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Ng B, Huang KY, Pua CJ, Viswanathan S, Lim WW, Kuthubudeen FF, Liu YN, Hii AA, George BL, Widjaja AA, Petretto E, Cook SA. Interleukin-11 causes alveolar type 2 cell dysfunction and prevents alveolar regeneration. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8530. [PMID: 39358385 PMCID: PMC11448503 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In lung disease, persistence of KRT8-expressing aberrant basaloid cells in the alveolar epithelium is associated with impaired tissue regeneration and pathological tissue remodeling. We analyzed single cell RNA sequencing datasets of human interstitial lung disease and found the profibrotic Interleukin-11 (IL11) cytokine to be highly and specifically expressed in aberrant KRT8+ basaloid cells. IL11 is similarly expressed by KRT8+ alveolar epithelial cells lining fibrotic lesions in a mouse model of interstitial lung disease. Stimulation of alveolar epithelial cells with IL11 causes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and promotes a KRT8-high state, which stalls the beneficial differentiation of alveolar type 2 (AT2)-to-AT1 cells. Inhibition of IL11-signaling in AT2 cells in vivo prevents the accumulation of KRT8+ cells, enhances AT1 cell differentiation and blocks fibrogenesis, which is replicated by anti-IL11 therapy. These data show that IL11 inhibits reparative AT2-to-AT1 differentiation in the damaged lung to limit endogenous alveolar regeneration, resulting in fibrotic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ng
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Kevin Y Huang
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Jian Pua
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sivakumar Viswanathan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei-Wen Lim
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fathima F Kuthubudeen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu-Ning Liu
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - An An Hii
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benjamin L George
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anissa A Widjaja
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Computational Biology, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stuart A Cook
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- MRC-London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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2
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Wang Y, Zhang J, Liu Y, Yue X, Han K, Kong Z, Dong Y, Yang Z, Fu Z, Tang C, Shi C, Zhao X, Han M, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Chen C, Li A, Sun P, Zhu D, Zhao K, Jiang X. Realveolarization with inhalable mucus-penetrating lipid nanoparticles for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis in mice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado4791. [PMID: 38865465 PMCID: PMC11168475 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado4791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The stemness loss-associated dysregeneration of impaired alveolar type 2 epithelial (AT2) cells abolishes the reversible therapy of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We here report an inhalable mucus-penetrating lipid nanoparticle (LNP) for codelivering dual mRNAs, promoting realveolarization via restoring AT2 stemness for IPF treatment. Inhalable LNPs were first formulated with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and our in-house-made ionizable lipids for high-efficiency pulmonary mucus penetration and codelivery of dual messenger RNAs (mRNAs), encoding cytochrome b5 reductase 3 and bone morphogenetic protein 4, respectively. After being inhaled in a bleomycin model, LNPs reverses the mitochondrial dysfunction through ameliorating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis, which inhibits the accelerated senescence of AT2 cells. Concurrently, pathological epithelial remodeling and fibroblast activation induced by impaired AT2 cells are terminated, ultimately prompting alveolar regeneration. Our data demonstrated that the mRNA-LNP system exhibited high protein expression in lung epithelial cells, which markedly extricated the alveolar collapse and prolonged the survival of fibrosis mice, providing a clinically viable strategy against IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Ying Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Xiao Yue
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Kun Han
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Zhichao Kong
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Yuanmin Dong
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Zhenmei Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Zhipeng Fu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Chunwei Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Chongdeng Shi
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Maosen Han
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Lingyi iTECH Manufacturing Co. Ltd., No. 2988, Taidong Road, Xiangcheng District, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215000, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Anning Li
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250355, China
| | - Danqing Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 4572A Academic Building, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
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3
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Seasock MJ, Shafiquzzaman M, Ruiz-Echartea ME, Kanchi RS, Tran BT, Simon LM, Meyer MD, Erice PA, Lotlikar SL, Wenlock SC, Ochsner SA, Enright A, Carisey AF, Romero F, Rosas IO, King KY, McKenna NJ, Coarfa C, Rodriguez A. Let-7 restrains an oncogenic epigenetic circuit in AT2 cells to prevent ectopic formation of fibrogenic transitional cell intermediates and pulmonary fibrosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.22.595205. [PMID: 38826218 PMCID: PMC11142151 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.22.595205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Analysis of lung alveolar type 2 (AT2) progenitor stem cells has highlighted fundamental mechanisms that direct their differentiation into alveolar type 1 cells (AT1s) in lung repair and disease. However, microRNA (miRNA) mediated post-transcriptional mechanisms which govern this nexus remain understudied. We show here that the let-7 miRNA family serves a homeostatic role in governance of AT2 quiescence, specifically by preventing the uncontrolled accumulation of AT2 transitional cells and by promoting AT1 differentiation to safeguard the lung from spontaneous alveolar destruction and fibrosis. Using mice and organoid models with genetic ablation of let-7a1/let-7f1/let-7d cluster (let-7afd) in AT2 cells, we demonstrate prevents AT1 differentiation and results in aberrant accumulation of AT2 transitional cells in progressive pulmonary fibrosis. Integration of enhanced AGO2 UV-crosslinking and immunoprecipitation sequencing (AGO2-eCLIP) with RNA-sequencing from AT2 cells uncovered the induction of direct targets of let-7 in an oncogene feed-forward regulatory network including BACH1/EZH2 which drives an aberrant fibrotic cascade. Additional analyses by CUT&RUN-sequencing revealed loss of let-7afd hampers AT1 differentiation by eliciting aberrant histone EZH2 methylation which prevents the exit of AT2 transitional cells into terminal AT1s. This study identifies let-7 as a key gatekeeper of post-transcriptional and epigenetic chromatin signals to prevent AT2-driven pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Seasock
- Immunology & Microbiology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
- Department of Medicine, Immunology & Allergy Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX, 77030
| | - Md Shafiquzzaman
- Department of Medicine, Immunology & Allergy Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX, 77030
| | - Maria E. Ruiz-Echartea
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Rupa S. Kanchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Brandon T. Tran
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Lukas M. Simon
- Therapeutic Innovation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
| | | | - Phillip A. Erice
- Immunology & Microbiology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
- Department of Medicine, Immunology & Allergy Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX, 77030
| | - Shivani L. Lotlikar
- Department of Medicine, Immunology & Allergy Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX, 77030
| | | | - Scott A. Ochsner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Anton Enright
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Alex F. Carisey
- William T. Shearer Center for Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030
- Current Address: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Freddy Romero
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine. Houston, TX, 77030
- Current Address: Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 3215 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121
| | - Ivan O. Rosas
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine. Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Katherine Y. King
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Neil J. McKenna
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Antony Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Immunology & Allergy Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX, 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, 77030
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. Debakey, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
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4
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Yang J, Pan X, Xu M, Li Y, Liang C, Liu L, Li Z, Wang L, Yu G. Downregulation of HMGCS2 mediated AECIIs lipid metabolic alteration promotes pulmonary fibrosis by activating fibroblasts. Respir Res 2024; 25:176. [PMID: 38658970 PMCID: PMC11040761 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02816-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal lipid metabolism has recently been reported as a crucial signature of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, the origin and biological function of the lipid and possible mechanisms of increased lipid content in the pathogenesis of IPF remains undetermined. METHODS Oil-red staining and immunofluorescence analysis were used to detect lipid accumulation in mouse lung fibrosis frozen sections, Bleomycin-treated human type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECIIs) and lung fibroblast. Untargeted Lipid omics analysis was applied to investigate differential lipid species and identified LysoPC was utilized to treat human lung fibroblasts and mice. Microarray and single-cell RNA expression data sets identified lipid metabolism-related differentially expressed genes. Gain of function experiment was used to study the function of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coa Synthase 2 (HMGCS2) in regulating AECIIs lipid metabolism. Mice with AECII-HMGCS2 high were established by intratracheally delivering HBAAV2/6-SFTPC- HMGCS2 adeno-associated virus. Western blot, Co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, site-directed mutation and flow cytometry were utilized to investigate the mechanisms of HMGCS2-mediated lipid metabolism in AECIIs. RESULTS Injured AECIIs were the primary source of accumulated lipids in response to Bleomycin stimulation. LysoPCs released by injured AECIIs could activate lung fibroblasts, thus promoting the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Mechanistically, HMGCS2 was decreased explicitly in AECIIs and ectopic expression of HMGCS2 in AECIIs using the AAV system significantly alleviated experimental mouse lung fibrosis progression via modulating lipid degradation in AECIIs through promoting CPT1A and CPT2 expression by interacting with PPARα. CONCLUSIONS These data unveiled a novel etiological mechanism of HMGCS2-mediated AECII lipid metabolism in the genesis and development of pulmonary fibrosis and provided a novel target for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntang Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Xin Pan
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Yingge Li
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Chenxi Liang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Zhongzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Guoying Yu
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China.
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Zhang J, Liu Y. Epithelial stem cells and niches in lung alveolar regeneration and diseases. CHINESE MEDICAL JOURNAL PULMONARY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE 2024; 2:17-26. [PMID: 38645714 PMCID: PMC11027191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pccm.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Alveoli serve as the functional units of the lungs, responsible for the critical task of blood-gas exchange. Comprising type I (AT1) and type II (AT2) cells, the alveolar epithelium is continuously subject to external aggressors like pathogens and airborne particles. As such, preserving lung function requires both the homeostatic renewal and reparative regeneration of this epithelial layer. Dysfunctions in these processes contribute to various lung diseases. Recent research has pinpointed specific cell subgroups that act as potential stem or progenitor cells for the alveolar epithelium during both homeostasis and regeneration. Additionally, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells synergistically establish a nurturing microenvironment-or "niche"-that modulates these epithelial stem cells. This review aims to consolidate the latest findings on the identities of these stem cells and the components of their niche, as well as the molecular mechanisms that govern them. Additionally, this article highlights diseases that arise due to perturbations in stem cell-niche interactions. We also discuss recent technical innovations that have catalyzed these discoveries. Specifically, this review underscores the heterogeneity, plasticity, and dynamic regulation of these stem cell-niche systems. It is our aspiration that a deeper understanding of the fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying alveolar homeostasis and regeneration will open avenues for identifying novel therapeutic targets for conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), fibrosis, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yuru Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Zhang D, Zhang J, Zhang J, Ji X, Qi Q, Xu J, Pan Y, Liu X, Sun F, Zeng R, Dong L. Identification of a novel role for TL1A/DR3 deficiency in acute respiratory distress syndrome that exacerbates alveolar epithelial disruption. Respir Res 2023; 24:182. [PMID: 37434162 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial barrier is a potential therapeutic target for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, an effective intervention against alveolar epithelial barrier has not been developed. Here, based on single-cell RNA and mRNA sequencing results, death receptor 3 (DR3) and its only known ligand tumor necrosis factor ligand-associated molecule 1A (TL1A) were significantly reduced in epithelium from an ARDS mice and cell models. The apparent reduction in the TL1A/DR3 axis in lungs from septic-ARDS patients was correlated with the severity of the disease. The examination of knockout (KO) and alveolar epithelium conditional KO (CKO) mice showed that TL1A deficiency exacerbated alveolar inflammation and permeability in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ARDS. Mechanistically, TL1A deficiency decreased glycocalyx syndecan-1 and tight junction-associated zonula occludens 3 by increasing cathepsin E level for strengthening cell-to-cell permeability. Additionally, DR3 deletion aggravated barrier dysfunction and pulmonary edema in LPS-induced ARDS through the above mechanisms based on the analyses of DR3 CKO mice and DR3 overexpression cells. Therefore, the TL1A/DR3 axis has a potential value as a key therapeutic signaling for the protection of alveolar epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Jintao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Qi
- Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Yun Pan
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China.
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7
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Chen H, Tao X, Cao H, Li B, Sun Q, Wang W, Zou Y, Mu M, Tao H, Zhao Y, Ge D. Nicotine exposure exacerbates silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis via STAT3-BDNF-TrkB-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in alveolar type II cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113694. [PMID: 36868510 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The addictive substance nicotine, found in cigarettes and some e-cigarettes, plays a vital role in pro-inflammatory and fibrotic processes. However, the part played by nicotine in the progression of silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis is poorly understood. We used mice exposed to both silica and nicotine to investigate whether nicotine synergizes with silica particles to worsen lung fibrosis. The results revealed that nicotine accelerated the development of pulmonary fibrosis in silica-injured mice by activating STAT3-BDNF-TrkB signalling. Mice with a history of exposure to nicotine showed an increase in Fgf7 expression and alveolar type II cell proliferation if they were also exposed to silica. However, newborn AT2 cells could not regenerate the alveolar structure and release pro-fibrotic factor IL-33. Moreover, activated TrkB induced the expression of p-AKT, which promotes the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transcription factor Twist, but no Snail. In vitro assessment confirmed activation of the STAT3-BDNF-TrkB pathway in AT2 cells, exposed to nicotine plus silica. In addition, TrkB inhibitor K252a downregulated p-TrkB and the downstream p-AKT and restricted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition caused by nicotine plus silica. In conclusion, nicotine activates the STAT3-BDNF-TrkB pathway, which promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and exacerbates pulmonary fibrosis in mice with combined exposure to silica particles and nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Xinrong Tao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China.
| | - Hangbing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Qixian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Wenyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Yuanjie Zou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Min Mu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Huihui Tao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Yehong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Deyong Ge
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
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8
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Demchenko A, Lavrov A, Smirnikhina S. Lung organoids: current strategies for generation and transplantation. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 390:317-333. [PMID: 36178558 PMCID: PMC9522545 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lung diseases occupy a leading position in human morbidity and are the third leading cause of death. Often the chronic forms of these diseases do not respond to therapy, so that lung transplantation is the only treatment option. The development of cellular and biotechnologies offers a new solution-the use of lung organoids for transplantation in such patients. Here, we review types of lung organoids, methods of their production and characterization, and experimental works on transplantation in vivo. These results show the promise of work in this direction. Despite the current problems associated with a low degree of cell engraftment, immune response, and insufficient differentiation, we are confident that organoid transplantation will find it is clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Demchenko
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Laboratory of Genome Editing, Moscow, 115522 Russia
| | - Alexander Lavrov
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Laboratory of Genome Editing, Moscow, 115522 Russia
| | - Svetlana Smirnikhina
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Laboratory of Genome Editing, Moscow, 115522 Russia
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9
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Zhong Q, Liu Y, Correa MR, Marconett CN, Minoo P, Li C, Ann DK, Zhou B, Borok Z. FOXO1 Couples KGF and PI-3K/AKT Signaling to NKX2.1-Regulated Differentiation of Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Cells 2022; 11:1122. [PMID: 35406686 PMCID: PMC8997990 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
NKX2.1 is a master regulator of lung morphogenesis and cell specification; however, interactions of NKX2.1 with various transcription factors to regulate cell-specific gene expression and cell fate in the distal lung remain incompletely understood. FOXO1 is a key regulator of stem/progenitor cell maintenance/differentiation in several tissues but its role in the regulation of lung alveolar epithelial progenitor homeostasis has not been evaluated. We identified a novel role for FOXO1 in alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) differentiation that results in the removal of NKX2.1 from surfactant gene promoters and the subsequent loss of surfactant expression in alveolar epithelial type I-like (AT1-like) cells. We found that the FOXO1 forkhead domain potentiates a loss of surfactant gene expression through an interaction with the NKX2.1 homeodomain, disrupting NKX2.1 binding to the SFTPC promoter. In addition, blocking PI-3K/AKT signaling reduces phosphorylated FOXO-1 (p-FOXO1), allowing accumulated nuclear FOXO1 to interact with NKX2.1 in differentiating AEC. Inhibiting AEC differentiation in vitro with keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) maintained an AT2 cell phenotype through increased PI3K/AKT-mediated FOXO1 phosphorylation, resulting in higher levels of surfactant expression. Together these results indicate that FOXO1 plays a central role in AEC differentiation by directly binding NKX2.1 and suggests an essential role for FOXO1 in mediating AEC homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhong
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yixin Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.R.C.); (C.N.M.); (P.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Michele Ramos Correa
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.R.C.); (C.N.M.); (P.M.); (C.L.)
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Crystal Nicole Marconett
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.R.C.); (C.N.M.); (P.M.); (C.L.)
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Parviz Minoo
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.R.C.); (C.N.M.); (P.M.); (C.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Changgong Li
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.R.C.); (C.N.M.); (P.M.); (C.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - David K. Ann
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Beiyun Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.R.C.); (C.N.M.); (P.M.); (C.L.)
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zea Borok
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.R.C.); (C.N.M.); (P.M.); (C.L.)
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
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10
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Zhou B, Stueve TR, Mihalakakos EA, Miao L, Mullen D, Wang Y, Liu Y, Luo J, Tran E, Siegmund KD, Lynch SK, Ryan AL, Offringa IA, Borok Z, Marconett CN. Comprehensive epigenomic profiling of human alveolar epithelial differentiation identifies key epigenetic states and transcription factor co-regulatory networks for maintenance of distal lung identity. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:906. [PMID: 34922464 PMCID: PMC8684104 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) differentiation is implicated in distal lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and lung adenocarcinoma that impact morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elucidating underlying disease pathogenesis requires a mechanistic molecular understanding of AEC differentiation. Previous studies have focused on changes of individual transcription factors, and to date no study has comprehensively characterized the dynamic, global epigenomic alterations that facilitate this critical differentiation process in humans. RESULTS We comprehensively profiled the epigenomic states of human AECs during type 2 to type 1-like cell differentiation, including the methylome and chromatin functional domains, and integrated this with transcriptome-wide RNA expression data. Enhancer regions were drastically altered during AEC differentiation. Transcription factor binding analysis within enhancer regions revealed diverse interactive networks with enrichment for many transcription factors, including NKX2-1 and FOXA family members, as well as transcription factors with less well characterized roles in AEC differentiation, such as members of the MEF2, TEAD, and AP1 families. Additionally, associations among transcription factors changed during differentiation, implicating a complex network of heterotrimeric complex switching in driving differentiation. Integration of AEC enhancer states with the catalog of enhancer elements in the Roadmap Epigenomics Mapping Consortium and Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) revealed that AECs have similar epigenomic structures to other profiled epithelial cell types, including human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs), with NKX2-1 serving as a distinguishing feature of distal lung differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Enhancer regions are hotspots of epigenomic alteration that regulate AEC differentiation. Furthermore, the differentiation process is regulated by dynamic networks of transcription factors acting in concert, rather than individually. These findings provide a roadmap for understanding the relationship between disruption of the epigenetic state during AEC differentiation and development of lung diseases that may be therapeutically amenable.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - T R Stueve
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - E A Mihalakakos
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - L Miao
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - D Mullen
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Y Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - J Luo
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - E Tran
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - K D Siegmund
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - S K Lynch
- Department of Engineering, Test Manufacturing Group, MAXIM Integrated Products, Sunnyvale, CA, 95134, USA
| | - A L Ryan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - I A Offringa
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Z Borok
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - C N Marconett
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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