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Liu M, Graham NJD, Xu L, Zhang K, Yu W. Bubbleless Air Shapes Biofilms and Facilitates Natural Organic Matter Transformation in Biological Activated Carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4543-4555. [PMID: 36877961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation in the middle and downstream of slow-rate biological activated carbon (BAC) is limited by insufficient dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. In this study, a bubbleless aerated BAC (termed ABAC) process was developed by installing a hollow fiber membrane (HFM) module within a BAC filter to continuously provide aeration throughout the BAC system. The BAC filter without an HFM was termed NBAC. The laboratory-scale ABAC and NBAC systems operated continuously for 426 days using secondary sewage effluent as an influent. The DO concentrations for NBAC and ABAC were 0.78 ± 0.27 and 4.31 ± 0.44 mg/L, respectively, with the latter providing the ABAC with greater electron acceptors for biodegradation and a microbial community with better biodegradation and metabolism capacity. The biofilms in ABAC secreted 47.3% less EPS and exhibited greater electron transfer capacity than those in NBAC, resulting in enhanced contaminant degradation efficiency and long-term stability. The extra organic matter removed by ABAC included refractory substances with a low elemental ratio of oxygen to carbon (O/C) and a high elemental ratio of hydrogen to carbon (H/C). The proposed ABAC filter provides a valuable, practical example of how to modify the BAC technology to shape the microbial community, and its activity, by optimizing the ambient atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Nigel J D Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
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2
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Cao L, Ni L, Qi L, Wen H, Wang Z, Meng J, Zhang X, Zhang Y. The application of post-denitrification fixed biofilm reactor for polishing secondary effluent: Nitrate removal, soluble microbial products and micropollutants biotransformation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128511. [PMID: 36538964 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to comprehensively evaluate the role of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on simultaneous removal of nitrate and micropollutants (MPs) in secondary effluent from wastewater treatment plants in post-denitrification fixed biofilm reactor (PDFBR). Results showed that PDFBR was favorable for nitrate removal (above 94%). Prolonged HRT promoted the bio-utilization of nonaromatic soluble microbial products with low molecular weight and reduced biomass production. MPs was partially removed in PDFBRs (below 48%). Microbial diversity increased along the extending of HRT and thus partially enhanced MPs removal. Batch experiments showed that changing HRT had no direct impact on the biodegradation rates of the selected MPs. Correlation analysis revealed that Dechloromonas, Terrimonas, and Phreatobacter were reasonable for simultaneous removal of MPs and nitrate. The abundance of nosZ gene had a rapid decrease under extreme HRT. This study provides insights into polishing nitrate and MPs from secondary effluent in a denitrifying biofilm system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Lei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Li Qi
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Haitao Wen
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jianqiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China.
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Akao PK, Kaplan A, Avisar D, Dhir A, Avni A, Mamane H. Removal of carbamazepine, venlafaxine and iohexol from wastewater effluent using coupled microalgal-bacterial biofilm. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136399. [PMID: 36099989 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the removal capacity of a coupled microalgal-bacterial biofilm (CMBB) to eliminate three recalcitrant pharmaceuticals. The CMBB's efficiency, operating at different biofilm concentrations, with or without light, was compared and analyzed to correlate these parameters to pharmaceutical removal and their effect on the microorganism community. Removal rates changed with changing pharmaceutical and biofilm concentrations: higher biofilm concentrations presented higher removal. Removal of 82-94% venlafaxine and 18-51% carbamazepine was obtained with 5 days of CMBB treatment. No iohexol removal was observed. Light, microorganism composition, and dissolved oxygen concentration are essential parameters governing the removal of pharmaceuticals and ammonia. Chlorophyll concentration increased with time, even in the dark. Three bacterial phyla were dominant: Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The dominant eukaryotic supergroups were Archaeplastida, Excavata and SAR. A study of the microorganisms' community indicated that not only do the species in the biofilm play an important role; environment, concentration and interactions among them are also important. CMBB has the potential to provide low-cost and sustainable treatment for wastewater and recalcitrant pharmaceutical removal. The microenvironments on the biofilm created by the microalgae and bacteria improved treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Akao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel; The Water Research Center, Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Aviv Kaplan
- The Water Research Center, Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Dror Avisar
- The Water Research Center, Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Amit Dhir
- School of Energy and Environment, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, 69978, India
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Hadas Mamane
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Kämmler J, Zoumpouli GA, Sellmann J, Chew YMJ, Wenk J, Ernst M. Decolorization and control of bromate formation in membrane ozonation of humic-rich groundwater. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118739. [PMID: 35716412 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Membrane ozonation of bromide-containing, high-color natural organic matter (NOM) containing groundwater was performed using single-tube polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and multi-tube polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane contactors, and compared to batch ozonation. For membrane ozonation, dissolved ozone concentration, water color (VIS436), ultraviolet light absorption (UV254) and bromate formation were correlated with ozone dose, ozone gas concentration, hydraulic retention time and Hatta number (Ha). NOM color removal of up to 45 % for the single-tube contactor and 17 % for the multi-tube contactor were achieved while containing bromate formation below 10 µg L-1. Higher color removal using higher ozone doses was associated with high bromate formation i.e. >>10 µg L-1. In membrane ozonation, low ozone gas concentrations, long hydraulic retention times and high Ha resulted in low dissolved ozone concentrations due to quenching of ozone by NOM. At specific ozone doses of < 0.5 mg O3/mg DOC and Ha > 1, single-tube ozonation resulted in comparable results to batch ozonation while bromate formation was higher in the single-tube contactor at specific ozone doses > 0.5 mg O3/mg DOC and Ha < 1. At comparable ozone doses and Ha, bromate formation in the multi-tube contactor was always higher compared to single-tube and batch ozonation. This could be associated with the uneven ozone distribution within the multi-tube contactor. Results show that ozone dose is the major driver for selectivity between bromate formation and NOM color removal in both membrane and batch ozonation. Bromate formation in membrane ozonation may be controlled by adjusting gas concentration, Ha and hydraulic retention time. Membrane module design and process parameters of membrane ozonation reactors significantly affect treatment performance and should be optimized for selective target compound removal over by-product formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Kämmler
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute for Water Resources and Water Supply, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3, 21073 Hamburg, Germany; DVGW Research Centre TUHH, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Garyfalia A Zoumpouli
- Centre for Doctoral Training, Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA27AY, United Kingdom; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA27AY, United Kingdom; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA27AY, United Kingdom
| | - Jörn Sellmann
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute for Water Resources and Water Supply, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Y M John Chew
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA27AY, United Kingdom; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA27AY, United Kingdom
| | - Jannis Wenk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA27AY, United Kingdom; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA27AY, United Kingdom.
| | - Mathias Ernst
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute for Water Resources and Water Supply, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3, 21073 Hamburg, Germany; DVGW Research Centre TUHH, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
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Accelerating Microbial Activity of Soil Aquifer Treatment by Hydrogen Peroxide. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Soil aquifer treatment (SAT), as a gravity-based wastewater reuse process, is limited by oxygen availability to the microbial community in the soil. Using oxygen from enzymatic degradation of H2O2 to generate hyper-oxygen conditions can exceed solubility limitations associated with aeration, but little is known about the effect of hyper-oxygen conditions on the microbial community and the dominant bio-reactions. This study examined the impact of H2O2 addition on the community structure and process performance, along with SAT depth. Overall, two soil columns were incrementally fed synthetic secondary effluents to simulate infiltration through SAT. The experimental column received 14 mg/L hydrogen peroxide to double the level of natural oxygen available. The microbial kinetics of nitrifiers and heterotrophs were evaluated. We found that all of the H2O2 was degraded within the top 10 cm of the column, accompanied by a higher removal of COD (23 ± 0.25%) and ammonia (31 ± 3%) in comparison to the reference column. Higher nitrogen removal (23 ± 0.04%) was obtained for the whole process using H2O2. Analysis of nitrifiers indicated that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were most influenced, obtaining higher concentration and abundance when exposed to H2O2. DNA sequencing analysis of samples exposed to H2O2 revealed significant community structure and diversity differences among heterotrophs. This study shows that not only aerobic, but also anoxic, microbial activity and process performance in a SAT system could be accelerated in existing infrastructure with H2O2, which could significantly decrease the associated environmental footprint.
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Rubin AE, Zucker I. Interactions of microplastics and organic compounds in aquatic environments: A case study of augmented joint toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133212. [PMID: 34890605 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High levels of persistent contaminants such as microplastics (MPs) and trace organic compounds (TrOCs) in the aquatic environment have become a major threat on the ecosystem and human health. While MP's role as a vector of environmental TrOCs is widely discussed in the literature, the corresponding implications of the interaction between these two compounds on human health (i.e., their joint toxic effect) have not been illustrated. Using a TrOCs model (Triclosan, TCS) and primary MPs (polystyrene microbeads), this work evaluates the sorption and desorption potential of TCS and MPs in simulated environmental and cellular conditions, respectively, and estimates the single and joint toxicity of these interactions toward human cells (Caco-2). Surface functionality of the microbeads highly increased their adsorption capacity of TCS, from 2.3 mg TCS for non-functionalized microbeads to 4.6 mg and 6.1 mg TCS per gram of microbeads for amino- and carboxyl-functionalized MPs, respectively. Using non-functionalized MPs, non-specific "hydrophobic-like" interactions and π-π interactions dominated the sorption mechanism of TCS; however, the addition of hydrogen interactions between functionalized microbeads and TCS increased the microbeads' overall sorption capacity. TCS was desorbed from both functionalized and non-functionalized MPs when changing from environmental conditions to cellular conditions. Desorption was found to be dependent on the matrix complexity and protein content as well as microbead functionality. Finally, toxicity tests suggested that while low concentrations of TCS and MPs (separately) have minor toxic effect toward Caco-2 cells, TCS-sorbed MPs at similar concentrations have an order of magnitude higher toxicity than pristine MPs, potentially associated with the close interaction of both MP and TCS with the cells. Overall, this study not only elucidates the role of MPs as a TrOC vector, but also demonstrates a realistic scenario in which co-presence of these environmental contaminants poses risks to the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Ethan Rubin
- Porter School of Earth and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ines Zucker
- Porter School of Earth and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel; School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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Filter J, Zhiteneva V, Vick C, Ruhl AS, Jekel M, Hübner U, Drewes JE. Varying attenuation of trace organic chemicals in natural treatment systems - A review of key influential factors. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129774. [PMID: 33549881 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The removal of trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) from treated wastewater and impacted surface water through managed aquifer recharge (MAR) has been extensively studied under a variety of water quality and operating conditions and at various experimental scales. The primary mechanism thought to dictate removal over the long term is biodegradation by microorganisms present in the system. This review of removal percentages observed in biologically active filtration systems reported in the peer-reviewed literature may serve as the basis to identify future indicators for persistence, as well as variable and efficient removal in MAR systems. A noticeable variation in reported removal percentages (standard deviation above 30%) was observed for 24 of the 49 most commonly studied TOrCs. Such variations suggest a rather inconsistent capacity of biologically active filter systems to remove these TOrCs. Therefore, operational parameters such as the change in dissolved organic carbon (ΔDOC) during treatment, hydraulic retention time (HRT), filter material, and redox conditions were correlated to the associated TOrC removal percentages to determine whether a data-based relationship could be elucidated. Interestingly, 11 out of the 24 compounds demonstrated increased removal with increasing ΔDOC concentrations. Furthermore, 10 compounds exhibited a positive correlation with HRT. Based on the evaluated data, a minimum HRT of 0.5-1 day is recommended for removal of most compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Filter
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, KF4, Str. des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veronika Zhiteneva
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Carsten Vick
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, KF4, Str. des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aki Sebastian Ruhl
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, KF4, Str. des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany; German Environment Agency, Section II 3.1, Schichauweg 58, 12307, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Jekel
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, KF4, Str. des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
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Abstract
Micropollutants and emerging substances pose a serious problem to environmental sustainability and remediation, due to their widespread use and applications in everyday life. This group of chemicals is diverse but with common toxic and harmful properties. Their concentration in the environment is often very low; however, due to their recalcitrant nature, they are persistent in air, water, and soil. From an engineering point of view, the challenge is not straightforward. It is difficult to remove these contaminants from complex mixtures of substances by conventional methods used in wastewater and drinking water treatment. Ozonation and ozone-based AOPs are accepted processes of degradation of resistant substances or at least enhancement of their biodegradability. The aim of this review paper is to present research trends aimed at solving problems in the research and application of ozone-based processes in the removal of micropollutants from wastewater, thus preventing leakage of harmful substances into surface water, soil, and groundwater and facilitating the reuse of wastewater. Priority substances, micropollutants and emerging pollutants, as well as processes and technologies for their transformation and elimination, are briefly specified. Results obtained by the authors in solving research projects that were aimed at eliminating selected micropollutants by ozonation and ozone-based AOPs are also presented. This review focuses on selected alkylphenols, petroleum substances, and organochlorine pesticides.
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Xu L, Zhou Z, Graham NJD, Liu M, Yu W. Enhancing ultrafiltration performance by gravity-driven up-flow slow biofilter pre-treatment to remove natural organic matters and biopolymer foulants. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 195:117010. [PMID: 33714912 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fouling by influent biopolymers, and the formation of surface biofilms, are major obstacles to the practical application of membrane technologies. Identifying reliable and sustainable pre-treatment methods for membrane filtration remains a considerable challenge and is the subject of continuing research study worldwide. Herein, the performance of a bench-scale gravity-driven up-flow slow biofilter (GUSB) as the pre-treatment for ultrafiltration to reduce membrane fouling is presented. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was shown efficiently removed by the GUSB (around 80%) when treating a natural water influent. More significantly, biopolymers, with molecular weight (MW) between 20 kDa and 100 kDa, were effectively removed (62.8% reduction) and this led to a lower rate of transmembrane pressure (TMP) development by the UF membrane. Microbial diversity analysis further unraveled the function of GUSB in shaping microbes to degrade biopolymers, contributing to lower accumulation and different distribution pattern of SMP on the membrane surface. Moreover, the biofilm formed on the membrane surface after the pre-treatment of GUSB was observed to have a relative porous structure compared to the control system, which can also affect the fouling development. Long-term operation of GUSB further revealed its robust performance in reducing both natural organic matters and UF fouling propensity. This study overall has demonstrated the potential advantages of applying a GUSB to enhance UF process performance by reducing biofouling and improving effluent quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Nigel J D Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Wenzheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
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Li YH, Peng LL, Li HB, Liu DZ. Clogging in subsurface wastewater infiltration beds: genesis, influencing factors, identification methods and remediation strategies. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:2309-2326. [PMID: 34032612 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Subsurface wastewater infiltration (SWI) is an environmentally friendly technology for the advanced treatment of domestic sewage. Clogging (including physical, chemical and biological clogging) of the porous medium not only directly reduces the hydraulic load (treatment efficiency), but also reduces the service life. Although clogging has become one of the key issues discussed in several reports, there are still several gaps in understanding, especially in its occurrence process and identification. SWI clogging causes, development process and solutions are different from those of constructed wetlands. This article quotes some reports on constructed wetlands to provide technical ideas and reference for revealing SWI clogging problems. Based on the analysis of the clogging genesis, this review gathers the main factors that affect the degree of clogging, and new methods for the identification of clogging conditions. Some preventive and unclogging measures/strategies are presented. Finally, it is suggested that to effectively alleviate the clogging phenomenon and extend the service life, priority should be given to the comprehensive analysis of wastewater quality and solid constituents accumulated in the pores. Then, the effectiveness of in-situ strategies, such as alternating operation will be the main focuses of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 11004, China E-mail: liyinghua1028@126com
| | - Lin-Lin Peng
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 11004, China E-mail: liyinghua1028@126com
| | - Hai-Bo Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 11004, China E-mail: liyinghua1028@126com
| | - De-Ze Liu
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 11004, China E-mail: liyinghua1028@126com
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Gharoon N, Pagilla KR. Critical review of effluent dissolved organic nitrogen removal by soil/aquifer-based treatment systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:129406. [PMID: 33387791 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil/aquifer-based treatment systems improve wastewater effluent quality by removing trace contaminants in the soil and/or aquifer during groundwater recharge. This paper critically reviews these systems with a focus on removing nitrogen, particularly low levels of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) present in the wastewater effluent. DON in wastewater effluent is a concern because of its contribution to nitrogen concentration in surface or groundwater and its role as a precursor of nitrogenous disinfection by-products, which are harmful to human health. Biodegradation and sorption are the main DON removal mechanisms in the subsurface environment where most of the removal happens in the vadose zone. Different factors such as temperature, redox conditions, retention time, indigenous microbial community, and soil type affect DON removal in soil/aquifer-based treatment systems. Lack of sufficient current knowledge underlines the need for designing lab/field scale systems for further determination of the relative contribution of biodegradation and sorption, optimal hydraulic loading rate, and the relationship between DON characteristics such as functional groups and physiochemical processes and its removal. Future research needs for DON removal in soil/aquifer-based treatment systems are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Gharoon
- Graduate Research Assistant, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Krishna R Pagilla
- Chair, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.
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12
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Hermes N, Jewell KS, Falås P, Lutze HV, Wick A, Ternes TA. Ozonation of Sitagliptin: Removal Kinetics and Elucidation of Oxidative Transformation Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10588-10598. [PMID: 32867484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing use and high excretion rates, high quantities of the antidiabetic drug sitagliptin (STG) enter wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In conventional biological treatment, only a moderate removal was achieved, and thus, STG can be detected in WWTP effluents with concentrations in the higher ng/L range. Ozonation is a widely discussed technique for advanced wastewater treatment. In lab-scale experiments, STG showed pH-dependent removal kinetics with a maximum apparent rate constant of k ∼1 × 104 M-1 s-1 at pH ≥ 9. With an apparent rate constant of kO3 = (1.8 ± 0.7) × 103 M-1 s-1 at pH 8, STG can be considered to be readily degraded by ozonation of WWTP effluents. Ozone attacks the primary amine moiety of STG, leading to nitro-STG (TP 437) (the primary amine moiety is transformed into a nitro group). Furthermore, a diketone (TP 406) was formed, which can be further degraded by ozone. Lab-scale and pilot-scale experiments on ozonation of WWTP effluents confirmed that the ozone attack of STG was incomplete even at high ozone doses of 1.7 and 0.9 mg O3/mg DOC, respectively. These experiments confirmed that nitro-STG was formed as the main TP in the wastewater matrix. Two other TPs, TP 421c and TP 206b, were also detected, albeit with low intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hermes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56068, Germany
| | - Kevin S Jewell
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56068, Germany
| | - Per Falås
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Holger V Lutze
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56068, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56068, Germany
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Trace Organic Compound Removal from Wastewater Reverse-Osmosis Concentrate by Advanced Oxidation Processes with UV/O 3/H 2O 2. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122785. [PMID: 32575623 PMCID: PMC7345651 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Advanced technologies, such as reverse osmosis (RO), allow the reuse of treated wastewater for direct or indirect potable use. However, even highly efficient RO systems produce ~10-15% highly contaminated concentrate as a byproduct. This wastewater RO concentrate (WWROC) is very rich in metal ions, nutrients, and hard-to-degrade trace organic compounds (TOrCs), such as pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, flame retardants, and detergents, which must be treated before disposal. WWROC could be up to 10 times more concentrated than secondary effluent. We examined the efficiency of several advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on TOrC removal from a two-stage WWROC matrix in a pilot wastewater-treatment facility. WWROC ozonation or UV irradiation, with H2O2 addition, demonstrated efficient removal of TOrCs, varying between 21% and over 99% degradation, and indicating that radical oxidation (by HO·) is the dominant mechanism. However, AOPs are not sufficient to fully treat the WWROC, and thus, additional procedures are required to decrease metal ion and nutrient concentrations. Further biological treatment post-AOP is also highly important, to eliminate the degradable organic molecules obtained from the AOP.
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14
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Stimulating Nitrogen Biokinetics with the Addition of Hydrogen Peroxide to Secondary Effluent Biofiltration. CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cleantechnol2010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary wastewater treatment could provide a reliable source of water for reuse. Amongst these types of wastewater treatment, deep-bed filtration of secondary effluents can effectively remove particles and organic matter; however, NH4+ and NO2− are not easily removed. This study examined the feasibility of stimulating microbial activity using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a bio-specific and clean oxygen source that leaves no residuals in the water and is advantageous upon aeration due to the solubility limitations of the oxygen. The performance of a pilot bio-filtration system at a filtration velocity of 5–6 m/h, was enhanced by the addition of H2O2 for particle, organic matter, NH4+, and NO2− removal. Hydrogen peroxide provided the oxygen demand for full nitrification. As a result, influent concentrations of 4.2 ± 2.5 mg/L N-NH4+ and 0.65 ± 0.4 mg/L N-NO2 were removed during the short hydraulic residence time (HRT). In comparison, filtration without H2O2 addition only removed up to 0.6 mg/L N-NH4+ and almost no N-NO2−. A DNA metagenome analysis of the functional genes of the media biomass reflected a significant potential for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification activity. It is hypothesized that the low biodegradability of the organic carbon and H2O2 addition stimulated oxygen utilization in favor of nitrification, followed by the enhancement of anoxic activity.
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15
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Miarov O, Tal A, Avisar D. A critical evaluation of comparative regulatory strategies for monitoring pharmaceuticals in recycled wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 254:109794. [PMID: 31780268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are a subset of micropollutants, present in the environment in trace concentrations. Because of their persistent nature, these chemicals are of particular concern. Little is known about how mixtures of pharmaceutical residues, found in WWTP effluents, affect the environment or public health. Yet, numerous studies show negative outcomes for both aquatic and terrestrial organisms, suggesting that they are given both to bioaccumulation and uptake in plants. Israel leads the world in effluent reuse (86%), almost exclusively utilized for purposes of agricultural irrigation. Pharmaceuticals, however, are not included in Israel's water regulatory oversight or management, essentially creating an epidemiological experiment among its citizens and environment. Globally, these compounds also are not commonly subject to monitoring or regulation. This study reviews and analyzes water policies and regulation worldwide that address the presence of pharmaceuticals in water resources, with a particular focus on Australia, Singapore, Switzerland, and the USA. Furthermore, the study investigates the reasons why these chemicals are not yet regulated in Israel. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of the data and analysis of the regulatory rationale in other countries, a list of recommended pharmaceutical standards that should be measured and monitored in Israel's wastewater treatment system is proposed. The suggested prioritization criteria should be at the heart of a new regulatory agenda for controlling pharmaceutical contamination in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Miarov
- The Water Research Center, Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Alon Tal
- Department of Public Policy, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Dror Avisar
- The Water Research Center, Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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16
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Zhang Y, Zuo S, Zhang Y, Ren G, Pan Y, Zhang Q, Zhou M. Simultaneous removal of tetracycline and disinfection by a flow-through electro-peroxone process for reclamation from municipal secondary effluent. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 368:771-777. [PMID: 30739030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical and personal care products as one of the micropollutants and bacteria in secondary effluent restrict the water reuse from municipal secondary effluent. Electro-peroxone (EP) process where H2O2 is generated in-situ by electrolysis is an emerging advanced oxidation process and an improvement of traditional peroxone method (O3/H2O2). In this work, a flow-through EP process was compared with ozonation and electrolysis for simultaneous disinfection and degradation of tetracycline (TC). The disinfection effect by EP was higher than the sum of standalone ozone and electrolysis and the coupling coefficient of ozonation and electrolysis in EP process was 1.2. The flow-through EP system presented similar efficiency for separately and simultaneously treating E. coli and TC. For the actual secondary effluent treatment, trihalomethanes, haloacetonitrile and halonitromethanes, the main disinfection by-products, were much lower than the WHO's thresholds for drinking water. TOC and COD removal was 44% and 65%, respectively, at flow rate of 35 mL/min. BOD5, bacteria, pH and other parameters in the effluent could satisfy the recreational landscape water quality standard, and the required energy consumption was 0.47 kW h/m3 at the flow rate 35 mL/min. Most of the degradation products were small-molecule organic acids, and possible degradation pathway of TC was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinqiao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Sijin Zuo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Gengbo Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuwei Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qizhan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Minghua Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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17
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Friedman L, Mamane H, Avisar D, Chandran K. The role of influent organic carbon-to-nitrogen (COD/N) ratio in removal rates and shaping microbial ecology in soil aquifer treatment (SAT). WATER RESEARCH 2018; 146:197-205. [PMID: 30261358 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil columns simulating soil aquifer treatment (SAT), fed with synthetic secondary effluent by intermittent infiltration of flooding/drying cycles, were characterized for nitrogen and organic carbon removal, and microbial ecology and biokinetics. The columns differed in the concentration ratio of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to the summed NH4+, NO2- and organic nitrogen-2 (C/N2) or 5 (C/N5). Chemical profiles along the column demonstrated a preference for COD oxidation over nitrification and coupled denitrification, with higher nitrogen loss (57% vs. 16%) in the C/N5 column. Unexpectedly, significant dominance of the genus Nitrospira over the genus Nitrobacter and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was strongly correlated at column depths where NH4+ removal occurred. Moreover, the Nitrospira profile had the strongest correlation to the profile of NH4+ (positive) and NO3- (negative), strongly indicating complete ammonia oxidation. 16S sequencing analysis of the topsoil in C/N2 vs. C/N5 columns revealed double the abundance of microbial aerobic potential (64% vs. 32%) vs. one-third the denitrification potential (13% vs. 31%). The concentrations and degradability levels of organic carbon were the most influential parameters shaping community structure. Niche differentiation within the biofilm attached to the soil is suggested to have an important role in the process's anoxic activity and nitrogen removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Friedman
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel; School of Earth Sciences, The Water Research Center, Hydrochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel; Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Hadas Mamane
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Dror Avisar
- School of Earth Sciences, The Water Research Center, Hydrochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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18
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Zhang X, Yang YS, Lu Y, Wen YJ, Li PP, Zhang G. Bioaugmented soil aquifer treatment for P-nitrophenol removal in wastewater unique for cold regions. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:616-627. [PMID: 30096688 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
P-nitrophenol (PNP) is a toxic and recalcitrant organic pollutant and a usual intermediate in the production of fine chemicals, which has posed a significant threat to subsurface environment safety. Soil aquifer treatment (SAT) is a promising method to remove and remediate contamination in vadose zone with low cost and high efficiency. However, there are still research gaps for the treatment of recalcitrant contaminants by SAT in cold regions, such as un-robust indigenous microbes and low temperature constraint in vadose zone. The bioaugmentation technology was first introduced into SAT in order to enhance the removal ability of PNP by SAT operated in cold regions in this study. A high-efficiency PNP-degrading bacterium was successfully isolated, which can efficiently degrade PNP below 200 mg L-1 with a degradation rate above 99% at 15 °C close to the real subsurface temperature in cold regions, and added into SAT for bioaugmentation. The feasibility of bioaugmented SAT and associated PNP removal process were investigated by laboratory sand columns, along with effects of the SAT operative parameters (namely PNP loading concentration, flow rate and soil saturation level of SAT). Within the range of PNP loading stresses tested (1-200 mg L-1), PNP removal efficiency was optimal at constant flow rate of 219 mL d-1 in unsaturated operating condition of SAT under 15 °C among all the investigated experimental conditions. Longer hydraulic residence time increased the PNP removal rate, although the accumulated mass removed reduced and the removal efficiencies remained constant in unsaturated operating condition of SAT. It is found from the comparison between the PNP removals via both unsaturated and saturated columns that slight difference only in the removal rate of PNP was observed and the highly efficient bioaugmented SAT can completely degrade PNP of 10 mg L-1 within 5 wetting/drying cycles under both scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Y S Yang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration of Region Polluted Environment (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110044, PR China
| | - Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, PR China.
| | - Y J Wen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration of Region Polluted Environment (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110044, PR China
| | - P P Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, PR China
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19
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Trussell B, Trussell S, Qu Y, Gerringer F, Stanczak S, Venezia T, Monroy I, Bacaro F, Trussell R. A four-year simulation of soil aquifer treatment using columns filled with San Gabriel Valley sand. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:26-35. [PMID: 30014976 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two column pairs filled with 3.05-m of a sandy soil from the Upper San Gabriel Valley were operated for a period of four and ½ years on municipal effluent from the San Jose Creek Water Reclamation Plant operated by the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County (LACSD). One column pair was fed filtered, chlorinated effluent (tertiary effluent) for the entire period. The other pair was fed ozonated secondary effluent for 8-mo, ozonated secondary effluent filtered through biological activated carbon (O3/BAC) for 7-mo and tertiary effluent for 38-mo. Each column pair was operated in series, where the first column was operated for a shorter residence time and the second column for a longer residence time. Residence times tested were 5-d, 28-d, 30-d, 58-d, 60-d, 150-d and 180-d. For the last 38-mo, both pairs of columns had a residence time of 30-d in the first column and the total residence time of the two pairs was 150 and 180-d, respectively. Testing showed both of these pairs had the same long-term performance. The column pairs with a 150 to 180-d residence time, which were both fed tertiary effluent, reached an effluent total organic carbon (TOC) of 1.8 mg/L. Column pairs with a 28 to 30-d residence time, which were fed tertiary, ozonated, and O3/BAC effluent, reached effluent TOCs of 2.3, 2.1 and 1.8 mg/L respectively. In the latter, some TOC removal was shifted from the soil columns to the BAC. During the last 38 months of testing, using tertiary effluent as the source water, a series of sampling events was performed throughout the soil column system for N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and chemicals of emerging concern (CECs). NDMA was substantially reduced in all the columns, with a median value of 3 ng/L after 30-d and <2 ng/L after both 150 and 180-d. Twenty-one CECs were found in the majority of tertiary effluent samples, twelve of which were attenuated by the soil columns and the remaining were not. Chemicals found to be recalcitrant were 4-nonylphenol, acesulfame-k, carbamazepine, lidocaine, primidone, simazine, sucralose, sulfamethoxazole, and TCEP. Using excitation-emission matrix (EEM) techniques, soluble microbial products (SMP) peak characteristic of effluent organic matter (EfOM) is nearly eliminated after a 30-d hydraulic retention time (HRT) and completely eliminated in the 150/180-d samples. The intensity of the other peaks is significantly reduced as well, resulting in an EEM much like that of natural groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Trussell
- Trussell Technologies Incorporation, 232 N. Lake Avenue Suite 300, Pasadena, CA 91101, United States.
| | - Shane Trussell
- Trussell Technologies Incorporation, 232 N. Lake Avenue Suite 300, Pasadena, CA 91101, United States
| | - Yan Qu
- Trussell Technologies Incorporation, 232 N. Lake Avenue Suite 300, Pasadena, CA 91101, United States
| | - Fred Gerringer
- Trussell Technologies Incorporation, 232 N. Lake Avenue Suite 300, Pasadena, CA 91101, United States
| | - Sangam Stanczak
- Trussell Technologies Incorporation, 232 N. Lake Avenue Suite 300, Pasadena, CA 91101, United States
| | - Teresa Venezia
- Trussell Technologies Incorporation, 232 N. Lake Avenue Suite 300, Pasadena, CA 91101, United States
| | - Israel Monroy
- Trussell Technologies Incorporation, 232 N. Lake Avenue Suite 300, Pasadena, CA 91101, United States
| | - Fernanda Bacaro
- Trussell Technologies Incorporation, 232 N. Lake Avenue Suite 300, Pasadena, CA 91101, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Box 454015, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, United States
| | - Rhodes Trussell
- Trussell Technologies Incorporation, 232 N. Lake Avenue Suite 300, Pasadena, CA 91101, United States
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20
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Zucker I, Mamane H, Riani A, Gozlan I, Avisar D. Formation and degradation of N-oxide venlafaxine during ozonation and biological post-treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:578-586. [PMID: 29156276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
While ozonation is considered an efficient treatment to eliminate trace organic compounds (TrOCs) from secondary wastewater effluents, the presence and persistence of transformation products (TPs) resulting from ozonation of TrOCs is a major concern that should be assessed prior to effluent discharge to the environment. Venlafaxine (VLX), an environmentally relevant tertiary amine-containing TrOC, was chosen as the model for this study. TP analysis confirmed that the lone electron pair of the non-protonated amine are the predominant site of oxidant attack, and therefore strongly affected by pH value and VLX speciation. N-oxide VLX (NOV), the primary ozone-induced TP, was formed and degraded simultaneously during ozonation of VLX-containing secondary effluent and reached a maximum yield of 0.44 to 0.85 (NOV-to-VLX0 ratio), depending on pH and hydroxyl (OH) radical presence. Rate constants for the reaction of NOV with ozone (3.1×102M-1s-1) and OH radicals (5.3×109M-1s-1) were determined. A simple kinetic model was developed to fit the kinetics of formation and degradation of NOV during ozonation in secondary effluents, based on a known ozone-reaction kinetic equation. The biodegradability of NOV (degradation rate of 39%) was significantly lower than that of the parent compound (VLX, 92%) after 71days, as evaluated by modified Zahn-Wellens tests, suggesting that N-oxide products are not better removed than the parent compound in a simulated biological post-treatment, which may even result in partial reformation of the parent compound. Lessons learned from this study were supported by a pilot-scale demonstration at the Shafdan wastewater-treatment plant, confirming the presence of NOV after ozonation and its persistence in biological post-treatment. Removal of such persistent TP will require higher dosages or promotion of OH-radicals during ozonation. Nevertheless, further assessment of the toxicity of persistent TPs relative to the parent compound is needed for complete evaluation of concerned TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Zucker
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Water Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Hydro-Chemistry and Water Research Center, Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Hadas Mamane
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Water Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Alon Riani
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Water Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Hydro-Chemistry and Water Research Center, Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Igal Gozlan
- Hydro-Chemistry and Water Research Center, Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dror Avisar
- Hydro-Chemistry and Water Research Center, Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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21
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Sopilniak A, Elkayam R, Rossin AV, Lev O. Emerging organic pollutants in the vadose zone of a soil aquifer treatment system: Pore water extraction using positive displacement. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:383-392. [PMID: 29024883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trace organic compounds in effluents, water streams and aquifers are amply reported. However, the mobile pool of Emerging Organic Contaminants (EOCs) in the deep parts of the vadose zone is hard to estimate, due to difficulties in extraction of sufficient quantity of pore water. Here, we present a new methodology for depth profiling of EOCs in pore water by Positive Displacement Extraction (PDE): Pore water extraction from unsaturated soil samples is carried out by withdrawal of soil cores by direct-push drilling and infiltrating the core by organics free water. We show that EOC concentrations in the water eluted in the plateau region of the inverse breakthrough curve is equal to their pore water concentrations. The method was previously validated for DOC extraction, and here the scope of the methodology is extended to pore water extraction for organic pollutants analysis. Method characteristics and validation were carried out with atrazine, simazine, carbamazepine, venlafaxine, O-desmethylvenlafaxine and caffeine in the concentration range of several ng to several μg/liter. Validation was carried out by laboratory experiments on three different soils (sandy, sandy-clayey and clayey). Field studies in the vadose zone of a SAT system provided 27 m deep EOC profiles with less than 1.5 m spatial resolution. During the percolation treatment, carbamazepine remained persistent, while the other studied EOCs were attenuated to the extent of 50-99%.The highest degradation rate of all studied EOCs was in the aerobic zone. EOC levels based on PDE and extraction by centrifugation were compared, showing a positive bias for centrifugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sopilniak
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Roy Elkayam
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; Mekorot, Israel National Water Company. LTD., Israel
| | - Anna Voloshenko Rossin
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ovadia Lev
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
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22
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Gomes J, Costa R, Quinta-Ferreira RM, Martins RC. Application of ozonation for pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal from water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:265-283. [PMID: 28185729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the shortening on natural water resources, reclaimed wastewater will be an important water supply source. However, suitable technologies must be available to guaranty its proper detoxification with special concern for the emerging pharmaceutical and personal care products that are continuously reaching municipal wastewater treatment plants. While conventional biological systems are not suitable to remove these compounds, ozone, due to its interesting features involving molecular ozone oxidation and the possibility of generating unselective hydroxyl radicals, has a wider range of action on micropollutants removal and water disinfection. This paper aims to review the studies dealing with ozone based processes for water reuse by considering municipal wastewater reclamation as well as natural and drinking water treatment. A comparison with alternative technologies is given. The main drawback of ozonation is related with the low mineralization achieved that may lead to the production of reaction intermediates with toxic features. The use of hydrogen peroxide and light aided systems enhance ozone action over pollutants. Moreover, scientific community is focused on the development of solid catalysts able to improve the mineralization level achieved by ozone. Special interest is now being given to solar light catalytic ozonation systems with interesting results both for chemical and biological contaminants abatement. Nowadays the integration between ozonation and sand biofiltration seems to be the most interesting cost effective methodology for water treatment. However, further studies must be performed to optimize this system by understanding the biofiltration mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Gomes
- CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, GERST, Group on Environment, Reaction, Separation and Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pólo II - Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Costa
- CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, GERST, Group on Environment, Reaction, Separation and Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pólo II - Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa M Quinta-Ferreira
- CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, GERST, Group on Environment, Reaction, Separation and Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pólo II - Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui C Martins
- CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, GERST, Group on Environment, Reaction, Separation and Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pólo II - Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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23
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Muntau M, Schulz M, Jewell KS, Hermes N, Hübner U, Ternes T, Drewes JE. Evaluation of the short-term fate and transport of chemicals of emerging concern during soil-aquifer treatment using select transformation products as intrinsic redox-sensitive tracers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:10-18. [PMID: 28095993 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, known products from oxic transformation of the X-ray contrast medium iopromide were introduced for the first time as intrinsic tracer for in situ characterization of the transition zone between oxic and suboxic conditions during the initial phase of soil-aquifer treatment (SAT). Two wet-dry cycles of a full-scale infiltration basin were monitored to characterize hydraulic retention times, redox conditions, removal of bulk organic parameters and the fate of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs). Tracer tests at the site showed an average hydraulic retention time of <20h before collection in drainage pipes located approximately 1.5m below surface. Dissolved oxygen at different depth rapidly depleted and only increased towards the end of the flooding event. Transformation of iopromide and all known intermediates to persistent transformation products (TPs) usually occurring during oxic biodegradation was very limited in samples from suction cups immediately underneath the basin. But transformation was complete in samples collected from the drainage outlet indicating that dissolved oxygen had been introduced to the system before sample collection in the combined drainage outlet. Similar to iopromide and its TPs, removal of several CECs (diclofenac, bezafibrate, mecoprop, TCEP) was inefficient after 90cm infiltration (<35%) but significantly enhanced in the combined drainage outlet (>80%). These results highlight that the analysis of iopromide along with its intermediates and persistent TPs can serve as a promising probing tool to determine overall efficiency of CEC biodegradation and to identify potential in situ oxygen limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriam Muntau
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Manoj Schulz
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Kevin S Jewell
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Nina Hermes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Thomas Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
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24
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Advancing Sequential Managed Aquifer Recharge Technology (SMART) Using Different Intermediate Oxidation Processes. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9030221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems are an efficient barrier for many contaminants. The biotransformation of trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) strongly depends on the redox conditions as well as on the dissolved organic carbon availability. Oxic and oligotrophic conditions are favored for enhanced TOrCs removal which is obtained by combining two filtration systems with an intermediate aeration step. In this study, four parallel laboratory-scale soil column experiments using different intermittent aeration techniques were selected to further optimize TOrCs transformation during MAR: no aeration, aeration with air, pure oxygen and ozone. Rapid oxygen consumption, nitrate reduction and dissolution of manganese confirmed anoxic conditions within the first filtration step, mimicking traditional bank filtration. Aeration with air led to suboxic conditions, whereas oxidation by pure oxygen and ozone led to fully oxic conditions throughout the second system. The sequential system resulted in an equal or better transformation of most TOrCs compared to the single step bank filtration system. Despite the fast oxygen consumption, acesulfame, iopromide, iomeprol and valsartan were degraded within the first infiltration step. The compounds benzotriazole, diclofenac, 4-Formylaminoantipyrine, gabapentin, metoprolol, valsartan acid and venlafaxine revealed a significantly enhanced removal in the systems with intermittent oxidation compared to the conventional treatment without aeration. Further improvement of benzotriazole and gabapentin removal by using pure oxygen confirmed potential oxygen limitation in the second column after aeration with air. Ozonation resulted in an enhanced removal of persistent compounds (i.e., carbamazepine, candesartan, olmesartan) and further increased the attenuation of gabapentin, methylbenzotriazole, benzotriazole, and venlafaxine. Diatrizoic acid revealed little degradation in an ozone–MAR hybrid system.
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Zucker I, Avisar D, Mamane H, Jekel M, Hübner U. Determination of oxidant exposure during ozonation of secondary effluent to predict contaminant removal. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 100:508-516. [PMID: 27232995 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of kinetic models to predict oxidation performance in wastewater is limited due to fast ozone depletion during the first milliseconds of the reaction. This paper introduces the Quench Flow Module (QFM), a bench-scale experimental technique developed to measure the first 5-500 milliseconds of ozone depletion for accurate determination of ozone exposure in wastewater-ozonation processes. Calculated ozone exposure in QFM experiments was up to 24% lower than in standard batch experiments, strongly depending on the initial sampling point for measurement in batch experiments. However, oxidation rates of slowly- and moderately-reacting trace organic compounds (TrOCs) were accurately predicted from batch experiments based on integration of ozone depletion and removal of an ozone-resistant probe compound to calculate oxidant exposures. An alternative concept, where ozone and hydroxyl radical exposures are back-calculated from the removal of two probe compounds, was tested as well. Although the QFM was suggested to be an efficient mixing reactor, ozone exposure ranged over three orders of magnitude when different probe compounds reacting moderately with ozone were used for the calculation. These effects were beyond uncertainty ranges for apparent second order rate constants and consistently observed with different ozone-injection techniques, i.e. QFM, batch experiments, bubble columns and venturi injection. This indicates that previously suggested mixing effects are not responsible for the difference and other still unknown factors might be relevant. Results furthermore suggest that ozone exposure calculations from the relative residual concentration of a probe compound are not a promising option for evaluation of ozonation of secondary effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Zucker
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; The Hydro-Chemistry Laboratory, Geography and the Environment, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; The Water Research Center at Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Dror Avisar
- The Hydro-Chemistry Laboratory, Geography and the Environment, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; The Water Research Center at Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Hadas Mamane
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; The Water Research Center at Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Martin Jekel
- Technical University of Berlin, Department of Water Quality Control, Str. des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin Germany
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Technical University of Berlin, Department of Water Quality Control, Str. des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin Germany; Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching Germany
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