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Quero GM, Guicciardi S, Penna P, Catenacci G, Brandinelli M, Bolognini L, Luna GM. Increasing trends in faecal pollution revealed over a decade in the central Adriatic Sea (Italy). WATER RESEARCH 2024; 262:122083. [PMID: 39067273 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Faecal contamination of the coastal sea poses widespread hazard to human and environmental health and is predicted to rise in response to global change and human pressure. For better management and risk reduction it is thus imperative to clarify and predict trends of faecal pollution over spatial and temporal scales, and to assess links with climate and other variables. Here, we investigated the spatio-temporal variation in the Faecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB) Escherichia coli and enterococci, over a time frame spanning 11 years (2011-2021) along a coastal area covering approximately 40 km and 59 bathing sites in the Marche region (Adriatic Sea, Italy), characterized by intense beach tourism, high riverine inputs, resident population, maritime traffic and industrial activities. Our analysis, that considers 5,183 measurements during the bathing season (April to October), shows that FIB abundance varied significantly among years. A general, although not significant, increase over time of both FIB was observed, mainly due to a general reduction of structural zeros (i.e., zeros originated from the actual absence of the response variable) over the examined time period. FIB abundances displayed their maxima and minima in different years according to the municipality, with overall peaks recorded in different months (May-June or September), whereas the lowest values were always observed in October. FIB levels were not significantly related neither to rainfalls nor to river discharge, but the activation of combined sewer overflows (CSOs), typically occurring after intense rainfall events, appeared as a necessary condition for the high faecal contamination levels. Considering climate change scenarios predicting significant increases in extreme weather events, our findings support the usefulness of analysing long-term trends to identify pollution sources, and the prioritization of control strategies to better manage the release of microbial pollutants from combined sewer overflows in coastal waters to reduce human risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Marina Quero
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR-IRBIM), Ancona, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Stefano Guicciardi
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR-IRBIM), Ancona, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Penna
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR-IRBIM), Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Gian Marco Luna
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR-IRBIM), Ancona, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy.
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2
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Carrasco-Acosta M, Garcia-Jimenez P. Development of Multiplex RT qPCR Assays for Simultaneous Detection and Quantification of Faecal Indicator Bacteria in Bathing Recreational Waters. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1223. [PMID: 38930605 PMCID: PMC11205496 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we designed and validated in silico and experimentally a rapid, sensitive, and specific multiplex RT qPCR for the detection and quantification of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) used as microbiological references in marine bathing water regulations (Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci). The 16S rRNA gene was used to quantify group-specific enterococci and Escherichia/Shigella and species-specific such as Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium. Additionally, a ybbW gene encoding allantoin transporter protein was used to detect E. coli. An assessment of marine coastal systems (i.e., marine water and sediment) revealed that intestinal enterococci were the predominant group compared to Escherichia/Shigella. The low contribution of E. faecalis to the intestinal enterococci group was reported. As E. faecalis and E. faecium were reported at low concentrations, it is assumed that other enterococci of faecal origin are contributing to the high gene copy number of this group-specific enterococci. Moreover, low 16S rRNA gene copy numbers with respect to E. faecalis and E. faecium were reported in seawater compared to marine sediment. We conclude that marine sediments can affect the quantification of FIBs included in bathing water regulations. Valuing the quality of the marine coastal system through sediment monitoring is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilar Garcia-Jimenez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales i-UNAT, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
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3
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Lewis JA, Frost VJ, Heard MJ. Examining the potential impacts of a coastal renourishment project on the presence and abundance of Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304061. [PMID: 38787843 PMCID: PMC11125542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Erosion poses a significant threat to oceanic beaches worldwide. To combat this threat, management agencies often utilize renourishment, which supplements eroded beaches with offsite sand. This process can alter the physical characteristics of the beach and can influence the presence and abundance of microbial communities. In this study, we examined how an oceanic beach renourishment project may have impacted the presence and abundance of Escherichia coli (E. coli), a common bacteria species, and sand grain size, a sediment characteristic that can influence bacterial persistence. Using an observational field approach, we quantified the presence and abundance of E. coli in sand (from sub-tidal, intertidal, and dune zones on the beach) and water samples at study sites in both renourished and non-renourished sections of Folly Beach, South Carolina, USA in 2014 and 2015. In addition, we also measured how renourishment may have impacted sand grain size by quantifying the relative frequency of grain sizes (from sub-tidal, intertidal, and dune zones on the beach) at both renourished and non-renourished sites. Using this approach, we found that E. coli was present in sand samples in all zones of the beach and at each of our study sites in both years of sampling but never in water samples. Additionally, we found that in comparison to non-renourished sections, renourished sites had significantly higher abundances of E. coli and coarser sand grains in the intertidal zone, which is where renourished sand is typically placed. However, these differences were only present in 2014 and were not detected when we resampled the study sites in 2015. Collectively, our findings show that E. coli can be commonly found in this sandy beach microbial community. In addition, our results suggest that renourishment has the potential to alter both the physical structure of the beach and the microbial community but that these impacts may be short-lived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A. Lewis
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Victoria J. Frost
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Heard
- Department of Biology, Belmont University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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4
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Montas Bravo L, Chen Y, Zhang H, Abdool-Ghany AA, Lamm E, Quijada A, Reiner R, Ortega Castineiras C, Knowles A, Precht L, Solo-Gabriele H. Enterococci pathways to coastal waters and implications of sea level rise. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121341. [PMID: 38422693 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Highly urban coastal communities in low lying areas and with high water tables are vulnerable to sea-level rise and to corresponding increases in coastal groundwater levels. Stormwater conveyance systems are under increased risk. Rising groundwater levels affect the hydraulics of the stormwater system thereby increasing contaminant transport, for example the fecal indicator bacteria enterococci, to coastal waters. This study offers a unique opportunity to evaluate the impacts of increased contaminant transport on marine coastal environments. Here we assessed historic and recent coastal water quality, stormwater sampling data, groundwater monitoring and tidal elevations near the coastline, in the context of altered hydraulics within the system. Two pathways of enterococci to marine waters were identified. Direct discharge of contaminated stormwater runoff via the stormwater outfalls and tidally driven contaminated groundwater discharge. As sea level continues to rise, we hypothesize that a diminished unsaturated zone coupled with altered hydraulic conditions at the coastal groundwater zone will facilitate the transport of enterococci from urban sediments to the study site (Park View Waterway in Miami Beach, FL USA). We recommend improvements to the stormwater conveyance system, and maintenance of the sanitary sewer system to mitigate these impacts and minimize transport of enterococci, and other stormwater pollutants to coastal waters. The results of this study can be useful to interpret high enterococci levels in low lying coastal areas where groundwater is influenced by rising sea water levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Montas Bravo
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, McArthur Engineering Building, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States.
| | - Yutao Chen
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Hekai Zhang
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Afeefa A Abdool-Ghany
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, McArthur Engineering Building, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Erik Lamm
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Ashley Quijada
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, McArthur Engineering Building, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Rivka Reiner
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, McArthur Engineering Building, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Cristina Ortega Castineiras
- City of Miami Beach, Department of Public Works, 1700 Convention Center Drive, Miami Beach, FL 33139, United States
| | - Amy Knowles
- City of Miami Beach, Environment and Sustainability Department, 1700 Convention Center Drive, Miami Beach, FL 33139, United States
| | - Lindsey Precht
- City of Miami Beach, Environment and Sustainability Department, 1700 Convention Center Drive, Miami Beach, FL 33139, United States
| | - Helena Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, McArthur Engineering Building, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States; Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
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5
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Metcalf R, Fellows R, White HL, Quilliam RS. Persistence of 'wet wipes' in beach sand: An unrecognised reservoir for localised E. coli contamination. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116175. [PMID: 38422824 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The flushing of wet wipes down toilets leads to blockages of sewerage systems. This, together with unregulated sewage discharge, often results in increasing numbers of wet wipes washing up onto beaches. However, it is unclear how long wet wipes can persist on the beach and whether they pose a prolonged public health risk if contaminated by E. coli. In this mesocosm study, three types of wet wipes (plastic containing, and home and commercially compostable) colonised with E. coli were buried in beach sand and their degradation, tensile strength, and concentration of E. coli was quantified over 15 weeks. Wet wipes containing plastic remained largely intact for 15 weeks, whilst both compostable wet wipes fragmented and degraded. Importantly, E. coli persisted on all three wet wipe types, representing localised reservoirs of E. coli in the sand, which could present a human health risk at the beach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Metcalf
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Rosie Fellows
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Hannah L White
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Richard S Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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Nana PA, Tchakonté S, Pahane Mbiada M, Fotseu Kouam AL, Mouchili Palena RS, Bricheux G, Nola M, Sime-Ngando T. Influence of tides on the dissemination and related health risks of intestinal helminths along the Kribi beaches (Atlantic Coast, Southern Cameroon). J Helminthol 2024; 98:e10. [PMID: 38263759 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x24000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Kribi is a seaside town that welcomes thousands of tourists each year. However, the poor sanitation condition of its beaches along the Atlantic coast is not without risk for visitors. In this study, we used the formol-ether concentration technique to identify and quantify larvae or eggs of intestinal helminths in waters of three regularly visited Kribi beaches (Mpalla, Ngoyè, and Mboamanga). Results revealed that all identified larvae and eggs were cestodes (Hymenolepis nana) and nematodes (Strongyloides sp., Ascaris sp., Ancylostoma duodenale and Trichuris trichiura). All the helminth eggs and larvae showed high abundance at low tide during rainy seasons. Ancylostoma duodenale eggs, totally absent at Mpalla, were densely present at low tide at Ngoyè (301 ± 15 eggs/L). Trichuris trichiura eggs showed the lowest abundance (0 to 62 eggs/L) at all sites. Abiotic variables indicated that waters at the various beaches were basic (pH: 8.75-9.77), generally warmer (32.44°C at Mpalla in the Short Rainy Season), more oxygenated at low tide, and moderately mineralized at high tide. Positive and significant correlations were observed at Ngoyè at low tide between Strongyloides sp. larvae and dissolved oxygen (P ˂ 0.05); and between Ancylostoma duodenale eggs and temperature (P ˂ 0.05). The overall results indicated that the beaches studied are subjected to fecal pollution. This pollution is more accentuated during low tides than during high tides. Depending on tidal movements, swimmers risk exposure to helminth eggs and larvae known to be responsible for gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Nana
- Department of Oceanography, Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 7236, Douala, Cameroon
| | - S Tchakonté
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 063, Buea, Cameroon
| | - M Pahane Mbiada
- Department of Processing and Quality Control of Aquatic Products, Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 7236, Douala, Cameroon
| | - A L Fotseu Kouam
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - R S Mouchili Palena
- Department of Oceanography, Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 7236, Douala, Cameroon
| | - G Bricheux
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178Aubière, France
| | - M Nola
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - T Sime-Ngando
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178Aubière, France
- Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), UMR CNRS 6524, UMR IRD 163, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178Aubière, France
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7
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Furlan JPR, Sellera FP, Stehling EG. Sand as a vehicle for exposing of humans and animals to WHO priority pathogens: A public health issue hidden in the ground. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:2066-2067. [PMID: 37950971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Rueda Furlan
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fábio P Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Veterinary Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | - Eliana Guedes Stehling
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Robalo A, Brandão J, Shibata T, Solo-Gabriele H, Santos R, Monteiro S. Detection of enteric viruses and SARS-CoV-2 in beach sand. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165836. [PMID: 37517729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Beach sand harbors a diverse group of microbial organisms that may be of public health concern. Nonetheless, little is known about the presence and distribution of viruses in beach sand. In this study, the first objective was to evaluate the presence of seven viruses (Aichi virus, enterovirus, hepatitis A virus, human adenovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) in sands collected at public beaches. The second objective was to assess the spatial distribution of enteric viruses in beach sand. To that end, 27 beach sand samples from different beaches in Portugal were collected between November 2018 and August 2020 and analyzed for the presence of viruses. At seven beaches, samples were collected in the supratidal and intertidal zones. Results show that viruses were detected in 89 % (24/27) of the sand samples. Aichi virus was the most prevalent (74 %). Noroviruses were present in 19 % of the samples (norovirus GI - 15 %, norovirus GII - 4 %). Human adenovirus and enterovirus were detected in 48 % and 22 % of the samples, respectively. Hepatitis A virus and rotavirus were not detected. Similarly, SARS-CoV-2 in beach sand collected during the initial stages of the pandemic was also not detected. The detection of three or more viruses occurred in 15 % of the samples. Concentrations of viruses were as high as 7.2 log copies (cp)/g of sand. Enteric viruses were found in higher prevalence in sand collected from the supratidal zone compared to the intertidal zone. Human adenovirus was detected in 43 % of the supratidal and 14 % in the intertidal samples and Aichi virus in 57 % and 86 % of the intertidal and supratidal areas, respectively. Our findings suggest that beach sand can be a reservoir of enteric viruses, suggesting that it might be a vehicle for disease transmission, particularly for children, the elderly, and immunocompromised users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Robalo
- Laboratorio Analises, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T Shibata
- Institute for the Study of the Environment, Sustainability, and Energy, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA; Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - H Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - R Santos
- Laboratorio Analises, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S Monteiro
- Laboratorio Analises, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
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Oduro D, Darko S, Blankson ER, Mensah GI. Assessment of Bacteria Contaminants in Different Zones and Point Sources of Sandy Beaches in Accra, Ghana. Microbiol Insights 2023; 16:11786361231195152. [PMID: 37693208 PMCID: PMC10492474 DOI: 10.1177/11786361231195152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacteria are ubiquitous in the marine environment. Increasing concern for human health has led to growing interest in contamination on public beaches. The presence of pathogenic microorganisms originating from anthropogenic activities such as defecation and disposal of sewage on beaches are of special concern. In this study, presence of pathogenic bacteria and bacterial load in beach zones and point sources were investigated. Methods Sand core samples from the subtidal zone, intertidal zone, supratidal zone and point sources from 5 beaches in Accra, Ghana, were collected and analysed. Total aerobic, coliform and Escherichia (E. coli) counts were determined for each zone in the respective beaches. Bacteria isolates were presumptively identified using biochemical tests and confirmed with MALDI-TOF MS. Results Mean total aerobic count and total coliform counts ranged from 2.10 to 3.01 log CFU/g and 0.29 to 2.18 log CFU/g respectively while E. coli counts ranged from 0.12 to 1.71 log CFU/g for the beaches. Total aerobic count from point sources was 2.4-folds higher than the subtidal zone while total coliform counts were 5-folds higher in the point sources compared to the supratidal zone. Point sources had 10 times (P = .0016) more E. coli counts as compared to the subtidal zone. Isolates recovered (n = 35) belonged to 10 bacteria genera. These were Bacillus spp. (25.7%), Acinetobacter spp. (14.3%), Aeromonas spp. (14.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.3%), Aerococcus viridans (8.6%), Staphylococcus spp. (8.6%), Shewanella profunda (5.7%), Rheinheimera soli (2.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.9%), and Exiguobacterium aurantiacum (2.9%). Conclusion Point sources are major contributors to contamination on beaches. The presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in beach sand could be a public health risk. Sensitization on cleanliness in the marine environment including beaches in Ghana is needed to enhance public health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oduro
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stephanie Darko
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Gloria Ivy Mensah
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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10
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Xue Y, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Wang X, Xiao K, Luo M, Li H. Submarine groundwater discharge and associated metal elements into an urbanized bay. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115092. [PMID: 37285609 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, geochemical tracers (radium isotopes) and heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr and As) were analyzed to derive the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and associated metal fluxes during four seasons in an urbanized bay (Daya Bay, China). Results showed that Pb and Zn were the main pollutants in bay water. SGD was found to exhibit an obvious seasonal trend (autumn > summer > spring > winter). Such seasonal patterns may be related to the hydraulic gradient between groundwater level and sea level, storm surges and tidal range. SGD was a dominant source of marine metal elements, contributing 19 %-51 % of the total inputs of metals into Daya Bay. The bay water was classified as slight pollution to heavy pollution, which could be linked to SGD-derived metal fluxes. This study provides a better understanding of the important role that SGD plays in metal budgets and ecological environments of coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation & Environment Evolution and School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation & Environment Evolution and School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Beijing Boyuan Huanqing Technology Co., Ltd, 100053, China
| | - Xuejing Wang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Manhua Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hailong Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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11
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Brandão J, Valério E, Weiskerger C, Veríssimo C, Sarioglou K, Novak Babič M, Solo-Gabriele HM, Sabino R, Rebelo MT. Strategies for Monitoring Microbial Life in Beach Sand for Protection of Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095710. [PMID: 37174228 PMCID: PMC10178049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The 2021 revised guidelines of the World Health Organization recommend monitoring the quality of sand in addition to water at recreational beaches. This review provides background information about the types of beaches, the characteristics of sand, and the microbiological parameters that should be measured. Analytical approaches are described for quantifying fungi and fecal indicator bacteria from beach sand. The review addresses strategies to assess beach sand quality, monitoring approaches, sand remediation, and the proposed way forward for beach sand monitoring programs. In the proposed way forward, recommendations are provided for acceptable levels of fungi given their distribution in the environment. Additional recommendations include evaluating FIB distributions at beaches globally to assess acceptable ranges of FIB levels, similar to those proposed for fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Valério
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Chelsea Weiskerger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct. Room A127, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cristina Veríssimo
- Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Konstantina Sarioglou
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Monika Novak Babič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Raquel Sabino
- Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Rebelo
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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12
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Qiu H, Niu J, Baas DG, Phanikumar MS. An integrated watershed-scale framework to model nitrogen transport and transformations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163348. [PMID: 37059131 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Excess nitrogen in water bodies is associated with a number of environmental problems, including hypoxia and eutrophication. Originating from anthropogenic activities such as fertilizer application, and influenced by watershed characteristics such as the structure of the drainage network, stream discharge, temperature, and soil moisture, factors influencing nitrogen transport and transformation are many and interconnected. This paper describes the development and application of a process-oriented nitrogen model based on the modeling framework of PAWS (Process-based Adaptive Watershed Simulator) that can describe coupled hydrologic, thermal and nutrient processes. The integrated model was tested for an agricultural watershed with complex land use, namely the Kalamazoo River watershed in Michigan, USA. Nitrogen transport and transformations on the landscape were modeled by representing multiple sources and processes (fertilizer/manure application, point sources, atmospheric deposition, nitrogen retention and removal in wetlands and other lowland storage, etc.) across multiple hydrologic domains (streams, groundwater, soil water). The coupled model provides a tool to examine nitrogen budgets and to quantify the impacts of human activities and agricultural practices on the riverine export of nitrogen species. Model results indicate that the river network removed approximately 5.96 % of the total anthropogenic nitrogen input to the watershed, and that the riverine export of nitrogen accounted for 29.22 % of the total anthropogenic inputs during 2004-2009 while the groundwater contribution of nitrogen to the rivers during the same period was found to be 18.53 % highlighting the important role of groundwater within the watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Qiu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jie Niu
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Dean G Baas
- Agriculture & Agribusiness Institute, MSU Extension, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mantha S Phanikumar
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; MSU AgBioResearch, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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13
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Chen J, Chen H, Liu C, Huan H, Teng Y. Evaluation of FEAST for metagenomics-based source tracking of antibiotic resistance genes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130116. [PMID: 36209606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A metagenomics-based technological framework has been proposed for evaluating the potential and utility of FEAST as an ARG profile-based source apportionment tool. To this end, a large panel of metagenomic data sets was analyzed, associating with eight source types of ARGs in environments. Totally, 1089 different ARGs were found in the 604 source metagenomes, and 396 ARG indicators were identified as the source-specific fingerprints to characterize each of the source types. With the source fingerprints, predictive performance of FEAST was checked using "leave-one-out" cross-validation strategy. Furthermore, artificial sink communities were simulated to evaluate the FEAST for source apportionment of ARGs. The prediction of FEAST showed high accuracy values (0.933 ± 0.046) and specificity values (0.959 ± 0.041), confirming its suitability to discriminate samples from different source types. The apportionment results reflected well the expected output of artificial communities which were generated with different ratios of source types to simulate various contamination levels. Finally, the validated FEAST was applied to track the sources of ARGs in river sediments. Results showed STP effluents were the main contributor of ARGs, with an average contribution of 76 %, followed by sludge (10 %) and aquaculture effluent (2.7 %), which were basically consistent with the actual environment in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Chen
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Huan Huan
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanguo Teng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China.
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14
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Moazeni M, Hedayati MT, Haghani I, Abastabar M, Jahantigh AS, Kheshteh M, Nabili M, Brandão J. Caspian Sea Mycosands: The Variety and Abundance of Medically Important Fungi in Beach Sand and Water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:459. [PMID: 36612783 PMCID: PMC9819998 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Samples from a total of 67 stations, distributed amongst 32 cities along the Caspian Sea coastline, were collected during the summer of 2021 on sunny days. The samples were collected from each station, including both dry/wet sand and shoreline water. The grown samples were primarily analyzed for the macro/microscopic morphologic features of the fungi. Moreover, identification by PCR-RFLP was performed for yeasts, dermatophytes, and Aspergillus sp. strains. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed for probable-isolated Aspergillus and Candida sp. A total of 268 samples were collected, from which 181 (67.54%) isolates were recovered. Yeast-like fungi and potential pathogenic black fungi were detected in 12 (6.6%) and 20 (11%) of the sand (dry/wet) samples. Potential pathogenic hyaline fungi were identified in 136 (75.1%) samples, in which Aspergillus sp. was the predominant genus and was detected in 76/136 (47.8%) samples as follows: A. section Flavi n = 44/76 (57.9%), A. section Nigri n = 19/76 (25%), A. section Nidulantes n = 9/76 (11.8%), and A. section Fumigati n = 4/76 (5.3%). The most effective azole antifungal agent was different per section: in A. section Fumigati, PSZ; in Aspergillus section Nigri, ITZ and ISZ; in A. section Flavi, EFZ; and in A. section Nidulantes, ISZ. Candida isolates were susceptible to the antifungals tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moazeni
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Hedayati
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
| | - Iman Haghani
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abastabar
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Kheshteh
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Nabili
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari 48161-19318, Iran
| | - João Brandão
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
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15
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Abdool-Ghany AA, Sahwell PJ, Klaus J, Gidley ML, Sinigalliano CD, Solo-Gabriele HM. Fecal indicator bacteria levels at a marine beach before, during, and after the COVID-19 shutdown period and associations with decomposing seaweed and human presence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158349. [PMID: 36041612 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Studies are limited that evaluate seaweed as a source of bacteria to beach waters. The objective of the current study was to evaluate whether seaweed, along with humans and other animals, could be the cause of beach advisories due to elevated levels of enterococci. The monitoring period occurred a year prior to and through the COVID-19 beach shutdown period, which provided a unique opportunity to evaluate bacteria levels during prolonged periods without recreational activity. Samples of water, sediment, and seaweed were measured for enterococci by culture and qPCR, in addition to microbial source tracking by qPCR of fecal bacteria markers from humans, dogs, and birds. During periods of elevated enterococci levels in water, these analyses were supplemented by chemical source tracking of human-associated excretion markers (caffeine, sucralose, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and naproxen). Results show that enterococci with elevated levels of human fecal markers persist in the seaweed and sediment and are the likely contributor to elevated levels of bacteria to the nearshore waters. During the shutdown period the elevated levels of enterococci in the sediment were isolated to the seaweed stranding areas. During periods when the beaches were open, enterococci were distributed more uniformly in sediment across the supratidal and intertidal zones. It is hypothesized from this study that human foot traffic may be responsible for the spread of enterococci throughout these areas. Overall, this study found high levels of enterococci in decomposing seaweed supporting the hypothesis that decomposing seaweed provides an additional substrate for enterococci to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afeefa A Abdool-Ghany
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Peter J Sahwell
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - James Klaus
- Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL, USA
| | - Maribeth L Gidley
- University of Miami, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), Miami, FL, USA; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Miami, FL, USA
| | - Christopher D Sinigalliano
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Miami, FL, USA
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
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16
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Carducci A, Federigi I, Balestri E, Lardicci C, Castelli A, Maltagliati F, Zhao H, Menicagli V, Valente R, De Battisti D, Verani M. Virus contamination and infectivity in beach environment: Focus on sand and stranded material. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114342. [PMID: 36395711 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To assess the exposure of beachgoers to viruses, a study on seawater, sand, and beach-stranded material was carried out, searching for human viruses, fecal indicator organisms, and total fungi. Moreover, for the first time, the genome persistence and infectivity of two model viruses was studied in laboratory-spiked sand and seawater samples during a one-week experiment. Viral genome was detected in 13.6 % of the environmental samples, but it was not infectious (Human Adenovirus - HAdV, and enterovirus). Norovirus and SARS-CoV-2 were not detected. The most contaminated samples were from sand and close to riverine discharges. In lab-scale experiments, the infectivity of HAdV5 decreased by ~1.5-Log10 in a week, the one of Human Coronavirus-229E disappeared in <3 h in sand. The genome of both viruses persisted throughout the experiment. Our results confirm viral contamination of the beach and suggest HAdV as an index pathogen for beach monitoring and quantitative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ileana Federigi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Elena Balestri
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Lardicci
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, via S. Maria 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing University of Pisa (CISUP), Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Castelli
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Maltagliati
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Hongrui Zhao
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Virginia Menicagli
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing University of Pisa (CISUP), Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Valente
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide De Battisti
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Department of Biology, Chioggia Hydrobiological Station Umberto D'Ancona, University of Padova, Chioggia, Italy
| | - Marco Verani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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17
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Kraus R, Baljak V, Vukić Lušić D, Kranjčević L, Cenov A, Glad M, Kauzlarić V, Lušić D, Grbčić L, Alvir M, Pećarević M, Jozić S. Impacts of Atmospheric and Anthropogenic Factors on Microbiological Pollution of the Recreational Coastal Beaches Neighboring Shipping Ports. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148552. [PMID: 35886403 PMCID: PMC9324796 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study of the two northeastern ports of the Adriatic Sea indicated that the port of Rijeka is microbiologically more loaded than the port of Pula and posing a greater threat to other ports through a potential transfer of pathogens by ballast water. Fecal indicator bacteria, Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci, were investigated seasonally in 2014–2015 in the ports and during the bathing season monitoring in the two bays where ports are located in 2009–2020. In addition, the indicators and pathogens related to human health were determined in the ports’ seawater and sediment. The determined factors contributing to microbiological pollution were higher number of tourists and locals, potential wastewater and ballast water discharge and enclosed port configuration, with high solar radiation and low precipitation reducing the negative effects. Our research points to the necessity of including Clostridium perfringens in monitoring beach sand during the bathing seasons and a wider list of pathogens in port monitoring due to a potential transfer by shipping ballast water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Kraus
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Giordano Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia;
| | - Vanja Baljak
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Darija Vukić Lušić
- Department of Environmental Health, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (A.C.); (M.G.)
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Center for Advanced Computing and Modelling, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Correspondence: (D.V.L.); (L.K.); Tel.: +385-(0)51-358-755 (D.V.L.); +385-(0)51-651-554 (L.K.)
| | - Lado Kranjčević
- Center for Advanced Computing and Modelling, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Department of Fluid Mechanics and Computational Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Correspondence: (D.V.L.); (L.K.); Tel.: +385-(0)51-358-755 (D.V.L.); +385-(0)51-651-554 (L.K.)
| | - Arijana Cenov
- Department of Environmental Health, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (A.C.); (M.G.)
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Marin Glad
- Department of Environmental Health, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (A.C.); (M.G.)
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Vesna Kauzlarić
- Department of Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health of Istrian County, 52100 Pula, Croatia;
| | - Dražen Lušić
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Center for Advanced Computing and Modelling, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 5, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Luka Grbčić
- Center for Advanced Computing and Modelling, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Department of Fluid Mechanics and Computational Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Marta Alvir
- Department of Fluid Mechanics and Computational Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Marijana Pećarević
- Department of Applied Ecology, University of Dubrovnik, Ćira Carića 4, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia;
| | - Slaven Jozić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia;
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18
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Cheng KH, Luo X, Jiao JJ, Yu S. Delineating E. coli occurrence and transport in the sandy beach groundwater system by radon-222. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128618. [PMID: 35278964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fecal pollution poses a global threat to environmental safety and ecosystem, but the mechanism of microbial transport and occurrence in the beach groundwater system is still poorly explored. Here, we leveraged one-year field data of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and radon-222 (222Rn) and found that E. coli occurrence and transport in the sandy beach groundwater system can be delineated by 222Rn. The underlying mechanism behind this phenomenon is due to similar half-lives of 222Rn and E. coli in the sandy beach groundwater system. Thus, the unique relationship between 222Rn and E. coli can provide additional critical context to the microbial water quality assessments and ecosystem resilience. Also, the beach aquifer in this study is found to be a vital compartment for E. coli removal. The net E. coli removal/production capacity is identified to be highly impacted by submarine groundwater discharge. Finally, a conceptual model is constructed for a better understanding of the occurrences and characteristics of E. coli and 222Rn at multiple spatial scales. These findings are constructive to mitigate the hazardous influences of microbe on water quality, especially in recreational sandy beaches and mariculture zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Cheng
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jiu Jimmy Jiao
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shengchao Yu
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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19
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The Effects of a Typhoon on the Dynamic of Microbial Community Structure and Water Quality of the Marine Bathing Beach. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14101631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dalian Jinshitan beach was chosen to evaluate the impact of a typhoon on the bacterial community structure and water quality of a marine bathing beach. The concentration of enterococci was determined by the cultivation method. The bacterial community structure and abundance were analyzed using the 16S rDNA next-generation sequencing and qPCR methods. Results showed that the abundance of cultivable enterococci both in alongshore and offshore seawater increased, while it decreased in dry, wet and submerged sand. The water quality deteriorated immediately after the typhoon, and nearly recovered one month after the typhoon. The typhoon event also decreased the bacterial abundance and changed the bacterial community of the beach. Sphingomonadaceae and Rhodobacteraceae significantly increased in seawater and decreased in dry sand immediately after the typhoon. Human and other fecal taxa increased in water and sand. One month after the typhoon, the diversity and many dominant bacterial taxa nearly recovered in seawater and wet sand. Our work shows that the typhoon changed the bacterial dynamics, deteriorated the water quality and proved the transportation of bacterial taxa and input of fecal pollution between water and beach sand or land. Apart from the impact of the typhoon, the geographical location was another important factor in the changed bacterial community.
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20
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Syngouna VI, Kourtaki KI, Georgopoulou MP, Chrysikopoulos CV. The role of nanoparticles (titanium dioxide, graphene oxide) on the inactivation of co-existing bacteria in the presence and absence of quartz sand. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:19199-19211. [PMID: 34709550 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increased mass production and application of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have resulted in the release of nanoparticles (NPs) in the environment, raising uncertainties regarding their environmental impacts. This study examines the effect of graphene oxide (GO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs on the inactivation of the three model bacteria originated by mammalians including humans: Escherichia (E.) coli, Enterococcus (E.) faecalis, and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. A series of dynamic batch experiments were conducted at constant room temperature (22 °C) in order to examine the inactivation of co-existing bacteria by NPs, in the presence and absence of quartz sand. The inactivation experimental data were satisfactorily fitted with a pseudo-first order expression with a time dependent rate coefficient. The inactivation of E. coli and S. aureus was shown to increase in the co-presence of GO or TiO2 NPs and quartz sand comparing with the presence of GO or TiO2 NPs alone. For E. faecalis, no clear trend was observed. Moreover, quartz sand was shown to affect inactivation of bacteria by GO and TiO2 NPs. Among the bacteria examined, the highest inactivation rates were observed for S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki I Syngouna
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100, Chania, Greece.
- Department of Environment, Ionian University, 29100, Zakynthos, Greece.
| | - Kleanthi I Kourtaki
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100, Chania, Greece
| | - Maria P Georgopoulou
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100, Chania, Greece
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21
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Ndione M, Ory P, Agion T, Treilles M, Vacher L, Simon-Bouhet B, Le Beguec M, Pineau P, Montanié H, Agogué H. Temporal variations in fecal indicator bacteria in bathing water and sediment in a coastal ecosystem (Aytré Bay, Charente-Maritime, France). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 175:113360. [PMID: 35134737 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the fecal contamination dynamic at the two bathing sites of Aytré Bay (Charente Maritime, France). We quantified fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) abundances (Escherichia coli and enterococci) from water and sediment samples over one-year survey. Then we measured biological (bacterial abundance, chlorophyll-a), physico-chemical (dissolved nutrients and oxygen, salinity, pH …) and climatic (temperatures, rainfall and tidal coefficient) parameters. Results showed that FIB abundances were occasionally higher than the European regulatory threshold during winter, summer and fall. The "poor quality" of the bathing water was due to high enterococci abundance. We found negative significant correlations between FIB and water temperature and salinity, and positive significant correlations between FIB and rainfall, PO4, NO3, NO2, and SiO2 mainly in water. Relationships between parameters showed that during summer and spring the main environmental drivers were temperature and salinity, while in fall and winter they were rainfall and dissolved nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Méry Ndione
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs) UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Pascaline Ory
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs) UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Tony Agion
- QUALYSE, Laboratoire d'analyses, La Rochelle, France
| | | | - Luc Vacher
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs) UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Benoit Simon-Bouhet
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, Chizé, France
| | - Maëlig Le Beguec
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs) UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Philippe Pineau
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs) UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Hélène Montanié
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs) UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Hélène Agogué
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs) UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France.
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22
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Brandão J, Weiskerger C, Valério E, Pitkänen T, Meriläinen P, Avolio L, Heaney CD, Sadowsky MJ. Climate Change Impacts on Microbiota in Beach Sand and Water: Looking Ahead. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1444. [PMID: 35162479 PMCID: PMC8834802 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Beach sand and water have both shown relevance for human health and their microbiology have been the subjects of study for decades. Recently, the World Health Organization recommended that recreational beach sands be added to the matrices monitored for enterococci and Fungi. Global climate change is affecting beach microbial contamination, via changes to conditions like water temperature, sea level, precipitation, and waves. In addition, the world is changing, and humans travel and relocate, often carrying endemic allochthonous microbiota. Coastal areas are amongst the most frequent relocation choices, especially in regions where desertification is taking place. A warmer future will likely require looking beyond the use of traditional water quality indicators to protect human health, in order to guarantee that waterways are safe to use for bathing and recreation. Finally, since sand is a complex matrix, an alternative set of microbial standards is necessary to guarantee that the health of beach users is protected from both sand and water contaminants. We need to plan for the future safer use of beaches by adapting regulations to a climate-changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Chelsea Weiskerger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Elisabete Valério
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Department of Health Security, The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (T.P.); (P.M.)
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Meriläinen
- Department of Health Security, The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (T.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Lindsay Avolio
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (L.A.); (C.D.H.)
| | - Christopher D. Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (L.A.); (C.D.H.)
| | - Michael J. Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
- Department of Soil, Water & Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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23
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Gutiérrez-Cacciabue D, Rajal VB. Estimating decay kinetic parameters and persistence of bacteria in water is essential for future modelling. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Gallard-Gongora J, Lobos A, Conrad JW, Peraud J, Harwood VJ. An assessment of three methods for extracting bacterial DNA from beach sand. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2990-3000. [PMID: 34932856 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Beach water quality is regulated by faecal indicator bacteria levels, sand is not, despite known human health risk from exposure to beach sand. We compared the performance of three methods to extract bacterial DNA from beach sand as a step toward a standard method. METHODS AND RESULTS The analytical sensitivity of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for Enterococcus was compared for the slurry (suspension, agitation, membrane filtration of supernatant), versus direct extraction using PowerSoil™ or PowerMax Soil™ kits. The slurry method had the lowest limit of detection at 20-80 gene copies g-1 , recovered significantly more DNA, and the only method that detected Enterococcus by qPCR in all samples; therefore, the only method used in subsequent experiments. The slurry method reflected the spatial variability of Enterococcus in individual transect samples. Mean recovery efficiency of the microbial source tracking marker HF183 from wastewater spiked marine and freshwater beach sand was 100.8% and 64.1%, respectively, but varied, indicating that the mixing protocol needs improvement. CONCLUSIONS Among the three methods, the slurry method had the best analytical sensitivity and produced extracts that were useful for culture or molecular analysis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Standardization of methods for extraction of bacterial DNA from sand facilitates comparisons among studies, and ultimately contributes to the safety of recreational beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aldo Lobos
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - James W Conrad
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jayme Peraud
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Valerie J Harwood
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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25
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Kongprajug A, Chyerochana N, Rattanakul S, Denpetkul T, Sangkaew W, Somnark P, Patarapongsant Y, Tomyim K, Sresung M, Mongkolsuk S, Sirikanchana K. Integrated analyses of fecal indicator bacteria, microbial source tracking markers, and pathogens for Southeast Asian beach water quality assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117479. [PMID: 34365192 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of coastal water quality from fecal pollution poses a health risk to visitors at recreational beaches. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are a proxy for fecal pollution; however the accuracy of their representation of fecal pollution health risks at recreational beaches impacted by non-point sources is disputed due to non-human derivation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between FIB and a range of culturable and molecular-based microbial source tracking (MST) markers and pathogenic bacteria, and physicochemical parameters and rainfall. Forty-two marine water samples were collected from seven sampling stations during six events at two tourist beaches in Thailand. Both beaches were contaminated with fecal pollution as evident from the GenBac3 marker at 88%-100% detection and up to 8.71 log10 copies/100 mL. The human-specific MST marker human polyomaviruses JC and BK (HPyVs) at up to 4.33 log10 copies/100 mL with 92%-94% positive detection indicated that human sewage was likely the main contamination source. CrAssphage showed lower frequencies and concentrations; its correlations with the FIB group (i.e., total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococci) and GenBac3 diminished its use as a human-specific MST marker for coastal water. Human-specific culturable AIM06 and SR14 bacteriophages and general fecal indicator coliphages also showed less sensitivity than the human-specific molecular assays. The applicability of the GenBac3 endpoint PCR assay as a lower-cost prescreening step prior to the GenBac3 qPCR assay was supported by its 100% positive predictive value, but its limited negative predictive values required subsequent qPCR confirmation. Human enteric adenovirus and Vibrio cholerae were not found in any of the samples. The HPyVs related to Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and 5-d rainfall records, all of which were more prevalent and concentrated during the wet season. More monitoring is therefore recommended during wet periods. Temporal differences but no spatial differences were observed, suggesting the need for a sentinel site at each beach for routine monitoring. The exceedance of FIB water quality standards did not indicate increased prevalence or concentrations of the HPyVs or Vibrio spp. pathogen group, so the utility of FIB as an indicator of health risks at tropical beaches maybe challenged. Accurate assessment of fecal pollution by incorporating MST markers could lead to developing a more effective water quality monitoring plan to better protect human health risks in tropical recreational beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akechai Kongprajug
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Natcha Chyerochana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Surapong Rattanakul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Thammanitchpol Denpetkul
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watsawan Sangkaew
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Pornjira Somnark
- Applied Biological Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Yupin Patarapongsant
- Behavioral Research and Informatics in Social Sciences Research Unit, SASIN School of Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kanokpon Tomyim
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Montakarn Sresung
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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26
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Akita LG, Laudien J, Biney C, Akrong MO. A baseline study of spatial variability of bacteria (total coliform, E. coli, and Enterococcus spp.) as biomarkers of pollution in ten tropical Atlantic beaches: concern for environmental and public health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:50941-50965. [PMID: 34386920 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coastal water quality in urban cities is increasingly impacted by human activities such as agricultural runoff, sewage discharges, and poor sanitation. However, environmental factors controlling bacteria abundance remain poorly understood. The study employed multiple indicators to assess ten beach water qualities in Ghana during minor wet seasons. Environmental parameters (e.g. temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids) were measured in situ using the Horiba multiple parameter probe. Surface water samples were collected to measure total suspended solids, nutrients, and chlorophyll-a via standard methods and bacteria determination through membrane filtration. Environmental parameters measured showed no significant variation for the sample period. However, bacteria loads differ significantly (p = 0.024) among the beaches and influenced significantly by nitrate (55.3%, p = 0.02) and total dissolved solids (17.1%, p = 0.017). The baseline study detected an increased amount of total coliforms and faecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.) in beach waters along the coast of Ghana, suggesting faecal contamination, which can pose health risks. The mean ± standard deviations of bacteria loads in beach water are total coliforms (4.06 × 103 ± 4.16 × 103 CFU/100 mL), E. coli (7.06 × 102 ± 1.72 × 103 CFU/100 mL), and Enterococcus spp. (6.15 × 102 ± 1.75 × 103 CFU/100 mL). Evidence of pollution calls for public awareness to prevent ecological and health-related risks and policy reforms to control coastal water pollution. Future research should focus on identifying the sources of contamination in the tropical Atlantic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lailah Gifty Akita
- Department of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 99, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Juergen Laudien
- Alfred Wegner Institute Helmholtz Centre of Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Charles Biney
- Ecosystems Environmental Solutions, GD-213-5404, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mark Osei Akrong
- CSIR-Research Institute, P.O. Box M 32, GP-018-964, Accra, Ghana
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27
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Brandão J, Gangneux JP, Arikan-Akdagli S, Barac A, Bostanaru AC, Brito S, Bull M, Çerikçioğlu N, Chapman B, Efstratiou MA, Ergin Ç, Frenkel M, Gitto A, Gonçalves CI, Guégan H, Gunde-Cimerman N, Güran M, Irinyi L, Jonikaitė E, Kataržytė M, Klingspor L, Mares M, Meijer WG, Melchers WJG, Meletiadis J, Meyer W, Nastasa V, Babič MN, Ogunc D, Ozhak B, Prigitano A, Ranque S, Rusu RO, Sabino R, Sampaio A, Silva S, Stephens JH, Tehupeiory-Kooreman M, Tortorano AM, Velegraki A, Veríssimo C, Wunderlich GC, Segal E. Mycosands: Fungal diversity and abundance in beach sand and recreational waters - Relevance to human health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146598. [PMID: 33812107 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The goal of most studies published on sand contaminants is to gather and discuss knowledge to avoid faecal contamination of water by run-offs and tide-retractions. Other life forms in the sand, however, are seldom studied but always pointed out as relevant. The Mycosands initiative was created to generate data on fungi in beach sands and waters, of both coastal and freshwater inland bathing sites. A team of medical mycologists and water quality specialists explored the sand culturable mycobiota of 91 bathing sites, and water of 67 of these, spanning from the Atlantic to the Eastern Mediterranean coasts, including the Italian lakes and the Adriatic, Baltic, and Black Seas. Sydney (Australia) was also included in the study. Thirteen countries took part in the initiative. The present study considered several fungal parameters (all fungi, several species of the genus Aspergillus and Candida and the genera themselves, plus other yeasts, allergenic fungi, dematiaceous fungi and dermatophytes). The study considered four variables that the team expected would influence the results of the analytical parameters, such as coast or inland location, urban and non-urban sites, period of the year, geographical proximity and type of sediment. The genera most frequently found were Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., Fusarium spp. and Cryptococcus spp. both in sand and in water. A site-blind median was found to be 89 Colony-Forming Units (CFU) of fungi per gram of sand in coastal and inland freshwaters, with variability between 0 and 6400 CFU/g. For freshwater sites, that number was 201.7 CFU/g (0, 6400 CFU/g (p = 0.01)) and for coastal sites was 76.7 CFU/g (0, 3497.5 CFU/g). For coastal waters and all waters, the median was 0 CFU/ml (0, 1592 CFU/ml) and for freshwaters 6.7 (0, 310.0) CFU/ml (p < 0.001). The results advocate that beaches should be monitored for fungi for safer use and better management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) - Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - J P Gangneux
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - S Arikan-Akdagli
- Mycology Laboratory at Department of Medical Microbiology of Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Barac
- Clinical Centre of Serbia, Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A C Bostanaru
- Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iasi, Romania
| | - S Brito
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Bull
- Quantal Bioscience, North Parramatta, Australia
| | - N Çerikçioğlu
- Mycology Laboratory at Department of Medical Microbiology of Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - B Chapman
- Quantal Bioscience, North Parramatta, Australia
| | - M A Efstratiou
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Ç Ergin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - M Frenkel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Gitto
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland; UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - C I Gonçalves
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - H Guégan
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - N Gunde-Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Güran
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Northern Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - L Irinyi
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - E Jonikaitė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipėda University, Klaipėda, Lithuania
| | - M Kataržytė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipėda University, Klaipėda, Lithuania
| | - L Klingspor
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicin, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Mares
- Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iasi, Romania
| | - W G Meijer
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland; UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - W J G Melchers
- Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J Meletiadis
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - W Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - V Nastasa
- Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iasi, Romania
| | - M Novak Babič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - D Ogunc
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya, Turkey
| | - B Ozhak
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya, Turkey
| | - A Prigitano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Ranque
- Aix Marseille Univ, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, AP-HM, IRD, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - R O Rusu
- Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iasi, Romania
| | - R Sabino
- Reference Unit for Parasitic and Fungal Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Sampaio
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - S Silva
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J H Stephens
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland; UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Tehupeiory-Kooreman
- Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A M Tortorano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - A Velegraki
- Mycology Research Laboratory and UOA/HCPF Culture Collection, Microbiology Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece and Mycology Laboratory, BIOMEDICINE S.A., Athens, Greece
| | - C Veríssimo
- Reference Unit for Parasitic and Fungal Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G C Wunderlich
- Quantal Bioscience, North Parramatta, Australia; Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - E Segal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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28
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Tiwari A, Oliver DM, Bivins A, Sherchan SP, Pitkänen T. Bathing Water Quality Monitoring Practices in Europe and the United States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5513. [PMID: 34063910 PMCID: PMC8196636 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many countries including EU Member States (EUMS) and the United States (U.S.) regularly monitor the microbial quality of bathing water to protect public health. This study comprehensively evaluates the EU bathing water directive (BWD) and the U.S. recreational water quality criteria (RWQC) as regulatory frameworks for monitoring microbial quality of bathing water. The major differences between these two regulatory frameworks are the provision of bathing water profiles, classification of bathing sites based on the pollution level, variations in the sampling frequency, accepted probable illness risk, epidemiological studies conducted during the development of guideline values, and monitoring methods. There are also similarities between the two approaches given that both enumerate viable fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) as an index of the potential risk to human health in bathing water and accept such risk up to a certain level. However, enumeration of FIB using methods outlined within these current regulatory frameworks does not consider the source of contamination nor variation in inactivation rates of enteric microbes in different ecological contexts, which is dependent on factors such as temperature, solar radiation, and salinity in various climatic regions within their geographical areas. A comprehensive "tool-box approach", i.e., coupling of FIB and viral pathogen indicators with microbial source tracking for regulatory purposes, offers potential for delivering improved understanding to better protect the health of bathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Tiwari
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - David M. Oliver
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK;
| | - Aaron Bivins
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Science, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
| | - Samendra P. Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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29
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van Rhijn N, Bromley M. The Consequences of Our Changing Environment on Life Threatening and Debilitating Fungal Diseases in Humans. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:367. [PMID: 34067211 PMCID: PMC8151111 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activities have significantly impacted the environment and are changing our climate in ways that will have major consequences for ourselves, and endanger animal, plant and microbial life on Earth. Rising global temperatures and pollution have been highlighted as potential drivers for increases in infectious diseases. Although infrequently highlighted, fungi are amongst the leading causes of infectious disease mortality, resulting in more than 1.5 million deaths every year. In this review we evaluate the evidence linking anthropomorphic impacts with changing epidemiology of fungal disease. We highlight how the geographic footprint of endemic mycosis has expanded, how populations susceptible to fungal infection and fungal allergy may increase and how climate change may select for pathogenic traits and indirectly contribute to the emergence of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Bromley
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
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30
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Safaie A, Weiskerger CJ, Nevers MB, Byappanahalli MN, Phanikumar MS. Evaluating the impacts of foreshore sand and birds on microbiological contamination at a freshwater beach. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116671. [PMID: 33302038 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Beaches along the Great Lakes shorelines are important recreational and economic resources. However, contamination at the beaches can threaten their usage during the swimming season, potentially resulting in beach closures and/or advisories. Thus, understanding the dynamics that control nearshore water quality is integral to effective beach management. There have been significant improvements in this effort, including incorporating modeling (empirical, mechanistic) in recent years. Mechanistic modeling frameworks can contribute to this understanding of dynamics by determining sources and interactions that substantially impact fecal indicator bacteria concentrations, an index routinely used in water quality monitoring programs. To simulate E. coli concentrations at Jeorse Park beaches in southwest Lake Michigan, a coupled hydrodynamic and wave-current interaction model was developed that progressively added contaminant sources from river inputs, avian presence, bacteria-sediment interactions, and bacteria-sand-sediment interactions. Results indicated that riverine inputs affected E. coli concentrations at Jeorse Park beaches only marginally, while avian, shoreline sand, and sediment sources were much more substantial drivers of E. coli contamination at the beach. By including avian and riverine inputs, as well as bacteria-sand-sediment interactions at the beach, models can reasonably capture the variability in observed E. coli concentrations in nearshore water and bed sediments at Jeorse Park beaches. Consequently, it will be crucial to consider avian contamination sources and water-sand-sediment interactions in effective management of the beach for public health and as a recreational resource and to extend these findings to similar beaches affected by shoreline embayment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Safaie
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Chelsea J Weiskerger
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Meredith B Nevers
- U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Lake Michigan Ecological Research Station, 1574 N. County Road 300 E. Chesterton, Indiana 46304, United States
| | - Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli
- U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Lake Michigan Ecological Research Station, 1574 N. County Road 300 E. Chesterton, Indiana 46304, United States
| | - Mantha S Phanikumar
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
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Ferguson A, Rattler K, Perone H, Dwivedi AK, Obeng-Gyasi E, Mena KD, Solo-Gabriele H. Soil-skin adherence measures from hand press trials in a Gulf study of exposures. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2021; 31:158-169. [PMID: 32994540 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-00269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine oil spills and the resulting environmental contamination is common along coastal areas; however, information is lacking about the safety of impacted beaches for public use, especially for the most vulnerable population: children. One route of exposure for children at oil impacted beaches is through contact with sands. The purpose of this study was to evaluate beach sand skin adherence for children under the age of seven. Each of 122 children participated in a hand press trial conducted at one of four different U.S. beaches (two in Miami, FL, and two in Galveston, TX USA). During the hand press trials, hand conditions of the children were randomized (dry, wet, or with sunscreen), and soil adherence (mass of sand per palmar surface area of the hand) and the maximum pressure applied (force applied per area of hand) was measured and calculated. Each child was instructed to press their hands on a soil laden tray for 5 s and pressure of contact was measured using a scale. Results (n = 98) showed that the average soil adherence for both palmar hands across the four beaches ranged from 0.200 to 234 mg/cm2 with an average of 35.7 mg/cm2, with boys (40.4 mg/cm2) showing slightly higher means than girls (31.7 mg/cm2), but these differences were not significant even after adjusting for age. Among the three conditions evaluated, the highest loading was measured for children with wet hands (mean 65.3 mg/cm2), followed by dry hands (mean 24.5 mg/cm2). Sunscreen hands (mean 23.2 mg/cm2) had the lowest loadings. The pressure of contact ranged from 0.180 to 1.69 psi and varied by age groups and by height and weight, where pressure of contact did not have a significant influence on soil adherence. The average adhered sand grain size and average ambient sand grain size both had a statistically significant impact on hand soil adherence. Overall results from this study can be utilized in exposure and risk assessment models to evaluate the possible health impacts from contaminants found in beach sands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesia Ferguson
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA.
| | - Kyra Rattler
- Psychology Department, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR, USA
| | - Hanna Perone
- University of Texas-Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar Dwivedi
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | | | - Kristina D Mena
- University of Texas-Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Helena Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
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Sibanda T, Ramganesh S. Taxonomic and functional analyses reveal existence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in beach sand bacterial populations. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:1753-1766. [PMID: 33474608 PMCID: PMC7816837 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coastal sands are important natural recreational facilities that have become hotspots for tourism and economic development. However, these sands harbour diverse microbial assemblages that play a critical role in the balance between public health and ecology. In this study, targeted high-throughput sequencing analysis was used to identify sand-borne bacterial populations at four public beaches in Durban. The effect of heavy metal in shaping the distribution of bacterial metacommunities was determined using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), while the functional gene profiles were predicted using PICRUSt2 analysis. Sequences matching those of the bacterial phylum Proteobacteria were the most abundant in all samples, followed by those of the phyla Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Gemmatimonadetes. Genus-level taxonomic analysis showed the presence of 1163 bacterial genera in all samples combined. The distribution of bacterial communities was shaped by heavy metal concentrations, with the distribution of Flavobacteria, Bacteroidia, and Deltaproteobacteria influenced by Pb and Zn, while B and Cr influenced the distribution of Clostridia and Gammaproteobacteria, respectively. Identified antibiotic resistance genes included the peptidoglycan biosynthesis gene II, III, IV, and V, as well as the polymyxin resistance gene, while the virulence genes included the sitA, fimB, aerobactin synthase, and pilL gene. Our findings demonstrate that beach sand-borne bacteria are reservoirs of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. Contamination of beach sands with heavy metals selects for both heavy metal resistance and antibiotic resistance in beach sand bacterial communities. Children and immunocompromised people engaging in recreational activities on beaches may be exposed to higher risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Sibanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.
| | - Selvarajan Ramganesh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, UNISA Florida Campus, Johannesburg, RSA, South Africa
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Altomare T, Tarwater PM, Ferguson AC, Solo-Gabriele HM, Mena KD. Estimating Health Risks to Children Associated with Recreational Play on Oil Spill-Contaminated Beaches. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:E126. [PMID: 33375407 PMCID: PMC7794795 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The human health impact from exposure to contaminated shorelines following an oil spill event has been investigated to some extent. However, the health risks to children have largely been characterized through the use of surveys and extrapolation from adult health outcomes. There is limited information on children's behaviors during beach play requiring assumptions made based on observations from play activities in home settings. The Beach Exposure and Child Health Study (BEACHES) quantified specific beach activities that can be used to inform human health risk assessments of children playing on beaches impacted by oil spills. The results of this study characterize children's risk of cancer from exposure to oil spill chemicals by incorporating exposure-related information collected from the BEACHES study and by assuming oral, dermal, and inhalation exposure routes. Point risk estimates are compared with a previous, similar study that applied default exposure parameter values obtained from the published literature. The point risk estimates informed by BEACHES data are one order of magnitude lower compared with the previous risk assessment, with dermal exposures the overall risk driver in both. Additional Monte Carlo simulations evaluating the BEACHES data provide ranges of health risks with the highest estimates associated with dermal and oral exposure routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Altomare
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Patrick M. Tarwater
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
| | - Alesia C. Ferguson
- Built Environment Department, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;
| | - Helena M. Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA;
| | - Kristina D. Mena
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
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Safaie A, Weiskerger CJ, Nguyen TD, Acrey B, Zepp RG, Molina M, Cyterski M, Whelan G, Pachepsky YA, Phanikumar MS. Modeling the photoinactivation and transport of somatic and F-specific coliphages at a Great Lakes beach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2020; 49:1612-1623. [PMID: 33150652 PMCID: PMC7859910 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fecal indicator organisms (FIOs), such as Escherichia coli and enterococci, are often used as surrogates of contamination in the context of beach management; however, bacteriophages may be more reliable indicators than FIO due to their similarity to viral pathogens in terms of size and persistence in the environment. In the past, mechanistic modeling of environmental contamination has focused on FIOs, with virus and bacteriophage modeling efforts remaining limited. In this paper, we describe the development and application of a fate and transport model of somatic and F-specific coliphages for the Washington Park beach in Lake Michigan, which is affected by riverine outputs from the nearby Trail Creek. A three-dimensional model of coliphage transport and photoinactivation was tested and compared with a previously reported E. coli fate and transport model. The light-based inactivation of the phages was modeled using organism-specific action spectra. Results indicate that the coliphage models outperformed the E. coli model in terms of reliably predicting observed E. coli/coliphage concentrations at the beach. This is possibly due to the presence of additional E. coli sources that were not accounted for in the modeling. The coliphage models can be used to test hypotheses about potential sources and their behavior and for predictive modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Safaie
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Chelsea J. Weiskerger
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Tuan D. Nguyen
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Mekong River Commission, Vientiane
| | - Brad Acrey
- Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Richard G. Zepp
- Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Marirosa Molina
- Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Michael Cyterski
- Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Gene Whelan
- Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Yakov A. Pachepsky
- USDA–ARS, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Mantha S. Phanikumar
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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Brandão J, Albergaria I, Albuquerque J, José S, Grossinho J, Ferreira FC, Raposo A, Rodrigues R, Silva C, Jordao L, Sousa M, Rebelo MH, Veríssimo C, Sabino R, Amaro T, Cardoso F, Patrão-Costa M, Solo-Gabriele H. Untreated sewage contamination of beach sand from a leaking underground sewage system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140237. [PMID: 32927553 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thirty people (mostly children) experienced an episode of skin rash days after a sand sifting beach operation at Porto Pim Beach in Faial, Azores during June 2019. An environmental and epidemiologic investigation was conducted to identify the cause of the outbreak of skin rash. The epidemiologic investigation found that some of the patients experiencing symptoms had never entered the beach water. During the pollution period and throughout the epidemiologic investigation, faecal indicator bacteria levels (94 CFU/100 ml for intestinal enterococci and 61 CFU/100 ml for Escherichia coli) in water remained under the limits used for the ninety-five percentile calculation of an Excellent coastal and transitional bathing water defined in the Portuguese Legislation (100 CFU/100 ml for intestinal enterococci and 250 CFU/100 ml for Escherichia coli). Thus sand contact was considered as a likely primary exposure route. Sand microbiological analysis for faecal indicator organisms and electron microscopy strongly suggested faecal contamination. Chemical analysis of the sand also revealed a concomitant substance compatible with sodium-hypochlorite as analysed using gas chromatography and subsequently confirmed by free chlorine analysis. Inspection of the toilet facilities and sewage disposal system revealed a leaking sewage distribution box. Collectively, results suggest that the cause of the outbreak was the leaking underground sewage distribution box that serviced the beach toilet facilities (40 m from beach), where sodium-hypochlorite was used for cleaning and disinfection. This sewage then contaminated the surficial sands to which beach goers were exposed. Chlorine being an irritant substance, was believed to have been the cause of the symptoms given the sudden presentation and dissipation of skin rashes. No gastro-intestinal illness was reported during this episode and during the following 30 days. Like water, beach sand should also be monitored for safety, especially for areas serviced by aged infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) - Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - I Albergaria
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - S José
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Grossinho
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F C Ferreira
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Raposo
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R Rodrigues
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Silva
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L Jordao
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Sousa
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M H Rebelo
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Veríssimo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R Sabino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T Amaro
- Unidade de Saúde da Ilha do Faial, Vista Alegre, Horta, Portugal
| | - F Cardoso
- Direção Regional dos Assuntos do Mar, Secretaria Regional do Mar, Ciência e Tecnologia, Governo Regional dos Açores, Horta, Açores, Portugal
| | - M Patrão-Costa
- Direção Regional dos Assuntos do Mar, Secretaria Regional do Mar, Ciência e Tecnologia, Governo Regional dos Açores, Horta, Açores, Portugal
| | - H Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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Devane ML, Moriarty E, Weaver L, Cookson A, Gilpin B. Fecal indicator bacteria from environmental sources; strategies for identification to improve water quality monitoring. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116204. [PMID: 32745743 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In tropical to temperate environments, fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), such as enterococci and Escherichia coli, can persist and potentially multiply, far removed from their natural reservoir of the animal gut. FIB isolated from environmental reservoirs such as stream sediments, beach sand and vegetation have been termed "naturalized" FIB. In addition, recent research suggests that the intestines of poikilothermic animals such as fish may be colonized by enterococci and E. coli, and therefore, these animals may contribute to FIB concentrations in the aquatic environment. Naturalized FIB that are derived from fecal inputs into the environment, and subsequently adapted to maintain their population within the non-host environment are termed "naturalized enteric FIB". In contrast, an additional theory suggests that some "naturalized" FIB diverged from enteric FIB many millions of years ago and are now normal inhabitants of the environment where they are referred to as "naturalized non-enteric FIB". In the case of the Escherichia genus, the naturalized non-enteric members are identified as E. coli during routine water quality monitoring. An over-estimation of the health risk could result when these naturalized, non-enteric FIB, (that is, not derived from avian or mammalian fecal contamination), contribute to water quality monitoring results. It has been postulated that these environmental FIB belonging to the genera Escherichia and Enterococcus can be differentiated from enteric FIB by genetic methods because they lack some of the genes required for colonization of the host intestine, and have acquired genes that aid survival in the environment. Advances in molecular tools such as next generation sequencing will aid the identification of genes peculiar or "enriched" in particular habitats to discriminate between enteric and environmental FIB. In this appraisal, we have reviewed the research studying "naturalized" FIB, and discussed the techniques for their differentiation from enteric FIB. This differentiation includes the important distinction between enteric FIB derived from fresh and non-recent fecal inputs, and those truly non-enteric environmental microbes, which are currently identified as FIB during routine water quality monitoring. The inclusion of tools for the identification of naturalized FIB (enteric or environmental) would be a valuable resource for future studies assessing water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Devane
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., 27 Creyke Rd, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Elaine Moriarty
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., 27 Creyke Rd, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Louise Weaver
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., 27 Creyke Rd, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Adrian Cookson
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; mEpiLab, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Brent Gilpin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., 27 Creyke Rd, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Kinzelman J, Byappanahalli MN, Nevers MB, Shively D, Kurdas S, Nakatsu C. Utilization of multiple microbial tools to evaluate efficacy of restoration strategies to improve recreational water quality at a Lake Michigan Beach (Racine, WI). J Microbiol Methods 2020; 178:106049. [PMID: 32891633 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hydro-meteorological conditions facilitate transport of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) to the nearshore environment, affecting recreational water quality. North Beach (Racine, Wisconsin, United States), is an exemplar public beach site along Lake Michigan, where precipitation-mediated surface runoff, wave encroachment, stormwater and tributary outflow were demonstrated to contribute to beach advisories. Multiple restoration actions, including installation of a stormwater retention wetland, were successfully deployed to improve recreational water quality. Implementation of molecular methods (e.g. human microbial source tracking markers and Escherichia coli (E. coli) qPCR) assisted in identifying potential pollution sources and improving public health response time. However, periodic water quality failures still occur. As local beach managers reassess restoration measures in response to climatic changes, use of expanded microbial methods (including bacterial community profiling) may contribute to a better understanding of these dynamic environments. In this 2-year study (2015 and 2019), nearshore/offshore Lake Michigan, stormwater, and tributary samples were collected to determine if, 1) the constructed wetland (~50 m from the shoreline) continued to provide stormwater separation/retention and 2) mixing between onshore sources, Root River and Lake Michigan, was increasing due to rising precipitation/lake levels. Monthly rainfall totals were 1.5× higher in 2019 than 2015, coinciding with a 0.63 m lake-level rise. The prevalence of more intense, onshore winds also increased, facilitating interaction between potential reservoirs of FIB with nearshore water through wind driven waves and lake intrusion, e.g. beach sands and the adjacent Root River. While a strong relationship existed between wet weather wetland and North Beach nearshore E. coli concentrations (all sites), bacterial communities were strikingly different. Conversely, bacterial community overlap existed between the Root River mouth and nearshore/offshore sites. These results suggest the constructed wetland can accommodate the climate-related changes observed in this study. Future restoration activities could be directed towards upstream tributary sources in order to minimize microbial contaminants entering Lake Michigan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Kinzelman
- City of Racine, Public Health Department Laboratory, 730 Washington Avenue, Racine, WI 53403, United States of America.
| | - M N Byappanahalli
- U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Lake Michigan Ecological Research Station, 1574 N 300 E, Chesterton, IN 46304, United States of America
| | - M B Nevers
- U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Lake Michigan Ecological Research Station, 1574 N 300 E, Chesterton, IN 46304, United States of America
| | - D Shively
- U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Lake Michigan Ecological Research Station, 1574 N 300 E, Chesterton, IN 46304, United States of America
| | - S Kurdas
- City of Racine, Public Health Department Laboratory, 730 Washington Avenue, Racine, WI 53403, United States of America
| | - C Nakatsu
- Purdue University, Department of Agronomy, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
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Nevers MB, Byappanahalli MN, Nakatsu CH, Kinzelman JL, Phanikumar MS, Shively DA, Spoljaric AM. Interaction of bacterial communities and indicators of water quality in shoreline sand, sediment, and water of Lake Michigan. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 178:115671. [PMID: 32380294 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shoreline sand harbors high concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) that may be resuspended into the water column through washing and resuspension. Studies have explored coastal processes that influence this sand-water flux for FIB, but little is known about how microbial markers of contamination or the bacterial community interact in the sand-water interface. In this study, we take a three-tiered approach to explore the relationship between bacteria in sand, sediment, and overlying water at three shoreline sites and two associated rivers along an extended freshwater shoreline. Samples were collected over two years and analyzed for FIB, two microbial source tracking (MST) markers (Catellicoccus marimammalium, Gull2; Bacteroides HF183), and targeted metagenomic 16S rRNA gene analysis. FIB was much higher in sand than in water at all three sites. Gull2 marker was abundant in shoreline sand and water while HF183 marker was mostly present in rivers. Overall bacterial communities were dissimilar between sand/sediment and water, indicating little interaction. Sediment composition was generally unfavorable to bacterial resuspension. Results show that FIB and MST markers were effective estimates of short-term conditions at these locations, and bacterial communities in sand and sediment reflected longer-term conditions. Findings are useful for locating contamination sources and targeting restoration by evaluating scope of shoreline degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith B Nevers
- U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, 1574 North 300 East, Chesterton, IN, 46304, USA.
| | | | - Cindy H Nakatsu
- Purdue University, Department of Agronomy, 915 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Julie L Kinzelman
- City of Racine Public Health Department, 730 Washington Ave., Racine, WI, 53403, USA.
| | - Mantha S Phanikumar
- Michigan State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Dawn A Shively
- Michigan State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Ashley M Spoljaric
- Michigan State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Numerical Modeling of Microbial Fate and Transport in Natural Waters: Review and Implications for Normal and Extreme Storm Events. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12071876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of water quality in recreational areas can be a substantial public health concern. Models can help beach managers make contemporaneous decisions to protect public health at recreational areas, via the use of microbial fate and transport simulation. Approaches to modeling microbial fate and transport vary widely in response to local hydrometeorological contexts, but many parameterizations include terms for base mortality, solar inactivation, and sedimentation of microbial contaminants. Models using these parameterizations can predict up to 87% of variation in observed microbial concentrations in nearshore water, with root mean squared errors ranging from 0.41 to 5.37 log10 Colony Forming Units (CFU) 100 mL−1. This indicates that some models predict microbial fate and transport more reliably than others and that there remains room for model improvement across the board. Model refinement will be integral to microbial fate and transport simulation in the face of less readily observable processes affecting water quality in nearshore areas. Management of contamination phenomena such as the release of storm-associated river plumes and the exchange of contaminants between water and sand at the beach can benefit greatly from optimized fate and transport modeling in the absence of directly observable data.
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Tomenchok LE, Gidley ML, Mena KD, Ferguson AC, Solo-Gabriele HM. Children's Abrasions in Recreational Beach Areas and a Review of Possible Wound Infections. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17114060. [PMID: 32517246 PMCID: PMC7313077 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Beach Exposure and Child Health Study (BEACHES) quantified the behavior of children at recreational beach areas to evaluate how various behaviors might affect their exposure to environmental contaminants such as bacteria and chemicals. Due to limited information in the study about abrasions, we conducted a literature review to examine how marine bacteria cause infections in open wounds. The literature review revealed possible adverse health effects from the bacterium Vibrio vulnificus due to its increasing prevalence and the severity of infection. We used data from the BEACHES study to review children's behavior and their susceptibility to abrasions. Children six years of age and younger were evaluated before and after 1 hour of play for open or healing abrasions at two beaches in Miami-Dade County, Florida (Crandon and Haulover), and two beaches in Galveston County, Texas (Stewart and Seawall). The children were videotaped to monitor their activities and to determine the behavior that would increase their susceptibility to obtaining abrasions. Overall, 58.2% of the children had at least one existing abrasion before playing at the beach, while 8.2% of the children acquired a new abrasion during their time at the beach. Children who acquired new abrasions most often played in the sea water, with new abrasions most frequently occurring on exposed skin surfaces such as the knees. Proper wound care before and after visiting the beach should be encouraged to minimize the risk of bacterial infection, especially considering the possible detrimental impacts that can be caused by some bacterial pathogens through wound exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E. Tomenchok
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA;
| | - Maribeth L. Gidley
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA;
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Kristina D. Mena
- School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Alesia C. Ferguson
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;
| | - Helena M. Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-284-2908
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Hu A, Wang H, Cao M, Rashid A, Li M, Yu CP. Environmental Filtering Drives the Assembly of Habitat Generalists and Specialists in the Coastal Sand Microbial Communities of Southern China. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120598. [PMID: 31766562 PMCID: PMC6955893 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coastal sands harbor diverse microbial assemblages that play a critical role in the biogeochemical cycling of beach ecosystems. However, little is known about the relative importance of the different ecological processes underlying the assembly of communities of sand microbiota. Here, we employed 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing to investigate the sand microbiota of two coastal beaches, in southern China. The results showed that sand microbial assemblages at intertidal and supratidal zones exhibited contrasting compositions that can be attributed to environmental filtering by electric conductivity. A consistent pattern of habitat generalists and specialists of sand microbiota was observed among different beach zones. Null and neutral model analyses indicated that the environmental filtering was mainly responsible for supratidal microbial communities, while the neutral processes could partially influence the assembly of intertidal communities. Moreover, environmental filtering was found to shape the habitat specialists, while random dispersal played a major role in shaping generalists. The neutral model analysis revealed that the habitat generalists exceeding the neutral prediction harbored a relatively higher proportion of microbial taxa than the specialist counterparts. An opposite pattern was observed for taxa falling below the neutral prediction. Collectively, these findings offer a novel insight into the assembly mechanisms of coastal sand microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; (H.W.); (M.C.); (A.R.); (C.-P.Y.)
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (M.L.); Tel.: +86-592-6190582 (A.H.); +86-596-2591356 (M.L.)
| | - Hongjie Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; (H.W.); (M.C.); (A.R.); (C.-P.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meixian Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; (H.W.); (M.C.); (A.R.); (C.-P.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Azhar Rashid
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; (H.W.); (M.C.); (A.R.); (C.-P.Y.)
- Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture, Tarnab, Peshawar 446, Pakistan
| | - Mingfeng Li
- School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (M.L.); Tel.: +86-592-6190582 (A.H.); +86-596-2591356 (M.L.)
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; (H.W.); (M.C.); (A.R.); (C.-P.Y.)
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Tiwari A, Kauppinen A, Pitkänen T. Decay of Enterococcus faecalis, Vibrio cholerae and MS2 Coliphage in a Laboratory Mesocosm Under Brackish Beach Conditions. Front Public Health 2019; 7:269. [PMID: 31608267 PMCID: PMC6771298 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) used for monitoring the microbial quality of bathing water. However, the reliability of health protection by monitoring FIB is questioned. This study evaluated the decay pattern of Enterococcus faecalis in beach environment and compared it with decay patterns of the pathogen Vibrio cholerae and the virus indicator MS2 coliphage. Tests were done in an experimental mesocosm simulating natural Nordic summer daylight conditions with and without the aquatic plant Myriophyllum sibiricum. The decay of the spiked test microbes (E. faecalis, V. cholera, and MS2) was enumerated up to 27 days from two coastal bathing water mesocosms with subtidal sediment. E. faecalis and V. cholerae exhibited non-linear biphasic decay patterns and were detected upmost toward the end of the experiment in the water, sediment, and vegetation. The gene copies of V. cholerae dropped to a minimum by days 6–8 but then the numbers increased back up to nearly the spiked level. The MS2 coliphage was detected only up to 8–10 days into the experiment solely in the water where a log-linear decay pattern was seen. The test microbe, sample origin (water, sediment or vegetation) and, as determined for E. faecalis, the enumeration method (culture-based or qPCR) affected the decay pattern. E. faecalis decayed faster in water than in sediment and vegetation. Positive correlations between culturable E. faecalis counts with V. cholerae gene copies and MS2 counts were recorded on the first few days of the experiment. This study demonstrated the important role of water, sediment and vegetation regarding the partitioning of pathogens and fecal indicators in coastal environment. The enumeration of the enterococci counts alone was not sufficient for predicting the numbers of pathogens such as Vibrio spp. in bathing water. The growth of Vibrio spp. in the Baltic Sea deserves more attention and might require water quality monitoring to be applied for these pathogens in the coming years due to the predicted rise in sea surface temperature favoring Vibrio spp. growth. Further, different decay patterns observed between MS2 and enterococci emphasize the need for and importance of a viral indicator in assessing water quality more comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Tiwari
- The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Kauppinen
- The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
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