1
|
Ren Z, Zhang R, Xu X, Li Y, Wang N, Leiviskä T. Sorption/desorption and degradation of long- and short-chain PFAS by anion exchange resin and UV/sulfite system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024:124847. [PMID: 39216671 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
A combined sorption/desorption and UV/sulfite degradation process was investigated for achieving efficient elimination of PFAS from water. Two gel-type resins, Purolite A532E and A600, and one macroporous resin, Purolite A860, were firstly tested for the sorption of individual PFPrA, PFHxA, PFOA, PFOS, and GenX at different concentrations. Sorption data and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that electrostatic interactions predominated for short-chain PFAS sorption and hydrophobic interactions played a more significant role for long-chain PFAS than for short-chain PFAS. A600 and A860 were selected for desorption tests with 0.025% NaOH, 5% NaCl, and 5% NH4Cl solution with or without 20% ethanol (EtOH) due to their high sorption capacity for all target PFAS. The mixture of 5% NH4Cl and 20% EtOH as the desorption solution typically showed the highest desorption efficiency. PFOS was the most resistant for desorption but its desorption could be enhanced by stronger mixing conditions (in 5% NaCl + 20% EtOH). Direct degradation of studied PFAS in the desorption solution (0.025% NaOH, 5% NaCl, and 5% NH4Cl) by UV/sulfite achieved 97.6-100% degradation and 46.6-86.1% defluorination. EtOH hindered degradation and thus should be separated from the water before UV/sulfite degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfei Ren
- Chemical Process Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ruichi Zhang
- Chemical Process Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Xing Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Ningru Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Tiina Leiviskä
- Chemical Process Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Molé RA, Velosa AC, Carey GR, Liu X, Li G, Fan D, Danko A, Lowry GV. Groundwater solutes influence the adsorption of short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) to colloidal activated carbon and impact performance for in situ groundwater remediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134746. [PMID: 38850952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Subsurface injection of colloidal activated carbon (CAC) is an in situ remediation strategy for perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA), but the influence of groundwater solutes on longevity is uncertain, particularly for short-chain PFAA. We quantify the impact of inorganic anions, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and stabilizing polymer on PFAA adsorption to a commercial CAC. Surface characterization supported PFAA chain-length dependent adsorption results and mechanisms are provided. Inorganic anions decreased adsorption for short-chain PFAA (<7 perfluorinated carbons) due to competitive effects, while long-chain PFAA (≥ 7 perfluorinated carbons) were less impacted. DOM decreased adsorption of all PFAA in a chain-length dependent manner. High DOM concentrations (10 mg/L, ∼5 mg OC/L) decreased PFOA adsorption by a factor of 2, PFPeA by one order of magnitude, and completely hindered PFBA adsorption. High MW DOM has less impact on short-chain PFAA than low MW DOM, possibly due to differences in the ability to access CAC micropores. Low DOM concentrations (1 mg/L, ∼0.5 mg OC/L) did not impact adsorption. CMC (90 kDa average MW) had negligible impact on PFAA adsorption likely due to minimal CAC surface coverage. Longevity modeling demonstrated that groundwater solutes limit the capacity for PFAA in a CAC barrier, particularly for short-chain PFAA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Molé
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Adriana C Velosa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Grant R Carey
- Porewater Solutions, 2958 Barlow Crescent, Ottawa, Ontario K0A 1T0, Canada
| | - Xitong Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Guangbin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Dimin Fan
- Geosyntec Consultants, 65 North Raymond Ave. Suite 200, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA
| | - Anthony Danko
- Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command, Engineering and Expeditionary Warfare Center, Port Hueneme, CA, 93043, USA
| | - Gregory V Lowry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vakili M, Cagnetta G, Deng S, Wang W, Gholami Z, Gholami F, Dastyar W, Mojiri A, Blaney L. Regeneration of exhausted adsorbents after PFAS adsorption: A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134429. [PMID: 38691929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The adsorption process efficiently removes per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from water, but managing exhausted adsorbents presents notable environmental and economic challenges. Conventional disposal methods, such as incineration, may reintroduce PFAS into the environment. Therefore, advanced regeneration techniques are imperative to prevent leaching during disposal and enhance sustainability and cost-effectiveness. This review critically evaluates thermal and chemical regeneration approaches for PFAS-laden adsorbents, elucidating their operational mechanisms, the influence of water quality parameters, and their inherent advantages and limitations. Thermal regeneration achieves notable desorption efficiencies, reaching up to 99% for activated carbon. However, it requires significant energy input and risks compromising the adsorbent's structural integrity, resulting in considerable mass loss (10-20%). In contrast, chemical regeneration presents a diverse efficiency landscape across different regenerants, including water, acidic/basic, salt, solvent, and multi-component solutions. Multi-component solutions demonstrate superior efficiency (>90%) compared to solvent-based solutions (12.50%), which, in turn, outperform salt (2.34%), acidic/basic (1.17%), and water (0.40%) regenerants. This hierarchical effectiveness underscores the nuanced nature of chemical regeneration, significantly influenced by factors such as regenerant composition, the molecular structure of PFAS, and the presence of organic co-contaminants. Exploring the conditional efficacy of thermal and chemical regeneration methods underscores the imperative of strategic selection based on specific types of PFAS and material properties. By emphasizing the limitations and potential of particular regeneration schemes and advocating for future research directions, such as exploring persulfate activation treatments, this review aims to catalyze the development of more effective regeneration processes. The ultimate goal is to ensure water quality and public health protection through environmentally sound solutions for PFAS remediation efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Cagnetta
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Shubo Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xi'ning, Qinghai Province 810016, China
| | - Zahra Gholami
- ORLEN UniCRE, a.s, Revoluční 1521/84, 400 01 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Fatemeh Gholami
- Department of Mathematics, Physics, and Technology, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, Klatovská 51, Plzeň 301 00, Czech Republic
| | - Wafa Dastyar
- Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering Department, McArthur Engineering Building, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA
| | - Amin Mojiri
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
| | - Lee Blaney
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Behnami A, Zoroufchi Benis K, Pourakbar M, Yeganeh M, Esrafili A, Gholami M. Biosolids, an important route for transporting poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances from wastewater treatment plants into the environment: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171559. [PMID: 38458438 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The pervasive presence of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in diverse products has led to their introduction into wastewater systems, making wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) significant PFAS contributors to the environment. Despite WWTPs' efforts to mitigate PFAS impact through physicochemical and biological means, concerns persist regarding PFAS retention in generated biosolids. While numerous review studies have explored the fate of these compounds within WWTPs, no study has critically reviewed their presence, transformation mechanisms, and partitioning within the sludge. Therefore, the current study has been specifically designed to investigate these aspects. Studies show variations in PFAS concentrations across WWTPs, highlighting the importance of aqueous-to-solid partitioning, with sludge from PFOS and PFOA-rich wastewater showing higher concentrations. Research suggests biological mechanisms such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, transamine metabolism, and beta-oxidation are involved in PFAS biotransformation, though the effects of precursor changes require further study. Carbon chain length significantly affects PFAS partitioning, with longer chains leading to greater adsorption in sludge. The wastewater's organic and inorganic content is crucial for PFAS adsorption; for instance, higher sludge protein content and divalent cations like calcium and magnesium promote adsorption, while monovalent cations like sodium impede it. In conclusion, these discoveries shed light on the complex interactions among factors affecting PFAS behavior in biosolids. They underscore the necessity for thorough considerations in managing PFAS presence and its impact on environmental systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Behnami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khaled Zoroufchi Benis
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Mojtaba Pourakbar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Yeganeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Esrafili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mitra Gholami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zeng B, Tao B, Pan Z, Shen L, Zhang J, Lin H. A low-cost and sustainable solution for nitrate removal from secondary effluent: Macroporous ion exchange resin treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 347:119142. [PMID: 37804631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Macroporous ion exchange resin has excellent selectivity to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and partially soluble refractory organic compounds contained in the secondary effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). In this study, macroporous ion exchange resins were chosen as an alternative to single biochemical nitrogen removal processes. Various conditions were examined to optimize adsorption performance, and the adsorption mechanism was explored through isotherm fitting, thermodynamic parameter calculation, and kinetic analysis. The experiment demonstrated that the resin exhibited strong selectivity for nitrate (NO3-) and achieved an equilibrium adsorption amount of 9.8924 mg/g and an equilibrium adsorption time of 60 min at 25 °C. The resin denitrification pilot plant demonstrated stable operation for two months and achieved COD<20 mg/L, TN < 1.5 mg/L, and NH4+-N<0.5 mg/L. The removal rates of COD, TP, NH4+-N, NO3--N, and TN were 41.65%, 42.96%, 55.37%, 91.8%, and 90.81%, respectively. After the resin was regenerated, the removal rates of NO3--N, TN and the regeneration recovery rate were above 90%. Through cost analysis, the treatment cost of the pilot plant is only 0.104 $/m3. This study presents a practical, low-cost, and efficient treatment method for the deep treatment of secondary effluent from WWTP in practical engineering, providing new ideas and theoretical guidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bizhen Zeng
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Bingchi Tao
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Zhenxiang Pan
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Liguo Shen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schumann P, Muschket M, Dittmann D, Rabe L, Reemtsma T, Jekel M, Ruhl AS. Is adsorption onto activated carbon a feasible drinking water treatment option for persistent and mobile substances? WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119861. [PMID: 36958222 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Persistent and mobile (PM) substances among the organic micropollutants have gained increasing interest since their inherent properties enable them to enrich in water cycles. This study set out to investigate the potential of adsorption onto activated carbon as a drinking water treatment option for 19 PM candidates in batch experiments in a drinking water matrix using a microporous and a mesoporous activated carbon. Overall, adsorption of PM candidates proved to be very variable and the extent of removal could not be directly related to molecular properties. At an activated carbon dose of 10 mg/L and 48 h contact time, five (out of 19) substances were readily removed (≥ 80%), among them N-(3-(dimethylamino)-propyl)methacrylamide, which was investigated for the first time. For five other substances, no or negligible removal (< 20%) was observed, including 2-methyl-2-propene-1-sulfonic acid and 4‑hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpiperidine. For the former, current state of the art adsorption processes may pose a sufficient barrier. Additionally, substance specific surrogate correlations between removals and UVA254 abatements were established to provide a cheap and fast estimate for PM candidate elimination. Adsorption onto activated carbon could contribute significantly to PM substance elimination as part of multi barrier approaches, but assessments for individual substances still require clarification, as demonstrated for the investigated PM candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Schumann
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Water Quality Control, Sekr. KF 4, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias Muschket
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Dittmann
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa Rabe
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Water Quality Control, Sekr. KF 4, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Jekel
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Water Quality Control, Sekr. KF 4, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aki Sebastian Ruhl
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Water Quality Control, Sekr. KF 4, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ren Z, Bergmann U, Uwayezu JN, Carabante I, Kumpiene J, Lejon T, Leiviskä T. Combination of adsorption/desorption and photocatalytic reduction processes for PFOA removal from water by using an aminated biosorbent and a UV/sulfite system. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 228:115930. [PMID: 37076033 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are stable organic chemicals, which have been used globally since the 1940s and have caused PFAS contamination around the world. This study explores perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) enrichment and destruction by a combined method of sorption/desorption and photocatalytic reduction. A novel biosorbent (PG-PB) was developed from raw pine bark by grafting amine groups and quaternary ammonium groups onto the surface of bark particles. The results of PFOA adsorption at low concentration suggest that PG-PB has excellent removal efficiency (94.8%-99.1%, PG-PB dosage: 0.4 g/L) to PFOA in the concentration range of 10 μg/L to 2 mg/L. The PG-PB exhibited high adsorption efficiency regarding PFOA, being 456.0 mg/g at pH 3.3 and 258.0 mg/g at pH 7 with an initial concentration of 200 mg/L. The groundwater treatment reduced the total concentration of 28 PFAS from 18 000 ng/L to 9900 ng/L with 0.8 g/L of PG-PB. Desorption experiments examined 18 types of desorption solutions, and the results showed that 0.05% NaOH and a mixture of 0.05% NaOH + 20% methanol were efficient for PFOA desorption from the spent PG-PB. More than 70% (>70 mg/L in 50 mL) and 85% (>85 mg/L in 50 mL) of PFOA were recovered from the first and second desorption processes, respectively. Since high pH promotes PFOA degradation, the desorption eluents with NaOH were directly treated with a UV/sulfite system without further adjustment. The final PFOA degradation and defluorination efficiency in the desorption eluents with 0.05% NaOH + 20% methanol reached 100% and 83.1% after 24 h reaction. This study proved that the combination of adsorption/desorption and a UV/sulfite system for PFAS removal is a feasible solution for environmental remediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfei Ren
- Chemical Process Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Ulrich Bergmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Biocenter, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-99020, Finland
| | - Jean Noel Uwayezu
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ivan Carabante
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Jurate Kumpiene
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Tore Lejon
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Tiina Leiviskä
- Chemical Process Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lei X, Lian Q, Zhang X, Karsili TK, Holmes W, Chen Y, Zappi ME, Gang DD. A review of PFAS adsorption from aqueous solutions: Current approaches, engineering applications, challenges, and opportunities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 321:121138. [PMID: 36702432 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have drawn great attention due to their wide distribution in water bodies and toxicity to human beings. Adsorption is considered as an efficient treatment technique for meeting the increasingly stringent environmental and health standards for PFAS. This paper systematically reviewed the current approaches of PFAS adsorption using different adsorbents from drinking water as well as synthetic and real wastewater. Adsorbents with large mesopores and high specific surface area adsorb PFAS faster, their adsorption capacities are higher, and the adsorption process are usually more effective under low pH conditions. PFAS adsorption mechanisms mainly include electrostatic attraction, hydrophobic interaction, anion exchange, and ligand exchange. Various adsorbents show promising performances but challenges such as requirements of organic solvents in regeneration, low adsorption selectivity, and complicated adsorbent preparations should be addressed before large scale implementation. Moreover, the aid of decision-making tools including response surface methodology (RSM), techno-economic assessment (TEA), life cycle assessment (LCA), and multi criteria decision analysis (MCDA) were discussed for engineering applications. The use of these tools is highly recommended prior to scale-up to determine if the specific adsorption process is economically feasible and sustainable. This critical review presented insights into the most fundamental aspects of PFAS adsorption that would be helpful to the development of effective adsorbents for the removal of PFAS in future studies and provide opportunities for large-scale engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Lei
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA; Center for Environmental Technology, The Energy Institute of Louisiana, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P. O. Box 43597, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA
| | - Qiyu Lian
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA; Center for Environmental Technology, The Energy Institute of Louisiana, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P. O. Box 43597, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA; Beijing International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water Pollution Control Techniques for Antibiotics and Resistance Genes, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 Shangyuancun, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Tolga K Karsili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - William Holmes
- Center for Environmental Technology, The Energy Institute of Louisiana, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P. O. Box 43597, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Yushun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
| | - Mark E Zappi
- Center for Environmental Technology, The Energy Institute of Louisiana, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P. O. Box 43597, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Daniel Dianchen Gang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA; Center for Environmental Technology, The Energy Institute of Louisiana, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P. O. Box 43597, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fang Y, Meng P, Schaefer C, Knappe DRU. Removal and destruction of perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (PFECAs) in an anion exchange resin and electrochemical oxidation treatment train. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119522. [PMID: 36577256 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (PFECAs) are a group of emerging recalcitrant contaminants that are being developed to replace legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in industrial applications and that are generated as by-products in fluoropolymer manufacturing. Here, we report on the removal and destruction of four structurally different PFECAs using an integrated anion exchange resin (AER) and electrochemical oxidation (ECO) treatment train. Results from this work illustrated that (1) flow-through columns packed with PFAS-selective AERs are highly effective for the removal of PFECAs and (2) PFECA affinity is strongly correlated with their hydrophobic features. Regeneration of the spent resin columns revealed that high percentage (e.g., 80%) of organic cosolvent is necessary for achieving 60-100% PFECA release, and regeneration efficiency was higher for a macroporous resin than a gel-type resin. Treatment of spent regenerants showed (1) >99.99% methanol removal was achieved by distillation, (2) >99.999% conversion of the four studied PFECAs was achieved during the ECO treatment of the still bottoms after 24 hours with an energy per order of magnitude of PFECA removal (EE/O) <1.03 kWh/m3 of total groundwater treated, and (3) >85% of the organic fluorine was recovered as inorganic fluoride. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), perfluoropropionic acid (PFPrA), and perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid (PFMOAA) were confirmed via high-resolution mass spectrometry as transformation products (TPs) in the treated still bottoms, and two distinctive degradation schemes and four reaction pathways are proposed for the four PFECAs. Lastly, dissolved organic matter (DOM) inhibited uptake, regeneration, and oxidation of PFECAs throughout the treatment train, suggesting pretreatment steps targeting DOM removal can enhance the system's treatment efficiency. Results from this work provide guidelines for developing effective separation-concentration-destruction treatment trains and meaningful insights for achieving PFECA destruction in impacted aquatic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yida Fang
- CDM Smith, 14432 SE Eastgate Way, #100, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States.
| | - Pingping Meng
- North Carolina State University, 915 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Charles Schaefer
- CDM Smith, 110 Fieldcrest Avenue, #8, Edison, New Jersey 08837, United States
| | - Detlef R U Knappe
- North Carolina State University, 915 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Asadi Zeidabadi F, Banayan Esfahani E, McBeath ST, Dubrawski KL, Mohseni M. Electrochemical degradation of PFOA and its common alternatives: Assessment of key parameters, roles of active species, and transformation pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137743. [PMID: 36608884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates an electrochemical approach for the treatment of water polluted with per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), looking at the impact of different variables, contributions from generated radicals, and degradability of different structures of PFAS. Results obtained from a central composite design (CCD) showed the importance of mass transfer, related to the stirring speed, and the amount of charge passed through the electrodes, related to the current density on decomposition rate of PFOA. The CCD informed optimized operating conditions which we then used to study the impact of solution conditions. Acidic condition, high temperature, and low initial concentration of PFOA accelerated the degradation kinetic, while DO had a negligible effect. The impact of electrolyte concentration depended on the initial concentration of PFOA. At low initial PFOA dosage (0.2 mg L-1), the rate constant increased considerably from 0.079 ± 0.001 to 0.259 ± 0.019 min-1 when sulfate increased from 0.1% to 10%, likely due to the production of SO4•-. However, at higher initial PFOA dosage (20 mg L-1), the rate constant decreased slightly from 0.019 ± 0.001 to 0.015 ± 0.000 min-1, possibly due to the occupation of active anode sites by excess amount of sulfate. SO4•- and •OH played important roles in decomposition and defluorination of PFOA, respectively. PFOA oxidation was initiated by one electron transfer to the anode or SO4•-, undergoing Kolbe decarboxylation where yielded perfluoroalkyl radical followed three reaction pathways with •OH, O2 and/or H2O. PFAS electrooxidation depended on the chemical structures where the decomposition rate constants (min-1) were in the order of 6:2 FTCA (0.031) > PFOA (0.019) > GenX (0.013) > PFBA (0.008). PFBA with a shorter chain length and GenX with -CF3 branching had slower decomposition than PFOA. While presence of C-H bonds makes 6:2 FTCA susceptible to the attack of •OH accelerating its decomposition kinetic. Conducting experiments in mixed solution of all studied PFAS and in natural water showed that the co-presence of PFAS and other water constituents (organic and inorganic matters) had adverse effects on PFAS decomposition efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Asadi Zeidabadi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ehsan Banayan Esfahani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sean T McBeath
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01002, United States
| | - Kristian L Dubrawski
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fu K, Zhang Y, Liu H, Lv C, Guo J, Luo J, Yin K, Luo S. Construction of metal-organic framework/polymer beads for efficient lead ions removal from water: Experiment studies and full-scale performance prediction. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135084. [PMID: 35618066 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) show great promise in heavy metal removal; however, their applications are restricted by the poor separability and water instability. Herein, granular Zr-based MOF-polymer composite beads (MPCB(Zr)) (mean diameter ∼ 1.74 mm) were synthesized using a facile dropping method, and applied on efficient lead ions (Pb(II)) removal. The as-prepared MPCB(Zr) demonstrated deep Pb(II) removal capability by reducing its concentration to ∼ 0.002 mg L-1 after adsorption equilibrium at 360 min. The distribution coefficient for Pb(II) reached 8.0 × 106 mL g-1, and the theoretical adsorption capacity for Pb(II) was 144.5 mg g-1 (0.70 mmol g-1, 30 °C). The resulting MPCB(Zr) was highly selective for Pb(II), with the selectivity coefficient up to ∼ 1.0-3.6 × 103 for the background cations (Na(I), K(I), Ca(II), and Mg(II)). Moreover, the MPCB(Zr) exhibited a broad working pH range (3.0-6.0) and satisfactory anti-interference to dissolved organic matters (humic acid and fuvic acid). Notably, the MPCB(Zr) also demonstrated excellent reusability with the Pb(II) removal efficiency over 99.0% after 20 cycles. Combined physicochemical characterizations unveiled that the thiol and oxygen-containing groups (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxylate) were responsible for the effective Pb(II) removal. To provide guidance for engineering application, the full-scale performance of the MPCB(Zr) under varying operation conditions was systematically evaluated via the validated pore surface diffusion model. This work provides an effective methodology to construct macroscopic MOF-polymer beads for effective Pb(II) removal, and promote the actual application of MOFs in water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410082, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Youqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410082, PR China
| | - Hengzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan Province, 411105, PR China
| | - Chunyu Lv
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410082, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410082, PR China
| | - Jinming Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Kai Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410082, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410082, PR China.
| | - Shenglian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410082, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410082, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Y, Warner M, Li K, Hawkins GL, Huang Q. Assessing explicit models of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances adsorption on anion exchange resins by rapid small-scale column tests. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134547. [PMID: 35405197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Managing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) contamination has gained worldwide attention due to their ubiquitous occurrence in water systems. Anion exchange resins (AERs) have been proven effective in removing both long-chain and short-chain PFASs. In this study, an explicit model was developed to describe the breakthrough behavior of an individual PFAS as a single solute onto anion exchange resin in a column filtration process. The model was further modified to predict the breakthrough curve of co-existing PFASs on AER in multi-solute systems by incorporating a separation factor describing the competitive adsorption and a blockage factor describing the loss of adsorption sites. Rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCTs) were performed with six AERs of various properties and three model PFASs in both single- and multi-solutes systems. The breakthrough behaviors of RSSCTs for both single- and multi-solute systems were found adequately described by the models developed in this study. The experiments and accompanied model simulations reveal some important relationships between the AER performance and the properties of both the AERs and the PFASs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, USA
| | - Max Warner
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, USA
| | - Ke Li
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Gary L Hawkins
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Qingguo Huang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Removal of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances by Electron Beam and Plasma Irradiation: A Mini-Review. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14111684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The global prevalence and environmental risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have caused increasing concern regarding their strategic elimination from aqueous environments. It has recently been recognized that advanced oxidation–reduction technologies (AO/RTs) exhibit superior removal performance for these ubiquitous pollutants. However, the detailed mechanisms and product risks have not been well summarized and systematically deciphered. In this mini-review article, the basic operating principles of two typical AO/RTs (electron beam and plasma irradiation) and their reported applications in the abatement of PFASs are described in detail. It is noteworthy that these reductive treatments induced remarkable defluorination efficiency of PFOA and PFOS with the generation of short-chain congeners in water. The reaction mechanisms mainly included desulfonization, decarboxylation, H/F exchange, radical cyclization, and stepwise losses of CF2 groups. Unexpectedly, partial degradation products manifested high potential in triggering acute and chronic aquatic toxicity, genotoxicity, and developmental toxicity. Additionally, high or even increased resistance to biodegradability was observed for multiple products relative to the parent chemicals. Taken together, both electron beam and plasma irradiation hold great promise in remediating PFAS-contaminated water and wastewater, while the secondary ecological risks should be taken into account during practical applications.
Collapse
|
14
|
Fennell B, Mezyk SP, McKay G. Critical Review of UV-Advanced Reduction Processes for the Treatment of Chemical Contaminants in Water. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2022; 2:178-205. [PMID: 37102145 PMCID: PMC10114900 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
UV-advanced reduction processes (UV-ARP) are an advanced water treatment technology characterized by the reductive transformation of chemical contaminants. Contaminant abatement in UV-ARP is most often accomplished through reaction with hydrated electrons (eaq -) produced from UV photolysis of chemical sensitizers (e.g., sulfite). In this Review, we evaluate the photochemical kinetics, substrate scope, and optimization of UV-ARP. We find that quantities typically reported in photochemical studies of natural and engineered systems are under-reported in the UV-ARP literature, especially the formation rates, scavenging capacities, and concentrations of key reactive species like eaq -. The absence of these quantities has made it difficult to fully evaluate the impact of operating conditions and the role of water matrix components on the efficiencies of UV-ARP. The UV-ARP substrate scope is weighted heavily toward contaminant classes that are resistant to degradation by advanced oxidation processes, like oxyanions and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Some studies have sought to optimize the UV-ARP treatment of these contaminants; however, a thorough evaluation of the impact of water matrix components like dissolved organic matter on these optimization strategies is needed. Overall, the data compilation, analysis, and research recommendations provided in this Review will assist the UV-ARP research community in future efforts toward optimizing UV-ARP systems, modeling the eaq --based chemical transformation kinetics, and developing new UV-ARP systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin
D. Fennell
- Zachry
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Stephen P. Mezyk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90840, United States
| | - Garrett McKay
- Zachry
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- . Phone: 979-458-6540
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dixit F, Munoz G, Mirzaei M, Barbeau B, Liu J, Duy SV, Sauvé S, Kandasubramanian B, Mohseni M. Removal of Zwitterionic PFAS by MXenes: Comparisons with Anionic, Nonionic, and PFAS-Specific Resins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6212-6222. [PMID: 35533009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances are increasingly detected in aquatic environments. The magnitude of their concentration and increased frequency of detection worldwide raise questions on their presence in drinking water and associated health risk. Scientific knowledge on the identification of treatment technologies to effectively capture such zwitterionic PFAS from contaminated water sources remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the application of anionic organic scavenger ion exchange (IX) resins (A860), nonionic IX resins (XAD 4 and XAD 7), PFAS-specific resins (A694 and A592), and Ti3C2 MXenes (novel two-dimensional metal carbides) for the removal of select fluorotelomer zwitterionic PFAS from natural waters. The cumulative removal of zwitterionic PFAS at pH ∼ 7 follows the order: Ti3C2 MXenes > A694 > A592 > A860 > XAD 4 ∼ XAD 7. Ti3C2 MXenes were able to capture >75% of the total influent zwitterionic PFAS and the performance remained consistent in natural and synthetic water. Ti3C2 MXenes also exhibited efficient regeneration (>90% recovery) with 0.4 M Na2SO3 solution, while the regeneration efficacy of other IX resins generally remained below 20%. Treatment with ∼180 J/cm2 UV dosage in the 0.4 M Na2SO3 regenerant brine solution yielded >99.9% reduction in the zwitterionic PFAS concentration indicating that UV-sulfite systems exhibit promising potential for the treatment of zwitterionic PFAS concentrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuhar Dixit
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mahboubeh Mirzaei
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Nano Surface Texturing Lab, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), 411025 Pune, India
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kazwini T, Yadav S, Ibrar I, Al-Juboori RA, Singh L, Ganbat N, Karbassiyazdi E, Samal AK, Subbiah S, Altaee A. Updated review on emerging technologies for PFAS contaminated water treatment. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
17
|
Boyer TH, Ellis A, Fang Y, Schaefer CE, Higgins CP, Strathmann TJ. Life cycle environmental impacts of regeneration options for anion exchange resin remediation of PFAS impacted water. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117798. [PMID: 34768102 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although anion exchange resin (AER) treatment is considered an effective technology for removing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from impacted water, the environmental impacts associated with AER regeneration have not been systematically explored. In particular, the trade-offs of altering the composition of the regeneration solution and disposing of or recycling the waste regeneration solution are not known. To fill these important gaps in the literature, this research conducted a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of an AER-based PFAS remediation system with different regeneration scenarios including disposing of waste regeneration solution via incineration, reusing the organic cosolvent and brine fractions of the waste regeneration solution, and altering the composition of the regeneration solution to avoid organic cosolvent or NaCl. The results show that disposing of waste regeneration solution via incineration, without recycling organic cosolvent or brine, had the greatest environmental impact, and that incineration accounted for the greatest impact among contributing processes. Recycling of the cosolvent (or cosolvent and brine) fraction of the waste regeneration solution resulted in lower environmental impacts due to reduced mass of waste disposed of via incineration. Replacing NaCl in the brine with an alternative salt resulted in higher environmental impacts, with salts derived from chemical production, such as ammonium chloride and potassium carbonate, showing the largest increases in impacts. The results of this research highlight the importance of understanding the fate of PFASs during incineration, and the need for PFAS destruction technologies that can be coupled to AER regeneration to avoid incineration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Treavor H Boyer
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE), Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe, AZ 85287, United States.
| | - Anderson Ellis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Yida Fang
- CDM Smith, Edison, New Jersey 08837, United States
| | | | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Timothy J Strathmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang W, Shao H, Zhou S, Zhu D, Jiang X, Yu G, Deng S. Rapid Removal of Perfluoroalkanesulfonates from Water by β-Cyclodextrin Covalent Organic Frameworks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:48700-48708. [PMID: 34615343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption is an effective method for the removal of perfluoroalkanesulfonates (PFSAs) from water, and the limitation of the adsorption rate of existing adsorbents motivates efforts to develop novel adsorbents. Here, we developed four β-cyclodextrin covalent organic frameworks (β-CD-COFs) with a rapid removal rate and high adsorption capacity for four PFSAs in water including perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), and chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F53B). All β-CD-COFs exhibited extremely fast adsorption (adsorption equilibrium <2 min) for PFSAs with high adsorption capacities (0.33-1.51 mmol/g), which were significantly better than those of traditional resins and activated carbons, probably due to the ordered pores of β-CD-COFs and the electron-deficient cavity β-CD. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations also showed that PFSAs could be captured in the β-CD cavity through strong interactions with a high binding energy. The novel β-CD-COFs were highly selective to PFSAs in simulated wastewater impacted by aqueous film-forming foams, and they could also rapidly remove them from an actual chrome plating wastewater within 2 min. Additionally, the β-CD-COFs could be regenerated by methanol with relatively good reusability in four cycles, further highlighting their application potential as PFAS adsorbents in water or wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xi'ning, Qinghai Province 810016, China
| | - Haipei Shao
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuangxi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xi'ning, Qinghai Province 810016, China
| | - Donghai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xi'ning, Qinghai Province 810016, China
| | - Xiangzhe Jiang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ren Z, Bergmann U, Leiviskä T. Reductive degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid in complex water matrices by using the UV/sulfite process. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 205:117676. [PMID: 34600233 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrated electrons (e-aq,E= -2.9 V) generated by advanced reduction processes (ARPs) have been proved to be a promising approach to eliminate various per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water. In this study, the decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a complex water matrix by e-aq generated from the UV/sulfite process was investigated. The effect of pH (9-12) and co-existing compounds (chloride, nitrate, phosphate, carbonate and humic acid) on PFOA degradation efficiency was studied. In addition, the intermediates and possible degradation pathways were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The results showed that the concentration of PFOA was below the detection limit (10 μg/L) after 1 h (conditions: C0 10 mg/L, initial pH = 10, sulfite 10 mM) while 89% defluorination was achieved after 24 h. Using a higher initial pH (pH = 12) greatly enhanced the PFOA degradation as 100% degradation and 98% defluorination were achieved after 24 h. The presence of carbonate (> 5 mM), nitrate (> 2 mM) and humic acid (> 25 mg/L) showed a significant negative effect on PFOA degradation via a UV blocking effect or quenching of hydrated electrons while the presence of chloride and phosphate had a smaller effect on PFOA degradation. Even at extremely high concentrations of chloride (1.709 M, pH = 11.25), the defluorination ratio reached 97% after 24 h of reaction time. During the process, short-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs, C < 7) and hydrogen substituted compounds were detected, which implies that chain-shortening and H/F change reactions had occurred. Moreover, this confirmed the generation of sulfonated and unsaturated intermediates during the process, which disclosed valuable new mechanistic insights into PFOA degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfei Ren
- Chemical Process Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Ulrich Bergmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Biocenter, University of Oulu, Oulu FIN-99020, Finland
| | - Tiina Leiviskä
- Chemical Process Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Heidari H, Abbas T, Ok YS, Tsang DCW, Bhatnagar A, Khan E. GenX is not always a better fluorinated organic compound than PFOA: A critical review on aqueous phase treatability by adsorption and its associated cost. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 205:117683. [PMID: 34607087 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) has been marketed as a substitute for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to reduce environmental and health risks. GenX and PFOA have been detected in various natural water sources, and adsorption is recognized as a typical treatment process for PFOA removal. In this paper, comparisons of GenX and PFOA adsorption are evaluated, including adsorption potential, adsorption mechanisms, and associated costs. A detailed literature review suggests that anion-exchange resins are more effective in removing GenX than activated carbon. GenX removal efficiency through activated carbon (30%) is lower than that of PFOA (80-95%), while GenX and PFOA removal efficiencies by anion exchange resins are similar (99%). Unconventional adsorbents, such as ionic fluorogels and covalent organic frameworks can effectively remove GenX from water. The review reveals that GenX adsorption is more challenging, requiring almost 4 times the treatment cost of its predecessor, PFOA. Annual operation and maintenance costs for GenX adsorption (initial concentration of GenX and PFOA = 0.2 µg.L-1) by GAC for treating 10,000 m3 per day is almost US$1,000,000 per year, but only around US$240,000 per year for PFOA. Desorption of GenX in the presence of PFOA highlights GenX's inferior treatability by adsorption. It is believed that GenX is a more environmentally friendly compound than PFOA, but this environmental friendliness comes with the price.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Heidari
- Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction Department, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Tauqeer Abbas
- Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction Department, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction Department, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Boyer TH, Fang Y, Ellis A, Dietz R, Choi YJ, Schaefer CE, Higgins CP, Strathmann TJ. Anion exchange resin removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from impacted water: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117244. [PMID: 34089925 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A key gap in the literature on the treatment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in impacted water is the absence of a review article dedicated to anion exchange resin (AER) treatment. This gap is important because previous research has consistently shown adsorption by AER to be one of the most effective treatment processes for PFAS removal from impacted water, and AER is one of the most commonly deployed technologies in the field. Given the scope of the previous review articles on PFAS removal by various adsorbent types, the sections on AER do not explore the full depth of PFAS and AER interactions nor cover the breadth of AER testing conditions. Accordingly, the goal of this paper was to critically review the available peer-reviewed literature on PFAS removal from water by AER. The specific objectives of the review were to synthesize the previous literature results on (1) batch adsorption behavior, (2) impact of water chemistry conditions, (3) continuous-flow adsorption, (4) adsorption modeling, (5) regeneration, and (6) weak-base AER. Following from critical review of the literature, the future research priorities discussed include: (i) improving the underlying science that governs PFAS-resin interactions, (ii) improving methods for resin regeneration and management of PFAS-contaminated concentrate streams, and (iii) comparative life cycle environmental and economic analyses for ion exchange treatment systems relative to competing technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Treavor H Boyer
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE), Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe, Arizona, 85287, United States
| | - Yida Fang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
| | - Anderson Ellis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
| | - Rebecca Dietz
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE), Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe, Arizona, 85287, United States
| | - Youn Jeong Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
| | | | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
| | - Timothy J Strathmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lenka SP, Kah M, Padhye LP. A review of the occurrence, transformation, and removal of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in wastewater treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 199:117187. [PMID: 34010737 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) comprise more than 4,000 anthropogenically manufactured compounds with widescale consumer and industrial applications. This critical review compiles the latest information on the worldwide distribution of PFAS and evaluates their fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). A large proportion (>30%) of monitoring studies in WWTPs were conducted in China, followed by Europe (30%) and North America (16%), whereas information is generally lacking for other parts of the world, including most of the developing countries. Short and long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were widely detected in both the influents (up to 1,000 ng/L) and effluents (15 to >1,500 ng/L) of WWTPs. To date, limited data is available regarding levels of PFAS precursors and ultra-short chain PFAS in WWTPs. Most WWTPs exhibited low removal efficiencies for PFAS, and many studies reported an increase in the levels of PFAAs after wastewater treatment. The analysis of the fate of various classes of PFAS at different wastewater treatment stages (aerobic and/aerobic biodegradation, photodegradation, and chemical degradation) revealed biodegradation as the primary mechanism responsible for the transformation of PFAS precursors to PFAAs in WWTPs. Remediation studies at full scale and laboratory scale suggest advanced processes such as adsorption using ion exchange resins, electrochemical degradation, and nanofiltration are more effective in removing PFAS (~95-100%) than conventional processes. However, the applicability of such treatments for real-world WWTPs faces significant challenges due to the scaling-up requirements, mass-transfer limitations, and management of treatment by-products and wastes. Combining more than one technique for effective removal of PFAS, while addressing limitations of the individual treatments, could be beneficial. Considering environmental concentrations of PFAS, cost-effectiveness, and ease of operation, nanofiltration followed by adsorption using wood-derived biochar and/or activated carbons could be a viable option if introduced to conventional treatment systems. However, the large-scale applicability of the same needs to be further verified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie Kah
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dixit F, Dutta R, Barbeau B, Berube P, Mohseni M. PFAS removal by ion exchange resins: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129777. [PMID: 33582507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represent a large family of anthropogenic organic compounds with a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. PFAS have become a global concern due to their toxicity and bio-accumulative properties. PFAS species have been ubiquitously detected in natural waters, wastewaters, sludge, and aquatic and terrestrial species which are anionic, zwitterionic and neutral. The ion exchange (IX) process for PFAS removal is an efficient technology for the remediation of PFAS-laden surface, ground and effluent wastewaters. This approach is more effective towards eliminating emerging short-chain PFAS which are not removed by carbon-based adsorption processes. This article presents a state-of-the-art review of PFAS removal from water via IX process. The evaluation and comparison of various IX resins in terms of kinetics and isotherms is presented. Literature data indicates that IX isotherm uptake capacity for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) can range up to 5 mmol/g on commercially available IX resins such as IRA 958 and IRA 67. The mechanism involved in the PFAS uptake process, such as diffusion, electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic effects are discussed. The effects of the eluent variability on the regeneration efficacy are also highlighted and the effect of single-use vs reuse for newly developed PFAS-specific IX resins are also examined based on the reviewed literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuhar Dixit
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rahul Dutta
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Berube
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wanninayake DM. Comparison of currently available PFAS remediation technologies in water: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 283:111977. [PMID: 33517051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Remediation of Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment has rapidly increased due to growing concerns of environmental contamination and associated adverse toxicological effects on wildlife and humans due to bioaccumulation and extreme persistence. Although, PFASs are highly recalcitrant to conventional water treatment processes, there are some effective techniques available. Those techniques involve exceedingly high costs due to high energy use, and high capital or operational costs. Thus, most remediation techniques have limitations in field applications even though the laboratory scale experiments are promising. As a result of stringent new health and environmental regulatory standards are being established, development of suitable water treatment methodology is more challenging. Most of the separation and destruction techniques have their own limitations in field applications while the biological approaches to treat PFASs are extremely limited and are not currently considered as viable. In this review, extra consideration is given to novel advanced techniques for wide array of PFAS classes including short chain PFAS removal, and compare their efficiencies, effectiveness, energy use, sustainability, cost, and simplicity in laboratory scale to field applications. Electrochemical, sonochemical, advanced oxidation processers (AOPs) and plasma together with novel hybrid techniques are considered as effective approaches for PFASs removal and have shown promising results for long chain and some short chain PFASs, as well as extremely persistent per-fluoro alkyl acids (PFAAs). Therefore, it is essential to better understand the removal mechanisms to optimise the advanced treatment processes like hybrid techniques because, the unique physicochemical characteristics of various PFASs impose difficult challenges. Careful selection of a combined effective treatment methodology in an integrated processing unit, would be a revolutionary approach for complete elimination of PFASs from the environment. Considering the site-specific water quality parameters together with community perspectives will also make it more viable in real world field applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dushanthi M Wanninayake
- Faculty of Health Engineering and Science, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dixit F, Barbeau B, Mostafavi SG, Mohseni M. PFAS and DOM removal using an organic scavenger and PFAS-specific resin: Trade-off between regeneration and faster kinetics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142107. [PMID: 32920395 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Treatment technologies such as ion exchange (IX) process exhibit promising potentials for the removal of toxic per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from natural waters. In recent years, industries have started manufacturing PFAS-specific resins which are typically operated in a single use-and-dispose mode until exhaustion. However, this increases the resin demand and the consequent operational cost and environmental burden of the IX process. In this study, the performance of a PFAS-specific resin (A592) was compared with that of a regenerative organic scavenger resin (A860) which is traditionally employed for dissolved organic matter (DOM) and micorpollutant removal. Comparative studies were performed to examine the removal of multiple long- and short-chain carboxylic, sulfonic, precursor and emerging PFAS (including GenX) from synthetic and natural waters. The A592 resin exhibited faster uptake kinetics for PFAS while simultaneously removing 10-15% of DOM. The A860 resin removed ~60-70% of DOM; however, it required approximately 3-fold higher contact times for achieving the same degree of PFAS removal when compared to the PFAS-specific resin. The resin breakthrough (Ctreated (PFAS) > 70 ng/L) was observed around 125,000 ± 5000 bed volumes (BVs) for the PFAS-specific resin (via multiple loading tests), while it ranged between 15,000-27,000 BVs for the organic scavenger. Yet, a mass balance on PFAS and DOM removal indicated ~90-98% site saturation (in milli-equivalents (meqs)) on both IX resins before exhaustion. More importantly, the regenerated organic scavenger resin (A860) exhibited PFAS and DOM removal capabilities for longer operational BVs when compared to A592 operated in a single-use-mode in natural waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuhar Dixit
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shadan Ghavam Mostafavi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hou C, Chen W, Fu L, Zhang S, Liang C, Wang Y. Efficient degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by electrospun lignin-based bimetallic MOFs nanofibers composite membranes with peroxymonosulfate under solar light irradiation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 174:319-329. [PMID: 33529627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has demonstrated potential toxicity to human health and has been detected in different environmental matrices due to its stable physical and chemical properties. To degrade PFOA under solar light irradiation, we fabricated a lignin/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Co/Fe metal-organic frameworks (lignin/PVA/bi-MOFs) composite membrane via a typical electrospinning and in-situ solvothermal method for the catalytic degradation of PFOA. In the peroxymonosulfate (PMS)/membranes/solar light system, Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis (EPR) demonstrated the sulfate radicals (SO4-) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) were generated by activating PMS with transition metal and solar light irradiation. Lignin/PVA/bi-MOFs showed outstanding performance in that 89.6% of PFOA was degraded within 3 h under optimal conditions. Compared with that in solar light, only 59.6% PFOA was degraded in the dark, and the rate constant of PFOA degradation decreased from 0.0150 min-1 to 0.0046 min-1. Moreover, lignin/PVA/bi-MOFs were reused after simply rinsing with ultra-pure water and the degradation capacity of lignin/PVA/bi-MOFs remained at 77% after 4 cycles. The results might provide a new concept for the design of bimetallic MOFs for applications in organic pollutant removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hou
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Linhui Fu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Sufeng Zhang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Chen Liang
- Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control of Guangxi Province, Guangxi University, Nanning 543003, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Xi'an 710021, China.
| |
Collapse
|