCTX-M (13.3% and 8.9%, respectively). The data obtained are relevant, since the bacteria detected are on the priority pathogens list from the World Health Organization and hospital sewage could be released untreated into the municipal collection system, which may favor the spread of resistance. Changes in hospital sewage discharge practices, as well as additional technologies regarding effluent disinfection in the UWWTP, can prevent the spread of these bacteria into the environment and negative impact on water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thaís Vilela Silva
- College of Nursing of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Susana Inés Segura-Muñoz
- College of Nursing of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Parasitology, Department of Maternal-Infant Nursing and Public Health, College of Nursing of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Pérez-Etayo L, González D, Vitas AI. The Aquatic Ecosystem, a Good Environment for the Horizontal Transfer of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence-Associated Factors Among Extended Spectrum β-lactamases Producing E. coli. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040568. [PMID: 32326434 PMCID: PMC7232254 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main public health problems nowadays is the increase of antimicrobial resistance, both in the hospital environment and outside it (animal environment, food and aquatic ecosystems, among others). It is necessary to investigate the virulence-associated factors and the ability of horizontal gene transfer among bacteria for a better understanding of the pathogenicity and the mechanisms of dissemination of resistant bacteria. Therefore, the objective of this work was to detect several virulence factors genes (fimA, papC, papG III, cnf1, hlyA and aer) and to determine the conjugative capacity in a wide collection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases-producing E. coli isolated from different sources (human, food, farms, rivers, and wastewater treatment plants). Regarding virulence genes, fimA, papC, and aer were distributed throughout all the studied environments, papG III was mostly related to clinical strains and wastewater is a route of dissemination for cnf1 and hlyA. Strains isolated from aquatic environments showed an average conjugation frequencies of 1.15 × 10−1 ± 5 × 10−1, being significantly higher than those observed in strains isolated from farms and food (p < 0.05), with frequencies of 1.53 × 10−4 ± 2.85 × 10−4 and 9.61 × 10−4 ± 1.96 × 10−3, respectively. The reported data suggest the importance that the aquatic environment (especially WWTPs) acquires for the exchange of genes and the dispersion of resistance. Therefore, specific surveillance programs of AMR indicators in wastewaters from animal or human origin are needed, in order to apply sanitation measures to reduce the burden of resistant bacteria arriving to risky environments as WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Pérez-Etayo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (D.G.); (A.I.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-425-600
| | - David González
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (D.G.); (A.I.V.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Vitas
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (D.G.); (A.I.V.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Rodríguez EA, Garzón LM, Gómez ID, Jiménez JN. Multidrug resistance and diversity of resistance profiles in carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli throughout a wastewater treatment plant in Colombia. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 22:358-366. [PMID: 32200126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (CRGNB) have been reported in different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) throughout the world; however, few studies have described the antimicrobial resistance profile in different CRGNB throughout WWTPs, information that would identify points of selection of resistant bacteria. The objective of this work was to characterize the resistance profile of CRGNB harbouring blaKPC-2 from a Colombian WWTP. METHODS Six samples were taken from four points of a WWTP. CRGNB were selected in chromID® CARBA and identified by 16S rRNA. Carbapenemases were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and susceptibility was assessed using VITEK2. RESULTS One hundred and forty-two CRGNB harbouring blaKPC-2 were detected: 41% corresponded to Aeromonas spp. (n = 58) and 59% to Enterobacteriaceae. To establish the resistance profile, 50% of the isolates were selected proportionally by family and sampling point (26 Aeromonadaceae and 45 Enterobacteriaceae). All Enterobacteriaceae showed resistance to carbapenems and penicillins + inhibitors, high percentages of resistance to ceftriaxone (88.9%), and ciprofloxacin (44.4%), and low resistance to other antibiotics (>30%). In Aeromonadaceae, 76.9% were resistant to ceftriaxone, 58% to carbapenems, and 65.4% to ciprofloxacin. Twenty-one resistance profiles were observed, the most common of which were resistant to penicillins + inhibitor, cephalosporins (third to fourth generation), and carbapenems (19%). The percentage of multidrug resistance was 91% and was similar at all points of the WWTP. CONCLUSIONS The high frequency of multidrug resistance and great diversity of resistance profiles observed throughout the WWTP is of concern, and shows the role of WWTP as a reservoir and dissemination source of antimicrobial resistance to water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Rodríguez
- Bacterial Molecular Epidemiology Line, Research Group in Basic and Applied Microbiology (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - L M Garzón
- Bacterial Molecular Epidemiology Line, Research Group in Basic and Applied Microbiology (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - I D Gómez
- Bacterial Molecular Epidemiology Line, Research Group in Basic and Applied Microbiology (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - J Natalia Jiménez
- Bacterial Molecular Epidemiology Line, Research Group in Basic and Applied Microbiology (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Occurrence of β-Lactamase-Producing Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolates in Water Sources in Cali City, Colombia. Int J Microbiol 2019; 2019:1375060. [PMID: 31582981 PMCID: PMC6754923 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1375060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pollution by domestic, industrial, and hospital wastes of the artificial and natural waters of the city of Cali led us to investigate the presence of Gram-negative bacteria resistant to antibiotics in these aquatic ecosystems. Material and methods We used culture-dependent methods and molecular techniques to investigate the prevalence and dynamics of β-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria in five areas located in channels and rivers that cross the city of Cali in January (dry season) and May (wet season). The association between the variables was determined by the chi-square test, using the statistical package SPSS vs 23.0. Results The main species being Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. with associated resistance to both cefoxitin and cefotaxime were observed in 73.3% isolates during the dry season. Most of the isolates belonged to antibiotype 3 (with resistance to 6 antibiotics), 51.2% in the dry season and 48.9% in the wet season, and they were found especially in the artificial waters of “Intersector Canal (CVC) Sur”. Conclusion These results indicate that β-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria are widespread in the environment in the aquatic ecosystem of Cali city. The artificial and natural waters that cross the city are finally discharged into the Rio Cauca; this river can then be considered as a medium for the spread of bacterial antibiotic resistance genes.
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Aristizábal-Hoyos AM, Rodríguez EA, Arias L, Jiménez JN. High clonal diversity of multidrug-resistant and extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in a wastewater treatment plant. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 245:37-47. [PMID: 31150908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Increasing beta-lactam resistance has led to the exploration of different places, such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) which have been considered to be reservoirs and sources of bacterial resistance. This work aims to determine the presence of beta-lactamase-producing-Enterobacteriaceae in different points of a WWTP in Colombia. Six samplings were carried out in 2017 in the raw influent, aeration tanks, recycled sludge and final effluent of a WWTP. The beta-lactamase-producing-Enterobacteriaceae were detected and identified using phenotypic and molecular methods. Of the 353 isolates included, 28.3% corresponded to enterobacteria. The most frequent microorganisms were Escherichia coli (83%), Citrobacter freundii (11%) and Enterobacter cloacae complex (4%). The 97% of enterobacteriaceae had at least one beta-lactamase, and the most prevalent were the blaTEM (43.8%) and blaCTX-M-1group (35.8%) which were detected specially in recycled sludge and final effluent sample points. High percentage of multidrug resistance (to beta-lactams and non-beta-lactam antibiotics) was detected in E. coli (63.2%). Additionally, the typing by PFGE and MLST showed high genotypic diversity and the presence of the successful ST131 clone, globally spread. This work highlights the strong role of E. coli as a vector for the dissemination of resistance and the beta-lactamases in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Aristizábal-Hoyos
- Línea de Epidemiología Molecular Bacteriana. Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Básica y Aplicada (MICROBA), Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Grupo de Bioprocesos Microbianos, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - E A Rodríguez
- Línea de Epidemiología Molecular Bacteriana. Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Básica y Aplicada (MICROBA), Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - L Arias
- Grupo de Bioprocesos Microbianos, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - J N Jiménez
- Línea de Epidemiología Molecular Bacteriana. Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Básica y Aplicada (MICROBA), Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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25
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Bitrus AA, Mshelia PA, Kwoji ID, Goni MD, Jajere SM. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and ampicillin Class C beta lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from food animals: A review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2019.65-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has gained global notoriety due to its public health concern, the emergence of multiple drug-resistant bacteria, and lack of new antimicrobials. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)/ampicillin Class C (AmpC)- producing Escherichia coli and other zoonotic pathogens can be transmitted to humans from animals either through the food chain, direct contact or contamination of shared environments. There is a surge in the rate of resistance to medically important antibiotics such as carbapenem, ESBL, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones among bacteria of zoonotic importance. Factors that may facilitate the occurrence, persistence and dissemination of ESBL/AmpC-Producing E. coli in humans and animal includes; 1). o ral administration of antimicrobials to humans primarily (by physician and health care providers) and secondarily to animals, 2). importation of parent stock and day-old chickens, 3). farm management practice and lack of water acidification in poultry, 4). contamination of feed, water and environment, 5). contamination of plants with feces of animals. Understanding these key factors will help reduce the level of resistance, thereby boosting the therapeutic effectiveness of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of animal and human infections. This review highlights the occurrence, risk factors, and public health importance of ESBL/AmpC-beta-lactamase producing E. coli isolated from livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asinamai Athliamai Bitrus
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, P.M. B 2084 Jos, Plateau, Nigeria
| | - Peter Anjili Mshelia
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069 Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Iliya Dauda Kwoji
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069 Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Dauda Goni
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Saleh Mohammed Jajere
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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González D, Gallagher E, Zúñiga T, Leiva J, Vitas AI. Prevalence and characterization of β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in healthy human carriers. Int Microbiol 2019; 23:171-177. [PMID: 31218538 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL-E), AmpC-producing and carbapenemase-producing (CPE) Enterobacteriaceae has been observed not only in the clinical environment, but also in the out-of-hospital environment. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize strains of ESBL, AmpC, and CPE present in feces of healthy carriers in Navarra (n = 125). Despite the fact that no CPE strains were isolated, 16% and 11.2% of the studied population were ESBL-E and AmpC carriers, respectively. No significant differences were found by gender or age; young people (5-18 years old) showed the highest ESBL-E prevalence (31.8%). The isolates corresponded to E. coli (57.1%), Enterobacter spp. (28.6%), and Citrobacter freundii (14.3%), and all strains showed multidrug-resistant profiles. High resistance against cephalosporins, penicillins, and monobactams, and sensitivity to carbapenems, quinolones, and aminoglycosides were observed. With respect to ESBL producers, 52.4% were CTX-M-type (19.0% CTX-M-14, 9.5% CTX-M-1, and 28.6% CTX-M-15) and 47.6% were TEM-type (38.1% TEM-171). These results confirm the extensive dissemination of these resistances among a healthy population and pose the need to implement control measures and strategies according to the One Health approach in order to prevent the increase of severe and untreatable infections in a not far future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Eibhlin Gallagher
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Teresa Zúñiga
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Leiva
- Microbiology Service, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Vitas
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
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Sghaier S, Abbassi MS, Pascual A, Serrano L, Díaz-De-Alba P, Said MB, Hassen B, Ibrahim C, Hassen A, López-Cerero L. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from animal origin and wastewater in Tunisia: first detection of O25b-B23-CTX-M-27-ST131 Escherichia coli and CTX-M-15/OXA-204-producing Citrobacter freundii from wastewater. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 17:189-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Vivant AL, Boutin C, Prost-Boucle S, Papias S, Ziebal C, Pourcher AM. Fate of two strains of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in constructed wetland microcosm sediments: survival and change in antibiotic resistance profiles. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2019; 79:1550-1560. [PMID: 31169513 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Free water surface constructed wetlands (FWS CW) are efficient technologies to limit the transfer of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) originating from urban effluents into the aquatic environment. However, the decrease in ARB from inflow to outflow through the FWS CW may be explained by their transfer from the water body to the sediment. To investigate the behavior of ARB in the sediment of a FWS CW, we inoculated three microcosms with two strains of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli) belonging to two genotypes. Microcosms were composed of two sediments collected at two locations of an FWS CW from which the strains were isolated. Phragmites were planted in one of the microcosms. The survival curves of the two strains were close regardless of the genotype and the type of sediment. After a rapid decline, both strains were able to survive at low level in the sediments for 50 days. Their fate was not affected by the presence of phragmites. Changes in the bla content and antibiotic resistance of the inoculated strains were observed after three weeks of incubation, indicating that FWS CW sediments are favorable environments for spread of antibiotic resistance genes and for the acquisition of new antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Vivant
- Irstea, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé-CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France and Univ Bretagne Loire, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France E-mail:
| | - Catherine Boutin
- Irstea, UR REVERSAAL, 5 rue de la Doua, CS 20244, F-69625, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Sandrine Papias
- Irstea, UR REVERSAAL, 5 rue de la Doua, CS 20244, F-69625, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christine Ziebal
- Irstea, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé-CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France and Univ Bretagne Loire, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France E-mail:
| | - Anne-Marie Pourcher
- Irstea, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé-CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France and Univ Bretagne Loire, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France E-mail:
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Azuma T, Otomo K, Kunitou M, Shimizu M, Hosomaru K, Mikata S, Ishida M, Hisamatsu K, Yunoki A, Mino Y, Hayashi T. Environmental fate of pharmaceutical compounds and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in hospital effluents, and contributions to pollutant loads in the surface waters in Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:476-484. [PMID: 30550911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental fate of 58 pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) grouped into 11 therapeutic classes in the three different waters, hospital effluent, sewage treatment plant (STP) and river water, was estimated by combination of their quantitative concentration analysis and evaluation of their extent of contribution as loading sources. At the same time, distribution of six classes of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (AMRB) in the same water samples was estimated by screening of individual PhC-resistant microbes grown on each specific chromogenic medium. The results indicate that 48 PhCs were detected ranged from 1 ng/L (losartan carboxylic acid) to 228 μg/L (acetaminophen sulfate) in hospital effluent, and contribution of the pollution load derived from hospital effluent to STP influent was estimated as 0.1% to 15%. On the other hand, contribution of STP effluent to river water was high, 32% to 60% for antibacterials, antipertensives and X-ray contrast media. In the cases for AMRB, detected numbers of colonies of AMRB in hospital effluent ranged from 29 CFU/mL to 1805 CFU/mL, and the estimated contribution of the AMRB pollution load derived from hospital effluent to STP influent was as low as 0.1% (levofloxacin and olmesartan) to 5.1% (N-desmethyl tamoxifen). Although the contribution of STPs as loading sources of PhCs and AMRB in surface waters was large, ozonation as an advanced water treatment system effectively removed a wide range of both PhCs and AMRB in water samples. These results suggest the importance of reducing environmental pollutant loads (not only at STPs but also at medical facilities) before being discharged into the surface waters, to both conserve water and keep the water environment safe. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show the distribution and contribution of AMRB from hospital effluent to the surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Azuma
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Kana Otomo
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Mari Kunitou
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Mai Shimizu
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kaori Hosomaru
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Shiori Mikata
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Mao Ishida
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kanae Hisamatsu
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Ayami Yunoki
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Mino
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
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Quantitative Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes among Bacterial Populations from Wastewater Treatment Plants Using Activated Sludge. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are an important reservoir in the development of drug resistance phenomenon and they provide a potential route of antibiotic resistance gene (ARGs) dissemination in the environment. The aim of this study was to assess the role of WWTPs in the spread of ARGs. Untreated and treated wastewater samples that were collected from thirteen Polish WWTPs (applying four different modifications of activated sludge–based treatment technology) were analyzed. The quantitative occurrence of genes responsible for the resistance to beta-lactams and tetracyclines was determined using the real-time PCR method. Such genes in the DNA of both the total bacterial population and of the E. coli population were analyzed. Among the tested genes that are responsible for the resistance to beta-lactams and tetracyclines, blaOXA and blaTEM and tetA were dominant, respectively. This study found an insufficient reduction in the quantity of the genes that are responsible for antibiotic resistance in wastewater treatment processes. The results emphasize the need to monitor the presence of genes determining antibiotic resistance in the wastewater that is discharged from treatment plants, as they can help to identify the hazard that treated wastewater poses to public health.
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Prevalence of Integrons and Insertion Sequences in ESBL-Producing E. coli Isolated from Different Sources in Navarra, Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102308. [PMID: 30347800 PMCID: PMC6209886 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mobile genetic elements play an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria among human and environmental sources. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and patterns of integrons and insertion sequences of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from different sources in Navarra, northern Spain. A total of 150 isolates coming from food products, farms and feeds, aquatic environments, and humans (healthy people and hospital inpatients), were analyzed. PCRs were applied for the study of class 1, 2, and 3 integrons (intI1, intI2, and intI3), as well as for the determination of insertion sequences (IS26, ISEcp1, ISCR1, and IS903). Results show the wide presence and dissemination of intI1 (92%), while intI3 was not detected. It is remarkable, the prevalence of intI2 among food isolates, as well as the co-existence of class 1 and class 2 (8% of isolates). The majority of isolates have two or three IS elements, with the most common being IS26 (99.4%). The genetic pattern IS26⁻ISEcp1 (related with the pathogen clone ST131) was present in the 22% of isolates (including human isolates). In addition, the combination ISEcp1⁻IS26⁻IS903⁻ISCR1 was detected in 11 isolates being, to our knowledge, the first study that describes this genetic complex. Due to the wide variability observed, no relationship was determined among these mobile genetic elements and β-lactam resistance. More investigations regarding the genetic composition of these elements are needed to understand the role of multiple types of integrons and insertion sequences on the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes among different environments.
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Vitas AI, Naik D, Pérez-Etayo L, González D. Increased exposure to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae through the consumption of chicken and sushi products. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 269:80-86. [PMID: 29421362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and patterns of resistance of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae in food products purchased in Navarra, northern Spain. A total of 174 samples of fish and chicken were analyzed from September 2015 to September 2016, including raw and ready-to-eat products: trout (n = 25), salmon (n = 28), panga (n = 13), chicken nuggets and chicken scalopes (n = 32), sushi (n = 31) and sliced cooked poultry (n = 45). Cefpodoxime-resistant strains were isolated on ChromID ESBL agar and further phenotypic (antimicrobial study on MicroScan© NM37 panel) and genotypic characterization (multiplex PCR, sequencing and multi-locus sequence typing, MLST) was performed to confirm and characterize ESBL producers. Raw chicken and sushi have been determined as the most risky products regarding transmission of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (occurrence 53.1% and 19.4%, respectively), while sliced cooked poultry products appear to be a safe product in this aspect. With regard to raw fish, prevalence in salmon was lower (3.6%) than in trout and panga (16.0%). Ninety-eight per cent of ESBL isolates (n = 50) show multidrug-resistant profiles, highlighting the high resistances against quinolones and tetracyclines observed in chicken isolates, as well as against ertapenem and chloramphenicol in sushi strains. Predominant β-lactamase type was SHV-12 (50.1%), followed by TEM-type (24.5%) and CTX-M (20.8%). In addition, CTX-M type was only detected in chicken products. The phylogenetic study showed the prevalence of groups A (35%), F (25%) and B1 (15%), usually related to nonvirulent strains. MLST E. coli isolates (n = 20) were grouped into 5 clonal complexes (CC) and 15 sequence types (ST), showing high clonal diversity. ST117 was the prevalent sequence type, while the human pathogen ST131 was not detected in this study. The high prevalence of ESBL-producing multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae detected in products of widespread consumption such as chicken and sushi, increases the concern regarding human exposure to superbugs and encourages the need to improve surveillance of this public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Vitas
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; IDISNA, Navarra Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Dixita Naik
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; IDISNA, Navarra Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lara Pérez-Etayo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; IDISNA, Navarra Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David González
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; IDISNA, Navarra Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
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Multiresistant Bacteria Isolated from Activated Sludge in Austria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018. [PMID: 29522474 PMCID: PMC5877024 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wastewater contains different kinds of contaminants, including antibiotics and bacterial isolates with human-generated antibiotic resistances. In industrialized countries most of the wastewater is processed in wastewater treatment plants which do not only include commercial wastewater, but also wastewater from hospitals. Three multiresistant pathogens—extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-harbouring Enterobacteriaceae (Gram negative bacilli), methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE)—were chosen for screening in a state of the art wastewater treatment plant in Austria. Over an investigation period of six months all three multiresistant pathogens could be isolated from activated sludge. ESBL was the most common resistance mechanism, which was found in different species of Enterobacteriaceae, and in one Aeromonas spp. Sequencing of ESBL genes revealed the dominance of genes encoding members of CTX-M β-lactamases family and a gene encoding for PER-1 ESBL was detected for the first time in Austria. MRSA and VRE could be isolated sporadically, including one EMRSA-15 isolate. Whereas ESBL is well documented as a surface water contaminant, reports of MRSA and VRE are rare. The results of this study show that these three multiresistant phenotypes were present in activated sludge, as well as species and genes which were not reported before in the region. The ESBL-harbouring Gram negative bacilli were most common.
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Occurrence of Clinically Important Lineages, Including the Sequence Type 131 C1-M27 Subclone, among Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Wastewater. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017. [PMID: 28630184 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00564-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination of environmental waters by extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (ESBLEC) is of great concern. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and hospitals release large amounts of ESBLEC into the environment. In the present study, we isolated ESBLEC strains from wastewater collected from a WWTP and a hospital in Japan and performed whole-genome sequencing to characterize these strains. Genomic analysis of 54 strains (32 from the WWTP and 22 from hospital wastewater) revealed the occurrence of clinically important clonal groups with extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli status in the WWTP and hospital wastewater. Fine-scale phylogenetic analysis was performed to further characterize 15 sequence type 131 (ST131) complex strains (11 from the WWTP and 4 from hospital wastewater). These ST131 complex strains were comprised of the following different subgroups: clade A (n = 2), C1-M27 (n = 8), and C1 (non-C1-M27) (n = 1) for strains from the WWTP and clade A (n = 2), C1-M27 (n = 1), and C1 (non-C1-M27) (n = 1) for strains from hospital wastewater. The results indicate that ESBLEC strains belonging to clinically important lineages, including the C1-M27 clade, may disseminate into the environment through wastewater, highlighting the need to monitor for antibiotic resistance in wastewater.
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Ojer-Usoz E, González D, Vitas AI. Clonal Diversity of ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Environmental, Human and Food Samples. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017. [PMID: 28644413 PMCID: PMC5551114 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive approach of a clonal diversity analysis of 448 Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli isolated from environmental, human and food samples in Spain. The phenotypic confirmation of ESBL production was performed by disc diffusion and microdilution methods, while Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used for the molecular characterization of β-lactamase genes (blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM, blaOXA). Clonal relationship of isolates was determined by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Multidrug resistant strains were present in all the studied niches, with percentages above 50.0%. The most prevalent β-lactamase genes were blaCTXM-14 (26%) and blaCTXM-1 (21.4%), followed by blaSHV-12, blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM-42. MLST isolates were grouped into 26 clonal complexes (CC) and 177 different sequence types (ST) were detected. Despite the high clonal diversity observed, CC10 was the prevalent and the only CC detected in all niches, while other complexes as CC131 were mainly associated to human isolates. The observed prevalence and diversity of these resistant bacteria across the different environments encourages a One Health approach to prevent and control ESBL dissemination between environment and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ojer-Usoz
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - David González
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Ana Isabel Vitas
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain.
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Characterization of Salmonella spp. from wastewater used for food production in Morogoro, Tanzania. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:42. [PMID: 28160117 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater use for crop irrigation and aquaculture is commonly practiced by communities situated close to wastewater treatment ponds. The objective of this study was to characterize Salmonella spp. and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among isolates from wastewater and Tilapia fish. A total of 123 Salmonella spp. isolates were isolated from 52 water and 21 fish intestinal samples. Genotyping of Salmonella spp. isolates was done by Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) technique. A total of 123 Salmonella spp. isolates represented 13 different serovars and 22 PFGE groups. Salmonella serovars showed resistance to 8 out of 14 antimicrobials; sulfamethaxazole (94%), streptomycin (61%), tetracycline (22%), ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid (17%), trimethoprim (11%); gentamycin and chloramphenicol (6%). Salmonella Kentucky, S. Chandans, S. Durban and S. Kiambu showed multiple antimicrobial resistance to 7, 6 and 3 antimicrobials, respectively. This study has demonstrated that wastewater at the study sites is contaminated with Salmonella spp. which are resistant to common antimicrobials used for treatment of diseases in humans. Wastewater may, therefore, contaminate pristine surface water bodies and foodstuffs including fish and irrigated crops as well as food handlers.
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Chantemesse B, Betelli L, Solanas S, Vienney F, Bollache L, Hartmann A, Rochelet M. A nitrocefin-based amperometric assay for the rapid quantification of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in wastewaters. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 109:375-381. [PMID: 27951476 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and inexpensive amperometric assay based on the electrochemical detection of the β-lactamase activity using the nitrocefin as substrate was developed for the rapid and quantitative detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) in urban wastewaters. The specific detection of ESBL-EC was achieved by culturing the filtered sample in a medium containing the cefotaxime supplemented or not with the potassium clavulanate inhibitor. This step was followed by the incubation of each subculture filtrate with the nitrocefin substrate which hydrolysis was monitored by amperometry using disposable carbon screen-printed sensors. Current intensities iCef and iClav correspond to the intensity of the anodic current measured (∼+ 0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl) for the sample incubated with the cefotaxime without and with potassium clavulanate, respectively. The intensity value i = iCef - iClav was chosen as the analytical response. ESBL-EC calibration plots were established with artificially contaminated wastewater samples. This assay allowed the detection of ESBL-EC amounts as low as 10 cfu in treated effluents and 100 cfu in raw wastewaters with short time analysis of 5.5 h and 4.5 h, respectively. The amperometric method was applied to the analysis of 38 wastewater samples and the results were in good agreement with CFU counts on a selective chromogenic medium for 24 h. Owing to its rapidity, convenience, low-cost and portability, this assay is a promising tool to obtain quantitative data on antimicrobial-resistant E. coli in wastewater effluents. Furthermore, this assay might be used to improve wastewater treatment plant processes in order to minimize the release of antibiotic resistant bacteria into the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Chantemesse
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laetitia Betelli
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sébastien Solanas
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Fabienne Vienney
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Loïc Bollache
- Laboratoire Chrono-environnement UMR 6249, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Alain Hartmann
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Murielle Rochelet
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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Conte D, Palmeiro JK, da Silva Nogueira K, de Lima TMR, Cardoso MA, Pontarolo R, Degaut Pontes FL, Dalla-Costa LM. Characterization of CTX-M enzymes, quinolone resistance determinants, and antimicrobial residues from hospital sewage, wastewater treatment plant, and river water. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 136:62-69. [PMID: 27816836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are widespread in hospitals and have been increasingly isolated from aquatic environments. The aim of the present study was to characterize extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and quinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from a hospital effluent, sanitary effluent, inflow sewage, aeration tank, and outflow sewage within a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), as well as river water upstream and downstream (URW and DRW, respectively), of the point where the WWTP treated effluent was discharged. β-lactamase (bla) genes, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), and quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) were assessed by amplification and sequencing in 55 ESBL-positive and/or quinolone-resistant isolates. Ciprofloxacin residue was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography. ESBL-producing isolates were identified in both raw (n=29) and treated (n=26) water; they included Escherichia coli (32), Klebsiella pneumoniae (22) and Klebsiella oxytoca (1). Resistance to both cephalosporins and quinolone was observed in 34.4% of E. coli and 27.3% of K. pneumoniae. Resistance to carbapenems was found in 5.4% of K. pneumoniae and in K. oxytoca. Results indicate the presence of blaCTX-M (51/55, 92.7%) and blaSHV (8/55, 14.5%) ESBLs, and blaGES (2/55, 3.6%) carbapenemase-encoding resistance determinants. Genes conferring quinolone resistance were detected at all sites, except in the inflow sewage and aeration tanks. Quinolone resistance was primarily attributed to amino acid substitutions in the QRDR of GyrA (47%) or to the presence of PMQR (aac-(6')-Ib-cr, oqxAB, qnrS, and/or qnrB; 52.9%) determinants. Ciprofloxacin residue was absent only from URW. Our results have shown strains carrying ESBL genes, PMQR determinants, and mutations in the gyrA QRDR genes mainly in hospital effluent, URW, and DRW samples. Antimicrobial use, and the inefficient removal of MDR bacteria and antibiotic residue during sewage treatment, may contribute to the emergence and spreading of resistance in the environment, making this a natural reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danieli Conte
- Faculdades e Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (FPP/IPPPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Jussara Kasuko Palmeiro
- Faculdades e Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (FPP/IPPPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (HC-UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Keite da Silva Nogueira
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Marco André Cardoso
- Faculdades e Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (FPP/IPPPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Pharmacy Department, Health Sciences Sector, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Pontarolo
- Pharmacy Department, Health Sciences Sector, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Flávia Lada Degaut Pontes
- Pharmacy Department, Health Sciences Sector, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Libera Maria Dalla-Costa
- Faculdades e Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (FPP/IPPPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (HC-UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Kittinger C, Lipp M, Folli B, Kirschner A, Baumert R, Galler H, Grisold AJ, Luxner J, Weissenbacher M, Farnleitner AH, Zarfel G. Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from the River Danube: Antibiotic Resistances, with a Focus on the Presence of ESBL and Carbapenemases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165820. [PMID: 27812159 PMCID: PMC5094594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In a clinical setting it seems to be normal these days that a relevant proportion or even the majority of different bacterial species has already one or more acquired antibiotic resistances. Unfortunately, the overuse of antibiotics for livestock breeding and medicine has also altered the wild-type resistance profiles of many bacterial species in different environmental settings. As a matter of fact, getting in contact with resistant bacteria is no longer restricted to hospitals. Beside food and food production, the aquatic environment might also play an important role as reservoir and carrier. The aim of this study was the assessment of the resistance patterns of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. out of surface water without prior enrichment and under non-selective culture conditions (for antibiotic resistance). In addition, the presence of clinically important extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenmase harboring Enterobacteriaceae should be investigated. During Joint Danube Survey 3 (2013), water samples were taken over the total course of the River Danube. Resistance testing was performed for 21 different antibiotics. Samples were additionally screened for ESBL or carbapenmase harboring Enterobacteriaceae. 39% of all isolated Escherichia coli and 15% of all Klebsiella spp. from the river Danube had at least one acquired resistance. Resistance was found against all tested antibiotics except tigecycline. Taking a look on the whole stretch of the River Danube the proportion of multiresistances did not differ significantly. In total, 35 ESBL harboring Enterobacteriaceae, 17 Escherichia coli, 13 Klebsiella pneumoniae and five Enterobacter spp. were isolated. One Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring NMD-1 carbapenmases and two Enterobacteriaceae with KPC-2 could be identified. Human generated antibiotic resistance is very common in E. coli and Klebsiella spp. in the River Danube. Even isolates with resistance patterns normally associated with intensive care units are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Kittinger
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michaela Lipp
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bettina Folli
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Kirschner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health
| | - Rita Baumert
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Herbert Galler
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea J. Grisold
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Josefa Luxner
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Weissenbacher
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas H. Farnleitner
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Ecology, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Zarfel
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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Vivant AL, Boutin C, Prost-Boucle S, Papias S, Hartmann A, Depret G, Ziebal C, Le Roux S, Pourcher AM. Free water surface constructed wetlands limit the dissemination of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in the natural environment. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 104:178-188. [PMID: 27522634 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The fates of Escherichia coli and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli (ESBL E. coli) were studied over a period of one year in a free water surface constructed wetland (FWS CW) with a succession of open water zones and vegetation ponds (Typha or Phragmites), that received the effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. ESBL E. coli were detected and isolated from all sampling areas of the FWS CW throughout the study period. They represented 1‰ of the total E. coli population regardless of the origin of samples. Two main factors affected the log removal of E. coli and of ESBL E. coli: the season and the presence of vegetation. Between the inlet and the outlet of the FWS CW, the log removal of E. coli ranged from 1.5 in the warmer season (summer and fall) to 3.0 in the colder season (winter and spring). The concentrations of E. coli decreased significantly in the vegetated areas during the colder season, but increased in the warmer season, suggesting an effect of the plant growth stage on the survival of E. coli. Among the 369 ESBL E. coli isolates collected during our study, 84% harbored the CTX-M-ESBL type and 55.3% carried bla genes on plasmid DNA. Furthermore, 93% of the ESBL E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant but the proportion of resistant strains did not change significantly along the FWS CW. ESBL E. coli were characterized by MLST analysis using the 7 genes based Achtman Scheme. ESBL E. coli isolated from water, sediments, roots and feces of myocastors collected in the FWS CW and in the recipient river were genotypically related, suggesting persistence and circulation of the ESBL producing E. coli throughout the FWS CW and in the receiving river. Overall, these observations show that FWS CW could be an efficient treatment for ESBL E. coli disinfection of wastewater and could limit their dissemination in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Vivant
- Irstea, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé-CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France; Univ Bretagne Loire, France
| | | | | | | | - Alain Hartmann
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, BP 86510, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | | | - Christine Ziebal
- Irstea, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé-CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France; Univ Bretagne Loire, France
| | - Sophie Le Roux
- Irstea, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé-CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France; Univ Bretagne Loire, France
| | - Anne-Marie Pourcher
- Irstea, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé-CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France; Univ Bretagne Loire, France.
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Prevalence and Fate of Carbapenemase Genes in a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Northern China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156383. [PMID: 27227329 PMCID: PMC4882038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbapenemase-producing strains of bacteria, which were primarily found in the medical field, have increasingly been found in the environment, thus posing potential risks to public health. One possible way for carbapenemase genes to enter the environment is via wastewater. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the occurrence and fate of five high-risk carbapenemase genes in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in northern China using real-time qPCR. Results showed that the blaKPC-2, blaGES-1, and blaIMP-1 genes prevailed throughout all processing stages (even in the chlorination disinfection unit) in the WWTP, whereas the blaVIM-2 and blaOXA-48 genes were not detected in all samples. Worryingly, considerable amounts of carbapenemase genes ((1.54 ± 0.61) × 103 copies/mL to (2.14± 0.41) × 105 copies/mL) were detected in WWTP effluent samples, while the majority of the carbapenemase genes were transported to the dewatered sludge with concentrations from (6.51 ± 0.14) × 109 copies/g to (6.18 ± 0.63) × 1010 copies/g dry weight. Furthermore, a total of 97 KPC-2-producing strains, belonging to 8 bacterial genera, were isolated from the WWTP. Sequencing of 16S rRNA revealed that most of KPC-2 producing isolates were opportunistic pathogens, including Klebsiella spp. (10.3%), Enterococcus spp. (11.3%), Acinetobacter spp. (19.6%), Escherichia spp. (12.4%), Shigella spp. (17.5%), Stenotrophomonas spp. (10.3%) and Wautersiella spp. (9.3%). Moreover, blaKPC-2 genes were identified for the first time in Paenibacillus spp. isolates (an indigenous bacteria), indicating an increased risk of horizontal transfer between clinical pathogens and environmental bacteria. Indeed, a conjugation experiment demonstrated transfer of the blaKPC-2 gene to an E.coli J53 strain from a Klebsiella strain isolated from the WWTP. To our knowledge, this is the first study to obtain Paenibacillus spp. isolates carrying the carbapenemase gene and to quantify the abundance of carbapenemase genes in the environment.
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Ben Said L, Jouini A, Alonso CA, Klibi N, Dziri R, Boudabous A, Ben Slama K, Torres C. Characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and pAmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae of water samples in Tunisia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:1103-1109. [PMID: 26871556 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-Eb and pAmpC-Eb, respectively) was analyzed in 57 wastewater and 57 surface-water samples in Tunisia. Twenty-four of the 57 wastewater samples (42.1%) and one of the 57 surface-water samples (1.7%, a river that received effluents of a wastewater-treatment-plant) contained ESBL-Eb or pAmpC-Eb; one ESBL/pAmpC-Eb per positive sample was further characterized. Beta-lactamase genes detected were as follows: blaCTX-M-1 (10 Escherichia coli),blaCTX-M-15 (eight E. coli, one Klebsiella pneumoniae, one Citrobacter freundii), blaCTX-M-14 (one E. coli) and blaCMY-2 (four E. coli). The blaTEM-1, blaOXA-1 or blaSHV-1 genes were also found in 72% of these isolates. The ISEcp1, orf477 or IS903 sequences were found upstream or downstream of blaCTX-M genes. Class 1 integrons were present in 16 of the 25 ESBL-Eb/pAmpC-Eb strains (64%), and contained five different gene-cassette arrays. Most of the strains (76%) showed a multiresistant phenotype and qnr genes were identified in four strains. Molecular typing of ESBL/CMY-2-producing E. coli isolates showed 23 different PFGE-patterns and 15 different sequence-types (ST10, ST46, ST48, ST58, ST69, ST101, ST117, ST131, ST141, ST288, ST359, ST399, ST405, ST617, and the new ST4530); these strains were ascribed to phylogroups A (11 isolates), B1 (3 isolates), D (6 isolates) and B2 (3 isolates). From one to five plasmids were detected in each strain (size from 30kb to >240kb) and ESBL or pAmpC genes were transferred by conjugation in 69.5% of the E. coli strains. In conclusion, ESBL-Eb and pAmpC-Eb strains are frequently detected in wastewater samples and they might be a source for dissemination in other environments with repercussion in public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Ben Said
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Jouini
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Carla Andrea Alonso
- Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Naouel Klibi
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Raoudha Dziri
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abdellatif Boudabous
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Karim Ben Slama
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia; Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain.
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Hocquet D, Muller A, Bertrand X. What happens in hospitals does not stay in hospitals: antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospital wastewater systems. J Hosp Infect 2016; 93:395-402. [PMID: 26944903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hospitals are hotspots for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and play a major role in both their emergence and spread. Large numbers of these ARB will be ejected from hospitals via wastewater systems. In this review, we present quantitative and qualitative data of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital wastewaters compared to community wastewaters. We also discuss the fate of these ARB in wastewater treatment plants and in the downstream environment. Published studies have shown that hospital effluents contain ARB, the burden of these bacteria being dependent on their local prevalence. The large amounts of antimicrobials rejected in wastewater exert a continuous selective pressure. Only a few countries recommend the primary treatment of hospital effluents before their discharge into the main wastewater flow for treatment in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Despite the lack of conclusive data, some studies suggest that treatment could favour the ARB, notably ESBL-producing E. coli. Moreover, treatment plants are described as hotspots for the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between bacterial species. Consequently, large amounts of ARB are released in the environment, but it is unclear whether this release contributes to the global epidemiology of these pathogens. It is reasonable, nevertheless, to postulate that it plays a role in the worldwide progression of antibiotic resistance. Antimicrobial resistance should now be seen as an 'environmental pollutant', and new wastewater treatment processes must be assessed for their capability in eliminating ARB, especially from hospital effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hocquet
- Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France; Laboratoire Chrono-environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
| | - A Muller
- Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France; Laboratoire Chrono-environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - X Bertrand
- Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France; Laboratoire Chrono-environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Blaak H, Lynch G, Italiaander R, Hamidjaja RA, Schets FM, de Roda Husman AM. Multidrug-Resistant and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Dutch Surface Water and Wastewater. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127752. [PMID: 26030904 PMCID: PMC4452230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of the current study was to gain insight into the prevalence and concentrations of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) Escherichia coli in Dutch surface water, and to explore the role of wastewater as AMR contamination source. METHODS The prevalence of AMR E. coli was determined in 113 surface water samples obtained from 30 different water bodies, and in 33 wastewater samples obtained at five health care institutions (HCIs), seven municipal wastewater treatment plants (mWWTPs), and an airport WWTP. Overall, 846 surface water and 313 wastewater E. coli isolates were analysed with respect to susceptibility to eight antimicrobials (representing seven different classes): ampicillin, cefotaxime, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol. RESULTS Among surface water isolates, 26% were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobials, and 11% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). In wastewater, the proportions of AMR/MDR E. coli were 76%/62% at HCIs, 69%/19% at the airport WWTP, and 37%/27% and 31%/20% in mWWTP influents and effluents, respectively. Median concentrations of MDR E. coli were 2.2×10(2), 4.0×10(4), 1.8×10(7), and 4.1×10(7) cfu/l in surface water, WWTP effluents, WWTP influents and HCI wastewater, respectively. The different resistance types occurred with similar frequencies among E. coli from surface water and E. coli from municipal wastewater. By contrast, among E. coli from HCI wastewater, resistance to cefotaxime and resistance to ciprofloxacin were significantly overrepresented compared to E. coli from municipal wastewater and surface water. Most cefotaxime-resistant E. coliisolates produced ESBL. In two of the mWWTP, ESBL-producing variants were detected that were identical with respect to phylogenetic group, sequence type, AMR-profile, and ESBL-genotype to variants from HCI wastewater discharged onto the same sewer and sampled on the same day (A1/ST23/CTX-M-1, B23/ST131/CTX-M-15, D2/ST405/CTX-M-15). CONCLUSION In conclusion, our data show that MDR E. coli are omnipresent in Dutch surface water, and indicate that municipal wastewater significantly contributes to this occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetty Blaak
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Gretta Lynch
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald Italiaander
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Raditijo A. Hamidjaja
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Franciska M. Schets
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Kappell AD, DeNies MS, Ahuja NH, Ledeboer NA, Newton RJ, Hristova KR. Detection of multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli in the urban waterways of Milwaukee, WI. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:336. [PMID: 25972844 PMCID: PMC4413672 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban waterways represent a natural reservoir of antibiotic resistance which may provide a source of transferable genetic elements to human commensal bacteria and pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from the urban waterways of Milwaukee, WI compared to those from Milwaukee sewage and a clinical setting in Milwaukee. Antibiotics covering 10 different families were utilized to determine the phenotypic antibiotic resistance for all 259 E. coli isolates. All obtained isolates were determined to be multi-drug resistant. The E. coli isolates were also screened for the presence of the genetic determinants of resistance including ermB (macrolide resistance), tet(M) (tetracycline resistance), and β-lactamases (bla OXA, bla SHV, and bla PSE). E. coli from urban waterways showed a greater incidence of antibiotic resistance to 8 of 17 antibiotics tested compared to human derived sources. These E. coli isolates also demonstrated a greater incidence of resistance to higher numbers of antibiotics compared to the human derived isolates. The urban waterways demonstrated a greater abundance of isolates with co-occurrence of antibiotic resistance than human derived sources. When screened for five different antibiotic resistance genes conferring macrolide, tetracycline, and β-lactam resistance, clinical E. coli isolates were more likely to harbor ermB and bla OXA than isolates from urban waterway. These results indicate that Milwaukee's urban waterways may select or allow for a greater incidence of multiple antibiotic resistance organisms and likely harbor a different antibiotic resistance gene pool than clinical sources. The implications of this study are significant to understanding the presence of resistance in urban freshwater environments by supporting the idea that sediment from urban waterways serves as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Kappell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Maxwell S DeNies
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Neha H Ahuja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nathan A Ledeboer
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA ; Dynacare Laboratories, Milwaukee WI, USA
| | - Ryan J Newton
- School of Freshwater Sciences, Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Amador PP, Fernandes RM, Prudêncio MC, Barreto MP, Duarte IM. Antibiotic resistance in wastewater: occurrence and fate of Enterobacteriaceae producers of class A and class C β-lactamases. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2015; 50:26-39. [PMID: 25438129 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.964602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics have been intensively used over the last decades in human and animal therapy and livestock, resulting in serious environmental and public health problems, namely due to the antibiotic residues concentration in wastewaters and to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to access the contribution of some anthropological activities, namely urban household, hospital and a wastewater treatment plant, to the spread of antibiotic resistances in the treated wastewater released into the Mondego River, Coimbra, Portugal. Six sampling sites were selected in the wastewater network and in the river. The ampicillin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae of the water samples were enumerated, isolated and phenotypically characterized in relation to their resistance profile to 13 antibiotics. Some isolates were identified into species level and investigated for the presence of class A and class C -lactamases. Results revealed high frequency of resistance to the -lactam group, cefoxitin (53.5%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination (43.5%), cefotaxime (22.7%), aztreonam (21.3) cefpirome (19.2%), ceftazidime (16.2%) and to the non--lactam group, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol (21.1%), tetracycline (18.2%), followed by ciprofloxacin (14.1%). The hospital effluent showed the higher rates of resistance to all antibiotic, except two (chloramphenicol and gentamicin). Similarly, higher resistance rates were detected in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent compared with the untreated affluent. Regarding the multidrug resistance, the highest incidence was recorded in the hospital sewage and the lowest in the urban waste. The majority of the isolates altogether are potentially extended-spectrum -lactamases positive (ESBL(+)) (51.9%), followed by AmpC(+) (44.4%) and ESBL(+)/AmpC(+) (35.2%). The most prevalent genes among the potential ESBL producers were blaOXA (33.3%), blaTEM (24.1%) and blaCTX-M (5.6%) and among the AmpC producers were blaEBC (38.9%), blaFOX (1.9%) and blaCIT (1.9%). In conclusion, the hospital and the WWTP activities revealed to have the highest contribution to the spread of multidrug resistant bacteria in the study area. Such data is important for future management of the environmental and public health risk of these contaminants. This is the first embracing study in the water network of Coimbra region on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance determinants. Moreover, it is also the first report with the simultaneous detection of multiresistant bacteria producers of AmpC and ESBLs -lactamases in aquatic systems in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula P Amador
- a Departamento de Ambiente, CERNAS , Escola Superior Agraria do Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
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Roy Chowdhury P, McKinnon J, Wyrsch E, Hammond JM, Charles IG, Djordjevic SP. Genomic interplay in bacterial communities: implications for growth promoting practices in animal husbandry. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:394. [PMID: 25161648 PMCID: PMC4129626 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics heralded the start of a “Golden Age” in the history of medicine. Over the years, the use of antibiotics extended beyond medical practice into animal husbandry, aquaculture and agriculture. Now, however, we face the worldwide threat of diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to all existing major classes of antibiotic, reflecting the possibility of an end to the antibiotic era. The seriousness of the threat is underscored by the severely limited production of new classes of antibiotics. Evolution of bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics results from the inherent genetic capability that bacteria have to adapt rapidly to changing environmental conditions. Consequently, under antibiotic selection pressures, bacteria have acquired resistance to all classes of antibiotics, sometimes very shortly after their introduction. Arguably, the evolution and rapid dissemination of multiple drug resistant genes en-masse across microbial pathogens is one of the most serious threats to human health. In this context, effective surveillance strategies to track the development of resistance to multiple antibiotics are vital to managing global infection control. These surveillance strategies are necessary for not only human health but also for animal health, aquaculture and plant production. Shortfalls in the present surveillance strategies need to be identified. Raising awareness of the genetic events that promote co-selection of resistance to multiple antimicrobials is an important prerequisite to the design and implementation of molecular surveillance strategies. In this review we will discuss how lateral gene transfer (LGT), driven by the use of low-dose antibiotics in animal husbandry, has likely played a significant role in the evolution of multiple drug resistance (MDR) in Gram-negative bacteria and has complicated molecular surveillance strategies adopted for predicting imminent resistance threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piklu Roy Chowdhury
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia ; NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica McKinnon
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ethan Wyrsch
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Hammond
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian G Charles
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
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