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Fischer P, Merkel OM, Siedler M, Huelsmeyer M. Development of a high throughput oxidation profiling strategy for monoclonal antibody products. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 199:114301. [PMID: 38677563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Oxidation is one of the most common degradation pathways of biopharmaceutics, potentially leading to altered product stability, pharmacokinetics, reduced biological activity and/or an increased immunogenicity. However, it is often insufficiently assessed in early development stages, leaving potential molecule liabilities undiscovered. Aim of the present work was the development of a high throughput oxidation profiling strategy, applicable throughout various stages of biopharmaceutical development. The study demonstrates that the combination of multiple stress assays, including peroxide-based, visible light, and metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO), enables a comprehensive understanding of a mAb's oxidation susceptibility. The most effective parameters to evaluate oxidation in a high-throughput screening workflow are aggregation, tryptophan oxidation and changes in the hydrophobicity profile of the Fc and Fab subunit measured via Size Exclusion Chromatography, Intrinsic Tryptophan Fluorescence Emission spectroscopy and Reversed-Phase Chromatography subunit analysis, respectively. This oxidation profiling approach is valuable tool to systematically characterize the oxidation susceptibility under relevant conditions, time effective and with minimal sample consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Fischer
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Drug Product Development, Knollstraße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Siedler
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Drug Product Development, Knollstraße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Martin Huelsmeyer
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Drug Product Development, Knollstraße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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2
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Gupta S, Schöneich C, Rathore AS. Assessment of change in the basic variants composition of trastuzumab during dilution in saline for administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 199:114295. [PMID: 38636881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Postproduction handling of drug products during preparation or clinical use may affect the structure and efficacy of the drug and perhaps remain unnoticed. Since chemical modifications can impact the product's structure, stability, and biological activity, this study investigates the impact of elevated temperature and subtle shift in pH on the drug product post-dilution in saline. The mAb sample diluted in saline for administration was stressed at elevated temperature and slightly acidic pH condition. Extended stability studies were performed and monitored for size and charge heterogeneity. Size heterogeneity shows no significant changes, whereas charge heterogeneity shows an increase in basic variants and a reduction in main species. Further, basic variants were isolated and characterized to identify the type and site of chemical modification. Intact mass analysis and peptide mapping identify that the basic variants were attributed mainly to the isomerization of HC Asp102 into iso-Asp or its succinimide intermediate. Four basic variants were found to exhibit similar structural properties as the main and control samples. However, basic variants showed reduced binding affinity to HER2 receptor, while there was no significant difference in FcRn binding. The results indicate that modification in the HC Asp102, which is present in the CDR, affects antigen binding and thus can influence the potency of the drug product. Hence, with the conventional stability studies required to license the drug product, including in-use or extended stability studies to mimic the postproduction handling would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,New Delhi 110016, India
| | | | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,New Delhi 110016, India.
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3
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Sankaran PK, Poskute R, Dewis L, Watanabe Y, Wong V, Fernandez LP, Shannon R, Wong L, Shrubsall R, Carman L, Holt A, Lepore G, Mishra R, Sewell L, Gothard M, Cheeks M, Lindo V. Comprehensive Stress Stability Studies Reveal the Prominent Stability of the Liquid-Formulated Biotherapeutic Asymmetric Monovalent Bispecific IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody Format. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00158-8. [PMID: 38705464 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The developed asymmetric monovalent bispecific IgG1 or Duet monoclonal antibody (Duet mAb) has two distinct fragment antigen-binding region (Fab) subunits that target two different epitope specificities sequentially or simultaneously. The design features include unique engineered disulfide bridges, knob-into-hole mutations, and kappa and lambda chains to produce Duet mAbs. These make it structurally and functionally complex, so one expects challenging developability linked to instability, degradation of products and pathways, and limited reports available. Here, we have treated the product with different sources of extreme stress over a lengthy period, including varying heat, pH, photo stress, chemical oxidative stress, accelerated stress in physiological conditions, and forced glycation conditions. The effects of different stress conditions on the product were assessed using various analytical characterization tools to measure product-related substances, post-translational modifications (PTMs), structural integrity, higher-order disulfide linkages, and biological activity. The results revealed degradation products and pathways of Duet mAb. A moderate increase in size, charge, and hydrophobic variants, PTMs, including deamidation, oxidation, isomerization, and glycation were observed, with most conditions exhibiting biological activity. In addition, the characterization of fractionated charge variants, including deamidated species, showed satisfactory biological activity. This study demonstrated the prominent stability of the Duet mAb format comparable to most marketed mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryte Poskute
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lydia Dewis
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vanessa Wong
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Richard Shannon
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa Wong
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca Shrubsall
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lee Carman
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Holt
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giordana Lepore
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rahul Mishra
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Sewell
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matt Gothard
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Cheeks
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Viv Lindo
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
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4
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Malani H, Shrivastava A, Nupur N, Rathore AS. LC-MS Characterization and Stability Assessment Elucidate Correlation Between Charge Variant Composition and Degradation of Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics. AAPS J 2024; 26:42. [PMID: 38570351 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Aggregation stability of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics is influenced by many critical quality attributes (CQA) such as charge and hydrophobic variants in addition to environmental factors. In this study, correlation between charge heterogeneity and stability of mAbs for bevacizumab and trastuzumab has been investigated under a variety of stresses including thermal stress at 40 °C, thermal stress at 55 °C, shaking (mechanical), and low pH. Size- and charge-based heterogeneities were monitored using analytical size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and cation exchange chromatography (CEX), respectively, while dynamic light scattering was used to assess changes in hydrodynamic size. CEX analysis revealed an increase in cumulative acidic content for all variants of both mAbs post-stress treatment attributed to increased deamidation. Higher charge heterogeneity was observed in variants eluting close to the main peak than the ones eluting further away (25-fold and 42-fold increase in acidic content for main and B1 of bevacizumab and 19-fold for main of trastuzumab, respectively, under thermal stress; 50-fold increase in acidic for main and B1 of bevacizumab and 10% rise in basic content of main of trastuzumab under pH stress). Conversely, variants eluting far away from main exhibit greater aggregation as compared to close-eluting ones. Aggregation kinetics of variants followed different order for the different stresses for both mAbs (2nd order for thermal and pH stresses and 0th order for shaking stress). Half-life of terminal charge variants of both mAbs was 2- to 8-fold less than main indicating increased degradation propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Malani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anuj Shrivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Neh Nupur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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5
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Duret A, Duarte L, Cahuzac L, Rondepierre A, Lambercier M, Mette R, Recktenwald A, Giovannini R, Bertschinger M. Viral inactivation for pH-sensitive antibody formats such as multi-specific antibodies. J Biotechnol 2024; 384:45-54. [PMID: 38403131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Recently developed multi-specific antibody formats enable new therapeutic concepts. Conveniently, formats with an Fc domain allow purification in well-established mAb platform processes. However, due to the structural complexity of the formats, the assembled molecules may be sensitive to extreme pH commonly used for viral inactivation. An alternative to low pH incubation for virus inactivation is the use of a mixture of tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP, solvent) and Polysorbate 80 (PS80, detergent). While TnBP is toxic, this combination has a long history of use in the manufacturing of human plasma-derived products that are sensitive to low or high pH incubation. Data are provided demonstrating that the solvent/detergent (S/D) treatment using TnBP and PS80 can be successfully used for pH-sensitive, multi-specific antibody formats in the clarified cell culture fluid (CCCF). A different placement of the S/D within the purification process, namely during the capture by Protein A (PA), has been evaluated. This alternative placement allows effective viral inactivation by S/D while preserving the viral reduction and viral inactivation achieved through the PA step itself, enabling the cumulation of these effects. Furthermore, the process alternative simplifies the liquid handling by reducing the added volumes of the required S/D liquids, thus reducing the amount of toxic TnBP to a minimum. Data are shown demonstrating a complete removal of TnBP and PS80 in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Duret
- Drug Substance Development, Ichnos Sciences, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Duarte
- Drug Substance Development, Ichnos Sciences, Switzerland
| | - Laure Cahuzac
- Drug Substance Development, Ichnos Sciences, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Romain Mette
- Drug Substance Development, Ichnos Sciences, Switzerland
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6
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Huang WS, Li WQ, Yu X, Xue MZ, Yuan YL, Chen C, Wu YL, Yu JH, Diao XX. A robust and validated LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of ramucirumab in rat and human serum using direct enzymatic digestion without immunoassay. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1234:123991. [PMID: 38266611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
A new liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was established to quantify the anti-gastric cancer fully human monoclonal antibody (ramucirumab) in rat and human serum. The surrogate peptide (GPSVLPLAPSSK) for ramucirumab was generated by trypsin hydrolysis and quantified using the isotopically labeled peptide GPSVLPLAPSSK[13C6, 15N2]ST containing two more amino acids at the carboxyl end as an internal standard to correct for variations introduced during the enzymatic hydrolysis process and any mass spectrometry changes. Additionally, the oxidation and deamidation of unstable peptides (VVSVLTVLHQDWLNGK and NSLYLQMNSLR) were detected. The quantitative range of the proposed method was 1-1000 μg/mL, and complete methodological validation was performed. The precision, accuracy, matrix effect, sensitivity, stability, selectivity, carryover, and interference of the measurements met the required standards. The validated LC-MS/MS method was applied to pharmacokinetic studies in rats administered ramucirumab at 15 mg/kg intravenously. Overall, a robust, efficient, and cost-effective LC-MS/MS method was successfully developed for quantifying ramucirumab in rat and human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Si Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiong Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ming-Zhen Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ya-Li Yuan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ya-Li Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing-Hua Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Xing-Xing Diao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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7
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Rahban M, Ahmad F, Piatyszek MA, Haertlé T, Saso L, Saboury AA. Stabilization challenges and aggregation in protein-based therapeutics in the pharmaceutical industry. RSC Adv 2023; 13:35947-35963. [PMID: 38090079 PMCID: PMC10711991 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06476j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics have revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry and become vital components in the development of future therapeutics. They offer several advantages over traditional small molecule drugs, including high affinity, potency and specificity, while demonstrating low toxicity and minimal adverse effects. However, the development and manufacturing processes of protein-based therapeutics presents challenges related to protein folding, purification, stability and immunogenicity that should be addressed. These proteins, like other biological molecules, are prone to chemical and physical instabilities. The stability of protein-based drugs throughout the entire manufacturing, storage and delivery process is essential. The occurrence of structural instability resulting from misfolding, unfolding, and modifications, as well as aggregation, poses a significant risk to the efficacy of these drugs, overshadowing their promising attributes. Gaining insight into structural alterations caused by aggregation and their impact on immunogenicity is vital for the advancement and refinement of protein therapeutics. Hence, in this review, we have discussed some features of protein aggregation during production, formulation and storage as well as stabilization strategies in protein engineering and computational methods to prevent aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdie Rahban
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard New Delhi-110062 India
| | | | | | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University Rome Italy
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran Tehran 1417614335 Iran +9821 66404680 +9821 66956984
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8
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Cao M, Hussmann GP, Tao Y, O’Connor E, Parthemore C, Zhang-Hulsey D, Liu D, Jiao Y, de Mel N, Prophet M, Korman S, Sonawane J, Grigoriadou C, Huang Y, Umlauf S, Chen X. Atypical Asparagine Deamidation of NW Motif Significantly Attenuates the Biological Activities of an Antibody Drug Conjugate. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:68. [PMID: 37987246 PMCID: PMC10660493 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Asparagine deamidation is a post-translational modification (PTM) that converts asparagine residues into iso-aspartate and/or aspartate. Non-enzymatic asparagine deamidation is observed frequently during the manufacturing, processing, and/or storage of biotherapeutic proteins. Depending on the site of deamidation, this PTM can significantly impact the therapeutic's potency, stability, and/or immunogenicity. Thus, deamidation is routinely monitored as a potential critical quality attribute. The initial evaluation of an asparagine's potential to deamidate begins with identifying sequence liabilities, in which the n + 1 amino acid is of particular interest. NW is one motif that occurs frequently within the complementarity-determining region (CDR) of therapeutic antibodies, but according to the published literature, has a very low risk of deamidating. Here we report an unusual case of this NW motif readily deamidating within the CDR of an antibody drug conjugate (ADC), which greatly impacts the ADC's biological activities. Furthermore, this NW motif solely deamidates into iso-aspartate, rather than the typical mixture of iso-aspartate and aspartate. Interestingly, biological activities are more severely impacted by the conversion of asparagine into iso-aspartate via deamidation than by conversion into aspartate via mutagenesis. Here, we detail the discovery of this unusual NW deamidation occurrence, characterize its impact on biological activities, and utilize structural data and modeling to explain why conversion to iso-aspartate is favored and impacts biological activities more severely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Cao
- Department of Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (Y.J.); (N.d.M.); (C.G.)
| | - G. Patrick Hussmann
- Department of Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (Y.J.); (N.d.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Yeqing Tao
- Department of Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (Y.J.); (N.d.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Ellen O’Connor
- Department of Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (Y.J.); (N.d.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Conner Parthemore
- Department of Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (Y.J.); (N.d.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Diana Zhang-Hulsey
- Department of Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (Y.J.); (N.d.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Dengfeng Liu
- Department of Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (Y.J.); (N.d.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (Y.J.); (N.d.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Niluka de Mel
- Department of Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (Y.J.); (N.d.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Meagan Prophet
- Department of Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (Y.J.); (N.d.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Samuel Korman
- Department of Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (Y.J.); (N.d.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Jaytee Sonawane
- Department of Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (Y.J.); (N.d.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Christina Grigoriadou
- Department of Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (Y.J.); (N.d.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 121 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Scott Umlauf
- Department of Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (Y.J.); (N.d.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (Y.J.); (N.d.M.); (C.G.)
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9
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D'Amico CI, Robbins G, Po I, Fang Z, Slaney TR, Tremml G, Tao L, Ruotolo BT, Kennedy RT. Screening Clones for Monoclonal Antibody Production Using Droplet Microfluidics Interfaced to Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37192521 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most critical steps in process development for protein therapeutics, clone selection and cell culture optimization require a large number of samples to be screened for high titer and desirable molecular profiles. Typical analytical techniques, such as chromatographic approaches, often take minutes per sample which are inefficient for large-scale screenings. Droplet microfluidics coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) represents an attractive approach due to its low volume requirements, high-throughput capabilities, label-free nature, and ability to handle complex mixtures. In this work, we coupled a modified protein cleanup protocol with a droplet-MS workflow for mAb titer screening to guide clone selection. With this droplet approach we achieved a throughput of 0.04 samples/s with an LoD of 0.15 mg/mL and an LoQ of 0.45 mg/mL. To test its performance in a real-world setting, this workflow was applied to a 35-clone screen, where the top 20% producing clones were identified. In addition, we coupled our sample cleanup protocol to a high-resolution MS and compared the glycan profiles of the high titer clones. This work demonstrates that droplet-MS provides a rapid way of clone screening and cell culture optimization based on titer and molecular structure of the expressed proteins. Future work is aimed at increasing the throughput and automation of this droplet-MS technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara I D'Amico
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gillian Robbins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Iris Po
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Zhichao Fang
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Thomas R Slaney
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Gabi Tremml
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Li Tao
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan 48109, United States
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10
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Residue-Specific Impact of EDTA and Methionine on Protein Oxidation in Biotherapeutics Formulations Using an Integrated Biotherapeutics Drug Product Development Workflow. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:471-481. [PMID: 36130676 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The rational design and selection of formulation composition to meet molecule-specific and product-specific needs are critical for biotherapeutics development to ensure physical and chemical stability. This work, based on three antibody-based (mAb) proteins (mAbA, mAbB, and mAbC), evaluates residue-specific impact of EDTA and methionine on protein oxidation, using an integrated biotherapeutics drug product development workflow. This workflow includes statistical experimental design, high-throughput experimental automation and execution, structure-based in silico modeling, inferential statistical analysis, and enhanced interactive data visualization of large datasets. This oxidation study evaluates the impact of formulation parameters including pH, protein concentration, and the presence of polysorbate 80 on the oxidation of specific conserved and variable residues of mAbs A, B, and C in the presence of stressors (iron, peroxide) and/or protectants (EDTA, L-methionine). Residue-specific analysis by automated high-throughput peptide mapping demonstrates differential residue-specific effects of EDTA and methionine in protecting against oxidation, highlighting the need for molecule-specific and product-specific selection of these excipients during formulation development. Computational modeling based on a homology model and the two-shell water coordination method (WCN) was employed to gain mechanistic understanding of residue-specific oxidation susceptibility of methionine residues. The computational determinants of local solvent exposure of methionine residues showed good correlation of WCN with experimentally determined oxidation for corresponding residues. The rapid generation of high-resolution data, statistical data analysis and interactive visualization of the high-throughput residue-level data containing ∼200 unique formulations facilitate residue-specific, molecule-specific and product-specific oxidation (global and local) assessment for oxidation protectants during early development for mAbs and related mAb-based modalities.
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11
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Mieczkowski C, Zhang X, Lee D, Nguyen K, Lv W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Way J, Gries JM. Blueprint for antibody biologics developability. MAbs 2023; 15:2185924. [PMID: 36880643 PMCID: PMC10012935 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2185924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-molecule antibody biologics have revolutionized medicine owing to their superior target specificity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, safety and toxicity profiles, and amenability to versatile engineering. In this review, we focus on preclinical antibody developability, including its definition, scope, and key activities from hit to lead optimization and selection. This includes generation, computational and in silico approaches, molecular engineering, production, analytical and biophysical characterization, stability and forced degradation studies, and process and formulation assessments. More recently, it is apparent these activities not only affect lead selection and manufacturability, but ultimately correlate with clinical progression and success. Emerging developability workflows and strategies are explored as part of a blueprint for developability success that includes an overview of the four major molecular properties that affect all developability outcomes: 1) conformational, 2) chemical, 3) colloidal, and 4) other interactions. We also examine risk assessment and mitigation strategies that increase the likelihood of success for moving the right candidate into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Mieczkowski
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Xuejin Zhang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Dana Lee
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Jackie Way
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Gries
- President, Discovery Research, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
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12
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Tavella D, Ouellette DR, Garofalo R, Zhu K, Xu J, Oloo EO, Negron C, Ihnat PM. A novel method for in silico assessment of Methionine oxidation risk in monoclonal antibodies: Improvement over the 2-shell model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279689. [PMID: 36580468 PMCID: PMC9799309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have established their role as valuable agents in the treatment of various diseases ranging from cancers to infectious, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. Reactive groups of the amino acids within these proteins make them susceptible to many kinds of chemical modifications during manufacturing, storage and in vivo circulation. Among these reactions, the oxidation of methionine residues to their sulfoxide form is a commonly observed chemical modification in mAbs. When the oxidized methionine is in the complementarity-determining region (CDR), this modification can affect antigen binding and thus abrogate biological activity. For these reasons, it is essential to identify oxidation liabilities during the antibody discovery and development phases. Here, we present an in silico method, based on protein modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, to predict the oxidation-liable residues in the variable region of therapeutic antibodies. Previous studies have used the 2-shell water coordination number descriptor (WCN) to identify methionine residues susceptible to oxidation. Although the WCN descriptor successfully predicted oxidation liabilities when the residue was solvent exposed, the method was much less accurate for partially buried methionine residues. Consequently, we introduce a new descriptor, WCN-OH, that improves the accuracy of prediction of methionine oxidation susceptibility by extending the theoretical framework of the water coordination number to incorporate the effects of polar amino acids side chains in close proximity to the methionine of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Tavella
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DT); (CN)
| | - David R. Ouellette
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Raffaella Garofalo
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Analytical Innovation and Mass Spectrometry, Knollstrasse, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Kai Zhu
- Schrödinger, Inc., New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jianwen Xu
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eliud O. Oloo
- Schrödinger, Inc., New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher Negron
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DT); (CN)
| | - Peter M. Ihnat
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
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13
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Beck A, Nowak C, Meshulam D, Reynolds K, Chen D, Pacardo DB, Nicholls SB, Carven GJ, Gu Z, Fang J, Wang D, Katiyar A, Xiang T, Liu H. Risk-Based Control Strategies of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:73. [PMID: 36412839 PMCID: PMC9703962 DOI: 10.3390/antib11040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first approval of the anti-CD3 recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb), muromonab-CD3, a mouse antibody for the prevention of transplant rejection, by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986, mAb therapeutics have become increasingly important to medical care. A wealth of information about mAbs regarding their structure, stability, post-translation modifications, and the relationship between modification and function has been reported. Yet, substantial resources are still required throughout development and commercialization to have appropriate control strategies to maintain consistent product quality, safety, and efficacy. A typical feature of mAbs is charge heterogeneity, which stems from a variety of modifications, including modifications that are common to many mAbs or unique to a specific molecule or process. Charge heterogeneity is highly sensitive to process changes and thus a good indicator of a robust process. It is a high-risk quality attribute that could potentially fail the specification and comparability required for batch disposition. Failure to meet product specifications or comparability can substantially affect clinical development timelines. To mitigate these risks, the general rule is to maintain a comparable charge profile when process changes are inevitably introduced during development and even after commercialization. Otherwise, new peaks or varied levels of acidic and basic species must be justified based on scientific knowledge and clinical experience for a specific molecule. Here, we summarize the current understanding of mAb charge variants and outline risk-based control strategies to support process development and ultimately commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 5 Avenue Napoléon III, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Christine Nowak
- Protein Characterization, Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease, 100 College St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Deborah Meshulam
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kristina Reynolds
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David Chen
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dennis B. Pacardo
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Samantha B. Nicholls
- Protein Sciences, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gregory J. Carven
- Research, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zhenyu Gu
- Jasper Therapeutics, Inc., 2200 Bridge Pkwy Suite 102, Redwood City, CA 94065, USA
| | - Jing Fang
- Biological Drug Discovery, Biogen, 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Global Biologics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- CMC Technical Operations, Magenta Therapeutics, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- Downstream Process and Analytical Development, Boston Institute of Biotechnology, 225 Turnpike Rd., Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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14
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Development of simple and rapid method for Emicizumab quantification by LC-MS/MS in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 223:115163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Goli VAR, Butreddy A. Biosimilar monoclonal antibodies: Challenges and approaches towards formulation. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 366:110116. [PMID: 36007632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Many biologic drug products, particularly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), were off-patented between 2015 and 2020, and this process is continuing as the number of biologics approvals has increased. However, the availability of affordable biosimilars is delayed by secondary patents related to the formulation and manufacturing process. Therefore, an alternative formulation development is required to avoid infringement of formulation related patents. Several variables must be considered while developing alternative non-infringement formulations, including the time gap between the expiration of the molecule patent and the formulation patent, the ability not to infringe other secondary patents (process-related), and project timelines. As a part of life cycle management, innovator companies are adopting multiple strategies to delay biosimilar competition. Biosimilar companies could use the innovator formulation knowledge space to develop alternative formulations at the expense of time and cost. The present review discusses the key approaches in biosimilar formulation development, and further summarizes the use of innovator formulation knowledge space for biosimilar mAbs product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Appa Reddy Goli
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S, Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Arun Butreddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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16
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Kamble R, Puranik A, Narvekar A, Dandekar P, Jain R. Characterization of outcomes of amino acid modifications using a combinatorial approach to reveal physical and structural perturbations: A case study using trastuzumab biosimilar. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1209:123430. [PMID: 35988497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals, such as monoclonal antibodies, are considered as life-saving drugs for autoimmune diseases, cancer and infectious diseases. However, biotherapeutics tend to undergo chemical degradation during various stages of manufacturing. The conditions of chemical degradation, along with the physical degradation pathways, have a direct influence on the overall stability, safety and efficacy of these therapeutics. While site-specific chemical changes have been well-explored and investigated using various analytical approaches, the resulting conformational and structural changes have not been much studied. Thus, we explored various biophysical techniques for assessing the influence of three representatives forced degradation conditions viz. oxidation, deamidation, and glycation, in a model therapeutic trastuzumab biosimilar. The site-specific modifications caused by these stress conditions were analysed using high resolution mass spectrometry. While their thermodynamic and conformational consequences were investigated by using differential scanning colorimetry (Nano-DSC), circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The investigated stress conditions resulted in reduced thermodynamic stability of mAb, as confirmed using Nano-DSC. Secondary structure analysis performed with CD spectroscopy indicated detectable structural alterations in the beta sheets of stressed samples. DLS and SV-AUC studies demonstrated an enhanced level of aggregation and fragmentation in presence of all stress conditions. Thus, the biophysical analytical toolkits, when used simultaneously, could offer deeper insights into the subtle conformational changes that result from site-specific chemical modifications in mAbs. Hence, these analytical approaches may serve as significant additions to the battery of techniques used for forced degradation analysis of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Kamble
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Amita Puranik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Aditya Narvekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
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17
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Xu T, Zhang J, Wang T, Wang X. Recombinant antibodies aggregation and overcoming strategies in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3913-3922. [PMID: 35608667 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell lines are frequently used as the preferred host cells for producing recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs) having post-translational modified modifications similar to those observed in proteins produced by human cells. Nowadays, most RTPs approved for marketing are produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Recombinant therapeutic antibodies (RTAs) are among the most important and promising RTPs for biomedical applications. A major limitation associated with the use of RTAs is their aggregation, which can be caused by a variety of factors; this results in a reduction of quality. RTA aggregations are especially concerning as they can trigger human immune responses in humans and may be fatal. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying RTA aggregation and measures for avoiding aggregation are interesting topics in RTAs research. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the field of RTAs aggregation, with a focus on factors that cause aggregation during RTA production and the development of strategies for overcoming RTA aggregation. KEY POINTS: • The recombinant antibody aggregation in mammalian cell systems is reviewed. • Intracellular environment and extracellular parameters influence recombinant antibody aggregation. • Reducing the aggregations can improve the quality of recombinant antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Tianyun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Xiaoyin Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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18
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Bunc M, Hadži S, Graf C, Bončina M, Lah J. Aggregation Time Machine: A Platform for the Prediction and Optimization of Long-Term Antibody Stability Using Short-Term Kinetic Analysis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2623-2632. [PMID: 35090111 PMCID: PMC8842250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Monoclonal antibodies
are the fastest growing class of therapeutics.
However, aggregation limits their shelf life and can lead to adverse
immune responses. Assessment and optimization of the long-term antibody
stability are therefore key challenges in the biologic drug development.
Here, we present a platform based on the analysis of temperature-dependent
aggregation data that can dramatically shorten the assessment of the
long-term aggregation stability and thus accelerate the optimization
of antibody formulations. For a set of antibodies used in the therapeutic
areas from oncology to rheumatology and osteoporosis, we obtain an
accurate prediction of aggregate fractions for up to three years using
the data obtained on a much shorter time scale. Significantly, the
strategy combining kinetic and thermodynamic analysis not only contributes
to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of antibody
aggregation but has already proven to be very effective in the development
and production of biological therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Bunc
- Technical Research and Development, Global Drug Development, Novartis, Lek d.d., 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - San Hadži
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christian Graf
- Technical Research and Development, Global Drug Development, Novartis, Hexal AG, 82041 Oberhaching, Germany
| | - Matjaž Bončina
- Technical Research and Development, Global Drug Development, Novartis, Lek d.d., 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Lah
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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19
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Kim E, Han J, Chae Y, Park H, Kim S, Kim S, Lee J, Kim BC. Evaluation of the Structural, Physicochemical, and Biological Characteristics of SB11, as Lucentis ® (Ranibizumab) Biosimilar. Ophthalmol Ther 2022; 11:639-652. [PMID: 35084693 PMCID: PMC8927571 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-022-00453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction SB11 was recently approved as a ranibizumab biosimilar by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Commission (EC) as a therapy for retinal vascular disorders under the brand name Byooviz™. This study was performed to assess the analytical similarity between SB11 and reference products from the European Union (EU-ranibizumab) and United States (US-ranibizumab). Methods A comprehensive structural, physicochemical, and biological characterization was performed utilizing state-of-the-art analytical methods. Comparisons included the following: primary structure related to amino acid sequence and post-translational modifications; higher order structure; product-related substances and purity/impurity including size and charge variants. In addition, biological characterization included a series of mechanism of action (MoA)-related bioassays such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A binding assay (VEGF-A 165 and its isoforms), cell-based VEGF-A 165 neutralization assay, and anti-proliferation assay using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Results The amino acid sequence of SB11 was identical to that of reference products, and post-translational modification profiles and higher order structures of SB11 were shown to be indistinguishable from the reference products. Product-related size and charge variants and aggregates were also similar. Using a broad range of VEGF-related functional assays, we demonstrated that SB11 has similar biological properties to reference products in VEGF-A binding activities (VEGF-A 165 and isoforms (VEGF-A 110, VEGF-A 121, and VEGF-A 189)), VEGF-A 165 neutralization, and HUVEC anti-proliferation. Overall, SB11 exhibits high similarity compared to EU/US-ranibizumab. Conclusion Based on the comprehensive analytical similarity assessment, SB11 is highly similar to the EU/US-ranibizumab with respect to structural, physicochemical, and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Kim
- Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jihyeon Han
- Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yunjung Chae
- Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyerim Park
- Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Saerom Kim
- Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seokkyun Kim
- Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jungmin Lee
- Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Beom Chan Kim
- Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd, Incheon, South Korea.
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20
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are susceptible to chemical and enzymatic modifications during manufacturing, storage, and shipping. Deamidation, isomerization, and oxidation can compromise the potency, efficacy, and safety of therapeutic antibodies. Recently, in silico tools have been used to identify liable residues and engineer antibodies with better chemical stability. Computational approaches for predicting deamidation, isomerization, oxidation, glycation, carbonylation, sulfation, and hydroxylation are reviewed here. Although liable motifs have been used to improve the chemical stability of antibodies, the accuracy of in silico predictions can be improved using machine learning and molecular dynamic simulations. In addition, there are opportunities to improve predictions for specific stress conditions, develop in silico prediction of novel modifications in antibodies, and predict the impact of modifications on physical stability and antigen-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabdita Vatsa
- Development Services, Lonza Biologics, Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Physicochemical factors of bioprocessing impact the stability of therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 55:107909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Hipper E, Blech M, Hinderberger D, Garidel P, Kaiser W. Photo-Oxidation of Therapeutic Protein Formulations: From Radical Formation to Analytical Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:72. [PMID: 35056968 PMCID: PMC8779573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UV and ambient light-induced modifications and related degradation of therapeutic proteins are observed during manufacturing and storage. Therefore, to ensure product quality, protein formulations need to be analyzed with respect to photo-degradation processes and eventually protected from light exposure. This task usually demands the application and combination of various analytical methods. This review addresses analytical aspects of investigating photo-oxidation products and related mediators such as reactive oxygen species generated via UV and ambient light with well-established and novel techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hipper
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
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23
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Gupta S, Jiskoot W, Schöneich C, Rathore AS. Oxidation and Deamidation of Monoclonal Antibody Products: Potential Impact on Stability, Biological Activity, and Efficacy. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:903-918. [PMID: 34890632 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role in human health of therapeutic proteins in general, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in particular, has been significant and is continuously evolving. A considerable amount of time and resources are invested first in mAb product development and then in clinical examination of the product. Physical and chemical degradation can occur during manufacturing, processing, storage, handling, and administration. Therapeutic proteins may undergo various chemical degradation processes, including oxidation, deamidation, isomerization, hydrolysis, deglycosylation, racemization, disulfide bond breakage and formation, Maillard reaction, and β-elimination. Oxidation and deamidation are the most common chemical degradation processes of mAbs, which may result in changes in physical properties, such as hydrophobicity, charge, secondary or/and tertiary structure, and may lower the thermodynamic or kinetic barrier to unfold. This may predispose the product to aggregation and other chemical modifications, which can alter the binding affinity, half-life, and efficacy of the product. This review summarizes major findings from the past decade on the impact of oxidation and deamidation on the stability, biological activity, and efficacy of mAb products. Mechanisms of action, influencing factors, characterization tools, clinical impact, and risk mitigation strategies have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India.
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Chaiyarit S, Thongboonkerd V. Oxidative Modifications Switch Modulatory Activities of Urinary Proteins From Inhibiting to Promoting Calcium Oxalate Crystallization, Growth, and Aggregation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100151. [PMID: 34562649 PMCID: PMC8551538 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence/prevalence of kidney stone disease has been increasing around the globe, but its pathogenic mechanisms remained unclear. We evaluated effects of oxidative modifications of urinary proteins on calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formation processes. Urinary proteins derived from 20 healthy individuals were modified by performic oxidation, and the presence of oxidatively modified urinary proteins was verified, quantified, and characterized by Oxyblot assay and tandem MS (nanoLC-electrospray ionization-linear trap quadrupole-Orbitrap-MS/MS). Subsequently, activities of oxidatively modified urinary proteins on CaOx stone formation processes were examined. Oxyblot assay confirmed the marked increase in protein oxidation level in the modified urine. NanoLC-electrospray ionization-linear trap quadrupole-Orbitrap-MS/MS identified a total of 193 and 220 urinary proteins in nonmodified and modified urine samples, respectively. Among these, there were 1121 and 5297 unambiguous oxidatively modified peptides representing 42 and 136 oxidatively modified proteins in the nonmodified and modified urine samples, respectively. Crystal assays revealed that oxidatively modified urinary proteins significantly promoted CaOx crystallization, crystal growth, and aggregation. By contrast, the nonmodified urinary proteins had inhibitory activities. This is the first direct evidence demonstrating that oxidative modifications of urinary proteins increase the risk of kidney stone disease by switching their modulatory activities from inhibiting to promoting CaOx crystallization, crystal growth, and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakdithep Chaiyarit
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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25
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Kaiser W, Schultz-Fademrecht T, Blech M, Buske J, Garidel P. Investigating photodegradation of antibodies governed by the light dosage. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120723. [PMID: 34022254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the photodegradation of three different monoclonal antibodies (mAb) by visible light. Several chromatographic techniques, such as size-exclusion and hydrophobic interaction chromatography as well as mass spectrometry were used to measure relative changes of various oxidation related monoclonal antibody species. The results show that visible light is indeed capable of inducing the formation of protein photo-oxidation products, such as acidic, basic, hydrophilic, and several other protein species with altered physicochemical properties. Although, the formation rate of degradants of these three protein species was dependent on the light source's intensity (I), their yield is clearly correlated to the applied light dosage (ld), which is defined as the product of light intensity I and irradiation time t (light dosage = I·t). Hence, our findings indicate that the degradation of monoclonal antibodies can be described according to the Bunsen-Roscoe reciprocity law. This correlation can be useful to assess the impact of photodegradation of biologics with regards to changes in light intensity and/or duration of light exposure of the protein, e.g. during the manufacturing of biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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26
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Desai AA, Smith MD, Zhang Y, Makowski EK, Gerson JE, Ionescu E, Starr CG, Zupancic JM, Moore SJ, Sutter AB, Ivanova MI, Murphy GG, Paulson HL, Tessier PM. Rational affinity maturation of anti-amyloid antibodies with high conformational and sequence specificity. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100508. [PMID: 33675750 PMCID: PMC8081927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of amyloidogenic polypeptides is strongly linked to several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Conformational antibodies that selectively recognize protein aggregates are leading therapeutic agents for selectively neutralizing toxic aggregates, diagnostic and imaging agents for detecting disease, and biomedical reagents for elucidating disease mechanisms. Despite their importance, it is challenging to generate high-quality conformational antibodies in a systematic and site-specific manner due to the properties of protein aggregates (hydrophobic, multivalent, and heterogeneous) and limitations of immunization (uncontrolled antigen presentation and immunodominant epitopes). Toward addressing these challenges, we have developed a systematic directed evolution procedure for affinity maturing antibodies against Alzheimer's Aβ fibrils and selecting variants with strict conformational and sequence specificity. We first designed a library based on a lead conformational antibody by sampling combinations of amino acids in the antigen-binding site predicted to mediate high antibody specificity. Next, we displayed this library on the surface of yeast, sorted it against Aβ42 aggregates, and identified promising clones using deep sequencing. The resulting antibodies displayed similar or higher affinities than clinical-stage Aβ antibodies (aducanumab and crenezumab). Moreover, the affinity-matured antibodies retained high conformational specificity for Aβ aggregates, as observed for aducanumab and unlike crenezumab. Notably, the affinity-maturated antibodies displayed extremely low levels of nonspecific interactions, as observed for crenezumab and unlike aducanumab. We expect that our systematic methods for generating antibodies with unique combinations of desirable properties will improve the generation of high-quality conformational antibodies specific for diverse types of aggregated conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec A Desai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew D Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yulei Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily K Makowski
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Julia E Gerson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Edward Ionescu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Charles G Starr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer M Zupancic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shannon J Moore
- Protein Folding Disease Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexandra B Sutter
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Magdalena I Ivanova
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- Protein Folding Disease Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Protein Folding Disease Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Protein Folding Disease Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are proteinaceous in nature and are subject to instability issues. Stability testing of monoclonal antibodies is a critical regulatory requirement in their development and commercialization as therapeutic biological molecules. This article reviews the numerous drug manufacturing processes such as: upstream processing, downstream purification and aseptic filling along with physical and chemical factors such as protein concentration, structure, pH, temperature, light, agitation, deamidation, oxidation, glycation leading to instabilities in monoclonal antibodies and it spotlights the variety of analytical techniques employed to investigate and generate information on stability studies and henceforth, helps in developing the stability-indicating methods. In addition, this paper aims to discuss the ICH regulatory guideline (s) for the stability assessment of biological products (Drug Substance and Drug Product).
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Analytical Sciences, Aurobindo Biologics, Hyderabad, India
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28
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Camperi J, Goyon A, Guillarme D, Zhang K, Stella C. Multi-dimensional LC-MS: the next generation characterization of antibody-based therapeutics by unified online bottom-up, middle-up and intact approaches. Analyst 2021; 146:747-769. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an overview of current analytical trends in antibody characterization by multidimensional LC-MS approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Camperi
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- 1206 Geneva
- Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO)
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
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29
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Azevedo Reis Teixeira A, Erasmus MF, D’Angelo S, Naranjo L, Ferrara F, Leal-Lopes C, Durrant O, Galmiche C, Morelli A, Scott-Tucker A, Bradbury ARM. Drug-like antibodies with high affinity, diversity and developability directly from next-generation antibody libraries. MAbs 2021; 13:1980942. [PMID: 34850665 PMCID: PMC8654478 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1980942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies must have "drug-like" properties. These include high affinity and specificity for the intended target, biological activity, and additional characteristics now known as "developability properties": long-term stability and resistance to aggregation when in solution, thermodynamic stability to prevent unfolding, high expression yields to facilitate manufacturing, low self-interaction, among others. Sequence-based liabilities may affect one or more of these characteristics. Improving the stability and developability of a lead antibody is typically achieved by modifying its sequence, a time-consuming process that often results in reduced affinity. Here we present a new antibody library format that yields high-affinity binders with drug-like developability properties directly from initial selections, reducing the need for further engineering or affinity maturation. The innovative semi-synthetic design involves grafting natural complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) from human antibodies into scaffolds based on well-behaved clinical antibodies. HCDR3s were amplified directly from B cells, while the remaining CDRs, from which all sequence liabilities had been purged, were replicated from a large next-generation sequencing dataset. By combining two in vitro display techniques, phage and yeast display, we were able to routinely recover a large number of unique, highly developable antibodies against clinically relevant targets with affinities in the subnanomolar to low nanomolar range. We anticipate that the designs and approaches presented here will accelerate the drug development process by reducing the failure rate of leads due to poor antibody affinities and developability.Abbreviations: AC-SINS: affinity-capture self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy; CDR: complementarity-determining region; CQA: critical quality attribute; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunoassay; FACS: fluorescence-activated cell sorting; Fv: fragment variable; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HCDR3: heavy chain CDR3; IFN2a: interferon α-2; IL6: interleukin-6; MACS: magnetic-activated cell sorting; NGS: next generation sequencing; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SEC: size-exclusion chromatography; SPR: surface plasmon resonance; TGFβ-R2: transforming growth factor β-R2; VH: variable heavy; VK: variable kappa; VL: variable light; Vl: variable lambda.
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30
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Brinson RG, Elliott KW, Arbogast LW, Sheen DA, Giddens JP, Marino JP, Delaglio F. Principal component analysis for automated classification of 2D spectra and interferograms of protein therapeutics: influence of noise, reconstruction details, and data preparation. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2020; 74:643-656. [PMID: 32700053 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-020-00332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics have numerous critical quality attributes (CQA) that must be evaluated to ensure safety and efficacy, including the requirement to adopt and retain the correct three-dimensional fold without forming unintended aggregates. Therefore, the ability to monitor protein higher order structure (HOS) can be valuable throughout the lifecycle of a protein therapeutic, from development to manufacture. 2D NMR has been introduced as a robust and precise tool to assess the HOS of a protein biotherapeutic. A common use case is to decide whether two groups of spectra are substantially different, as an indicator of difference in HOS. We demonstrate a quantitative use of principal component analysis (PCA) scores to perform this decision-making, and demonstrate the effect of acquisition and processing details on class separation using samples of NISTmAb monoclonal antibody Reference Material subjected to two different oxidative stress protocols. The work introduces an approach to computing similarity from PCA scores based upon the technique of histogram intersection, a method originally developed for retrieval of images from large databases. Results show that class separation can be robust with respect to random noise, reconstruction method, and analysis region selection. By contrast, details such as baseline distortion can have a pronounced effect, and so must be controlled carefully. Since the classification approach can be performed without the need to identify peaks, results suggest that it is possible to use even more efficient measurement strategies that do not produce spectra that can be analyzed visually, but nevertheless allow useful decision-making that is objective and automated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Brinson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - K Wade Elliott
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Luke W Arbogast
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - David A Sheen
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - John P Giddens
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - John P Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Frank Delaglio
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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31
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Ying Y, Li H. Recent progress in the analysis of protein deamidation using mass spectrometry. Methods 2020; 200:42-57. [PMID: 32544593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deamidation is a nonenzymatic and spontaneous posttranslational modification (PTM) that introduces changes in both structure and charge of proteins, strongly associated with aging proteome instability and degenerative diseases. Deamidation is also a common PTM occurring in biopharmaceutical proteins, representing a major cause of degradation. Therefore, characterization of deamidation alongside its inter-related modifications, isomerization and racemization, is critically important to understand their roles in protein stability and diseases. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an indispensable tool in site-specific identification of PTMs for proteomics and structural studies. In this review, we focus on the recent advances of MS analysis in protein deamidation. In particular, we provide an update on sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and MS technologies at multi-level scales, for accurate and reliable characterization of protein deamidation in both simple and complex biological samples, yielding important new insight on how deamidation together with isomerization and racemization occurs. These technological progresses will lead to a better understanding of how deamidation contributes to the pathology of aging and other degenerative diseases and the development of biopharmaceutical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Ying
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Wai Huan Dong Lu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Huilin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Wai Huan Dong Lu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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32
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Pham NB, Meng WS. Protein aggregation and immunogenicity of biotherapeutics. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119523. [PMID: 32531452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are the mainstay of biopharmaceuticals. A key challenge in the manufacturing and formulation of protein biologic products is the tendency for the active pharmaceutical ingredients to aggregate, resulting in irreversible drug loss, and an increase in immunogenicity risk. While the molecular mechanisms of protein aggregation have been discussed extensively in the literature, knowledge gaps remain in connecting the phenomenon in the context of immunogenicity of biotherapeutics. In this review, we discussed factors that drive aggregation of pharmaceutical recombinant proteins, and highlighted methods of prediction and mitigation that can be deployed through the development stages, from formulation to bioproduction. The purpose is to stimulate new dialogs that would bridge the interface between physical characterizations of protein aggregates in biotherapeutics and the functional attributes of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc B Pham
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States.
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33
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Relationship of PEG-induced precipitation with protein-protein interactions and aggregation rates of high concentration mAb formulations at 5 °C. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 151:53-60. [PMID: 32197816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Native protein-protein interactions can play an important role in determining the tendency of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to aggregate under storage conditions. In this context, phase separation of mAb solutions induced by the addition of neutral polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) represents a simple method to assess the tendency of proteins to self-associate in the native state. Here, we investigated their relationships between PEG-induced phase separation, protein-protein interactions and long-term aggregation rate of several formulations of four mAbs at 100 mg/mL and 5 °C over 12 weeks of storage. We observed that the location of the phase boundary correlated well with the osmotic second virial coefficient B22 determined in absence of the polymer, indicating that for our solutions PEG primarily leads to depletion forces between protein molecules, which are additive to protein-protein interactions. However, limited correlation between aggregation rate at 5 °C and phase behavior was observed across different mAbs, pH values and ionic strengths, indicating that colloidal stability is not the only determinant of aggregation even at such low temperature and high protein concentration. Our results contribute to the growing realization that aggregation propensity in the context of antibody developability is a complex feature, which depends on a variety of biophysical properties rather than one single parameter.
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