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Yuan Y, Gao J, Wang Z, Xu H, Zeng L, Fu X, Zhao Y. Exposure to zinc and dialkyldimethyl ammonium compound alters bacterial community structure and resistance gene levels in partial sulfur autotrophic denitrification coupled with the Anammox process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135070. [PMID: 38944986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Dialkyldimethyl ammonium compound (DADMAC) is widely used in daily life as a typical disinfectant and often co-exists with the heavy metal zinc in sewage environments. This study investigated the effects of co-exposure to zinc (1 mg/L) and DADMAC (0.2-5 mg/L) on the performance, bacterial community, and resistance genes (RGs) in a partial sulfur autotrophic denitrification coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (PSAD-Anammox) system in a sequencing batch moving bed biofilm reactor for 150 days. Co-exposure to zinc and low concentration (0.2 mg/L) DADMAC did not affect the nitrogen removal ability of the PASD-Anammox system, but increased the abundance and transmission risk of free RGs in water. Co-exposure to zinc and medium-to-high (2-5 mg/L) DADMAC led to fluctuations in and inhibition of nitrogen removal, which might be related to the enrichment of heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria dominated by Denitratisoma. Co-exposure to zinc and high concentration DADMAC (5 mg/L) stimulated the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances and increased the proliferation risk of intracellular RGs in sludge. This study provided insights into the application of PSAD-Anammox system and the ecological risks of wastewater containing zinc and DADMAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Yuan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jingfeng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Zhiqi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; Institute of NBC Defense, P.O. Box 1048, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hongxin Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Liqin Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaoyu Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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2
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Chen R, Shen W, Chen Z, Guo J, Yang L, Fei G, Chen X, Wang L. Modulation of soil nitrous oxide emissions and nitrogen leaching by hillslope hydrological processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175637. [PMID: 39168321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrogen (N) leaching are key pathways for soil N loss in hillslope ecosystem, with potential implications for global warming and water body eutrophication. While soil N loss in hillslope ecosystem has been extensively studied, there is limited understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution patterns and factors driving soil N2O emissions and N leaching from a hillslope hydrology perspective. This study investigated N concentrations in leachate and soil N2O fluxes and their responses to soil hydrological factors on a tea plantation (TP) hillslope and a bamboo forest (BF) hillslope. Four distinct precipitation patterns-spring rainfall (SR), plum rain (PR), summer flood rain (SF), and drought period (DR)-were identified based on precipitation intensity, duration, and cumulative precipitation. Results showed that, soil N2O flux and leachate N concentrations were 8.2 times and 18.0 times higher On TP hillslope compared to the BF hillslope. The greatest soil N2O fluxes occurred during the PR period, while the lowest were observed during the DR period. Precipitation increased soil water content (SWC) and water-filled pore space, stimulating soil N cycling for N2O production. Fertilization activities and precipitation led to peak N concentration in leachate during the SR period. Additionally, soil wetness index (SWI) shaped spatial patterns of SWC, resulting in distinct spatial patterns of N2O emissions and nitrate leaching. Locations with higher SWI exhibited greater soil N2O flux and higher nitrate concentrations in leachate. This study emphasizes the significant effect of soil hydrological processes on soil N2O emissions and N leaching in hillslope ecosystems, providing valuable insights for N management in these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidong Chen
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province 210023, China
| | - Wanqi Shen
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province 210023, China
| | - Ziting Chen
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province 210023, China
| | - Jiaxun Guo
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu province 221116, China
| | - Long Yang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province 210023, China
| | - Guosong Fei
- Jiangsu Province Hydrology and Water Resources Investigation Bureau, Nanjing, Jiangsu province 210029, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Jiangsu Province Hydrology and Water Resources Investigation Bureau, Nanjing, Jiangsu province 210029, China
| | - Lachun Wang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province 210023, China.
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Shi H, Du Y, Xiong Y, Deng Y, Li Q. Source-oriented health risk assessment of groundwater nitrate by using EMMTE coupled with HHRA model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:173283. [PMID: 38759927 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Conventional concentration-oriented approaches for nitrate risk diagnosis only provide overall risk levels without identifying risk values of individual sources or sources accountable for potential health risks. Therefore, a hybrid model combining the end-member mixing model tool on Excel™ (EMMTE) with human health risk assessment (HHRA) was developed to assess the source-oriented health risks for groundwater nitrate, particularly in the Poyang Lake Plain (PLP) region. The results indicated that the EMMTE and the Bayesian stable isotope mixing model (MixSIAR) exhibited remarkable consistency in source apportionment of groundwater nitrate. The source contribution of groundwater nitrate in PLP was related to land use types, hydrogeological conditions, and soil properties. Notably, manure and sewage sources, contributing up to 53.4 %, represented the largest nitrate pollution sources, with a significant contribution of soil nitrogen and nitrogen fertilizers. The non-carcinogenic risk for four potential sources was below the acceptable threshold of 1. Given the factors including rainfall dilution and economic development, attention should be directed towards mitigating the health risks posed by manure and sewage. This study can verify the efficacy of EMMTE in source apportionment and offer valuable insights for decision-makers to regulate the largest sources of nitrate contamination and enhance groundwater management efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; School of Environmental Studies, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Yao Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; School of Environmental Studies, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China.
| | - Yaojin Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; School of Environmental Studies, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Yamin Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; School of Environmental Studies, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- Wuhan Center of China Geological Survey, Wuhan 430205, China.
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Bao Y, Sun M, Wang Y, Hu M, Hu P, Wu L, Huang W, Li S, Wen J, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Wu N. Nitrate transformation and source tracking of Yarlung Tsangpo River using a multi-tracer approach combined with Bayesian stable isotope mixing model. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118925. [PMID: 38615795 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Excessive levels of nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) could lead to ecological issues, particularly in the Yarlung Tsangpo River (YTR) region located on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the fate and sources of nitrogen to facilitate pollution mitigation efforts. Herein, multiple isotopes and source resolution models were applied to analyze key transformation processes and quantify the sources of NO3-. The δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- isotopic compositions in the YTR varied between 1.23‰ and 13.64‰ and -7.88‰-11.19‰, respectively. The NO3--N concentrations varied from 0.08 to 0.86 mg/L in the dry season and 0.20-1.19 mg/L during the wet season. Nitrification remained the primary process for nitrogen transformation in both seasons. However, the wet season had a widespread effect on increasing nitrate levels, while denitrification had a limited ability to reduce nitrate. The elevated nitrate concentrations during the flood season were caused by increased release of NO3- from manure & sewage (M&S) and chemical fertilizers (CF). Future endeavors should prioritize enhancing management strategies to improve the utilization efficiency of CF and hinder the direct entry of untreated sewage into the water system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Meng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yuchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Mingming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Peng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Leixiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Shanze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Jie Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Watershed Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - ZhongJun Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Zhang X, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Qian H, Xing J, Joseph A, Rene ER, Li J, Zhu N. The interplay of hematite and photic biofilm triggers the acceleration of biotic nitrate removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142136. [PMID: 38692363 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The soil-water interface is replete with photic biofilm and iron minerals; however, the potential of how iron minerals promote biotic nitrate removal is still unknown. This study investigates the physiological and ecological responses of photic biofilm to hematite (Fe2O3), in order to explore a practically feasible approach for in-situ nitrate removal. The nitrate removal by photic biofilm was significantly higher in the presence of Fe2O3 (92.5%) compared to the control (82.8%). Results show that the presence of Fe2O3 changed the microbial community composition of the photic biofilm, facilitates the thriving of Magnetospirillum and Pseudomonas, and promotes the growth of photic biofilm represented by the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and the content of chlorophyll. The presence of Fe2O3 also induces oxidative stress (•O2-) in the photic biofilm, which was demonstrated by electron spin resonance spectrometry. However, the photic biofilm could improve the EPS productivity to prevent the entrance of Fe2O3 to cells in the biofilm matrix and mitigate oxidative stress. The Fe2O3 then promoted the relative abundance of Magnetospirillum and Pseudomonas and the activity of nitrate reductase, which accelerates nitrate reduction by the photic biofilm. This study provides an insight into the interaction between iron minerals and photic biofilm and demonstrates the possibility of combining biotic and abiotic methods to improve the in-situ nitrate removal rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yanhui Zhao
- Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Yimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Haoliang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Jun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Akaninyene Joseph
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jizhou Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Ningyuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, 210008, China.
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6
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Chen W, Zhang X, Wu N, Yuan C, Liu Y, Yang Y, Chen Z, Dahlgren RA, Zhang M, Ji X. Sources and transformations of riverine nitrogen across a coastal-plain river network of eastern China: New insights from multiple stable isotopes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171671. [PMID: 38479520 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Riverine nitrogen pollution is ubiquitous and attracts considerable global attention. Nitrate is commonly the dominant total nitrogen (TN) constituent in surface and ground waters; thus, stable isotopes of nitrate (δ15N/δ18O-NO3-) are widely used to differentiate nitrate sources. However, δ15N/δ18O-NO3- approach fails to present a holistic perspective of nitrogen pollution for many coastal-plain river networks because diverse nitrogen species contribute to high TN loads. In this study, multiple isotopes, namely, δ15N/δ18O-NO3-, δ18O-H2O, δ15N-NH4+, δ15N-PN, and δ15Nbulk/δ18O/SP-N2O in the Wen-Rui Tang River, a typical coastal-plain river network of Eastern China, were investigated to identify transformation processes and sources of nitrogen. Then, a stable isotope analysis in R (SIAR) model-TN source apportionment method was developed to quantify the contributions of different nitrogen sources to riverine TN loads. Results showed that nitrogen pollution in the river network was serious with TN concentrations ranging from 1.71 to 8.09 mg/L (mean ± SD: 3.77 ± 1.39 mg/L). Ammonium, nitrate, and suspended particulate nitrogen were the most prominent nitrogen components during the study period, constituting 45.4 %, 28.9 %, and 19.9 % of TN, respectively. Multiple hydrochemical and isotopic analysis identified nitrification as the dominant N cycling process. Biological assimilation and denitrification were minor N cycling processes, whereas ammonia volatilization was deemed negligible. Isotopic evidence and SIAR modeling revealed municipal sewage was the dominant contributor to nitrogen pollution. Based on quantitative estimates from the SIAR model, nitrogen source contributions to the Wen-Rui Tang River watershed followed: municipal sewage (40.6 %) ≈ soil nitrogen (39.5 %) > nitrogen fertilizer (9.7 %) > atmospheric deposition (2.8 %) during wet season; and municipal sewage (59.1 %) > soil nitrogen (30.4 %) > nitrogen fertilizer (4.1 %) > atmospheric deposition (1.0 %) during dry season. This study provides a deeper understanding of nitrogen dynamics in eutrophic coastal-plain river networks, which informs strategies for efficient control and remediation of riverine nitrogen pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health of Zhejiang Province, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Nianting Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Can Yuan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yinli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health of Zhejiang Province, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Southern Zhejiang Water Research Institute, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health of Zhejiang Province, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Randy A Dahlgren
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Minghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health of Zhejiang Province, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Southern Zhejiang Water Research Institute, Wenzhou 325035, China; Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health of Zhejiang Province, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Wang A, Zhang S, Liang Z, Zeng Z, Ma Y, Zhang Z, Yang Y, He Z, Yu G, Liang Y. Response of microbial communities to exogenous nitrate nitrogen input in black and odorous sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118137. [PMID: 38295972 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Since nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) input has proved an effective approach for the treatment of black and odorous river waterbody, it was controversial whether the total nitrogen concentration standard should be raised when the effluent from the sewage treatment plant is discharged into the polluted river. To reveal the effect of exogenous nitrate (NO3--N) on black odorous waterbody, sediments with different features from contaminated rivers were collected, and the changes of physical and chemical characteristics and microbial community structure in sediments before and after the addition of exogenous NO3--N were investigated. The results showed that after the input of NO3--N, reducing substances such as acid volatile sulfide (AVS) in the sediment decreased by 80 % on average, ferrous (Fe2+) decreased by 50 %, yet the changing trend of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) in some sediment samples increased while others decreased. High-throughput sequencing results showed that the abundance of Thiobacillus at most sites increased significantly, becoming the dominant genus in the sediment, and the abundance of functional genes in the metabolome increased, such as soxA, soxX, soxY, soxZ. Network analysis showed that sediment microorganisms evolved from a single sulfur oxidation ecological function to diverse ecological functions, such as nitrogen cycle nirB, nirD, nirK, nosZ, and aerobic decomposition. In summary, inputting an appropriate amount of exogenous NO3--N is beneficial for restoring and maintaining the oxidation states of river sediment ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shengrui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ziyang Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhanqin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yingshi Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhiang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zihao He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guangwei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China.
| | - Yuhai Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China.
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8
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Feng W, Wang S, Tan K, Ma L, Hu C. Simulation of spatial and temporal variation of nitrate leaching in the vadose zone of alluvial regions on a large regional scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170114. [PMID: 38232832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Excessive use of fertilizers presents a significant threat to groundwater safety. To mitigate nitrate leaching and ensure the sustainable utilization of groundwater resources, it is crucial to quantify the spatial heterogeneity of nitrogen leaching and its drivers. Therefore, accurate modeling of deep nitrate leaching at large regional scales is necessary. In this study, we have created a computational framework to analyze the transport of unsaturated zone water and nitrate at a regional scale. The framework is based on a process-oriented, watershed-scale computational model that segments the study area into a grid system, with each grid modeled using Richards-based advection-diffusion equations for water and solutes. The research model estimated nitrate nitrogen leaching, accumulation, and denitrification in the vadose zone of agricultural fields in the Baiyangdian watershed, which is a typical agricultural region with complex land use and soil deposition conditions in the North China Plain. The results showed that there were significant spatial differences in nitrate N leaching, denitrification and accumulation with values of 0-388 kg/ha/year, 30-177 kg/ha/year and 75-4778 kg/ha. Groundwater recharge in the wheat/maize, vegetable, and cotton area exhibited a negative correlation with nitrate N accumulation while showing a positive correlation with nitrate N leaching. Nitrate nitrogen distribution indicated spatial heterogeneity, attributable mainly to the heterogeneity in soil texture, structure, and land use. With nitrate nitrogen leaching and denitrification levels reaching 327-388 kg/ha/year and 133-175 kg/ha/year, respectively, vegetable fields pose a direct threat to groundwater. Meanwhile, wheat/maize fields showed the greatest nitrate nitrogen accumulation, ranging from 624 to 4778 kg/ha. This excessive buildup of nitrate in these fields presents a potential hazard to groundwater quality. Soil texture in the root zone had a greater influence on the amount of nitrate leaching and denitrification than soil texture below the root zone. Deeper soil texture (>2 m) was found to mainly control total nitrate accumulation in the vadose zone. To assess nitrate leaching, denitrification, and accumulation at a regional scale within the deep vadose zone, a process-oriented model was developed, considering the intricate associations among land usage, soil texture, and biochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China; Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Hebei GEO University, No. 136 East Huai'an Road, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Shiqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China.
| | - Kangda Tan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Chunsheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
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Kaown D, Lee E, Koh DC, Mayer B, Mahlknecht J, Park DK, Yoon YY, Kim RH, Lee KK. The effects of heavy rain on the fate of urban and agricultural pollutants in the riverside area around weirs using multi-isotope, microbial data and numerical simulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169422. [PMID: 38135072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The increase in extreme heavy rain due to climate change is a critical factor in the fate of urban and agricultural pollutants in aquatic system. Nutrients, including NO3- and PO43-, are transported with surface and seepage waters into rivers, lakes and aquifers and can eventually lead to algal blooms. δ15N-NO3-, δ18O-NO3-, and δ11B combined with hydrogeochemical and microbial data for groundwater and surface water samples were interpreted to evaluate the fate of nutrients in a riverside area around weirs in Daegu, South Korea. Most of the ions showed similar concentrations in the groundwater samples before and after heavy rain while concentrations of major ions in surface water samples were diluted after heavy rain. However, Si, PO43-, Zn, Ce, La, Pb, Cu and a number of waterborne pathogens increased in surface water after heavy rain. The interpretation of δ11B, δ15N-NO3-, and δ18O-NO3- values using a Bayesian mixing model revealed that sewage and synthetic fertilizers were the main sources of contaminants in the groundwater and surface water samples. δ18O and SiO2 interpreted using the Bayesian mixing model indicated that the groundwater component in the surface water increased from 4.4 % to 17.9 % during the wet season. This is consistent with numerical simulation results indicating that the direct surface runoff and the groundwater baseflow contributions to the river system had also increased 6.4 times during the wet season. The increase in proteobacteria and decrease of actinobacteria in the surface water samples after heavy rain were also consistent with an increase of surface runoff and an increased groundwater component in the surface water. This study suggests that source apportionment based on chemical and multi-isotope data combined with numerical modeling approaches can be useful for identifying main hydrological and geochemical processes in riverside areas around weirs and can inform suggestions of effective methods for water quality management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dugin Kaown
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Lee
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Koh
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Bernhard Mayer
- Department of Earth, Energy and Environment, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64149, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Dong Kyu Park
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Yeol Yoon
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kang-Kun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Chen X, Ren M, Li G, Zhang J, Xie F, Zheng L. Identification of nitrate accumulation mechanism of surface water in a mining-rural-urban agglomeration area based on multiple isotopic evidence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169123. [PMID: 38070569 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The accumulation of nitrate (NO3-) in surface waters resulting from mining activities and rapid urbanization has raised widespread concerns. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a nitrate transformation information system to elucidate the nitrogen cycle and ensure sustainable water quality management. In this study, we focused on the main river and subsidence area of the Huaibei mining region to monitor the temporal and spatial variations in the NO3- content. Multiple isotopes (δD, δ18O-H2O, δ15N-NO3-, δ18O-NO3-, and δ15N-NH4+) along with water chemistry indicators were employed to identify the key mechanisms responsible for nitrate accumulation (e.g., nitrification and denitrification). The NO3- concentrations in surface water ranged from 0.28 to 7.50 mg/L, with NO3- being the predominant form of nitrogen pollution. Moreover, the average NO3- levels were higher during the dry season than during the wet season. Nitrification was identified as the primary process driving NO3- accumulation in rivers and subsidence areas, which was further supported by the linear relationship between δ15N-NO3- and δ15N-NH4+. The redox conditions and the relationship between δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3-, and lower isotope enrichment factor of denitrification indicated that denitrification was weakened. Phytoplankton preferentially utilized available NH4+ sources while inhibiting NO3- assimilation because of their abundance. These findings provide direct evidence regarding the mechanism underlying nitrate accumulation in mining areas, while aiding in formulating improved measures for effectively managing water environments to prevent further deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Mengxi Ren
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Chaohu University, Chaohu 238000, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Guolian Li
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Fazhi Xie
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Liugen Zheng
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
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11
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Kuznetsova OV. Current trends and challenges in the analysis of marine environmental contaminants by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:71-85. [PMID: 37979060 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of organic and inorganic pollutants are being detected in the marine environment, posing a severe threat to the ecosystem and human health, even in trace concentrations. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is one of the critical methods for determining the origin and fate of environmental pollutants and characterising their transformation processes. It has been used for a relatively long time for ecological monitoring of some well-studied industrial hydrocarbons at contaminated sites. However, the method still faces many analytical challenges. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent technical advances concerning IRMS analysis of various contaminants and discusses typical pitfalls encountered in marine environment analysis. Particular attention is given to the study of sampling techniques and sample preparation for examination, often the keys to successful research given the complexity of marine matrices and the diverse and numerous nature of contaminants. Prospects for developing IRMS to monitor pollution sources and pollutant transformation in the marine environment are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Kuznetsova
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Kosygin St. 19, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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12
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Wu Y, Li J, Zhang X, Jiang Z, Liu S, Yang J, Huang X. The distinct phases of fresh-seawater mixing intricately regulate the nitrogen transformation processes in a high run-off estuary: Insight from multi-isotopes and microbial function analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120809. [PMID: 37922637 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive anthropogenic nitrogen inputs lead to the accumulation of nitrogen, and significantly impact the nitrogen transformation processes in estuaries. However, the governing of nitrogen during its transport from terrestrial to estuary under the influence of diverse human activities and hydrodynamic environments, particularly in the fresh-seawater mixing zone, remains insufficient researched and lack of basis. To address this gap, we employed multi-isotopes, including δ15N-NO3-, δ18O-NO3-, δ15N-NH4+, and δ15N-PN, as well as microbial function analysis, to investigate the nitrogen transformation processes in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), a highly anthropogenic and terrestrial estuary. Principle component analysis (PCA) confirmed that the PRE could clearly partitioned into three zone, e.g., terrestrial area (T zone), mixing area (M zone) and seawater area (S zone), in terms of nitrogen transportation and transformation processes. The δ15N-NO3- (3.38±0.60‰) and δ18O-NO3- (6.35±2.45‰) results in the inner estuary (T area) indicate that NO3-attributed to the domestic sewage and groundwater discharge in the river outlets lead to a higher nitrification rate in the outlets of the Pearl River than in the reaching and seawater intrusion areas, although nitrate is rapidly diluted by seawater after entering the estuary. The transformation of nitrogen in the T zone was under significant nitrogen fixation (0.61 ± 0.22 %) and nitrification processes (0.0043 ± 0.0032 %) (presumably driven by Exiguobacterium sp. (14.1 %) and Cyanobium_PCC-6307 (8.1 %)). In contrast, relatively low δ15N-NO3- (6.83 ± 1.24‰) and high δ18O-NO3- (22.13±6.01‰) imply that atmospheric deposition has increased its contribution to seawater nitrate and denitrification (0.53±0.13 %) was enhanced by phytoplankton/bacterial (such as Psychrobacter sp. and Rhodococcus) in the S zone. The assimilation of NH4 results from the ammonification of NO3- reduces δ15N-NH4+ (5.36 ± 1.49‰) and is then absorbed by particulate nitrogen (PN). The retention of nitrogen when fresh-seawater mixing enhances the elevation of δ15N-NH4+ (8.19 ± 2.19‰) and assimilation of NH4+, leading to an increase in PN and δ15N-PN (6.91 ± 1.52‰) from biological biomass (mainly Psychrobacter sp. and Rhodococcus). The results of this research demonstrate a clear and comprehensive characterization of the nitrogen transformation process in an anthropogenic dominated estuary, highlighting its importance for regulating the nitrogen dissipation in the fresh-seawater mixing process in estuarine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Zhijian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Guangzhou, 511458, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Songlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Guangzhou, 511458, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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13
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Cao S, Li Y, Hao Q, Liu C, Zhu Y, Li Z, Yuan R. Spatio-temporal analysis of the sources and transformations of anthropogenic nitrogen in a highly degraded coastal basin in Southeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:86202-86217. [PMID: 37402913 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen transport from terrestrial to aquatic environments could cause water quality deterioration and eutrophication. By sampling in the high- and low-flow periods in a highly disturbed coastal basin of Southeast China, hydrochemical characteristics, nitrate stable isotope composition, estimation of potential nitrogen source input fluxes, and the Bayesian mixing model were combined to determine the sources and transformation of nitrogen. Nitrate was the main form of nitrogen. Nitrification, nitrate assimilation, and NH4+ volatilization were the main nitrogen transformation processes, whereas denitrification was limited due to the high flow rate and unsuitable physicochemical properties. For both sampling periods, non-point source pollution from the upper to the middle reaches was the main source of nitrogen, especially in the high-flow period. In addition to synthetic fertilizer, atmospheric deposition and sewage and manure input were also major nitrate sources in the low-flow period. Hydrological condition was the main factor determining nitrate transformation in this coastal basin, despite the high degree of urbanization and the high volume of sewage discharge in the middle to the lower reaches. The findings of this study highlight that the control of agricultural non-point contamination sources is essential to pollution and eutrophication alleviation, especially for watersheds that receive high amounts of annual precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Cao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Yasong Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China.
| | - Qichen Hao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Chunlei Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Yuchen Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Zhenghong Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Ruoxi Yuan
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
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