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Huang F, Graham NJD, Su Z, Xu L, Yu W. Capabilities of Microbial Consortia from Disparate Environment Matrices in the Decomposition of Nature Organic Matter by Biofiltration. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 262:122047. [PMID: 39003956 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a pivotal role in drinking water treatment, influencing the performance of unit processes and final water quality (e.g. disinfection byproduct risk). Biofiltration is an effective method of reducing DOM, but currently lacks a comprehensive appreciation of the association between microbial profiles and biofiltration performance. In this study, bench-scale biofiltration units inoculated with microbial consortia from river and soil matrices were operated successively for comparing their efficacy in terms of DOM removal. The results showed that biofiltration units receiving soil microbes were significantly superior (p < 0.05) to those receiving river inoculated microbes in terms of decomposing DOM recalcitrant fractions and reducing DBP formation potential, resulting in DOC and DBP precursor removals of up to 58.4 % and 87.9 %, respectively. Characterization of the taxonomic composition revealed that differences in the microbial assembly of the two biofilter groups were subject to deterministic rather than stochastic factors. Furthermore, more complicated interspecific relationships and niche structures in soil inoculated biofilters were deciphered by co-occurrence network, providing a plausible profile on a taxonomic division of labor in DOM stepwise degradation. Accordingly, the contribution of microbial compositions was found to be of greater importance than the GAC mass and biomass attached to the media. Thus, this study has advanced the understanding of microbial-mediated DOM decomposition in biofiltration, and also provided a promising strategy for enhancing the process for water use via developing appropriate engineered consortia of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Nigel J D Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Zhaoyang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Wenzheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China.
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Oliveira IM, Gomes IB, Simões LC, Simões M. A review of research advances on disinfection strategies for biofilm control in drinking water distribution systems. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121273. [PMID: 38359597 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The presence of biofilms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) is responsible for water quality deterioration and a possible source of public health risks. Different factors impact the biological stability of drinking water (DW) in the distribution networks, such as the presence and concentration of nutrients, water temperature, pipe material composition, hydrodynamic conditions, and levels of disinfectant residual. This review aimed to evaluate the current state of knowledge on strategies for DW biofilm disinfection through a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the literature published over the last decade. A systematic review method was performed on the 562 journal articles identified through database searching on Web of Science and Scopus, with 85 studies selected for detailed analysis. A variety of disinfectants were identified for DW biofilm control such as chlorine, chloramine, UV irradiation, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and others at a lower frequency, namely, electrolyzed water, bacteriophages, silver ions, and nanoparticles. The disinfectants can impact the microbial communities within biofilms, reduce the number of culturable cells and biofilm biomass, as well as interfere with the biofilm matrix components. The maintenance of an effective residual concentration in the water guarantees long-term prevention of biofilm formation and improves the inactivation of detached biofilm-associated opportunistic pathogens. Additionally, strategies based on multi-barrier processes by optimization of primary and secondary disinfection combined with other water treatment methods improve the control of opportunistic pathogens, reduce the chlorine-tolerance of biofilm-embedded cells, as well as decrease the corrosion rate in metal-based pipelines. Most of the studies used benchtop laboratory devices for biofilm research. Even though these devices mimic the conditions found in real DWDS, future investigations on strategies for DW biofilm control should include the validity of the promising strategies against biofilms formed in real DW networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Maria Oliveira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Bezerra Gomes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Chaves Simões
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Terry LG, Peterson E, Summers RS. Organic matter biofiltration performance modeling: Influence of influent water quality, operating conditions, and biomass. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 249:121006. [PMID: 38141435 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The impact of source water dissolved organic matter (DOM) origin, empty bed contact time (EBCT), temperature, and pretreatment methods on biofiltration performance was evaluated and predictive models based on experimental data were developed. Three DOM source water types, terrestrial, microbial, and treated wastewater (WW) effluent, were utilized. A model was developed to predict biofilter performance for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal based on the influent biodegradable DOC (BDOC) fraction, a single active biomass measurement from the top of the filter and the filter EBCT. A biomass distribution model was developed to predict total active biomass throughout the filter based on a single biomass measurement from the top of the filter. The measured BDOC fractions were 21 % for the nonWW impacted source waters, 36 % for the WW effluents and 62 % for the ozonated WW effluents. At an EBCT of 15 min, biofilters removed between 7 and 21 % of the DOC (19 to 50 % for BDOC) depending on the DOM type and use of ozonation. When the EBCT decreased to 5 min DOC removal decreased by 40 % and when increased to 30 min removal increased by 42 %. When the temperature decreased from 22 °C to 6 °C DOC removal was 33 % lower and when increased to 28 °C removal was 42 % higher. ATP values were found to be a function of temperature and DOM origin, as the average ATP values from the WW effluent biofilters were almost double that of the non-WW impacted sources and pre-ozonation of the WW effluent yielded values three times higher. The model was applied to the results of 27 different biofilter runs at three EBCTs yielding one distinct rate constant for the non-WW impacted source waters and one rate constant for the WW effluents. The model was successfully applied to the results of 19 filter runs from the literature and to those from a pilot plant over 6 months of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh G Terry
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, University of Alabama, Box 870205, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Eric Peterson
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 428, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - R Scott Summers
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 428, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Fitriani N, Theresia L, O'Marga TTN, Kurniawan SB, Supriyanto A, Abdullah SRS, Rietveld LC. Performance of a modified and intermittently operated slow sand filter with two different mediums in removing turbidity, ammonia, and phosphate with varying acclimatization periods. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22577. [PMID: 38046171 PMCID: PMC10686868 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the utilization of blood clam shells as a potential substitute for conventional media, as well as the influence of the acclimation time on the efficacy of an intermittent slow sand filter (ISSF) in the treatment of real domestic wastewater. ISSF was operated with 16 h on and 8 h off, focusing on the parameters of turbidity, ammonia, and phosphate. Two media combinations (only blood clam shells [CC] and sand + blood clam shells [SC]) were operated under two different acclimatization periods (14 and 28 d). Results showed that SC medium exhibited significantly higher removal of turbidity (p < 0.05) as compared to CC medium (45.99 ± 26.84 % vs. 3.79 ± 9.35 %), while CC exhibited slightly higher (p > 0.05) removal of ammonia (23.12 ± 20.2 % vs. 16.77 ± 16.8 %) and phosphate (18.03 ± 11.96 % vs 13.48 ± 12 %). Comparing the acclimatization periods, the 28 d of acclimatization period showed higher overall performances than the 14 d. Further optimizations need to be conducted to obtain an effluent value below the national permissible limit, since the ammonia and phosphate parameters are still slightly higher. SEM analysis confirmed the formation of biofilm on both mediums after 28 d of acclimatization; with further analysis of schmutzdecke formation need to be carried out to enrich the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurina Fitriani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Ledy Theresia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Timothy Tjahja Nugraha O'Marga
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Setyo Budi Kurniawan
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Opatovický mlýn, Novohradská 237, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Agus Supriyanto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Luuk C. Rietveld
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, CN Delft 2628, Netherlands
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5
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van Gijn K, van Dam MRHP, de Wilt HA, de Wilde V, Rijnaarts HHM, Langenhoff AAM. Removal of micropollutants and ecotoxicity during combined biological activated carbon and ozone (BO 3) treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120179. [PMID: 37302178 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is a viable option to improve the removal of micropollutants (MPs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Nevertheless, the application of ozonation is hindered by its high energy requirements and by the uncertainties regarding the formation of toxic transformation products in the process. Energy requirements of ozonation can be reduced with a pre-ozone treatment, such as a biological activated carbon (BAC) filter, that removes part of the effluent organic matter before ozonation. This study investigated a combination of BAC filtration followed by ozonation (the BO3 process) to remove MPs at low ozone doses and low energy input, and focused on the formation of toxic organic and inorganic products during ozonation. Effluent from a WWTP was collected, spiked with MPs (approximately 1 µg/L) and treated with the BO3 process. Different flowrates (0.25-4 L/h) and specific ozone doses (0.2-0.6 g O3/g TOC) were tested and MPs, ecotoxicity and bromate were analyzed. For ecotoxicity assessment, three in vivo (daphnia, algae and bacteria) and six in vitro CALUX assays (Era, GR, PAH, P53, PR, andNrf2 CALUX) were used. Results show that the combination of BAC filtration and ozonation has higher MP removal and higher ecotoxicity removal than only BAC filtration and only ozonation. The in vivo assays show a low ecotoxicity in the initial WWTP effluent samples and no clear trend with increasing ozone doses, while most of the in vitro assays show a decrease in ecotoxicity with increasing ozone dose. This suggests that for the tested bioassays, feed water and ozone doses, the overall ecotoxicity of the formed transformation products during ozonation was lower than the overall ecotoxicity of the parent compounds. In the experiments with bromide spiking, relevant formation of bromate was observed above specific ozone doses of approximately 0.4 O3/g TOC and more bromate was formed for the samples with BAC pre-treatment. This indirectly indicates the effectivity of the pre-treatment in removing organic matter and making ozone more available to react with other compounds (such as MPs, but also bromide), but also underlines the importance of controlling the ozone dose to be below the threshold to avoid formation of bromate. It was concluded that treatment of the tested WWTP effluent in the BO3 process at a specific ozone dose of 0.2 g O3/g TOC, results in high MP removal at limited energy input while no increase in ecotoxicity, nor formation of bromate was observed under this condition. This indicates that the hybrid BO3 process can be implemented to remove MPs and improve the ecological quality of this WWTP effluent with a lower energy demand than conventional MP removal processes such as standalone ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K van Gijn
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M R H P van Dam
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H A de Wilt
- Royal HaskoningDHV, 3800 BC Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - V de Wilde
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H H M Rijnaarts
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A A M Langenhoff
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Dubey M, Vellanki BP, Kazmi AA. Fate of emerging contaminants in a sequencing batch reactor and potential of biological activated carbon as tertiary treatment for the removal of persisting contaminants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117802. [PMID: 36996569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to understand the occurrence and removal of 20 emerging contaminants (ECs) in each unit process of a sequencing batch reactor-based wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and explore the potential of biological activated carbon (BAC) for the treatment of residual ECs and organic matter in the secondary effluent. Analgesic-acetaminophen, anti-inflammatory drug-ibuprofen, and stimulant-caffeine were detected at high concentrations in the influent. Most of the removal was observed in the biological treatment stage in the SBR basins. The mass load of the ECs was 2.93 g/d in the secondary effluent and 0.4 g/d in the final sludge, while the total removal of the mass load of ECs till the secondary treatment stage was 93.22%. 12 of the 20 ECs were removed by more than 50%, while carbamazepine (negative removal), sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim were removed by less than 20%. As a polishing step and to remove residual ECs, two BAC units were studied for 11,000 bed volumes (324 days). Packed column studies on granular activated carbon were conducted, and GAC development to BAC was monitored. SEM and FTIR were used to confirm and characterize the BAC. The BAC appeared to be more hydrophobic than the GAC. The BAC removed 78.4% and 40% of the dissolved ECs and organic carbon at an optimum EBCT of 25 min. Carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim were removed by 61.5, 84, and 52.2%, respectively. Parallel column tests revealed adsorption as an important mechanism for the removal of positively charged compounds. The results indicate that the BAC is an effective tertiary/polishing technique for removing organic and micropollutants in the secondary wastewater effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dubey
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bhanu Prakash Vellanki
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Absar Ahmad Kazmi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
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7
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Peterson ES, Summers RS, Cook SM. Control of Pre-formed Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts with Reuse Biofiltration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2516-2526. [PMID: 36724198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproduct (DBP) pre-formation is a major issue when prechlorination is used before or during advanced treatment of impacted drinking water sources. Control strategies for pre-formed DBPs before final disinfection, especially for currently nonregulated although highly toxic DBP species, are not yet established. This study evaluated the biodegradation potential of pre-formed DBPs, including haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloacetamides (HAMs), and haloacetaldehydes (HALs), during biofiltration with sand, anthracite, and biological activated carbon of three wastewater effluents under potable reuse conditions. Up to 90%+ removal of di- and trihalogenated HANs, HAMs, and HALs was observed, and removal was associated with active heterotrophic biomass and removal of biodegradable organic carbon. Unlike the microbial dehalogenation pathway of haloacetic acids (HAAs), removal of HANs and HAMs appeared to result from a biologically mediated hydrolysis pathway (i.e., HANs to HAMs and HAAs) that may be prone to inhibition. After prechlorination, biofiltration effectively controlled pre-formed DBP concentrations (e.g., from 271 μg/L to as low as 22 μg/L in total) and DBP-associated calculated toxicity (e.g., 96%+ reduction). Abiotic residual adsorption capacity in biological activated carbon media was important for controlling trihalomethanes. Overall, the toxicity-driving DBP species exhibited high biodegradation potential and biofiltration showed significant promise as a pre-formed DBP control technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Peterson
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 428 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - R Scott Summers
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 428 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sherri M Cook
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 428 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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8
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Yao Y, Wang Y, Liu Q, Li Y, Yan J. Mechanism of HMBR in Reducing Membrane Fouling under Different SRT: Effect of Sludge Load on Microbial Properties. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1242. [PMID: 36557149 PMCID: PMC9788495 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are the main causative agents of membrane fouling, and the use of a hybrid membrane bioreactor (HMBR) can mitigate this by reducing the EPS content. Four bench scale sets of HMBRs were used simultaneously to treat domestic wastewater. The effect of sludge retention times (SRT) on membrane fouling in HMBRs and the underlying mechanism were investigated by comparing and analyzing the changes in sludge load, microbial characteristics, EPS distribution characteristics, and transmembrane pressure under different SRTs. Results revealed that, among the four SRTs (10 d, 20 d, 30 d, and 60 d), the best removal rates of chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen were observed for an SRT of 30 d, with average removal rates of 95.0% and 57.1%, respectively. The best results for ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus removal were observed at an SRT of 20 d, with average removal rates of 84.3% and 99.5%, respectively. SRT can affect sludge load by altering the biomass, which significantly impacts the microbial communities. The highest microbial diversity was observed at an SRT of 30 d (with a BOD sludge load of 0.0310 kg/kg∙d), with Sphingobacteriales exhibiting the highest relative abundance at 19.6%. At this SRT setting, the microorganisms produced the least amount of soluble EPS and loosely bond EPS by metabolism, 3.41 mg/g and 4.52 mg/g, respectively. Owing to the reduced EPS content, membrane fouling was effectively controlled and the membrane module working cycle was effectively enhanced up to 99 d, the longest duration among the four SRTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yao
- Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, No. 5 Houyingfang Hutong, Xicheng District, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Yanju Wang
- Xuzhou Dazhong Water Operation Co., Ltd., No. 128 Heping Road, Yunlong District, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, No. 2 Lishui Road, Yunlong District, Xuzhou 221111, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, No. 2 Lishui Road, Yunlong District, Xuzhou 221111, China
| | - Junwei Yan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, No. 2 Lishui Road, Yunlong District, Xuzhou 221111, China
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Li M, Wen Q, Zhang Y, Chen Z. New insights into the transformation of effluent organic matter during Fe(II)-assisted advanced oxidation processes: Parallel factor analysis coupled with self-organizing maps. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118789. [PMID: 35785694 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The negative effects of effluent organic matter (EfOM) on receiving aquatic environments and advanced treatment facilities pose significant concerns. However, the effective removal of EfOM is challenging due to its chemically complex nature and its refractory characteristics. In this study, two Fe(II)-assisted oxidation processes including UV/Fe(II)/H2O2 and UV/Fe(II)/persulfate (UV/Fe(II)/PS) were investigated to promote EfOM reduction. Fe(II) was essential for promoting EfOM degradation. The mineralization rate of EfOM increased from 7 to 29% with 2 mM Fe(II) addition in the UV/H2O2 process and to 23% with 0.8 mM Fe(II) addition in the UV/PS process. A preliminary experiment was conducted to obtain the optimal molar ratio of oxidant to Fe(II) for practical applications based on different indicators. The form of Fe(III) prevalent at different pH values strongly affected Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycling, thus determining the progress of EfOM degradation. A machine learning approach consisting of parallel factor analysis coupled with self-organizing maps (PARAFAC-SOM) was employed with fluorescence spectra to visualize the degradation behavior of EfOM in the different reaction systems. Four components (i.e., two humic-like substances, one fulvic acid, and one tryptophan-like substance) were eventually identified, and their reductions reached more than 62% during the Fe(II)-assisted oxidation processes. The degradation orders for each component in the different oxidation processes were initially evaluated by SOM analysis with Fmax percentage data. The degradation behavior of EfOM in the UV/Fe(II)/H2O2 and UV/Fe(II)/PS systems exhibited different trends based on the best matching unit map and component planes. The humic-like component was more refractory than the other three components in both oxidation processes. The microbial humic-like and high-molecular-weight fulvic acid substances showed higher reactivity with SO·4- than with ·OH, while the tryptophan-like substance was more reactive in the UV/Fe(II)/H2O2 system than in the UV/Fe(II)/PS system. The outcomes of this study provide new insights into the degradation behavior of EfOM, promoting the development of advanced wastewater treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Li
- School of Environmental and Geography Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Qinxue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yongming Zhang
- School of Environmental and Geography Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin 150090, China.
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10
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Piras F, Nakhla G, Murgolo S, De Ceglie C, Mascolo G, Bell K, Jeanne T, Mele G, Santoro D. Optimal integration of vacuum UV with granular biofiltration for advanced wastewater treatment: Impact of process sequence on CECs removal and microbial ecology. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118638. [PMID: 35640512 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study explored process synergies attainable by integrating a vacuum ultraviolet-based advanced oxidation process with biofiltration. A comparison using granular activated carbon or granular zeolite as filtration media were examined in context of advanced wastewater treatment for potable reuse. Six biofiltration columns, three with granular activated carbon and three with granular zeolite, were operated in parallel and batch-fed daily with nitrified secondary effluent. After achieving a pseudo-steady state through the filter columns, vacuum ultraviolet treatment was applied as pre-treatment or as post-treatment, at two different applied energies (i.e., VUV-E1=1 kWh/m3 and VUV-E10=10 kWh/m3). Once granular activated carbon had transitioned to biologically activated carbon, as determined based on soluble chemical oxygen demand removal, adsorption was still observed as the main mechanism for contaminants of emerging concern and nitrate removal. Vacuum ultraviolet pre-treatment markedly improved contaminants of emerging concern removal through the integrated system, achieving 40% at VUV-E1 and 90% at VUV-E10. When applied as post-treatment to zeolite column effluents, VUV-E1 and VUV-E10 further increased contaminants of emerging concern removal by 20% and 90%, respectively. In the zeolite system, vacuum ultraviolet pre-treatment also increased soluble chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency, indicating that higher energy vacuum ultraviolet increased biodegradability. Total prokaryotes were two-fold more abundant in biologically activated carbon than in zeolite, with vacuum ultraviolet pretreatment markedly affecting microbial diversity, both in terms of richness and composition. Media type only marginally affected microbial richness in the biofilters but showed a marked impact on structural composition. No clear relationship between compositional structure and depth was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Piras
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - G Nakhla
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - S Murgolo
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council (IRSA - CNR), via F. de Blasio 5, Bari 70132, Italy
| | - C De Ceglie
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council (IRSA - CNR), via F. de Blasio 5, Bari 70132, Italy
| | - G Mascolo
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council (IRSA - CNR), via F. de Blasio 5, Bari 70132, Italy
| | - K Bell
- Brown & Caldwell, 220 Athens Way #500, Nashville, TN 37228, USA
| | - T Jeanne
- Institut de recherche et de développement en agroenvironnement (IRDA), 2700 rue Einstein, Quebec City, QC G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - G Mele
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - D Santoro
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada.
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11
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Peterson ES, Johnson S, Shiokari S, Yu Y, Cook SM, Summers RS. Impacts of carbon-based advanced treatment processes on disinfection byproduct formation and speciation for potable reuse. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118643. [PMID: 35667166 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For the potable reuse of municipal wastewater effluent, carbon based advanced treatment (CBAT) using coagulation, ozonation, biofiltration and/or granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption is a promising approach for controlling disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation. However, CBAT can also favor a shift in DBP formation to more toxic brominated DBP species. To protect public health, treatment-specific DBP formation and speciation trends need to be identified and understood. First, this study systematically evaluated the treatment of six wastewater effluents with four CBAT process trains (experimental n was 55) and measured DBP formation and speciation trends. Overall, CBAT decreased DBP formation by >90% and GAC preferentially removed highly-reactive effluent organic matter as indicated by lower yields of both highly-forming and highly-toxic classes of carbonaceous and nitrogenous DBPs. Since GAC treatment also induced systematic speciation changes by increasing the ratio of bromide to dissolved organic matter, the second part of this study focused on understanding the health impacts of DBP speciation changes on calculated additive toxicity (CAT). Based on the evaluation of 20 DBPs, measured using established methods, the CAT values from cyto- and genotoxicity metrics decreased by as much as 85% due to high levels of precursor removal by GAC. Expanding the evaluation to include 52 DBPs, measured using more extensive analytical methods, resulted in the same conclusions. This study also developed a "speciation potency" metric, that re-scales class-by-class speciation trends using toxic potency factors (e.g., cytotoxicity [LC50]). The observed shifts in DBP speciation after treatment increased the class-level toxic potency factors by up to a factor of 4; a greater amount of precursor removal is required for treatment to reduce toxicity, which was achieved with CBAT trains. This proposed approach of combining speciation potency with DBP yields enables evaluation of DBP-associated risk with easily measured surrogates (i.e., bromide and dissolved organic carbon [DOC]). By identifying and quantitatively comparing DBP formation and speciation trends over multiple wastewater effluents and treatment trains, this study demonstrates that CBAT can be a robust approach to DBP precursor removal for potable reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Peterson
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Sierra Johnson
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Steven Shiokari
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Yun Yu
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Sherri M Cook
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - R Scott Summers
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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12
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Lu Z, Jing Z, Huang J, Ke Y, Li C, Zhao Z, Ao X, Sun W. Can we shape microbial communities to enhance biological activated carbon filter performance? WATER RESEARCH 2022; 212:118104. [PMID: 35114529 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A new focus on biofiltration has emerged that aims to shape microbial communities to improve treatment efficacy. It is therefore necessary to understand the linkages between microbial community structure and biofilter function. However, the assembly and interaction of microbial communities in biological activated carbon (BAC) filters are unknown. In this study, we selected one coal-based granular activated carbon (GAC), GAC-13, with simultaneously developed micropore and micro-level macropore volume used for a bench-scale BAC column experiment, and compared it with other coal-based GACs and wood-based GAC in terms of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal and microbial community characteristics. The results showed that there was no difference between the DOC removal efficiency of BAC-13 and the other two coal-based BAC filters with high iodine value in the period dominated by adsorption, while the DOC removal efficiency of BAC-13 (64.7±0.6%) was significantly higher than that of other BAC filters (36.3±0.8-54.1±0.4%) with a difference of 0.3-0.7 mg/L in DOC during the steady state. The bacterial communities were strongly assembled by deterministic rather than stochastic factors, where the surface polarity of GAC had a greater effect on the microbial communities than its physical properties. The corresponding co-occurrence network revealed that microbes in the BAC filter may be more cooperative than competitive. The keystone bacterium Hyphomicrobium, which had a relatively low abundance, contributed 0.3-1% more to the most abundant functions and produced 5-21 proteins/(g·GAC) more than the dominant bacterium Sphingobium. The metaproteomic-based approach could provide more accurate information regarding the contributions of different species to metabolic functions. The pore size distribution of GAC was found to be an important factor in determining BAC filter performance; the most important pore sizes were micropores and micro-level macropores (0.2-10 μm and >100 μm in diameter), and the latter impacted the abundance of keystone species. Overall, our findings provide new insights into shaping microbial communities by optimizing pore size structure to improve BAC performance, especially the abundance of keystone species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zedong Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Zibo Jing
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Beijing Drainage Group Co. Ltd. (BDG), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yanchu Ke
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhinan Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiuwei Ao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China.
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13
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Liu Z, Solliec M, Papineau I, Lompe KM, Mohseni M, Bérubé PR, Sauvé S, Barbeau B. Elucidating the removal of organic micropollutants on biological ion exchange resins. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152137. [PMID: 34864032 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biological ion exchange (BIEX) refers to operating ion exchange (IX) filters with infrequent regeneration to favor the microbial growth on resin surface and thereby contribute to the removal of organic matter through biodegradation. However, the extent of biodegradation on BIEX resins is still debatable due to the difficulty in discriminating between biodegradation and IX. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of BIEX resins for the removal of organic micropollutants and thereby validate the occurrence of biodegradation. The removals of biodegradable micropollutants (neutral: caffeine and estradiol; negative: ibuprofen and naproxen) and nonbiodegradable micropollutants with different charges (neutral: atrazine and thiamethoxam; negative: PFOA and PFOS) were respectively monitored during batch tests with biotic and abiotic BIEX resins. Results demonstrated that biodegradation contributed to the removal of caffeine, estradiol, and ibuprofen, confirming that biodegradation occurred on the BIEX resins. Furthermore, biodegradation contributed to a lower extent to the removal of naproxen probably due to the absence of an adapted bacterial community (Biotic: 49% vs Abiotic: 38% after 24 h batch test). The removal of naproxen, PFOS, and PFOA were attributable to ion exchange with previously retained natural organic matter on BIEX resins. Nonbiodegradable and neutral micropollutants (atrazine and thiamethoxam) were minimally (6%-10%) removed during the batch tests. Overall, the present study corroborates that biomass found on BIEX resins contribute to the removal of micropollutants through biodegradation and ion exchange resins can be used as biomass support for biofiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada; NSERC-Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Mining and Geological Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Morgan Solliec
- NSERC-Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Mining and Geological Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Isabelle Papineau
- NSERC-Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Mining and Geological Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Kim M Lompe
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Pierre R Bérubé
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada.
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- NSERC-Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Mining and Geological Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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