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Wen S, Liu J, Lu Y, Dai J, Huang X, An S, Jeppesen E, Liu Z, Du Y. Composition regulates dissolved organic matter adsorption onto iron (oxy)hydroxides and its competition with phosphate: Implications for organic carbon and phosphorus immobilization in lakes. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 144:159-171. [PMID: 38802228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a heterogeneous pool of compounds and exhibits diverse adsorption characteristics with or without phosphorous (P) competition. The impacts of these factors on the burial and mobilization of organic carbon and P in aquatic ecosystems remain uncertain. In this study, an algae-derived DOM (ADOM) and a commercially available humic acid (HA) with distinct compositions were assessed for their adsorption behaviors onto iron (oxy)hydroxides (FeOx), both in the absence and presence of phosphate. ADOM contained less aromatics but more protein-like and highly unsaturated structures with oxygen compounds (HUSO) than HA. The adsorption capacity of FeOx was significantly greater for ADOM than for HA. Protein-like and HUSO compounds in ADOM and humic-like compounds and macromolecular aromatics in HA were preferentially adsorbed by FeOx. Moreover, ADOM demonstrated a stronger inhibitory effect on phosphate adsorption than HA. This observation suggests that the substantial release of autochthonous ADOM by algae could elevate internal P loading and pose challenges for the restoration of restore eutrophic lakes. The presence of phosphate suppressed the adsorption of protein-like compounds in ADOM onto FeOx, resulting in an increase in the relative abundance of protein-like compounds and a decrease in the relative abundance of humic-like compounds in post-adsorption ADOM. In contrast, phosphate exhibited no discernible impact on the compositional fractionation of HA. Collectively, our results show the source-composition characters of DOM influence the immobilization of both DOM and P in aquatic ecosystems through adsorption processes. The preferential adsorption of proteinaceous compounds within ADOM and aromatics within HA highlights the potential for the attachment with FeOx to diminish the original source-specific signatures of DOM, thereby contributing to the shared DOM characteristics observed across diverse aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShuaiLong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - JingJing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - YueHan Lu
- Molecular Eco-Geochemistry (MEG) Laboratory, Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Alabama, 2017th Ave, Tuscaloosa, AL 35485, USA
| | - JiaRu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - XiuLin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404020, China
| | - ShiLin An
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg 8600, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - ZhengWen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - YingXun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Lin JL, Sidik F. Harvesting of cyanobacteria and phosphorus by electrocoagulation-flocculation-flotation: Role of phosphorus precipitation in cell separations and organics destabilization. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 259:121868. [PMID: 38852392 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
A high level of phosphate triggers the excretion of algogenic organic matter (AOM) during algae blooming, leading to disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation. The presence of phosphate could impact cyanobacteria harvesting and AOM separations by electrocoagulation. This study aims to investigate the role of phosphate in cell separations and AOM destabilization by Al-based electrocoagulation-flocculation-flotation (EFF) for harvesting of cyanobacteria and phosphate. The Al-based EFF was conducted to harvest Microcystis aeruginosa (MA) with varied phosphate (0-10 mg/L) at 5 mA/cm2 and pH 8. Fluorescent organic fractions, molecular weight distributions, the properties of flocs and DBPs formation potential were fully investigated. The results showed that the EFF at a low level of phosphate (1 mg/L) effectively improves the harvesting of MA cells, phosphate and the reduction in dissolved organic matter (DOC) up to 99.5 %, 95 % and 50 %, respectively. However, the presence of concentrated phosphate (10 mg/L) alleviates cell harvesting and worsens AOM separations due to ineffective floc formation induced by the fast formation of inactive AlPO4 precipitates along with limited Al(OH)3. At such a condition, it worsens DBPs precursors minimization owing to AOM release from MA cells. The increase in the current density during EFF can compensate for cell harvesting efficiency even though at concentrated phosphate, but it further induces AOM release. It is concluded that Al-based EFF demonstrates an efficient harvesting of cyanobacteria, phosphorus and AOM separations from algae-laden water under phosphate impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jr-Lin Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, ROC; Center for Environmental Risk Management, College of Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Fahrudin Sidik
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, ROC
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Jeon Y, Li L, Bhatia M, Ryu H, Santo Domingo JW, Brown J, Goetz J, Seo Y. Impact of harmful algal bloom severity on bacterial communities in a full-scale biological filtration system for drinking water treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171301. [PMID: 38423320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in freshwater environments has been expanded worldwide with growing frequency and severity. HABs can pose a threat to public water supplies, raising concerns about safety of treated water. Many studies have provided valuable information about the impacts of HABs and management strategies on the early-stage treatment processes (e.g., pre-oxidation and coagulation/flocculation) in conventional drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). However, the potential effect of HAB-impacted water in the granular media filtration has not been well studied. Biologically-active filters (BAFs), which are used in drinking water treatment and rely largely on bacterial community interactions, have not been examined during HABs in full-scale DWTPs. In this study, we assessed the bacterial community structure of BAFs, functional profiles, assembly processes, and bio-interactions in the community during both severe and mild HABs. Our findings indicate that bacterial diversity in BAFs significantly decreases during severe HABs due to the predominance of bloom-associated bacteria (e.g., Spingopyxis, Porphyrobacter, and Sphingomonas). The excitation-emission matrix combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) confirmed that filter influent affected by the severe HAB contained a higher portion of protein-like substances than filter influent samples during a mild bloom. In addition, BAF community functions showed increases in metabolisms associated with intracellular algal organic matter (AOM), such as lipids and amino acids, during severe HABs. Further ecological process and network analyses revealed that severe HAB, accompanied by the abundance of bloom-associated taxa and increased nutrient availability, led to not only strong stochastic processes in the assembly process, but also a bacterial community with lower complexity in BAFs. Overall, this study provides deeper insights into BAF bacterial community structure, function, and assembly in response to HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchul Jeon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH 43606, United States of America
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH 43606, United States of America
| | - Mudit Bhatia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH 43606, United States of America
| | - Hodon Ryu
- Water Infrastructure Division, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States of America
| | - Jorge W Santo Domingo
- Water Infrastructure Division, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States of America
| | - Jess Brown
- Carollo Engineers' Research and Development Practice, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, United States of America
| | - Jake Goetz
- City of Toledo Colins Park Water Treatment, Toledo, OH 43605, United States of America
| | - Youngwoo Seo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH 43606, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3048 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH 43606, United States of America.
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Wang Y, Zhang P, Yang C, Guo Y, Gao P, Wang T, Liu Y, Xu L, Zhou G. Responses in Plant Growth and Root Exudates of Pistia stratiotes under Zn and Cu Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:736. [PMID: 38475582 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
At present, the situation regarding heavy metal pollution in aquatic environments is becoming more and more serious. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals in aquatic plants causes obvious phytotoxicity, which can also induce secondary pollution in the aquatic environment. Zinc and copper, as indispensable elements for plant growth, are also prominent heavy metals in water pollution in China, and their concentrations play a crucial role in plant growth. In this study, we investigated the response of Pistia stratiotes (P. stratiotes) to different concentrations of Zn and Cu, and the results showed that plant growth and photosynthesis were inhibited under both Zn (1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/L) and Cu (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1 mg/L) stresses. The relative growth rates of P. stratiotes under 8 mg/L Zn or 1 mg/L Cu stress were 6.33% and 6.90%, which were much lower than those in the control group (10.86%). Meanwhile, Zn and Cu stress caused insignificant change in the relative water contents of plants. The decrease in phlorophyll fluorescence parameters and chlorophyll contents suggested the significant photoinhibition of Zn and Cu stress. Chemical analysis of plant root exudates showed that the root secretion species obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) mainly included amino acids, alkanes, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and more. Compared with the control group, the influence of Zn or Cu on the reduction in relative amounts of exudates was greater than that on the increase. The results of this study provide important data for the utilization of P. stratiotes in heavy metal-polluted water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Canhua Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yibai Guo
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Panpan Gao
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Tong Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lina Xu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for the Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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He H, Sun N, Li L, Zhou H, Hu A, Yang X, Ai J, Jiao R, Yang X, Wang D, Zhang W. Photochemical Transformation of Dissolved Organic Matter in Surface Water Augmented the Formation of Disinfection Byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38329881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Sunlight may lead to changes in disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formation potentials of source water via transforming dissolved organic matter (DOM); however, the underlying mechanisms behind these changes remain unclear. This work systematically investigated the effect of photochemical transformation of DOM from reservoir water (DOMRe) and micropolluted river water (DOMRi) after 36 h of simulated sunlight irradiation (equivalent to one month under natural sunlight) on DBPs formation. Upon irradiation, high molecular weight (MW) and aromatic molecules tended to be mineralized or converted into low-MW and highly oxidized (O/C > 0.5) ones which might react with chlorine to generate high levels of DBPs, resulting in an elevation in the yields (μg DBP/mg C) of almost all the measured DBPs and the quantities of unknown DBPs in both DOM samples after chlorination. Additionally, DOMRi contained more aromatic molecules susceptible to photooxidation than DOMRe. Consequently, irradiated DOMRi exhibited a greater increase in the formation potentials of haloacetonitriles, halonitromethanes, and specific regulated DBPs, with nitrogenous DBPs being responsible for the overall rise in the calculated cytotoxicity following chlorination. This work emphasized the importance of a comprehensive removal of phototransformation products that may serve as DBPs precursors from source waters, especially from micropolluted source waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Niannian Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
| | - Lanfeng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
| | - Aibin Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyin Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruyuan Jiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Zhang F, Xiong J, Zhang C, Wu X, Tian Y. Removal of Algae and Algal Toxins from a Drinking Water Source Using a Two-Stage Polymeric Ultrafiltration Membrane Process. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4495. [PMID: 38231918 PMCID: PMC10708023 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The release of algal toxins in algae-containing water sources poses a serious threat to drinking water safety and human health. The conventional water treatment processes of water plants have a limited ability to remove algae and algal toxins, especially algal toxins with a molecular weight (MW) of less than 1000 Da. To eliminate algal pollution from a water source, a two-stage ultrafiltration (UF) process with a large polysulfone hollow fiber membrane with a MW cut-off of 200 kDa and a small aromatic polyamide roll membrane with a MW cut-off of 1 kDa were applied after a traditional sand filter in a water treatment plant. UF operation conditions, including the operating time, pressure, and membrane flux, were investigated. With an operating pressure of 0.05-0.08 MPa, the polysulfone hollow fiber membrane removed algae effectively, as the influent algal cell concentration ranged from 1-30 cells/mL but exhibited a limited removal of algal toxins. With an operating pressure of 0.3-0.4 MPa, the elimination of microcystins (MCs) reached 96.3% with the aromatic polyamide roll membrane. The operating pressure, membrane flux, and operating time were selected as the experimental factors, and the effects on the UF efficiency to remove algal toxins and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon were investigated by the response surface methodology. The model showed that the order of influence on the membrane operating efficiency was operating pressure > membrane flux > running time. The optimal UF operating conditions were an operating pressure of 0.3 MPa, a membrane flux of 17.5 L/(m2·h), and a running time of 80 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Ecology and Environment Bureau of Huzhou, Changxing Branch, Huzhou 313100, China
| | - Jianglei Xiong
- China Electronics System Engineering No.2 Construction Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214115, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuming Tian
- Jiangsu China Electronics Innovation Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214142, China
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Pi J, Gong T, He M, Zhu G. Aquatic plant root exudates: A source of disinfection byproduct precursors in constructed wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165590. [PMID: 37474067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic plant-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water bodies is an important source of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors. It is therefore very important to investigate DBP formation, and the main DBP precursors that enter drinking water during treatment processes. In this study, Lythrum salicaria root extract (LSRE) and Acorus calamus root extract (ACRE) were analyzed. The LSRE and ACRE were chlorinated and disinfected to generate trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloketones, and haloacetaldehydes. The DBP formation potential of LSRE, dominated by humus, was higher than that of Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM), and trichloroacetic acid was the main DBP. It was calculated that 2.09 % of the increased DOC brought by the surface flow wetland planted with emergent aquatic plants, and the contribution rates of TCMFP, DCAAFP and TCAAFP in effluent were 3.34 %, 3.23 % and 3.05 %, respectively. A total of 706 chlorinated-formula were detected by FTICR-MS, among which mono- and di-chlorinated formulae were the most abundant. Macromolecular hydrophobic organics and tannins were the main precursors for LSRE. Unlike LSRE, the DOM composition of ACRE was dominated by protein or aliphatic compounds; therefore, the risk of DBP formation was not as high as that for LSRE. This study is the first to determine the risk of DBP formation associated with aquatic plant root extracts, and confirmed that tannins in plant-derived DOM are more important DBP precursors than lignins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachang Pi
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tingting Gong
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Min He
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Guangcan Zhu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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He H, Sun N, Li L, Ai J, Zhou H, Yang X, Yang X, Wang D, Zhang W. Effects of dissolved organic matter removal and molecular transformation in different water treatment processes on formation of disinfection byproducts. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120626. [PMID: 37713793 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in molecular composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during water treatments can influence the composition and toxicity of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in subsequent chlorination disinfection process. In this study, the impacts of DOM composition after various water treatment techniques (coagulation, adsorption, nanofiltration, biological aerated filter (BAF), and their integrated processes) on the generation mechanisms of DBPs were comprehensively explored by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) in combination with GC-MS and LC-MS analysis. The results indicated that coagulation preferentially removed unsaturated (low H/C) and oxidized (high O/C) compounds, whereas adsorption was prone to remove the reduced (low O/C) component that was more reactive with chlorine, leading to lower yields (μg DBP/mg DOC) of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) during subsequent chlorination. The coagulation-adsorption technique exhibited a relatively high removal of both known and unknown DBPs, demonstrating that coagulation and adsorption were complementary for DOM removal at the molecular level. Nanofiltration selectively removed molecules with relatively high O/C, however, those with very low O/C that were more reactive with chlorine could pass through the nanofiltration membrane, resulting in the highest yields of THMs and HAAs. Although BAF was inefficient in removing DBPs precursors, it could convert molecules with low degree of oxidation and unsaturation into highly oxidized and unsaturated ones, thereby significantly enhancing the removal of DBPs precursors in the subsequent coagulation-adsorption process. These findings are instrumental in developing and selecting more effective techniques to minimize the formation of DBPs in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Niannian Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Lanfeng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyin Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Lee J, Lee S, Hu C, Marion JW. Beyond cyanotoxins: increased Legionella, antibiotic resistance genes in western Lake Erie water and disinfection-byproducts in their finished water. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1233327. [PMID: 37700867 PMCID: PMC10493389 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1233327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Western Lake Erie is suffering from harmful cyanobacterial blooms, primarily toxic Microcystis spp., affecting the ecosystem, water safety, and the regional economy. Continued bloom occurrence has raised concerns about public health implications. However, there has been no investigation regarding the potential increase of Legionella and antibiotic resistance genes in source water, and disinfection byproducts in municipal treated drinking water caused by these bloom events. Methods Over 2 years, source water (total n = 118) and finished water (total n = 118) samples were collected from drinking water plants situated in western Lake Erie (bloom site) and central Lake Erie (control site). Bloom-related parameters were determined, such as microcystin (MC), toxic Microcystis, total organic carbon, N, and P. Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) [total trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs)] were assessed in finished water. Genetic markers for Legionella, antibiotic resistance genes, and mobile genetic elements were quantified in source and finished waters. Results Significantly higher levels of MC-producing Microcystis were observed in the western Lake Erie site compared to the control site. Analysis of DBPs revealed significantly elevated THMs concentrations at the bloom site, while HAAs concentrations remained similar between the two sites. Legionella spp. levels were significantly higher in the bloom site, showing a significant relationship with total cyanobacteria. Abundance of ARGs (tetQ and sul1) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were also significantly higher at the bloom site. Discussion Although overall abundance decreased in finished water, relative abundance of ARGs and MGE among total bacteria increased after treatment, particularly at the bloom site. The findings underscore the need for ongoing efforts to mitigate bloom frequency and intensity in the lake. Moreover, optimizing water treatment processes during bloom episodes is crucial to maintain water quality. The associations observed between bloom conditions, ARGs, and Legionella, necessitate future investigations into the potential enhancement of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and Legionella spp. due to blooms, both in lake environments and drinking water distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Seungjun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chenlin Hu
- College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jason W. Marion
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, United States
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10
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Aziz MT, Granger CO, Ferry JL, Richardson SD. Algae impacted drinking water: Does switching to chloramination produce safer drinking water? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162815. [PMID: 36921861 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal (cyanobacterial) blooms (HABs) are increasing throughout the world. HABs can be a direct source of toxins in freshwater sources, and associated algal organic matter (AOM) can act as precursors for the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. This study investigated the impacts of algae on DBP formation using treatment with chloramine, which has become a popular disinfectant in the U.S. and in several other countries because it can significantly lower the levels of regulated DBPs formed. Controlled laboratory chloraminations were conducted using live field-collected algal biomass dominated by either Phormidium sp. or Microseira wollei (formerly known as Lyngbya wollei) collected from Lake Wateree and Lake Marion, SC. Sixty-six priority, unregulated or regulated DBPs were quantified using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS). The presence of HAB-dominated microbial communities in source waters led to significant increases in more toxic nitrogen-containing DBPs (1.5-5 fold) relative to lake waters collected in HAB-free waters. Compared to chlorinated Phormidium-impacted waters, chloraminated waters yielded lower total DBP levels (up to 123 μg/L vs. 586 μg/L for low Br-/I- waters), but produced a greater number of brominated, iodinated, and mixed halogenated DBPs in high Br-/I- waters. Among the DBPs formed in Phormidium-impacted chloraminated waters, dichloroacetic acid, trichloromethane, chloroacetic acid, chloropropanone, and dichloroacetamide were dominant. For Microseira wollei-impacted chloraminated waters, total DBP concentrations ranged from 33 to 145 μg/L (approximately 3-5 times lower than chlorination), with dichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetamide, and trichloromethane dominant. Overall, chloramination significantly reduced calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in low Br- and I- waters, but produced 1.3 fold higher calculated cytotoxicity (compared to chlorine) with high Br-/I- waters due to increased formation of more toxic iodo- and mixed halogenated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tareq Aziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Caroline O Granger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - John L Ferry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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11
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Wang R, Zhou J, Qu G, Wang T, Jia H, Zhu L. Formation of emerging disinfection byproducts from agricultural biomass-derived DOM: Overlooked health risk source. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119482. [PMID: 36527871 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-derived dissolved organic matter (CDOM) are inevitably released to surface water during returning agricultural biomass carbon to farmland, which are potential precursors of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this study, CDOM was extracted from aerobic incineration ("OX") and anoxic pyrolysis ("PY") of three kinds of straw (wheat, corn, and rice), and the emerging DBPs from them were deciphered. The CDOM with molecular weight < 1 kDa in the OX and PY groups accounted for 53-87%, and it was higher in the PY group. A total 1343-2107 of CHO and 641-1761 of CHNO formulas were detected in the CDOM derived from the OX group, among which 74%-83% contained aromatic structures rich in oxygen containing groups. 1919-3289 of CHO and 785-1954 of CHNO formulas were observed in the PY group, and 77%-86% of them were lignins/CRAM-like compounds. Surprisingly, 765-2158 and 895-1648 of emerging DBPs were identified in the OX and PY groups, and the proportions of N-DBPs were 20.3-54.8% and 2.8-4.8%, respectively. Based on HOCl addition and Cl substitution mechanisms, the H/C ratios of the DBP precursors in the OX and PY groups were in the range of 0.2-1.5 and 0.6-2.0, respectively. The DBPs derived from the OX group exhibited higher cytotoxicity and genotoxicity due to the higher aromaticity and more N-DBPs. Thus, returning agricultural biomass carbon, particularly that produced by direct combustion, to farmland brought potential threat to drinking water safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruigang Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guangzhou Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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12
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Hu Q, Wang R, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Qu G, Wang T, Jia H. Formation of halogenated macromolecular organics induced by Br - and I - during plasma oxidation/chlorination of DOM: Highlighting competitive mechanisms. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119513. [PMID: 36549187 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of halogens on the production of macromolecular disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is critical for drinking water safety. The effects of Br- and I- on the chemical diversity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during plasma preoxidation and the subsequent formation of macromolecular halogenated DBPs after chlorination were deciphered. Plasma preoxidation changed DOM diversity from aromatic component-oriented to lignin and tannin component-oriented, resulting in 62.0% and 21.2% decreases in N-DBPs (CkHnOmNzClx formulas) and C-DBPs (CkHnOmClx formulas) after chlorination, respectively. Br- could induce the formation of organobromine compounds (OBrCs) during plasma oxidation; however, the intensities of OBrCs decreased by 56.3% (CHO formulas) and 75.2% (CHON formulas) after further chlorination. OBrCs still accounted for 79.8% of the total organohalogen compounds (OXCs, X=Cl or Br) due to the higher substitutability of bromine. I-promoted OIC production in the DOM preoxidation process, and OICs acted as intermediates to form OClCs during chlorination. When Br-and I-coexisted, Br- promoted OIC production in the DOM preoxidation process; therefore, more OBrCs and OClCs were generated due to intermediates of OICs in subsequent chlorination. Connections between OXCs and their precursors were established using network computation. The precursors of OClCs were located in the aromatic structure region (0.2 < H/C ≤ 0.7; O/C ≤ 0.67); those of OBrCs and OICs were located in the lignin (0.7 < H/C ≤ 1.5; 0.1 < O/C < 0.67) and tannin (0.6 ≤ H/C ≤ 1.5, 0.67 < O/C < 1.0) regions with relatively greater H/C and O/C ratios, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ruigang Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guangzhou Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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13
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Ye Y, Wang Z, Liu L, Qi K, Xie X. Novel insights into the temporal molecular fractionation of dissolved black carbon at the iron oxyhydroxide - water interface. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119410. [PMID: 36462262 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As the most reactive and mobile fraction of black carbon, dissolved black carbon (DBC) inexorably interacts with minerals in the biosphere. Nevertheless, the research on the mechanisms and compositions of DBC assembly at the mineral-water interface remains limited. In this study, we revealed the "kinetic architecture" of DBC on iron oxyhydroxide at novel insights based on quantitative and qualitative approaches. The results indicated that high molecular weight, highly unsaturated, oxygen-rich (such as carboxyl-rich fraction, phenolics), aliphatics, and long C chains compounds were preferentially adsorbed on the iron oxyhydroxide. 2D-COS analyses directly disclosed the sequential fractionation: aromatic and phenolic groups > aliphatic groups, and few aromatics were continuously adsorbed after the rapid adsorption. Quantitative determinations identified that aromatic and phenolic components were adsorbed rapidly over the first 60 min, while aromatics achieved the dynamic equilibrium until ∼300 min, which was consistent with the 2D-COS observations. Our findings supported the hypothesis that "mineral-OM" and "OM-OM" interactions worked simultaneously, and the adsorption might be co-driven by ligand exchange, hydrophobic interactions, and other mechanisms. This work provided the theoretical basis for organic carbon storage and turnover, and it was valuable for predicting the behaviors and fates of contaminants at the soil-water interface and surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Ye
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zhaowei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Kemin Qi
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xie
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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14
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Hu A, Li L, Huang Y, Fu QL, Wang D, Zhang W. Photochemical transformation mechanisms of dissolved organic matters (DOM) derived from different bio-stabilization sludge. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107534. [PMID: 36152361 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bio-stabilization sludge contains numerous dissolved organic matter (DOM) that could enter aquatic environments by soil leaching after sludge land use, but a clear understanding of their photochemical behavior is still lacking. In this study, we systematically investigated the photoactivity and photochemical transformation of aerobic composting sludge-derived DOM (DOMACS) and anaerobic digestion sludge-derived DOM (DOMADS) by using multispectral analysis coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). The results indicated that DOMACS and DOMADS have a higher proportion of highly unsaturated and phenolic compounds (HuPh)with high DBEwa, but the different polyphenols (Polyph) abundance of them, causing the different photoactivity between them. DOMACS had much higher apparent quantum yields (AQY) for triplet states of dissolved natural organic matter (3DOM*) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) but slightly lower AQY for singlet oxygen (1O2) than DOMADS under simulated sunlight conditions. As the irradiation time increased, HuPh and Polyph (associated with humic-like substances) contained in DOMACS (DOMADS) decreased by 12.0% (14.1%) and 3.0% (0.2%), respectively, with concurrent decrease in average molecular weight and aromaticity moieties, resulting in more generation of aliphatic compounds. Furthermore, based on 27 types of photochemical transformation reactions, DOMACS containing higher fractions of O10-15 and N1-3Oy class preferred dealkyl group and carboxylic acid reactions, whereas DOMADS composed of more N4Oy and S2Oy fragments preferred oxygen addition and anmine reactions. Consequently, photochemical transformations reduced the Cd (II) ion activity in the presence of DOMACS (DOMADS). This study is believed to unveil the photochemical transformation of bio-stabilization sludge-derived DOM and its impact on pollutants' fate in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aibin Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China
| | - Liqing Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Qing-Long Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China.
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15
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Ruf A, Danger G. Network Analysis Reveals Spatial Clustering and Annotation of Complex Chemical Spaces: Application to Astrochemistry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14135-14142. [PMID: 36209417 PMCID: PMC9583070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
How are molecules
linked to each other in complex systems?
In a
proof-of-concept study, we have developed the method mol2net (https://zenodo.org/record/7025094) to generate and analyze the molecular network of complex astrochemical
data (from high-resolution Orbitrap MS1 analysis of H2O:CH3OH:NH3 interstellar ice analogs)
in a data-driven and unsupervised manner, without any prior knowledge
about chemical reactions. The molecular network is clustered according
to the initial NH3 content and unlocked HCN, NH3, and H2O as spatially resolved key transformations. In
comparison with the PubChem database, four subsets were annotated:
(i) saturated C-backbone molecules without N, (ii) saturated N-backbone
molecules, (iii) unsaturated C-backbone molecules without N, and (iv)
unsaturated N-backbone molecules. These findings were validated with
previous results (e.g., identifying the two major graph components
as previously described N-poor and N-rich molecular groups) but with
additional information about subclustering, key transformations, and
molecular structures, and thus, the structural characterization of
large complex organic molecules in interstellar ice analogs has been
significantly refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ruf
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires (PIIM), Université Aix-Marseille, CNRS, 13013 Marseille, France
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Boltzmannstraße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Grégoire Danger
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires (PIIM), Université Aix-Marseille, CNRS, 13013 Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, 13013 Marseille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
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16
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He H, Xu H, Li L, Yang X, Fu Q, Yang X, Zhang W, Wang D. Molecular transformation of dissolved organic matter and the formation of disinfection byproducts in full-scale surface water treatment processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156547. [PMID: 35688238 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matters (DOM) have important effects on the performance of surface water treatment processes and may convert into disinfection by-products (DBPs) during disinfection. In this work, the transformation of DOM and the chlorinated DBPs (Cl-DBPs) formation in two different full-scale surface water treatment processes (process 1: prechlorination-coagulation-precipitation-filtration; process 2: coagulation-precipitation-post-disinfection-filtration) were comparatively investigated at molecular scale. The results showed that coagulation preferentially removed unsaturated (H/C < 1.0 and DBE > 17) and oxidized (O/C > 0.5) compounds containing more carboxyl groups. Therefore, prechlorination produced more Cl-DBPs with H/C < 1.0 and O/C > 0.5 than post-disinfection. However, the algal in the influent produced many reduced molecules (O/C < 0.5) without prechlorination, and these compounds were more reactive with disinfectants. Sand filtration was ineffective in DOM removal, while microorganisms in the filter produced high molecular weight (MW) substances that were involved in the Cl-DBPs formation, causing the generation of higher MW Cl-DBPs under post-disinfection. Furthermore, the CHO molecules with high O atom number and the CHON molecules containing one N atom were the main Cl-DBPs precursors in both surface water treatment processes. In consideration of the putative Cl-DBPs precursors and their reaction pathways, the precursors with higher unsaturation degree and aromaticity were prone to produce Cl-DBPs through addition reactions, while that with higher saturation degree tended to form Cl-DBPs through substitution reactions. These findings are useful to optimize the treatment processes to ensure the safety of water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Yangtze River Delta Branch, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lanfeng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Yangtze River Delta Branch, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinglong Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyin Yang
- Yangtze River Delta Branch, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Yangtze River Delta Branch, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang university, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
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17
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Zhang W, Dong T, Ai J, Fu Q, Zhang N, He H, Wang Q, Wang D. Mechanistic insights into the generation and control of Cl-DBPs during wastewater sludge chlorination disinfection process. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107389. [PMID: 35843072 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination disinfection has been widely used to kill the pathogenic microorganisms in wastewater sludge during the special Covid-19 period, but sludge chlorination might cause the generation of harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this work, the transformation of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and mechanisms of Cl-DBPs generation during sludge disinfection by sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) were investigated using multispectral analysis in combination with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). The microorganism Escherichia coli (E. coli) was effectively inactivated by active chlorine generated from NaClO. However, a high diversity of Cl-DBPs were produced with the addition of NaClO into sludge, causing the increase of acute toxicity on Q67 luminous bacteria of chlorinated EPS. A variety of N-containing molecular formulas were produced after chlorination, but N-containing DBPs were not detected, which might be the indicative of the dissociation of -NH2 groups after Cl-DBPs generated. Additionally, the release of N-containing compounds was increased in alkaline environment caused by NaClO addition, resulted in more Cl-DBPs generation via nucleophilic substitutions. Whereas, less N-compounds and Cl-DBPs were detected after EPS chlorination under acidic environment, leading to lower cell cytotoxicity. Therefore, N-containing compounds of lignin derivatives in sludge were the major Cl-DBPs precursors, and acidic environment could control the release of N-compounds by eliminating the dissociation of functional groups in lignin derivatives, consequently reducing the generation and cytotoxicity of Cl-DBPs. This study highlights the importance to control the alkalinity of sludge to reduce Cl-DBPs generation prior to chlorination disinfection process, and ensure the safety of subsequential disposal for wastewater sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Tianyi Dong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Qinglong Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Hang He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Qilin Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
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18
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Wu Y, Bu L, Zhu S, Chen F, Li T, Zhou S, Shi Z. Molecular transformation of algal organic matter during sequential ozonation-chlorination: Role of pre-ozonation and properties of chlorinated disinfection byproducts. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 223:119008. [PMID: 36027764 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Formation of unknown chlorinated disinfection byproducts (Cl-DBPs) during chlorination gradually raised great concern, and pre-oxidation was considered as an efficient method to minimize Cl-DBP formation. In this study, pre-ozonation of algal organic matter was investigated, to explore its impacts on Cl-DBP formation and acute toxicity during subsequent chlorination. With fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) analysis, the conversion of algal organic matter in chlorination with/without pre-ozonation was tracked. The results show that pre-ozonation reduced the formation of trichloromethane (TCM), yet the species and intensity of unknown Cl-DBPs were significantly increased in subsequent chlorination. Meanwhile, the solution acute toxicity was higher in chlorination with pre-ozonation than in chlorination only. Besides, molecular properties of these unknown Cl-DBPs were further explored and featured. One-chlorine-containing DBPs were unsaturated high molecular-weight compounds with more CH2 structures, while two or three-chlorine-containing DBPs were mainly oxidized or saturated compounds. Of note, large amounts of one-chlorine-containing DBPs related to polycyclic aromatics and polyphenols compositions were generated, which may contribute to the high potential toxicity. Overall, the findings of this study could provide new insights into the impacts of pre-ozonation on the formation of unknown Cl-DBPs and potential toxicity during chlorination for actual application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Tianbing Li
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Zhou Shi
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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19
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Gu Z, Chen W, He C, Li Q. Molecular insights into the transformation of refractory organic matter in landfill leachate nanofiltration concentrates during a flocculation and O 3/H 2O 2 treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:128973. [PMID: 35650737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During leachate treatment, molecular information regarding the completely removed, partially removed, less-reactive, increased, and produced parts of dissolved organic matter (DOM) remains unknown. This study applied ESI FT-ICR MS to investigate the transformation characteristics of leachate nanofiltration concentrate (NFC) DOM during a combined flocculation-O3/H2O2 process. The NFC contained 5069 compounds in four main classes (CHO, CHON, CHOS, and CHONS compounds). The DOM number decreased to 4489 during flocculation and to 2903 after the O3/H2O2 process. During flocculation, the completely and partially removed DOM was mainly low-oxygen unsaturated and phenolic compounds. Saturated DOM was produced and remained in the flocculated effluent. During the O3/H2O2 process, the completely and partially removed DOM were mainly low-oxygen unsaturated and phenolic compounds that were mainly in a reduced state. Flocculation can remove many (condensed) aromatic compounds, and methylation and hydrogenation reactions occurred during flocculation. In the O3/H2O2 process, dearomatization, demethylation, carboxylation, and carbonylation reactions further achieved the degradation of DOM that was resistant to flocculation. Overall, the combined flocculation-O3/H2O2 process collectively eliminated a broader range of DOM than the single processes could achieve. The results of this study provide an in-depth understanding of DOM transformation in an NFC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhepei Gu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 611756, China
| | - Weiming Chen
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 611756, China
| | - Chen He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Qibin Li
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 611756, China.
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20
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Wang R, Zhou J, Qu G, Wang T, Jia H, Zhu L. FT-ICR/MS deciphers formation of unknown macromolecular disinfection byproducts from algal organic matters after plasma oxidation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 218:118492. [PMID: 35489152 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Algal organic matter (AOM) is a potential precursor of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in water treatment. It is a major challenge to identify macromolecular DBPs due to the diversity of AOM. In this study, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR/MS) was applied to diagnose the AOM diversity after algae removal by plasma oxidation and to recognize the macromolecular DBPs in subsequent chlorination. Significant removal of AOM released by M. aeruginosa, C. raciborskii, and A. spiroies was achieved by plasma oxidation, accompanied by decrease in the proportion of CHNO formulas and increase in CHO formulas. Without plasma treatment, chlorination generated approximately 2486 macromolecular carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) and 1984 nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs), with C11HnOmClx and C18HnNmOzClx as the most abundant DBPs. The numbers of C-DBPs and N-DBPs decreased by 63.3% and 62.9%, respectively, if plasma treatment was applied prior to chlorination. Network computational analysis revealed that Cl substitution was the main formation pathway of AOM-derived DBP formation rather than HOCl addition. The precursors of macromolecular DBPs contained a characteristic atomic number of C and O (7 ≤ C ≤ 18; 3 ≤ O ≤ 11). This study firstly disclosed the relationship between AOM diversity and novel macromolecular DBPs during algae-laden water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruigang Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Guangzhou Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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21
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Zuo YT, Cheng S, Jiang HH, Han YZ, Ji WX, Wang Z, Zhou Q, Li AM, Li WT. Release and removal of algal organic matter during prechlorination and coagulation treatment of cyanobacteria-laden water: Are we on track? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153793. [PMID: 35150674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the physicochemical properties and fate of algae-derived organic matter (AOM) in water treatments significantly benefits the control of algae-derived disinfection byprodcuts and process parameter optimization. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of the release and treatability of dissolved organic matter during prechlorination and postcoagulation treatments of cyanobacteria-laden source water via size-exclusion chromatography-tandem diode array detector, fluorescence detector and organic carbon detector. The results revealed that the allochthonous humic substances could protect algal cell membrane from damage during prechlorination at a low level of chlorine dose. Due to the release and oxidation of biopterins during prechlorination of M. aeruginosa cells, the variation of the humic-like fluorescence can be used to indicate the chlorine dose for a sufficient membrane damage of algae cells. The prechlorination of M. aeruginosa cells induced minimal release of large MW biopolymer fractions but much more release of low MW fractions E1 and E2 (i.e., unknown carbonaceous substances and fluorescent nitrogenous biopterins). The physically extracted AOM contained a large proportion of biopolymers and could not well represent those released during prechlorination treatment. During coagulation, the negative effect of humic substances on the coagulant demand to achieve algae removal was more remarkable than AOM released by prechlorination. The high-MW biopolymers and humic substances can be removed over 50% by coagulation. Among the low-MW carbonaceous fractions, E1 released by prechlorination can also be effectively removed via coagulation while fractions C, D (possibly oligopeptides or secondary aromatic metabolites & low MW acids) and nitrogenous biopterins were recalcitrant to coagulation. This study highlights the differences of AOM properties between physical extraction and prechlorination and provides a basis for drinking water treatment plants to give more attention to the recalcitrant low MW fractions in coagulation when treating algae-laden source water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ting Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao-Han Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu-Ze Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ai-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Quanzhou Institute for Environmental Protection Industry, Nanjing University, Quanzhou 362008, China
| | - Wen-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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22
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Wang K, Zhu X, Liu Z, Wang J, Chen B. Occurrence and transformation of unknown organochlorines in the wastewater treatment plant using specific Fragment-Based method with LC Q-TOF MS. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118372. [PMID: 35378449 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important point sources of organochlorines in surface waters. However, comprehensive molecular-level understanding of the occurrence and transformation of organochlorines in WWTPs remains elusive. In this study, a specific fragment-based screening method with SWATH of LC Q-TOF MS was established to better understand the molecular composition of organochlorines. This method effectively excludes the non-chlorinated signals and provides multi-dimensional information (e.g., retention time, precursor ion mass, product ions, and molecular formula) with one injection to identify the possible structures of organochlorines. Eighty-seven organochlorines were successfully screened in practical wastewater samples, where 8 chlorinated sulfonic acids, 4 chlorophenols, 4 chlorinated benzenediols, and 6 chlorinated benzoic acids were further (tentatively) identified. Relative abundance of organochlorines showed that their occurrence was associated with the treatment units. In particular, anaerobic biological and NaClO treatment units contributed to the formation of chlorinated by-products. Most chlorinated by-products were substituted with more chlorine atoms than organochlorines from the influent. Furthermore, the relative abundance indicated that the fate of organochlorines were related to their structures. Chlorinated benzene sulfonic acids would be removed by adsorption on activated sludge. Most chlorinated benzoic acids were refractory, but some were likely to be chlorinated during the anaerobic process. Chlorophenols and chlorinated benzenediols might undergo chlorination, dealkylation/C-O bond breakage, and bromination. Our study offers a new tool to gain molecular information on organochlorines in complex environmental samples and highlights the importance of molecular structures when evaluating the fate of organochlorines and managing effluent discharge to surrounding waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhengzheng Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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23
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Wu D, Yang C, Zhang X, Hou X, Zhang S, Dai X, Zhang X, Igarashi Y, Luo F. Algicidal effect of tryptoline against Microcystis aeruginosa: Excess reactive oxygen species production mediated by photosynthesis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150719. [PMID: 34606873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms significantly decrease water quality and can damage ecosystems and, as such, require efficient control methods. Algicidal bacteria and their associated substances are promising tools for controlling cyanobacterial blooms; however, their specific algicidal mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the current study sought to investigate the algicidal mechanism of tryptoline (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9 h-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) against Microcystis aeruginosa, with a specific focus on the contribution made by reactive oxygen species (ROS), the underlying mechanisms of ROS increase, as well as the photosystem response. Results show that the algicidal ratio of tryptoline significantly and positively correlates with algal ROS. Moreover, 93.79% of the algicidal ratio variation is attributed to ROS in the tryptoline group, while only 47.75% can be attributed to ROS in the tryptoline + N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) group, where ROS are partially scavenged by NAC. In the presence of tryptoline, algicidal effect and ROS levels were significantly enhanced in the presence of light as compared to those in the dark (P < 0.001). Hence, the increase in ROS production attributed to tryptoline is primarily affected by the presence of light and photosynthesis. Additionally, tryptoline significantly reduces Fv/Fm, PIABS, ETo/RC, and the expression of psaB and psbA genes related to photosynthesis, while increasing Vj and DIo/RC (P < 0.05). These results suggest that tryptoline hinders algal photosynthesis by significantly decreasing photosynthetic efficiency and carbon assimilation, inhibiting photochemical electron transfer, and increasing closed reaction centers and energy loss. Moreover, following partial blockade of the photosynthetic electron transfer from QA to QB by diuron (3-(3-4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea), the ROS of algae exposed to tryptoline is significantly decreased. Thus, tryptoline inhibits electron transfer downstream of QA, which increase the number of escaping electron and thereby increase ROS generation. Collectively, this study describes the algicidal mechanism of tryptoline against M. aeruginosa and highlights the critical factors associated with induction of algicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Wu
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Caiyun Yang
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Xiping Hou
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- State Cultivation Base of Eco-agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xianzhu Dai
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yasuo Igarashi
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Feng Luo
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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24
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Fu QL, Fujii M, Watanabe A, Kwon E. Formula Assignment Algorithm for Deuterium-Labeled Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Implications of the Formation Mechanism of Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1717-1725. [PMID: 35019276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry (UHR-MS) coupled with isotope labeling has attracted significant attention in elucidating the mechanisms of the transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Herein, we developed a novel formula assignment algorithm based on deuterium (D)-labeled UHR-MS, namely, FTMSDeu, for the first time. This algorithm was employed to determine the precursor molecules of halogenated disinfection byproducts (Xn-DBPs) and to evaluate the relative contribution of electrophilic addition and substitution reactions in Xn-DBP formation according to the H/D exchange of DOM molecules. Further, tandem mass spectrometry with homologous-based network analysis was used to validate the formula assignment accuracy of FTMSDeu in the identification of iodinated disinfection byproducts. Electrophilic substitution accounted for 82-98, 71-89, and 43-45% of the formation for Cl-, Br-, and I-containing Xn-DBPs, respectively, indicating the dominant role of the electrophilic substitution in chlorinated disinfection byproducts with low Br and I concentrations. The absence of putative precursors in some Xn-DBPs also suggests that Xn-DBP formation includes secondary reactions (e.g., oxidation and hydrolysis) in addition to the electrophilic addition and/or substitution of halogens. These findings highlight the significance of isotopically labeled UHR-MS techniques in revealing the transformation of DOM in natural and engineered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Long Fu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Manabu Fujii
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Akari Watanabe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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25
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Kim HS, Park YH, Nam K, Kim S, Choi YE. Amination of cotton fiber using polyethyleneimine and its application as an adsorbent to directly remove a harmful cyanobacterial species, Microcystis aeruginosa, from an aqueous medium. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111235. [PMID: 33933491 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we applied an adsorption-based strategy for the removal of a harmful cyanobacterial species, Microcystis aeruginosa, using cotton fiber. Considering the negatively charged surface properties of M. aeruginosa cells in aqueous phases, aminated cotton fibers were prepared through polyethyleneimine (PEI) modification on the pristine cotton fibers. The aminated surface properties of PEI-modified cotton fiber (PEI-cotton) were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and potentiometric titration analyses. The pristine cotton fiber could not remove the M. aeruginosa cells, but the PEI-cotton could efficiently remove 98.7% of M. aeruginosa cells from the aqueous medium. In addition, removed cells could be observed on the sorbent surface by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis. PEI-cotton fabricated in 3% PEI solution could remove M. aeruginosa cells (97.9%) more efficiently compared to that fabricated in 1% (82.1%) and 2% (86.2%) of PEI solutions. From the toxicity assessment of the PEI-cotton using Daphnia magna, negligible toxicity of PEI-cotton was confirmed. Our results indicate that the application of PEI-cotton fibers for the removal of M. aeruginosa cells could be suggested as a feasible, effective, and eco-friendly method of harmful algal bloom (HAB) control in water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Seon Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hwan Park
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwiwoong Nam
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sok Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; OJeong Eco-Resilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon-E Choi
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Wang R, Wang T, Qu G, Zhang Y, Guo X, Jia H, Zhu L. Insights into the underlying mechanisms for integrated inactivation of A. spiroides and depression of disinfection byproducts by plasma oxidation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 196:117027. [PMID: 33744659 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria blooms threaten water supply and are potential sources for disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formation. In this study, the underlying mechanisms for effective removal of A. spiroides and the following depression on the formation of DBPs were disclosed. Highly efficient inactivation (more than 99.99%) of A. spiroides was realized by the plasma treatment within 12 min, and 93.4% of Anatoxin-a was also removed within 12 min, with no signals of resurrection after 7 days' re-cultivation. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that the expressions of the genes related to cell walls and peripherals, thylakoid membranes, photosynthetic membranes, and detoxification of toxins were distinctly altered. The generated reactive oxidative species (ROS), including ·OH, O2·-, and 1O2, attacked A. spiroides and resulted in membrane damage and algae organic matter (AOM) release. EEM-PARAFAC analysis illustrated that the AOM compositions were subsequently decomposed by the ROS. As a result, the formation potentials of the C-DBPs and N-DBPs were significantly inhibited, due to the effectively removal of AOM and Anatoxin-a. This study disclosed the underneath mechanisms for the effective inactivation of A. spiroides and inhibition of the following formation of the DBPs, and supplied a prospective technique for integrated pollutant control of cyanobacterial containing drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruigang Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Guangzhou Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xuetao Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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27
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Alver A, Baştürk E, Kılıç A. Development of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system model for predict trihalomethane formation potential in distribution network simulation test. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:15870-15882. [PMID: 33244689 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trihalomethanes (THMs), which is one of the major classes of DBP known to be highly cytotoxic and genotoxic, were formed and modeled under controlled conditions by laboratory-scale distribution network simulation test. The formation potentials of THM depending on the parameters such as natural organic matter, bromide, chlorine, pH, and contact time were determined. Subsequently, the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model was developed using these parameters as inputs and THM formation potentials as output, and the correlation coefficient was 0.9817. In the range of the inputs, the ANFIS model representing the simulation test results were compared with THM formations of an actual distribution network system in dry and wet seasons. As a result, the predictions of the ANFIS model were little affected by the unidentified factors that were not used in model training but are known to affect THM formations in real waters and gave more consistent results than the EPA model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Alver
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Science Institute, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Emine Baştürk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Science Institute, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kılıç
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Science Institute, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey
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28
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Tang A, Bi X, Li X, Li F, Liao X, Zou J, Sun W, Yuan B. The inactivation of bacteriophage MS2 by sodium hypochlorite in the presence of particles. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:129191. [PMID: 33310358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The inactivation of bacteriophage MS2 by sodium hypochlorite was investigated to understand the effect of solution chemistry on the disinfection efficacy in the presence of particles. Kaolinite and Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) were used as the models of inorganic and organic particles to simulate high turbidity and algal cells, respectively, in drinking water sources. In both particle-containing solutions, lower pH, the presence of cations (di-valent Ca2+) and natural organic matters (NOM) were regarded as the main factors to influence the aggregation and inactivation of MS2. The results showed that MS2 aggregated in all solutions at pH 3.0, protecting the inner viruses. At pH 7.0, the presence of Na+ cations (0-200 mmol/L) did not affect the inactivation efficacy of MS2, which always followed the order of particles-free ≈ kaolinite > M. aeruginosa. The inactivation efficacy of MS2 in the presence of Ca2+ cations followed the order of kaolinite > particles-free > M. aeruginosa at 0-50 mmol/L Ca2+ cations, while the inactivation efficacy remained almost constant in the range of 100-200 mmol/L Ca2+ cations. By contrast, kaolinite offered not enough protection to adsorbed MS2, but MS2 aggregation decreased disinfection efficacy at a high concentration of Ca2+ cations. Moreover, the presence of humic acid as NOM decreased the inactivation of MS2 more significantly than M. aeruginosa due to the more consumption of free chlorine from humic acids. Therefore, the co-existence of NOM and di-valent Ca2+ cations are potential challenges for the inactivation of viruses by sodium hypochlorite in safe drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixi Tang
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Xiaochao Bi
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Jing Zou
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75275, USA
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China.
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Chen H, Tsai KP, Liu Y, Tolić N, Burton SD, Chu R, Karanfil T, Chow AT. Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter from Wildfire-induced Microcystis aeruginosa Blooms controlled by Copper Sulfate as Disinfection Byproduct Precursors Using APPI(-) and ESI(-) FT-ICR MS. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116640. [PMID: 33260105 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper-based algaecides are usually used for controlling algae bloom triggered by the elevated levels of nutrients after wildfires, resulting in the promoted reactivity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in forming disinfectant byproducts (DBPs). To identify the best strategy for handling this source water, we employed Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) to characterize the DBPs precursors after 4-d Microcystis aeruginosa bloom cultured with black (BE) and white (WE) ash water extracts under 0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg-Cu/L. The disappeared DOM during disinfections, primarily composed of O1-14, N1O1-14 and N2O1-14, had a higher average molecular weight (MW) and double-bond equivalent (DBE), relative to DOM after incubation, regardless of disinfects and Cu2+. This result suggests assigned features with larger MW and more double bonds/rings as preferable DBP precursors. We observed a larger number of disappeared assigned features with low DBE of 1-10 in control without Cu2+ addition, possibly explaining lower DOM chlorine reactivity in forming carbonaceous and oxygenated DBPs, relative to the treatments with Cu2+ addition. We found a larger number of O1-14 and N1O1-14 with DBE=5-16 in the treatments, potentially explaining higher DOM chloramine reactivity in forming N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), compared to the control. Our study suggests removing oxygen- and nitrogen-containing organic compounds with more double bonds/aromatic rings as a preferable strategy for handling source water after controlling post-fire algae blooms with copper sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson University, South Carolina 29442, United States; Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC 29634, United States
| | - Kuo-Pei Tsai
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson University, South Carolina 29442, United States
| | - Yina Liu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington 99354, United States; Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Nikola Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Sarah D Burton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Rosalie Chu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC 29634, United States
| | - Alex T Chow
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson University, South Carolina 29442, United States; Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC 29634, United States.
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Han L, Kaesler J, Peng C, Reemtsma T, Lechtenfeld OJ. Online Counter Gradient LC-FT-ICR-MS Enables Detection of Highly Polar Natural Organic Matter Fractions. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1740-1748. [PMID: 33370097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) is a highly complex mixture of natural organic molecules. The recent developments in NOM molecular characterization methods have shown that ESI-FT-ICR hyphenated with liquid chromatography (LC) is a promising approach to also obtain chemical information (such as polarity and molecular size) about NOM molecules. However, due to changing solvent composition during gradient elution in LC-FT-ICR-MS, ionization conditions also change throughout the chromatographic separation process. In this study, we applied a post-LC column counter gradient (CG) to ensure stable solvent conditions for transient ESI-MS signals. Suwanee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA) standard and a peat pore water were used as representative dissolved NOM samples for method development and validation. Our results show that in polar NOM fractions (which elute with <50% methanol) the TIC intensity and number of assigned molecular formulas were increased by 48% and 20%, as compared to the standard gradient (SG) method. Further application of a Q-isolation and selective ion accumulation for low abundance fractions revealed over 3 times more molecular formulas (especially for CHNO, CHOS, CHNOS formula classes) than in full scan mode. The number of detected highly polar NOM compounds (with elemental ratios H/C < 1, O/C > 0.6) were more than 20 times larger for CG-LC mode as compared to direct infusion (DI) (5715 vs 266 MF). We conclude that the application of a postcolumn counter gradient in LC-FT-ICR-MS analyses of NOM offers novel insight into the most polar fractions of NOM which are inaccessible in conventional DI measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Han
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Kaesler
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chang Peng
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver J Lechtenfeld
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,ProVIS-Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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31
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Postigo C, Andersson A, Harir M, Bastviken D, Gonsior M, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Gago-Ferrero P, Ahrens L, Ahrens L, Wiberg K. Unraveling the chemodiversity of halogenated disinfection by-products formed during drinking water treatment using target and non-target screening tools. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123681. [PMID: 33113720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To date, there is no analytical approach available that allows the full identification and characterization of highly complex disinfection by-product (DBP) mixtures. This study aimed at investigating the chemodiversity of drinking water halogenated DBPs using diverse analytical tools: measurement of adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) and mass spectrometry (MS)-based target and non-target analytical workflows. Water was sampled before and after chemical disinfection (chlorine or chloramine) at four drinking water treatment plants in Sweden. The target analysis had the highest sensitivity, although it could only partially explain the AOX formed in the disinfected waters. Non-target Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS analysis indicated that only up to 19 Cl and/or Br-CHO formulae were common to all disinfected waters. Unexpectedly, a high diversity of halogenated DBPs (presumed halogenated polyphenolic and highly unsaturated compounds) was found in chloraminated surface water, comparable to that found in chlorinated surface water. Overall, up to 86 DBPs (including isobaric species) were tentatively identified using liquid chromatography (LC)-Orbitrap MS. Although further work is needed to confirm their identity and assess their relevance in terms of toxicity, they can be used to design suspect lists to improve the characterization of disinfected water halogenated mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Postigo
- Water, Environmental, and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anna Andersson
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mourad Harir
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - David Bastviken
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Michael Gonsior
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, 20688, United States
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H2O, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Lisa Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Xiang Y, Gonsior M, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Shang C. Influence of the UV/H 2O 2 Advanced Oxidation Process on Dissolved Organic Matter and the Connection between Elemental Composition and Disinfection Byproduct Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14964-14973. [PMID: 33179505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The UV/H2O2 process is a promising advanced oxidation process (AOP) for micropollutant abatement in drinking water treatment and water reuse plants. However, during micropollutant degradation by the AOP, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation potential may also be altered. This study investigated the influence of the UV/H2O2 AOP on the elemental composition and DBP formation potential of two DOM isolates by using ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry (UHRMS). After the AOP, 629 new chemical formulas with an increased degree of oxidation and decreased aromaticity were obtained. Such alterations led to the formation of 226 unknown DBPs with decreased aromaticity indices (AImod) in the subsequent 3-day chlorination. Links between the unknown DBPs and the corresponding precursors in DOM were visualized by network computational analysis. The analysis gave three zones in the van Krevelen diagram based on the possibility of the C7-22HnOm formulas located in each zone to link to the corresponding DBPs. A further investigation with two model compounds reconfirmed the hydroxylation and ring cleavage of DOM by HO· attack during the AOP and the influence on DBP formation. These results obtained from UHRMS build the connection between the elemental composition of DOM and the formation potential of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 000, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Michael Gonsior
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland 20688, United States
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Freising-Weihenstephan 80333, Germany
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 000, Hong Kong SAR
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 000, Hong Kong SAR
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Huang K, MacKay AA. Microcystin-LR degradation kinetics during chlorination: Role of water quality conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116305. [PMID: 32823198 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) produced during certain cyanobacteria blooms can contaminate drinking water sources and pose a threat to public health. Previous studies of MCLR degradation by free chlorine may have artifacts from using strong reducing agents to quench chlorination reactions, and they also have not explored the influence of water quality characteristics such as pH, alkalinity, temperature and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Using a novel quencher, 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (TMB), the apparent MCLR degradation rate constants were found to be higher than those obtained with thiosulfate (S2O32-), a traditionally used strong reducing quencher. Thiosulfate converted N-chlorinated MCLR degradation products back to the parent MCLR, thereby underestimating MCLR loss over time. The second-order rate constants for HOCl (kHOCl) and OCl- (kOCl-) during chlorination of MCLR were determined to be 72 ± 13 and 28 ± 1.8 M-1s-1, respectively, allowing for determination of the apparent MCLR rate constants (kapp,MCLR) for any known pH condition. The MCLR reaction with free chlorine was strongly affected by temperature and the presence of DOM, while changes in ionic strength and alkalinity had little effect. Free chlorine in the presence of DOM, originating from both terrestrial and microbial sources, exhibited two-stage decay. The initial chlorine demand in the first 15 s of reaction can be determined by the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration (initial chlorine demand = 1.8 × DOC), and the second-order rate constants for the later slower decay correlated well with SUVA254 (kapp,DOM = 0.73 × SUVA254 - 0.41). The results yielded a practical model to predict the decay of MCLR during chlorination of waters with varied water quality characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Allison A MacKay
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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Fu QL, Fujii M, Kwon E. Development and Application of a High-Precision Algorithm for Nontarget Identification of Organohalogens Based on Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13989-13996. [PMID: 32942845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brominated and/or chlorinated organic compounds (referred to as organohalogens) are frequently detected in natural and engineered environments. However, ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry (UHR-MS)-based nontargeted identification of organohalogens remains challenging because of the coexistence of a vast number of halogenated and nonhalogenated organic molecules. In this study, a new algorithm, namely, the NOMDBP code, was developed to simultaneously identify organohalogens and non-organohalogens from the UHR-MS spectra of natural and engineered waters. In addition to isotopic patterns, for the first time, three optional filter rules [i.e., selection for minimum nonoxygen heteroatoms, inspection of the presence of newly formed halogenated disinfection byproducts (Xn-DBPs), and of their precursors] were incorporated into our code, which can accurately identify DBP-associated peaks and further elucidate Xn-DBP generation and transformation mechanisms. The formula assignment ratio against 2815 previously reported organohalogens, and their 11,583 isotopologues exceeded 97%. Application of our algorithm to disinfected natural organic matter indicated that oxygen-containing Xn-DBP species accounted for a majority of the Xn-DBPs. Furthermore, brominated Xn-DBPs (Br-DBPs) were characterized by a higher degree of unsaturation compared to chlorinated Xn-DBPs. In addition to electrophilic substitution and electrophilic addition reactions, the decomposition/transformation pathway was found to be another important mechanism in Br-DBP formation. The results of this study highlight the superior potential of our code for the efficient detection of yet unknown organohalogens (including organohalogens bearing nonoxygen heteroatoms) in a nontargeted manner and for the identification of their generation mechanism occurring during the disinfection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Long Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujii
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Morón-López J, Nieto-Reyes L, Molina S, Lezcano MÁ. Exploring microcystin-degrading bacteria thriving on recycled membranes during a cyanobacterial bloom. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139672. [PMID: 32502787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MC) are highly toxic secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacterial blooms in many freshwater ecosystems used for recreational and drinking water purposes. So far, biological processes remain to be optimized for an efficient cyanotoxin removal, and new approaches are necessary to compete with physical-chemical treatments. In previous studies we provided a new concept of membrane biofilm reactor made of recycled material, in which a single MC-degrading bacterial strain was inoculated. The present study evaluates the capacity of bacterial consortia associated with freshwater cyanobacterial blooms to form biofilms on recycled membranes and remove MC. Three different discarded reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, previously used in desalination plants after treating brackish water (BWd), seawater (SWd) and brackish water but transformed into nanofiltration (BWt-NF), were exposed to a cyanobacterial bloom in San Juan reservoir (central Spain). Results showed that the three recycled membranes developed a bacterial community with MC removal capacity. Little differences in bacterial coverage and MC removal efficiency between membranes were observed after their exposure in the reservoir. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene analysis showed similar bacterial community composition at the phylum level but dissimilar at the order level between the three membranes. This suggests possible surface selectivity on the attached bacterial community. The mlr- candidates such as Burkholderiales and Methylophilales were highly abundant in BWt-NF and BWd, respectively, while mlr+ candidates (e.g. Sphingomonadales) were low abundant in all membranes. Analysis of mlrA and mlrB genes used as markers for MC degradation following mlr-pathway confirmed the presence of this pathway in all membranes. These results suggest the co-existence of both genotypes in membrane-attached native biofilms. Therefore, this study confirms that recycled membranes are suitable support for many MC-degrading bacteria, thus giving value to discarded membranes for eco-friendly and low-cost biological filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Morón-López
- IMDEA Water Institute, Punto Com. n° 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.; Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km 33,600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain..
| | - Lucía Nieto-Reyes
- IMDEA Water Institute, Punto Com. n° 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Serena Molina
- IMDEA Water Institute, Punto Com. n° 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain..
| | - María Ángeles Lezcano
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
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Liberatore HK, Westerman DC, Allen JM, Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, McKenna AM, Weisbrod CR, McCord JP, Liberatore RJ, Burnett DB, Cizmas LH, Richardson SD. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Identification of Novel Surfactant-Derived Sulfur-Containing Disinfection Byproducts from Gas Extraction Wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9374-9386. [PMID: 32600038 PMCID: PMC7469867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of oil and gas extraction wastewaters (OGWs) to surface water leads to elevated halide levels from geogenic bromide and iodide, as well as enhanced formation of brominated and iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) when treated. OGWs contain high levels of chemical additives used to optimize extraction activities, such as surfactants, which have the potential to serve as organic DBP precursors in OGW-impacted water sources. We report the first identification of olefin sulfonate surfactant-derived DBPs from laboratory-disinfected gas extraction wastewater. Over 300 sulfur-containing DBPs, with 43 unique molecular formulas, were found by high-resolution mass spectrometry, following bench-scale chlor(am)ination. DBPs consisted of mostly brominated species, including bromohydrin sulfonates, dihalo-bromosulfonates, and bromosultone sulfonates, with chlorinated/iodinated analogues formed to a lesser extent. Disinfection of a commercial C12-olefin sulfonate surfactant mixture revealed dodecene sulfonate as a likely precursor for most detected DBPs; disulfur-containing DBPs, like bromosultone sulfonate and bromohydrin disulfonate, originated from olefin disulfonate species, present as side-products of olefin sulfonate production. Disinfection of wastewaters increased mammalian cytotoxicity several orders of magnitude, with chloraminated water being more toxic. This finding is important to OGW-impacted source waters because drinking water plants with high-bromide source waters may switch to chloramination to meet DBP regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Danielle C Westerman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Joshua M Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Chad R Weisbrod
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - James P McCord
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | | | - David B Burnett
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Leslie H Cizmas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Molecular characterization of water extractable Euglena gracilis cellular material composition using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4143-4153. [PMID: 32306068 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02650-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) and high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (HRMS) were used to separate and characterize cellular fractions of the dark- and light-grown Euglena gracilis cellular material. Biological replicates analyzed by HRMS shared 21-73% of commonly detected m/z values. Greater variability in shared features was found in light-grown cellular fractions (p < 0.05), likely due to small variations in growth stage. Significant differences in molecular composition were observed between AF4 cellular fractions, with dark cell fractions showing a propensity towards carbohydrate-like and tannin-like compounds, and higher double-bond equivalent (DBE) and modified aromatic index (AImod) were associated with light-grown cell fractions. Fractionation and high-resolution mass spectrometry aided characterization demonstrated the power of the AF4 to selectively cater to certain compounds/cellular entities with distinct compositional classes and double-bond equivalents and aromaticity index characteristics. Graphical abstract.
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Liu S, He Z, Tang Z, Liu L, Hou J, Li T, Zhang Y, Shi Q, Giesy JP, Wu F. Linking the molecular composition of autochthonous dissolved organic matter to source identification for freshwater lake ecosystems by combination of optical spectroscopy and FT-ICR-MS analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134764. [PMID: 31726300 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Autochthonous dissolved organic matter (DOM) is increasingly released in lakes due to eutrophication, and thus affects the composition and environmental behaviors of DOM in eutrophic lakes. However, there are only limited studies on the molecular characteristics of autochthonous DOM and its influencing mechanisms. Herein, end-member DOM samples of macrophytes, algae, sediments and freshwater DOM samples in eutrophic lakes (Ch:Taihu and Dianchi) were collected and characterized by optical spectroscopy and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS). The results revealed the chemical structures of autochthonous DOM were more aliphatic and less oxidized, which was marked by increases in lipid compounds and decreases in the lignin components as compared to the allochthonous DOM-dominated freshwaters. More specially, algae-derived DOM contains more lipid compounds, while macrophyte-derived DOM was dominated by lignin and tannin compounds according to Van Krevelen plots. Sediment-derived DOM contained more N-containing compounds. The traditional optical indices indicated the relative aromaticity covaried with polyphenolic and polycyclic aromatics, whereas those reflecting autochthonous DOM covaried with more aliphatic compounds. Multivariate analysis of FT-ICR-MS data of end-members and freshwaters revealed the predominant terrestrial input to Lake Taihu and greater contribution of algae released DOM to Dianchi. This study provides critical information about the characteristics of autochthonous DOM at a molecular level and confirmed autochthonous DOM was compositionally distinct from allochthonous DOM. Overall autochthonous DOM should be gained more attention in the eutrophic lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhongqi He
- USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Zhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Leizhen Liu
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Junwen Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yahe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, 18 Fuxue Road, Changping, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, 18 Fuxue Road, Changping, Beijing 102249, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Biomedical and Veterinary Biosciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Morón-López J, Molina S. Optimization of Recycled-Membrane Biofilm Reactor (R-MBfR) as a sustainable biological treatment for microcystins removal. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Dong F, Liu J, Li C, Lin Q, Zhang T, Zhang K, Sharma VK. Ferrate(VI) pre-treatment and subsequent chlorination of blue-green algae: Quantification of disinfection byproducts. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105195. [PMID: 31654918 PMCID: PMC7711035 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Algal organic matter (AOM) from seasonal algal blooms may be an important precursor of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water. This paper presents the effect of ferrate(VI) treatment on two blue-green algae, Chlorella sp. and Pseudanabaena limnetica, in eutrophic water. The results demonstrated that Fe(VI) removed the algal cells by causing cell death, apoptosis, and lost integrity, and decreased AOM (in terms of total organic carbon) in water via oxidation and coagulation. Chlorination of the Fe(VI) pre-oxidized algal water samples generated halogenated DBPs (including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloketones, chloral hydrate, haloacetonitriles, and trichloronitromethane), but the concentrations of DBPs were lower than those formed in the chlorinated samples without pre-treatment by Fe(VI). Higher Fe(VI) dose, longer oxidation time, and alkaline pH were beneficial in controlling DBPs. In bromide-containing algal solutions, negligible amount of bromo-DBPs were generated in the Fe(VI) pre-oxidation, and halogenated DBPs were mainly formed in the subsequent chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Dong
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Cong Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Qiufeng Lin
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tuqiao Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kejia Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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