1
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Xu F, Suyama R, Inada T, Kawaguchi S, Kai T. HemK2 functions for sufficient protein synthesis and RNA stability through eRF1 methylation during Drosophila oogenesis. Development 2024; 151:dev202795. [PMID: 38881530 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
HemK2 is a highly conserved methyltransferase, but the identification of its genuine substrates has been controversial, and its biological importance in higher organisms remains unclear. We elucidate the role of HemK2 in the methylation of eukaryotic Release Factor 1 (eRF1), a process that is essential for female germline development in Drosophila melanogaster. Knockdown of hemK2 in the germline cells (hemK2-GLKD) induces apoptosis, accompanied by a pronounced decrease in both eRF1 methylation and protein synthesis. Overexpression of a methylation-deficient eRF1 variant recapitulates the defects observed in hemK2-GLKD, suggesting that eRF1 is a primary methylation target of HemK2. Furthermore, hemK2-GLKD leads to a significant reduction in mRNA levels in germline cell. These defects in oogenesis and protein synthesis can be partially restored by inhibiting the No-Go Decay pathway. In addition, hemK2 knockdown is associated with increased disome formation, suggesting that disruptions in eRF1 methylation may provoke ribosomal stalling, which subsequently activates translation-coupled mRNA surveillance mechanisms that degrade actively translated mRNAs. We propose that HemK2-mediated methylation of eRF1 is crucial for ensuring efficient protein production and mRNA stability, which are vital for the generation of high-quality eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Xu
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Suyama
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Inada
- Division of RNA and Gene regulation, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshie Kai
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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2
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Jackson JA, Denk-Lobnig M, Kitzinger KA, Martin AC. Change in RhoGAP and RhoGEF availability drives transitions in cortical patterning and excitability in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2132-2146.e5. [PMID: 38688282 PMCID: PMC11111359 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Actin cortex patterning and dynamics are critical for cell shape changes. These dynamics undergo transitions during development, often accompanying changes in collective cell behavior. Although mechanisms have been established for individual cells' dynamic behaviors, the mechanisms and specific molecules that result in developmental transitions in vivo are still poorly understood. Here, we took advantage of two developmental systems in Drosophila melanogaster to identify conditions that altered cortical patterning and dynamics. We identified a Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF) and Rho GTPase activating protein (RhoGAP) pair required for actomyosin waves in egg chambers. Specifically, depletion of the RhoGEF, Ect2, or the RhoGAP, RhoGAP15B, disrupted actomyosin wave induction, and both proteins relocalized from the nucleus to the cortex preceding wave formation. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of a different RhoGEF and RhoGAP pair, RhoGEF2 and Cumberland GAP (C-GAP), resulted in actomyosin waves in the early embryo, during which RhoA activation precedes actomyosin assembly by ∼4 s. We found that C-GAP was recruited to actomyosin waves, and disrupting F-actin polymerization altered the spatial organization of both RhoA signaling and the cytoskeleton in waves. In addition, disrupting F-actin dynamics increased wave period and width, consistent with a possible role for F-actin in promoting delayed negative feedback. Overall, we showed a mechanism involved in inducing actomyosin waves that is essential for oocyte development and is general to other cell types, such as epithelial and syncytial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Jackson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, 86 Brattle Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Marlis Denk-Lobnig
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Katherine A Kitzinger
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adam C Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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3
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Grmai L, Michaca M, Lackner E, Nampoothiri V P N, Vasudevan D. Integrated stress response signaling acts as a metabolic sensor in fat tissues to regulate oocyte maturation and ovulation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113863. [PMID: 38457339 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is an energy-intensive process requiring systemic coordination. However, the inter-organ signaling mechanisms that relay nutrient status to modulate reproductive output are poorly understood. Here, we use Drosophila melanogaster as a model to establish the integrated stress response (ISR) transcription factor, Atf4, as a fat tissue metabolic sensor that instructs oogenesis. We demonstrate that Atf4 regulates lipase activity to mediate yolk lipoprotein synthesis in the fat body. Depletion of Atf4 in the fat body also blunts oogenesis recovery after amino acid deprivation and re-feeding, suggestive of a nutrient-sensing role for Atf4. We also discovered that Atf4 promotes secretion of a fat-body-derived neuropeptide, CNMamide, which modulates neural circuits that promote egg-laying behavior (ovulation). Thus, we posit that ISR signaling in fat tissue acts as a "metabolic sensor" that instructs female reproduction-directly by impacting yolk lipoprotein production and follicle maturation and systemically by regulating ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Grmai
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Manuel Michaca
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emily Lackner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Deepika Vasudevan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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4
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Sadanandappa MK, Bosco G. Parasitoid cues modulate Drosophila germline development and stem cell proliferation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113657. [PMID: 38175752 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors influence an organism's reproductive ability by regulating germline development and physiology. While the reproductive adaptations in response to extrinsic stress cues offer fitness and survival advantages to individuals, the mechanistic understanding of these modifications remains unclear. Here, we find that parasitoid wasps' stress signaling regulates Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis. We show that fruit flies dwelling in the wasp-infested area elevate their fecundity, and the observed reproductive response is specific to Pachycrepoideus sp., a pupal parasitoid wasp. Pachycrepoideus-specific olfactory and visual cues recruit the signaling pathways that promote germline stem cell proliferation and accelerate follicle development, increasing egg production in Drosophila females. Downregulation of signaling engaged in oocyte development by shifting flies to a non-wasp-infested environment increases apoptosis of the developing follicles. Thus, this study establishes host germline responsiveness to parasitoid-specific signals and supports a predator strategy to increase hosts for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumala K Sadanandappa
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | - Giovanni Bosco
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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5
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Jackson JA, Denk-Lobnig M, Kitzinger KA, Martin AC. Change in RhoGAP and RhoGEF availability drives transitions in cortical patterning and excitability in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.06.565883. [PMID: 37986763 PMCID: PMC10659369 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.06.565883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Actin cortex patterning and dynamics are critical for cell shape changes. These dynamics undergo transitions during development, often accompanying changes in collective cell behavior. While mechanisms have been established for individual cells' dynamic behaviors, mechanisms and specific molecules that result in developmental transitions in vivo are still poorly understood. Here, we took advantage of two developmental systems in Drosophila melanogaster to identify conditions that altered cortical patterning and dynamics. We identified a RhoGEF and RhoGAP pair whose relocalization from nucleus to cortex results in actomyosin waves in egg chambers. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of a different RhoGEF and RhoGAP pair resulted in actomyosin waves in the early embryo, during which RhoA activation precedes actomyosin assembly and RhoGAP recruitment by ~4 seconds. Overall, we showed a mechanism involved in inducing actomyosin waves that is essential for oocyte development and is general to other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Jackson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University
| | | | | | - Adam C. Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Lead contact
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6
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Halim Harrath A, Dahmash W, Alrezaki A, Mansour L, Alwasel S. Using autophagy, apoptosis, cytoskeleton, and epigenetics markers to investigate the origin of infertility in ex-fissiparous freshwater planarian individuals (nomen nudum species) with hyperplasic ovaries. J Invertebr Pathol 2023:107935. [PMID: 37209811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the sterility observed in ex-fissiparous freshwater planarians with hyperplasic ovaries has yet to be explained. To improve our understanding of this enigmatic phenomenon, immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy examination were used the assess autophagy, apoptosis, cytoskeleton, and epigenetics markers in the hyperplasic ovaries of ex-fissiparous individuals and the normal ovaries of sexual individuals. Immunofluorescence positivity for the autophagic marker microtubule-associated protein1 light chain 3 (LC3) was significantly lower in the hyperplasic ovary than in the normal ovary. Compared with the normal ovary, the hyperplasic ovary exhibited significantly higher immunofluorescence positivity for the apoptotic marker caspase 3, suggesting that autophagy and apoptosis are closely associated in this pathogenicity. Furthermore, the level of global DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3) protein expression was significantly higher in the normal ovary than in the hyperplasic ovary, suggesting that DNA methylation is involved in the infertility phenomenon. The cytoskeleton marker actin also exhibited relatively higher immunofluorescence intensity in the normal ovary than in the hyperplasic ovary, consistent with previous findings on the role of cytoskeleton architecture in oocyte maturation. These results help improve our understanding of the causes of infertility in ex-fissiparous planarians with hyperplasic ovaries and provide new insights that will facilitate future studies on this mysterious pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Halim Harrath
- King Saud University, Department of Zoology, College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Waleed Dahmash
- King Saud University, Department of Zoology, College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelkarem Alrezaki
- King Saud University, Department of Zoology, College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamjed Mansour
- King Saud University, Department of Zoology, College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alwasel
- King Saud University, Department of Zoology, College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Zappia M, Kwon YJ, Westacott A, Liseth I, Lee H, Islam ABMMK, Kim J, Frolov M. E2F regulation of the Phosphoglycerate kinase gene is functionally important in Drosophila development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220770120. [PMID: 37011211 PMCID: PMC10104548 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220770120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical role of the transcription factor E2F is to control the expression of cell cycle genes by binding to the E2F sites in their promoters. However, the list of putative E2F target genes is extensive and includes many metabolic genes, yet the significance of E2F in controlling the expression of these genes remains largely unknown. Here, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 technology to introduce point mutations in the E2F sites upstream of five endogenous metabolic genes in Drosophila melanogaster. We found that the impact of these mutations on both the recruitment of E2F and the expression of the target genes varied, with the glycolytic gene, Phosphoglycerate kinase (Pgk), being mostly affected. The loss of E2F regulation on the Pgk gene led to a decrease in glycolytic flux, tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates levels, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, and an abnormal mitochondrial morphology. Remarkably, chromatin accessibility was significantly reduced at multiple genomic regions in PgkΔE2F mutants. These regions contained hundreds of genes, including metabolic genes that were downregulated in PgkΔE2F mutants. Moreover, PgkΔE2F animals had shortened life span and exhibited defects in high-energy consuming organs, such as ovaries and muscles. Collectively, our results illustrate how the pleiotropic effects on metabolism, gene expression, and development in the PgkΔE2F animals underscore the importance of E2F regulation on a single E2F target, Pgk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paula Zappia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Yong-Jae Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Anton Westacott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Isabel Liseth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Hyun Min Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Abul B. M. M. K. Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka1000, Bangladesh
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Maxim V. Frolov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
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8
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Lovegrove MR, Dearden PK, Duncan EJ. Honeybee queen mandibular pheromone induces a starvation response in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 154:103908. [PMID: 36657589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Eusocial insect societies are defined by the reproductive division of labour, a social structure that is generally enforced by the reproductive dominant(s) or 'queen(s)'. Reproductive dominance is maintained through behavioural dominance or production of queen pheromones, or a mixture of both. Queen mandibular pheromone (QMP) is a queen pheromone produced by queen honeybees (Apis mellifera) which represses reproduction in worker honeybees. How QMP acts to repress worker reproduction, the mechanisms by which this repression is induced, and how it has evolved this activity, remain poorly understood. Surprisingly, QMP is capable of repressing reproduction in non-target arthropods. Here we show that in Drosophila melanogaster QMP treatment mimics the starvation response, disrupting reproduction. QMP exposure induces an increase in food consumption and activation of checkpoints in the ovary that reduce fecundity and depresses insulin signalling. The magnitude of these effects is indistinguishable between QMP-treated and starved individuals. As QMP triggers a starvation response in an insect diverged from honeybees, we propose that QMP originally evolved by co-opting nutrition signalling pathways to regulate reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie R Lovegrove
- Genomics Aotearoa and Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, Aotearoa, New Zealand; School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Peter K Dearden
- Genomics Aotearoa and Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, Aotearoa, New Zealand.
| | - Elizabeth J Duncan
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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9
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Airs PM, Nazarchyk MJ, Tucker BJ, Bartholomay LC. Characterizing oogenesis and programmed cell death in the eastern tree hole mosquito Aedes (Protomacleaya) triseriatus. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 2:1073308. [PMID: 38468807 PMCID: PMC10926484 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2022.1073308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Oogenesis in flies manifests as a carefully orchestrated cascade of developmental gates and growth events, punctuated by programmed cell death (PCD) and follicular resorption events. In anautogenous mosquitoes, a blood meal stimulates growth of primary follicles, but the timing of developmental stages is species-specific, and few species have been characterized. Here, we characterize the first gonotrophic cycle of oogenesis in Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae), the principal vector of La Crosse Virus (LACV), a major cause of pediatric encephalitis in North America. We note significant differences in the timing and appearance of developmental stages from previous studies of other mosquito species, particularly Aedes aegypti. We also describe the appearance and timing of PCD events including atresia, nurse cell death, and follicular epithelium death and show that the majority of follicular epithelium cells do not undergo apoptosis during oogenesis but persist in the ovariole at least until the second gonotrophic cycle. This thorough characterization of oogenesis and PCD in Ae. triseriatus, through which LACV must persist in order to achieve filial infection, also serves as a baseline to study host-pathogen interactions during transovarial transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Airs
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Bradley J. Tucker
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Midwest Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lyric C. Bartholomay
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Midwest Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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10
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Abstract
Pheromones exchanged by conspecifics are a major class of chemical signals that can alter behavior, physiology, and development. In particular, males and females communicate with potential mating partners via sex pheromones to promote reproductive success. Physiological and developmental mechanisms by which pheromones facilitate progeny production remain largely enigmatic. Here, we describe how a Caenorhabditis elegans male pheromone, ascr#10, improves the oogenic germline. Before most signs of aging become evident, C. elegans hermaphrodites start producing lower-quality gametes characterized by abnormal morphology, increased rates of chromosomal nondisjunction, and higher penetrance of deleterious alleles. We show that exposure to the male pheromone substantially ameliorates these defects and reduces embryonic lethality. ascr#10 stimulates proliferation of germline precursor cells in adult hermaphrodites. Coupled to the greater precursor supply is increased physiological germline cell death, which is required to improve oocyte quality in older mothers. The hermaphrodite germline is sensitive to the pheromone only during a time window, comparable in duration to a larval stage, in early adulthood. During this period, prereproductive adults assess the suitability of the environment for reproduction. Our results identify developmental events that occur in the oogenic germline in response to a male pheromone. They also suggest that the opposite effects of the pheromone on gamete quality and maternal longevity arise from competition over resource allocation between soma and the germline.
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11
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Cross-species incompatibility between a DNA satellite and the Drosophila Spartan homolog poisons germline genome integrity. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2962-2971.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Dorogova NV, Zubkova AE, Fedorova ЕV, Bolobolova ЕU, Baricheva ЕМ. [Lack of GAGA protein in Trl mutants causes massive cell death in Drosophila spermatogenesis and oogenesis]. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:292-300. [PMID: 34901726 PMCID: PMC8627872 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Белок дрозофилы GAGA (GAF) является фактором эпигенетической регуляции транскрипции
большой группы генов с широким разнообразием клеточных функций. GAF кодируется геном Trithorax-like
(Trl), который экспрессируется в различных органах и тканях на всех стадиях онтогенеза дрозофилы. Мутации этого гена вызывают множественные нарушения развития. В предыдущих работах мы показали, что этот
белок необходим для развития половой системы как самцов, так и самок дрозофилы. Снижение экспрессии
гена Trl приводило ко множественным нарушениям спермато- и оогенеза. Одно из значительных нарушений было связано с массовой деградацией и потерей клеток зародышевого пути, что позволило предположить, что этот белок вовлечен в регуляцию клеточной гибели. В представленной работе мы провели более
детальное цитологическое исследование, чтобы определить, какой тип гибели клеток зародышевого пути
характерен для Trl-мутантов, и происходят ли нарушения или изменения этого процесса по сравнению с
нормой. Полученные результаты показали, что недостаток белка GAF вызывает массовую гибель клеток зародышевого пути как у самок, так и самцов дрозофилы, но проявляется эта гибель в зависимости от пола
по-разному. У самок, мутантных по гену Trl, фенотипически этот процесс не отличается от нормы и в гибнущих яйцевых камерах выявлены признаки апоптоза и аутофагии клеток зародышевого пути. У самцов, мутантных по гену Trl, в отличие от самок, не обнаружены признаки апоптоза. У самцов мутации Trl индуцируют
массовую гибель клеток через аутофагию, что не характерно для сперматогенеза дрозофилы и не описано
ранее ни в норме, ни у мутаций по другим генам. Таким образом, недостаток GAF у мутантов Trl приводит
к усилению апоптотической и аутофагической гибели клеток зародышевого пути. Эктопическая клеточная
гибель и атрофия зародышевой линии, вероятно, связаны с нарушением экспрессии генов-мишеней GAGAфактора, среди которых есть гены, регулирующие как апоптоз, так и аутофагию.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Dorogova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A E Zubkova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Е V Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Е U Bolobolova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Е М Baricheva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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13
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Gao J, Wang J, Chen H. Ovary Structure and Oogenesis of Trypophloeus klimeschi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121099. [PMID: 34940187 PMCID: PMC8709194 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Coleoptera is the largest animal taxon, with many species being agricultural and forest pests. The phylogeny of these species has aroused great interest among scientists. The characteristics of ovariole structure and ultrastructure are useful for phylogenetic work, especially with the improvement of micro technology in recent years. The types of ovarioles are varied. Usually, each family conforms to one type or another. However, in this study, we report on the ovaries of Trypophloeus klimeschi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), and find a different ovariole type from that of other known species of Curculionidae. We describe the features of the female reproductive system, ovary and oogenesis of T. klimeschi and also compare these features with those found in other Curculionidae. This study provides novel information on the reproductive biology of the Curculionidae. Abstract The female reproductive system, ovary structure and ultrastructure of Trypophloeus klimeschi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) were investigated using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Its female reproductive system is comprised of two ovaries (each ovary has two ovarioles), lateral oviducts, common oviduct, spermathecal sac, spermathecal pump, two accessory glands and bursa copulatrix. Well-developed endoplasmic reticulum can be clearly seen in the secretory cells of spermathecal sac. This species has telotrophic meroistic ovarioles that are comprised of terminal filament, tropharium, vitellarium and pedicel. The terminal filaments are simple; each is comprised of cellular peritoneal sheath. The presence of several clusters of nurse cells in the tropharium is indicative that its ovarioles conform to the transition stage. This indicates that there are at least two different types (transition stage and secondary stage) of ovarioles in Curculionidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.G.); (J.W.)
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.G.); (J.W.)
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.G.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-020-85280256
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14
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Jang S, Lee J, Mathews J, Ruess H, Williford AO, Rangan P, Betrán E, Buszczak M. The Drosophila ribosome protein S5 paralog RpS5b promotes germ cell and follicle cell differentiation during oogenesis. Development 2021; 148:272089. [PMID: 34495316 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that ribosome heterogeneity may have important functional consequences in the translation of specific mRNAs within different cell types and under various conditions. Ribosome heterogeneity comes in many forms, including post-translational modification of ribosome proteins (RPs), absence of specific RPs and inclusion of different RP paralogs. The Drosophila genome encodes two RpS5 paralogs: RpS5a and RpS5b. While RpS5a is ubiquitously expressed, RpS5b exhibits enriched expression in the reproductive system. Deletion of RpS5b results in female sterility marked by developmental arrest of egg chambers at stages 7-8, disruption of vitellogenesis and posterior follicle cell (PFC) hyperplasia. While transgenic rescue experiments suggest functional redundancy between RpS5a and RpS5b, molecular, biochemical and ribo-seq experiments indicate that RpS5b mutants display increased rRNA transcription and RP production, accompanied by increased protein synthesis. Loss of RpS5b results in microtubule-based defects and in mislocalization of Delta and Mindbomb1, leading to failure of Notch pathway activation in PFCs. Together, our results indicate that germ cell-specific expression of RpS5b promotes proper egg chamber development by ensuring the homeostasis of functional ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeon Lee
- Lydia Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeremy Mathews
- Lydia Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Holly Ruess
- Lydia Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anna O Williford
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Prashanth Rangan
- RNA Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Esther Betrán
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Michael Buszczak
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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15
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Gonzalez LE, Tang X, Lin H. Maternal Piwi regulates primordial germ cell development to ensure the fertility of female progeny in Drosophila. Genetics 2021; 219:iyab091. [PMID: 34142134 PMCID: PMC8757300 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In many animals, germline development is initiated by proteins and RNAs that are expressed maternally. PIWI proteins and their associated small noncoding PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), which guide PIWI to target RNAs by base-pairing, are among the maternal components deposited into the germline of the Drosophila early embryo. Piwi has been extensively studied in the adult ovary and testis, where it is required for transposon suppression, germline stem cell self-renewal, and fertility. Consequently, loss of Piwi in the adult ovary using piwi-null alleles or knockdown from early oogenesis results in complete sterility, limiting investigation into possible embryonic functions of maternal Piwi. In this study, we show that the maternal Piwi protein persists in the embryonic germline through gonad coalescence, suggesting that maternal Piwi can regulate germline development beyond early embryogenesis. Using a maternal knockdown strategy, we find that maternal Piwi is required for the fertility and normal gonad morphology of female, but not male, progeny. Following maternal piwi knockdown, transposons were mildly derepressed in the early embryo but were fully repressed in the ovaries of adult progeny. Furthermore, the maternal piRNA pool was diminished, reducing the capacity of the PIWI/piRNA complex to target zygotic genes during embryogenesis. Examination of embryonic germ cell proliferation and ovarian gene expression showed that the germline of female progeny was partially masculinized by maternal piwi knockdown. Our study reveals a novel role for maternal Piwi in the germline development of female progeny and suggests that the PIWI/piRNA pathway is involved in germline sex determination in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Gonzalez
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Xiongzhuo Tang
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Haifan Lin
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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16
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Lebo DPV, Chirn A, Taylor JD, Levan A, Doerre Torres V, Agreda E, Serizier SB, Lord AK, Jenkins VK, McCall K. An RNAi screen of the kinome in epithelial follicle cells of the Drosophila melanogaster ovary reveals genes required for proper germline death and clearance. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6080751. [PMID: 33693600 PMCID: PMC8022946 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death and cell corpse clearance are an essential part of organismal health and development. Cell corpses are often cleared away by professional phagocytes such as macrophages. However, in certain tissues, neighboring cells known as nonprofessional phagocytes can also carry out clearance functions. Here, we use the Drosophila melanogaster ovary to identify novel genes required for clearance by nonprofessional phagocytes. In the Drosophila ovary, germline cells can die at multiple time points. As death proceeds, the epithelial follicle cells act as phagocytes to facilitate the clearance of these cells. We performed an unbiased kinase screen to identify novel proteins and pathways involved in cell clearance during two death events. Of 224 genes examined, 18 demonstrated severe phenotypes during developmental death and clearance while 12 demonstrated severe phenotypes during starvation-induced cell death and clearance, representing a number of pathways not previously implicated in phagocytosis. Interestingly, it was found that several genes not only affected the clearance process in the phagocytes, but also non-autonomously affected the process by which germline cells died. This kinase screen has revealed new avenues for further exploration and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane P V Lebo
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alice Chirn
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Taylor
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andre Levan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Emily Agreda
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sandy B Serizier
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Allison K Lord
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Kimberly McCall
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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17
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Lebo DPV, McCall K. Murder on the Ovarian Express: A Tale of Non-Autonomous Cell Death in the Drosophila Ovary. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061454. [PMID: 34200604 PMCID: PMC8228772 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout oogenesis, Drosophila egg chambers traverse the fine line between survival and death. After surviving the ten early and middle stages of oogenesis, egg chambers drastically change their size and structure to produce fully developed oocytes. The development of an oocyte comes at a cost, the price is the lives of the oocyte’s 15 siblings, the nurse cells. These nurse cells do not die of their own accord. Their death is dependent upon their neighbors—the stretch follicle cells. Stretch follicle cells are nonprofessional phagocytes that spend the final stages of oogenesis surrounding the nurse cells and subsequently forcing the nurse cells to give up everything for the sake of the oocyte. In this review, we provide an overview of cell death in the ovary, with a focus on recent findings concerning this phagocyte-dependent non-autonomous cell death.
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18
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Sadanandappa MK, Sathyanarayana SH, Kondo S, Bosco G. Neuropeptide F signaling regulates parasitoid-specific germline development and egg-laying in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009456. [PMID: 33770070 PMCID: PMC8026082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila larvae and pupae are at high risk of parasitoid infection in nature. To circumvent parasitic stress, fruit flies have developed various survival strategies, including cellular and behavioral defenses. We show that adult Drosophila females exposed to the parasitic wasps, Leptopilina boulardi, decrease their total egg-lay by deploying at least two strategies: Retention of fully developed follicles reduces the number of eggs laid, while induction of caspase-mediated apoptosis eliminates the vitellogenic follicles. These reproductive defense strategies require both visual and olfactory cues, but not the MB247-positive mushroom body neuronal function, suggesting a novel mode of sensory integration mediates reduced egg-laying in the presence of a parasitoid. We further show that neuropeptide F (NPF) signaling is necessary for both retaining matured follicles and activating apoptosis in vitellogenic follicles. Whereas previous studies have found that gut-derived NPF controls germ stem cell proliferation, we show that sensory-induced changes in germ cell development specifically require brain-derived NPF signaling, which recruits a subset of NPFR-expressing cell-types that control follicle development and retention. Importantly, we found that reduced egg-lay behavior is specific to parasitic wasps that infect the developing Drosophila larvae, but not the pupae. Our findings demonstrate that female fruit flies use multimodal sensory integration and neuroendocrine signaling via NPF to engage in parasite-specific cellular and behavioral survival strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumala K. Sadanandappa
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Shivaprasad H. Sathyanarayana
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Shu Kondo
- Invertebrate Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Giovanni Bosco
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Duan X, Tong C. Autophagy in Drosophila and Zebrafish. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1208:333-356. [PMID: 34260032 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-2830-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process that delivers cellular contents to the lysosome for degradation. It not only serves as a bulk degradation system for various cytoplasmic components but also functions selectively to clear damaged organelles, aggregated proteins, and invading pathogens (Feng et al., Cell Res 24:24-41, 2014; Galluzzi et al., EMBO J 36:1811-36, 2017; Klionsky et al., Autophagy 12:1-222, 2016). The malfunction of autophagy leads to multiple developmental defects and diseases (Mizushima et al., Nature 451:1069-75, 2008). Drosophila and zebrafish are higher metazoan model systems with sophisticated genetic tools readily available, which make it possible to dissect the autophagic processes and to understand the physiological functions of autophagy (Lorincz et al., Cells 6:22, 2017a; Mathai et al., Cells 6:21, 2017; Zhang and Baehrecke, Trends Cell Biol 25:376-87, 2015). In this chapter, we will discuss recent progress that has been made in the autophagic field by using these animal models. We will focus on the protein machineries required for autophagosome formation and maturation as well as the physiological roles of autophagy in both Drosophila and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Duan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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20
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Ahmed RB, Urbisz AZ, Świątek P. An ultrastructural study of the ovary cord organization and oogenesis in the amphibian leech Batracobdella algira (Annelida, Clitellata, Hirudinida). PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:191-207. [PMID: 33033944 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study reveals the ovary micromorphology and the course of oogenesis in the leech Batracobdella algira (Glossiphoniidae). Using light, fluorescence, and electron microscopies, the paired ovaries were analyzed. At the beginning of the breeding season, the ovaries were small, but as oogenesis progressed, they increased in size significantly, broadened, and elongated. A single convoluted ovary cord was located inside each ovary. The ovary cord was composed of numerous germ cells gathered into syncytial groups, which are called germ-line cysts. During oogenesis, the clustering germ cells differentiated into two functional categories, i.e., nurse cells and oocytes, and therefore, this oogenesis was recognized as being meroistic. As a rule, each clustering germ cell had one connection in the form of a broad cytoplasmic channel (intercellular bridge) that connected it to the cytophore. There was a synchrony in the development of the clustering germ cells in the whole ovary cord. In the immature leeches, the ovary cords contained undifferentiated germ cells exclusively, from which, previtellogenic oocytes and nurse cells differentiated as the breeding season progressed. Only the oocytes grew considerably, gathered nutritive material, and protruded at the ovary cord surface. The vitellogenic oocytes subsequently detached from the cord and filled tightly the ovary sac, while the nurse cells and the cytophore degenerated. Ripe eggs were finally deposited into the cocoons. A comparison of the ovary structure and oogenesis revealed that almost all of the features that are described in the studied species were similar to those that are known from other representatives of Glossiphoniidae, which indicates their evolutionary conservatism within this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Ben Ahmed
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, LR18ES41 Ecologie, Biologie et Physiologie des organismes aquatiques, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Anna Z Urbisz
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, LR18ES41 Ecologie, Biologie et Physiologie des organismes aquatiques, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa, 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa, 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
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21
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Erenpreisa J, Salmina K, Anatskaya O, Cragg MS. Paradoxes of cancer: Survival at the brink. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 81:119-131. [PMID: 33340646 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental understanding of how Cancer initiates, persists and then progresses is evolving. High-resolution technologies, including single-cell mutation and gene expression measurements, are now attainable, providing an ever-increasing insight into the molecular details. However, this higher resolution has shown that somatic mutation theory itself cannot explain the extraordinary resistance of cancer to extinction. There is a need for a more Systems-based framework of understanding cancer complexity, which in particular explains the regulation of gene expression during cell-fate decisions. Cancer displays a series of paradoxes. Here we attempt to approach them from the view-point of adaptive exploration of gene regulatory networks at the edge of order and chaos, where cell-fate is changed by oscillations between alternative regulators of cellular senescence and reprogramming operating through self-organisation. On this background, the role of polyploidy in accessing the phylogenetically pre-programmed "oncofetal attractor" state, related to unicellularity, and the de-selection of unsuitable variants at the brink of cell survival is highlighted. The concepts of the embryological and atavistic theory of cancer, cancer cell "life-cycle", and cancer aneuploidy paradox are dissected under this lense. Finally, we challenge researchers to consider that cancer "defects" are mostly the adaptation tools of survival programs that have arisen during evolution and are intrinsic of cancer. Recognition of these features should help in the development of more successful anti-cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristine Salmina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | | | - Mark S Cragg
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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22
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Erickson PA, Weller CA, Song DY, Bangerter AS, Schmidt P, Bergland AO. Unique genetic signatures of local adaptation over space and time for diapause, an ecologically relevant complex trait, in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009110. [PMID: 33216740 PMCID: PMC7717581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms living in seasonally variable environments utilize cues such as light and temperature to induce plastic responses, enabling them to exploit favorable seasons and avoid unfavorable ones. Local adapation can result in variation in seasonal responses, but the genetic basis and evolutionary history of this variation remains elusive. Many insects, including Drosophila melanogaster, are able to undergo an arrest of reproductive development (diapause) in response to unfavorable conditions. In D. melanogaster, the ability to diapause is more common in high latitude populations, where flies endure harsher winters, and in the spring, reflecting differential survivorship of overwintering populations. Using a novel hybrid swarm-based genome wide association study, we examined the genetic basis and evolutionary history of ovarian diapause. We exposed outbred females to different temperatures and day lengths, characterized ovarian development for over 2800 flies, and reconstructed their complete, phased genomes. We found that diapause, scored at two different developmental cutoffs, has modest heritability, and we identified hundreds of SNPs associated with each of the two phenotypes. Alleles associated with one of the diapause phenotypes tend to be more common at higher latitudes, but these alleles do not show predictable seasonal variation. The collective signal of many small-effect, clinally varying SNPs can plausibly explain latitudinal variation in diapause seen in North America. Alleles associated with diapause are segregating in Zambia, suggesting that variation in diapause relies on ancestral polymorphisms, and both pro- and anti-diapause alleles have experienced selection in North America. Finally, we utilized outdoor mesocosms to track diapause under natural conditions. We found that hybrid swarms reared outdoors evolved increased propensity for diapause in late fall, whereas indoor control populations experienced no such change. Our results indicate that diapause is a complex, quantitative trait with different evolutionary patterns across time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla A. Erickson
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Cory A. Weller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Y. Song
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alyssa S. Bangerter
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Paul Schmidt
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alan O. Bergland
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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23
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Zajitschek F, Georgolopoulos G, Vourlou A, Ericsson M, Zajitschek SRK, Friberg U, Maklakov AA. Evolution Under Dietary Restriction Decouples Survival From Fecundity in Drosophila melanogaster Females. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 74:1542-1548. [PMID: 29718269 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key tenets of life-history theory is that reproduction and survival are linked and that they trade-off with each other. When dietary resources are limited, reduced reproduction with a concomitant increase in survival is commonly observed. It is often hypothesized that this dietary restriction effect results from strategically reduced investment in reproduction in favor of somatic maintenance to survive starvation periods until resources become plentiful again. We used experimental evolution to test this "waiting-for-the-good-times" hypothesis, which predicts that selection under sustained dietary restriction will favor increased investment in reproduction at the cost of survival because "good-times" never come. We assayed fecundity and survival of female Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies that had evolved for 50 generations on three different diets varying in protein content-low (classic dietary restriction diet), standard, and high-in a full-factorial design. High-diet females evolved overall increased fecundity but showed reduced survival on low and standard diets. Low-diet females evolved reduced survival on low diet without corresponding increase in reproduction. In general, there was little correspondence between the evolution of survival and fecundity across all dietary regimes. Our results contradict the hypothesis that resource reallocation between fecundity and somatic maintenance underpins life span extension under dietary restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Zajitschek
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Vourlou
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Maja Ericsson
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Susanne R K Zajitschek
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Doñana Biological Station, EBD-CSIC, Seville, Spain.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Urban Friberg
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.,IFM Biology, AVIAN Behavioural, Genomics and Physiology Group, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Alexei A Maklakov
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.,School of Biological Sciences, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, UK
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24
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Bolobolova EU, Dorogova NV, Fedorova SA. Major Scenarios of Genetically Regulated Cell Death during Oogenesis in Drosophilamelanogaster. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795420060034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Intertwined Functions of Separase and Caspase in Cell Division and Programmed Cell Death. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6159. [PMID: 32273538 PMCID: PMC7145830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63081-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely sister chromatid separation, promoted by separase, is essential for faithful chromosome segregation. Separase is a member of the CD clan of cysteine proteases, which also includes the pro-apoptotic enzymes known as caspases. We report a role for the C. elegans separase SEP-1, primarily known for its essential activity in cell division and cortical granule exocytosis, in developmentally programmed cell death when the predominant pro-apoptotic caspase CED-3 is compromised. Loss of SEP-1 results in extra surviving cells in a weak ced-3(-) mutant, and suppresses the embryonic lethality of a mutant defective for the apoptotic suppressor ced-9/Bcl-2 implicating SEP-1 in execution of apoptosis. We also report apparent non-apoptotic roles for CED-3 in promoting germ cell proliferation, meiotic chromosome disjunction, egg shell formation, and the normal rate of embryonic development. Moreover, loss of the soma-specific (CSP-3) and germline-specific (CSP-2) caspase inhibitors result in CED-3-dependent suppression of embryonic lethality and meiotic chromosome non-disjunction respectively, when separase function is compromised. Thus, while caspases and separases have evolved different substrate specificities associated with their specialized functions in apoptosis and cell division respectively, they appear to have retained the residual ability to participate in both processes, supporting the view that co-option of components in cell division may have led to the innovation of programmed cell suicide early in metazoan evolution.
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Lepesant JMJ, Iampietro C, Galeota E, Augé B, Aguirrenbengoa M, Mercé C, Chaubet C, Rocher V, Haenlin M, Waltzer L, Pelizzola M, Di Stefano L. A dual role of dLsd1 in oogenesis: regulating developmental genes and repressing transposons. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:1206-1224. [PMID: 31799607 PMCID: PMC7026653 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone demethylase LSD1 is a key chromatin regulator that is often deregulated in cancer. Its ortholog, dLsd1 plays a crucial role in Drosophila oogenesis; however, our knowledge of dLsd1 function is insufficient to explain its role in the ovary. Here, we have performed genome-wide analysis of dLsd1 binding in the ovary, and we document that dLsd1 is preferentially associated to the transcription start site of developmental genes. We uncovered an unanticipated interplay between dLsd1 and the GATA transcription factor Serpent and we report an unexpected role for Serpent in oogenesis. Besides, our transcriptomic data show that reducing dLsd1 levels results in ectopic transposable elements (TE) expression correlated with changes in H3K4me2 and H3K9me2 at TE loci. In addition, our results suggest that dLsd1 is required for Piwi dependent TE silencing. Hence, we propose that dLsd1 plays crucial roles in establishing specific gene expression programs and in repressing transposons during oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M J Lepesant
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Carole Iampietro
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Eugenia Galeota
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Benoit Augé
- CBD, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Marion Aguirrenbengoa
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Clemèntine Mercé
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Camille Chaubet
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Vincent Rocher
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Marc Haenlin
- CBD, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Lucas Waltzer
- CBD, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
| | - Mattia Pelizzola
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Luisa Di Stefano
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France
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Fujinaga D, Shiomi K, Yagi Y, Kataoka H, Mizoguchi A. An insulin-like growth factor-like peptide promotes ovarian development in the silkmoth Bombyx mori. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18446. [PMID: 31804598 PMCID: PMC6895095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54962-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin family peptides are known to be key regulators of growth and metabolism in insects and vertebrates. Insects have two types of insulin family peptides: insulin-like peptides and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-like peptides (IGFLPs). We recently demonstrated that an IGFLP in the silkmoth, Bombyx mori (BIGFLP) promotes the growth of the genital imaginal disc ex vivo. However, the role of BIGFLP in the regulation of insect growth remains unclear because no in vivo study has been performed. Therefore, we analysed the functions of BIGFLP in vivo by constructing BIGFLP knock-out (KO) B. mori using the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system. The KO moths exhibited decreased body weights and size of the appendages compared wild-type (wt) moths. Interestingly, KO females also had drastically lower ovary weights and number of eggs than wt females. However, mutant ovaries that were transplanted into wt host pupae reached a similar weight to wt ovaries that were transplanted into the wt hosts, suggesting that IGFLP in the haemolymph promotes ovarian development. These findings show that BIGFLP regulates the growth and development of adult organs, particularly the ovaries, in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Fujinaga
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Shiomi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Yagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, Nisshin, Aichi, 470-0195, Japan.
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Loss of putzig in the germline impedes germ cell development by inducing cell death and new niche like microenvironments. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9108. [PMID: 31235815 PMCID: PMC6591254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline stem cell development and differentiation is tightly controlled by the surrounding somatic cells of the stem cell niche. In Drosophila females, cells of the niche emit various signals including Dpp and Wg to balance stem cell renewal and differentiation. Here, we show that the gene pzg is autonomously required in cells of the germline to sustain the interplay between niche and stem cells. Loss of pzg impairs stem cell differentiation and provokes the death of cells in the germarium. As a consequence of pzg loss, increased growth signalling activity predominantly of Dpp and Wg/Wnt, was observed, eventually disrupting the balance of germ cell self-renewal and differentiation. Whereas in the soma, apoptosis-induced compensatory growth is well established, the induction of self-renewal signals during oogenesis cannot compensate for dying germ cells, albeit inducing a new niche-like microenvironment. Instead, they impair the further development of germ cells and cause in addition a forward and feedback loop of cell death.
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Vimal D, Saini S, Kristipati RR, Chowdhuri DK. Atrazine or bisphenol A mediated negative modulation of mismatch repair gene, mlh1 leads to defective oogenesis and reduced female fertility in Drosophila melanogaster. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:247-258. [PMID: 30877919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study reports the effects of an herbicide (atrazine) and a plasticizer (Bisphenol A, BPA) on the transcriptional modulation of a mismatch repair gene (mlh1) and its adverse consequences on female fertility using Drosophila as a model. Through a chemical screen, we show that exposure to atrazine or BPA significantly downregulates mlh1 and the exposed flies had reduced fertility with smaller ovaries having reduced number of mature oocytes and abnormal distribution of ovarian follicles with increased apoptosis in them. These females had increased double-strand breaks as well as reduced synaptonemal complex formation in their ovaries suggesting altered meiotic crossing over. The eggs of these females were defective in their maternal transcripts as well as proteins and consequently, after fertilization, these eggs exhibited abnormal embryonic development. Interestingly, these phenotypes parallel that of mlh1 mutants. Further, exposure of females having reduced Mlh1 levels (mlh1e00130/CyO) to atrazine or BPA caused severe defective phenotypes at a higher proportion than normal flies. Our findings reveal the critical role of mlh1 in atrazine and BPA mediated female reproductive toxicity, and opens up a possibility of toxicants affecting female fertility by modulating the MMR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Vimal
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Sanjay Saini
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Ram Kristipati
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India.
| | - Debapratim Kar Chowdhuri
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India.
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Comparing DNA damage induced by mobile telephony and other types of man-made electromagnetic fields. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 781:53-62. [PMID: 31416578 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The number of studies showing adverse effects on living organisms induced by different types of man-made Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) has increased tremendously. Hundreds of peer reviewed published studies show a variety of effects, the most important being DNA damage which is linked to cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, reproductive declines etc. Those studies that are far more effective in showing effects employ real-life Mobile Telephony (MT) exposures emitted by commercially available mobile phones. The present review - of results published by my group from 2006 until 2016 - compares DNA fragmentation induced by six different EMFs on the same biological system - the oogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster - under identical conditions and procedures. Such a direct comparison between different EMFs - especially those employed in daily life - on the same biological endpoint, is very useful for drawing conclusions on their bioactivity, and novel. It shows that real MT EMFs are far more damaging than 50 Hz alternating magnetic field (MF) - similar or much stronger to those of power lines - or a pulsed electric field (PEF) found before to increase fertility. The MT EMFs were significantly more bioactive even for much shorter exposure durations than the other EMFs. Moreover, they were more damaging than previously tested cytotoxic agents like certain chemicals, starvation, dehydration. Individual parameters of the real MT EMFs like intensity, frequency, exposure duration, polarization, pulsing, modulation, are discussed in terms of their role in bioactivity. The crucial parameter for the intense bioactivity seems to be the extreme variability of the polarized MT signals, mainly due to the large unpredictable intensity changes.
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Reproductive adaptation in alate adult morphs of the English grain aphid Sitobion avenae under starvation stress. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2023. [PMID: 30765848 PMCID: PMC6375909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Adapting their reproductive physiology is a tactic that insects use in responding to conditions of food unavailability. The present study examined the potential effects of starvation periods on the ovarian development and reproduction of alate adult morphs of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius). Morphs both continuously fed and starved aphids contained two telotrophic ovaries, each comprising five ovarioles. As time increase after emergence, the number of offspring produced by the fed aphids increased gradually, whereas the number of embryos in their ovaries decreased gradually. Both the number of mature embryos and the volume of embryos rapidly increased at 24 h after emergence, and then remained at an approximately constant level between 24 and 144 h. Compared to the fed aphids, starved aphids only produced a small number of nymphs, and there was no significant change in the total number of embryos between 24 and 144 h, whereas both the number of mature embryos and volume of embryos increased significantly. Irrespective of starvation period, highly significant relationships between life span and fecundity were found. Adult aphids starved for longer periods presented lower longevity and fecundity, but dead females contained more mature embryos than those starved for shorter periods. These results suggested that, under starvation stress, S. avenae tends to invest in the development of larger embryos at the expense of reducing lifespan and future fecundity. This adaptive reproductive strategy under starvation stress could be one of the factors contributing to the successful establishment of new colonies of alate migratory aphids.
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Santos CG, Humann FC, Hartfelder K. Juvenile hormone signaling in insect oogenesis. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 31:43-48. [PMID: 31109672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) plays a crucial role in insect reproduction, but its molecular mode of action only became clear within the last decade. We here review recent findings revealing the intricate crosstalk between JH and ecdysone signaling with nutrient sensing pathways in Drosophila melanogaster, Aedes aegypti, Tribolium castaneum and Locusta migratoria. The finding for a critical role of ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH) in both molting and ooogenesis now also highlights the importance of an integrated view of development and reproduction. Furthermore, insights from non-model insects, especially so social Hymenoptera and termites, where JH function gradually becomes decoupled from reproduction and plays a role in division of labor, emphasize the need to consider life cycle and life history strategies when studying insect reproductive physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gonçalves Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Klaus Hartfelder
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Świątek P, Urbisz AZ. Architecture and Life History of Female Germ-Line Cysts in Clitellate Annelids. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 68:515-551. [PMID: 31598870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23459-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Animal female and male germ-line cells often form syncytial units termed cysts, clusters, or clones. Within these cysts, the cells remain interconnected by specific cell junctions known as intercellular bridges or ring canals, which enable cytoplasm to be shared and macromolecules and organelles to be exchanged between cells. Numerous analyses have shown that the spatial organization of cysts and their functioning may differ between the sexes and taxa. The vast majority of our knowledge about the formation and functioning of germ-line cysts comes from studies of model species (mainly Drosophila melanogaster); the other systems of the cyst organization and functioning are much less known and are sometimes overlooked. Here, we present the current state of the knowledge of female germ-line cysts in clitellate annelids (Clitellata), which is a monophyletic taxon of segmented worms (Annelida). The organization of germ-line cysts in clitellates differs markedly from that of the fruit fly and vertebrates. In Clitellata, germ cells are not directly connected one to another, but, as a rule, each cell has one ring canal that connects it to an anuclear central cytoplasmic core, a cytophore. Thus, this pattern of cell distribution is similar to the germ-line cysts of Caenorhabditis elegans. The last decade of studies has revealed that although clitellate female germ-line cysts have a strong morphological plasticity, e.g., cysts may contain from 16 to as many as 2500 cells, the oogenesis always shows a meroistic mode, i.e., the interconnected cells take on different fates; a few (sometimes only one) become oocytes, whereas the rest play the role of supporting (nurse) cells and do not continue oogenesis.This is the first comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on the organization and functioning of female germ-line cysts in clitellate annelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Świątek
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Anna Z Urbisz
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Guo Y, Hoffmann AA, Xu XQ, Zhang X, Huang HJ, Ju JF, Gong JT, Hong XY. Wolbachia-induced apoptosis associated with increased fecundity in Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:796-807. [PMID: 29989657 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia influence the fitness of their invertebrate hosts. They have effects on reproductive incompatibility and egg production. Although the former are well characterized, the mechanistic basis of the latter is unclear. Here, we investigate whether apoptosis, which has been implicated in fecundity in model insects, influences the interaction between fecundity and Wolbachia in the planthopper Laodelphax striatellus. Wolbachia-infected females produced about 30% more eggs than uninfected females. We used the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TDT)-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling staining to visualize apoptosis. Microscopic observations indicated that the Wolbachia strain wStri increased the number of ovarioles that contained apoptotic nurse cells in both young and aged adult females. The frequency of apoptosis was much higher in the infected females. The increased fecundity appeared to be a result of apoptosis of nurse cells, which provide nutrients to the growing oocytes. In addition, cell apoptosis inhibition by caspase messenger RNA interference in Wolbachia-infected L. striatellus markedly decreased egg numbers. Together, these data suggest that wStri might enhance fecundity by increasing the number of apoptotic cells in the ovaries in a caspase-dependent manner. Our findings establish a link between Wolbachia-induced apoptosis and egg production effects mediated by Wolbachia, although the way in which the endosymbiont influences caspase levels remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Guo
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - A A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - X-Q Xu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H-J Huang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J-F Ju
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J-T Gong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X-Y Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Saatian B, Austin RS, Tian G, Chen C, Nguyen V, Kohalmi SE, Geelen D, Cui Y. Analysis of a novel mutant allele of GSL8 reveals its key roles in cytokinesis and symplastic trafficking in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:295. [PMID: 30466394 PMCID: PMC6249969 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant cell walls are mainly composed of polysaccharides such as cellulose and callose. Callose exists at a very low level in the cell wall; however, it plays critical roles at different stages of plant development as well as in defence against unfavorable conditions. Callose is accumulated at the cell plate, at plasmodesmata and in male and female gametophytes. Despite the important roles of callose in plants, the mechanisms of its synthesis and regulatory properties are not well understood. RESULTS CALLOSE SYNTHASE (CALS) genes, also known as GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE (GSL), comprise a family of 12 members in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we describe a new allele of GSL8 (named essp8) that exhibits pleiotropic seedling defects. Reduction of callose deposition at the cell plates and plasmodesmata in essp8 leads to ectopic endomitosis and an increase in the size exclusion limit of plasmodesmata during early seedling development. Movement of two non-cell-autonomous factors, SHORT ROOT and microRNA165/6, both required for root radial patterning during embryonic root development, are dysregulated in the primary root of essp8. This observation provides evidence for a molecular mechanism explaining the gsl8 root phenotype. We demonstrated that GSL8 interacts with PLASMODESMATA-LOCALIZED PROTEIN 5, a β-1,3-glucanase, and GSL10. We propose that they all might be part of a putative callose synthase complex, allowing a concerted regulation of callose deposition at plasmodesmata. CONCLUSION Analysis of a novel mutant allele of GSL8 reveals that GSL8 is a key player in early seedling development in Arabidopsis. GSL8 is required for maintaining the basic ploidy level and regulating the symplastic trafficking. Callose deposition at plasmodesmata is highly regulated and occurs through interaction of different components, likely to be incorporated into a callose biosynthesis complex. We are providing new evidence supporting an earlier hypothesis that GSL8 might have regulatory roles apart from its enzymatic function in plasmodesmata regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Saatian
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1391 Sandford St, London, ON N5V 4T3 Canada
| | - Ryan S. Austin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1391 Sandford St, London, ON N5V 4T3 Canada
| | - Gang Tian
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON Canada
| | - Chen Chen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1391 Sandford St, London, ON N5V 4T3 Canada
| | - Vi Nguyen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON Canada
| | - Susanne E. Kohalmi
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1391 Sandford St, London, ON N5V 4T3 Canada
| | - Danny Geelen
- In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, University of Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yuhai Cui
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1391 Sandford St, London, ON N5V 4T3 Canada
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Lirakis M, Dolezal M, Schlötterer C. Redefining reproductive dormancy in Drosophila as a general stress response to cold temperatures. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 107:175-185. [PMID: 29649483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organisms regularly encounter unfavorable conditions and the genetic adaptations facilitating survival have been of long-standing interest to evolutionary biologists. Winter is one particularly stressful condition for insects, during which they encounter low temperatures and scarcity of food. Despite dormancy being a well-studied adaptation to facilitate overwintering, there is still considerable controversy about the distribution of dormancy among natural populations and between species in Drosophila. The current definition of dormancy as developmental arrest of oogenesis at the previtellogenic stage (stage 7) distinguishes dormancy from general stress related block of oogenesis at early vitellogenic stages (stages 8 - 9). In an attempt to resolve this, we scrutinized reproductive dormancy in D. melanogaster and D. simulans. We show that dormancy shows the same hallmarks of arrest of oogenesis at stage 9, as described for other stressors and propose a new classification for dormancy. Applying this modified classification, we show that both species express dormancy in cosmopolitan and African populations, further supporting that dormancy uses an ancestral pathway induced by environmental stress. While we found significant differences between individuals and the two Drosophila species in their sensitivity to cold temperature stress, we also noted that extreme temperature stress (8 °C) resulted in very strong dormancy incidence, which strongly reduced the differences seen at less extreme temperatures. We conclude that dormancy in Drosophila should not be considered a special trait, but is better understood as a generic stress response occurring at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis Lirakis
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Austria; Vienna Graduate School of Population Genetics, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Austria.
| | - Marlies Dolezal
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Christian Schlötterer
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Austria
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Vimal D, Kumar S, Pandey A, Sharma D, Saini S, Gupta S, Ravi Ram K, Chowdhuri DK. Mlh1 is required for female fertility in Drosophila melanogaster: An outcome of effects on meiotic crossing over, ovarian follicles and egg activation. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:75-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Serizier SB, McCall K. Scrambled Eggs: Apoptotic Cell Clearance by Non-Professional Phagocytes in the Drosophila Ovary. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1642. [PMID: 29238344 PMCID: PMC5712531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
For half of a century, it has been known that non-professional phagocytes, such as fibroblasts, endothelial, and epithelial cells, are capable of efferocytosis (engulfment of apoptotic cells). Non-professional phagocytes differ from professional phagocytes in the range and efficiency of engulfment. Much of the recognition and underlying signaling machinery between non-professional and professional phagocytes is the same, but it is not known how the engulfment capacity of non-professional phagocytes is controlled. Moreover, the signaling networks involved in cell corpse recognition, engulfment, and phagosome maturation are only partially understood. The Drosophila ovary provides an excellent system to investigate the regulation of phagocytic activity by epithelial cells, a major class of non-professional phagocytes. During Drosophila oogenesis, mid-stage egg chambers undergo apoptosis of the germline in response to nutrient deprivation. Epithelial follicle cells then undergo major cell shape changes and concomitantly engulf the germline material. Our previous work has established that Draper and the integrin α-PS3/β-PS heterodimer are required in follicle cells for germline cell clearance. In addition, we have characterized phagosome maturation pathways, and found that the JNK pathway amplifies the engulfment response. In this review, we discuss recent advances on the interplay between engulfment pathways in the follicular epithelium for cell clearance in the Drosophila ovary. We also provide a comparison to apoptotic cell clearance mechanisms in C. elegans and mammals, illustrating strong conservation of efferocytosis mechanisms by non-professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy B Serizier
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kimberly McCall
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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Osborne AJ, Dearden PK. A 'phenotypic hangover': the predictive adaptive response and multigenerational effects of altered nutrition on the transcriptome of Drosophila melanogaster. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2017; 3:dvx019. [PMID: 29492318 PMCID: PMC5804559 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvx019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis predicts that early-life environmental exposures can be detrimental to later-life health and that mismatch between the pre- and post-natal environment may contribute to the growing non-communicable disease epidemic. Within this is an increasingly recognized role for epigenetic mechanisms; for example, epigenetic modifications can be influenced by nutrition and can alter gene expression in mothers and offspring. Currently, there are few whole-genome transcriptional studies of response to nutritional alteration. Thus, we sought to explore how nutrition affects the expression of genes involved in epigenetic processes in Drosophila melanogaster. We manipulated Drosophila food macronutrient composition at the F0 generation, mismatched F1 offspring back to a standard diet and analysed the transcriptome of the F0-F3 generations by RNA sequencing. At F0, the altered (high-protein, low-carbohydrate) diet increased expression of genes classified as having roles in epigenetic processes, with co-ordinated down-regulation of genes involved in immunity, neurotransmission and neurodevelopment, oxidative stress and metabolism. Upon reversion to standard nutrition, mismatched F1 and F2 generations displayed multigenerational inheritance of altered gene expression. By the F3 generation, gene expression had reverted to F0 (matched) levels. These nutritionally induced gene expression changes demonstrate that dietary alterations can up-regulate epigenetic genes, which may influence the expression of genes with broad biological functions. Furthermore, the multigenerational inheritance of the gene expression changes in F1 and F2 mismatched generations suggests a predictive adaptive response to maternal nutrition, aiding the understanding of the interaction between maternal diet and offspring health, with direct implications for the current non-communicable disease epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Osborne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Correspondence address. Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Tel: +64 3 364 2555; E-mail:
| | - Peter K Dearden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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40
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Su X, Yang X, Li J, Xing L, Liu H, Chen J. The transition path from female workers to neotenic reproductives in the termite Reticulitermes labralis. Evol Dev 2017; 19:218-226. [PMID: 28869353 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Termite workers are characterized by unique flexibility in that a worker can develop in one of three ways: remain a worker, become a soldier within two successive moults, or become a neotenic reproductive (NR) within a single moult. However, is it true that workers can transform into NRs within a single moult? Actually, the developmental pathways of workers turning into NRs remains unclear. In this study, we show for the first time that the female workers of Reticulitermes labralis develop into NRs after a pre-NRs stage. We found that a female worker became a NR after two successive moults, whereas the male workers copulated directly with queens without undergoing any moults. After the first moult led the female workers into the pre-NR stage, the length of their abdomens, seventh sternites and ovaries significantly increased. After the second moult from the pre-NRs stage into NRs, the follicle cells returned to normal, and a few oocytes and follicle cells underwent apoptosis. These results demonstrated that the female pre-NR type was a transitional type during the development of female workers to the NR caste, and the starting point for oogenesis resumption was the NR stage. We confirmed there were fundamental differences in the reproductive pathway of the male and female workers. Therefore, we determined that the transformation process of the female NRs from workers may be a very complex process, and the reproductive biology of the workers has great potential to provide important and spectacular insights into the evolution strategy of termites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Su
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lianxi Xing
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - He Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiaoling Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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41
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Zhang C, Montooth KL, Calvi BR. Incompatibility between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes during oogenesis results in ovarian failure and embryonic lethality. Development 2017; 144:2490-2503. [PMID: 28576772 DOI: 10.1242/dev.151951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction can cause female infertility. An important unresolved issue is the extent to which incompatibility between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes contributes to female infertility. It has previously been shown that a mitochondrial haplotype from D. simulans (simw501 ) is incompatible with a nuclear genome from the D. melanogaster strain Oregon-R (OreR), resulting in impaired development, which was enhanced at higher temperature. This mito-nuclear incompatibility is between alleles of the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (Aatm) and the mitochondrial-encoded tyrosyl-tRNA that it aminoacylates. Here, we show that this mito-nuclear incompatibility causes a severe temperature-sensitive female infertility. The OreR nuclear genome contributed to death of ovarian germline stem cells and reduced egg production, which was further enhanced by the incompatibility with simw501 mitochondria. Mito-nuclear incompatibility also resulted in aberrant egg morphology and a maternal-effect on embryonic chromosome segregation and survival, which was completely dependent on the temperature and mito-nuclear genotype of the mother. Our findings show that maternal mito-nuclear incompatibility during Drosophila oogenesis has severe consequences for egg production and embryonic survival, with important broader relevance to human female infertility and mitochondrial replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
| | - Kristi L Montooth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Brian R Calvi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
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42
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Ovaries of the white worm ( Enchytraeus albidus , Annelida, Clitellata) are composed of 16-celled meroistic germ-line cysts. Dev Biol 2017; 426:28-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Gáliková M, Klepsatel P, Münch J, Kühnlein RP. Spastic paraplegia-linked phospholipase PAPLA1 is necessary for development, reproduction, and energy metabolism in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46516. [PMID: 28422159 PMCID: PMC5395975 DOI: 10.1038/srep46516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The human PAPLA1 phospholipase family is associated with hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), a neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs. Taking advantage of a new Drosophila PAPLA1 mutant, we describe here novel functions of this phospholipase family in fly development, reproduction, and energy metabolism. Loss of Drosophila PAPLA1 reduces egg hatchability, pre-adult viability, developmental speed, and impairs reproductive functions of both males and females. In addition, our work describes novel metabolic roles of PAPLA1, manifested as decreased food intake, lower energy expenditure, and reduced ATP levels of the mutants. Moreover, PAPLA1 has an important role in the glycogen metabolism, being required for expression of several regulators of carbohydrate metabolism and for glycogen storage. In contrast, global loss of PAPLA1 does not affect fat reserves in adult flies. Interestingly, several of the PAPLA1 phenotypes in fly are reminiscent of symptoms described in some HSP patients, suggesting evolutionary conserved functions of PAPLA1 family in the affected processes. Altogether, this work reveals novel physiological functions of PAPLA1, which are likely evolutionary conserved from flies to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gáliková
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Research Group Molecular Physiology, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Stockholm University, Department of Zoology, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Klepsatel
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Research Group Molecular Physiology, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Judith Münch
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Research Group Molecular Physiology, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,University of Leipzig, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronald P Kühnlein
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Research Group Molecular Physiology, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Humboldtstraße 50/2.OG, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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44
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Duhart JC, Parsons TT, Raftery LA. The repertoire of epithelial morphogenesis on display: Progressive elaboration of Drosophila egg structure. Mech Dev 2017; 148:18-39. [PMID: 28433748 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial structures are foundational for tissue organization in all metazoans. Sheets of epithelial cells form lateral adhesive junctions and acquire apico-basal polarity perpendicular to the surface of the sheet. Genetic analyses in the insect model, Drosophila melanogaster, have greatly advanced our understanding of how epithelial organization is established, and how it is modulated during tissue morphogenesis. Major insights into collective cell migrations have come from analyses of morphogenetic movements within the adult follicular epithelium that cooperates with female germ cells to build a mature egg. Epithelial follicle cells progress through tightly choreographed phases of proliferation, patterning, reorganization and migrations, before they differentiate to form the elaborate structures of the eggshell. Distinct structural domains are organized by differential adhesion, within which lateral junctions are remodeled to further shape the organized epithelia. During collective cell migrations, adhesive interactions mediate supracellular organization of planar polarized macromolecules, and facilitate crawling over the basement membrane or traction against adjacent cell surfaces. Comparative studies with other insects are revealing the diversification of morphogenetic movements for elaboration of epithelial structures. This review surveys the repertoire of follicle cell morphogenesis, to highlight the coordination of epithelial plasticity with progressive differentiation of a secretory epithelium. Technological advances will keep this tissue at the leading edge for interrogating the precise spatiotemporal regulation of normal epithelial reorganization events, and provide a framework for understanding pathological tissue dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Duhart
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States
| | - Travis T Parsons
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States
| | - Laurel A Raftery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States.
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Dorogova NV, Bolobolova EU, Zakharenko LP. Cellular aspects of gonadal atrophy in Drosophila P-M hybrid dysgenesis. Dev Biol 2017; 424:105-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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46
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Della Torre S, Maggi A. Sex Differences: A Resultant of an Evolutionary Pressure? Cell Metab 2017; 25:499-505. [PMID: 28190772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spurred by current research policy, we are witnessing a significant growth in the number of studies that observe and describe sexual diversities in human physiology and sex prevalence in a large number of pathologies. Yet we are far from the comprehension of the mechanisms underpinning these differences, which are the result of a long evolutionary history. This Essay is meant to underline female reproductive function as a driver for the positive selection of the specific physiological features that explain male and female differential susceptibility to diseases and metabolic disturbances, in particular. A clear understanding of the causes underlying sexual dimorphisms in the physio-pathology is crucial for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Della Torre
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Origins and Functions of the Ventrolateral VMH: A Complex Neuronal Cluster Orchestrating Sex Differences in Metabolism and Behavior. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1043:199-213. [PMID: 29224096 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine brain or hypothalamus has emerged as one of the most highly sexually dimorphic brain regions in mammals, and specifically in rodents. It is not surprising that hypothalamic nuclei play a pivotal role in controlling sex-dependent physiology. This brain region functions as a chief executive officer or master regulator of homeostatic physiological systems to integrate both external and internal signals. In this review, we describe sex differences in energy homeostasis that arise in one area of the hypothalamus, the ventrolateral subregion of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl) with a focus on how male and female neurons function in metabolic and behavioral aspects. Because other chapters within this book provide details on signaling pathways in the VMH that contribute to sex differences in metabolism, our discussion will be limited to how the sexually dimorphic VMHvl develops and what key regulators are thought to control the many functional and physiological endpoints attributed to this region. In the last decade, several exciting new studies using state-of-the-art genetic and molecular tools are beginning to provide some understanding as to how specific neurons contribute to the coordinated physiological responses needed by male and females. New technology that combines intersectional spatial and genetic approaches is now allowing further refinement in how we describe, probe, and manipulate critical male and female neurocircuits involved in metabolism.
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48
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Fruttero LL, Leyria J, Canavoso LE. Lipids in Insect Oocytes: From the Storage Pathways to Their Multiple Functions. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 63:403-434. [PMID: 28779328 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60855-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In insect physiology, the mechanisms involved in the buildup and regulation of yolk proteins in developing oocytes have been thoroughly researched during the last three decades. Comparatively, the study of lipid metabolism in oocytes had received less attention. The importance of this issue lies in the fact that lipids make up to 40% of the dry weight of an insect egg, being the most important supply of energy for the developing embryo. Since the oocyte has a very limited capacity to synthesize lipids de novo, most of the lipids in the mature eggs arise from the circulation. The main lipid carriers in the insect circulatory system are the lipoproteins lipophorin and vitellogenin. In some species, the endocytosis of lipophorin and vitellogenin may account for about 10% of the lipids present in mature eggs. Thus, most of the lipids are transferred by a lipophorin-mediated pathway, in which the lipoprotein unloads its lipid cargo at the surface of oocytes without internalization. This chapter recapitulates the current status on lipid storage and its utilization in insect oocytes and discusses the participation of key factors including lipoproteins, transfer proteins, lipolytic enzymes, and dynamic organelles such as lipid droplets. The new findings in the field of lipophorin receptors are presented in the context of lipid accumulation during egg maturation, and the roles of lipids beyond energy source are summarized from the perspective of oogenesis and embryogenesis. Finally, prospective and fruitful areas of future research are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo L Fruttero
- Instituto do Cerebro (InsCer). Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jimena Leyria
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina
| | - Lilián E Canavoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina.
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In vivo Toxicity Assessment of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs LR14) Derived from Lactobacillus plantarum Strain LR/14 in Drosophila melanogaster. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 6:59-67. [PMID: 24676768 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-013-9154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria are known to produce antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as bacteriocins which can be employed to control pathogens and food spoilage microorganisms. However, their possible role as toxic agents against a eukaryotic system still remains unexplored. The present study deals with the in vivo evaluation of acute toxic effect of AMPs LR14, a mixture of AMPs isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum LR/14 on Drosophila melanogaster. The fly was used as a model system to measure the extent of toxicity of these peptides. The results showed that concentrations below 10 mg/ml are not significantly effective. When exposed to 10 mg/ml of AMPs LR14, acute toxic effect and a significant delay in the developmental cycle of the fly could be observed. Also, the weight and size of the flies were significantly reduced upon ingestion of these peptides. Higher concentrations (beyond 15 mg/ml) exerted a strong larvicidal effect. Detailed analysis on larval tissues and adult germ cells of the insect revealed deformity in cellular architecture, DNA fragmentation, and premature apoptosis, confirming that the peptides have a dose-dependent toxic property. Our studies provide the first information on the role of AMPs LR14 as an insecticidal agent.
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The Histone Variant H3.3 Is Enriched at Drosophila Amplicon Origins but Does Not Mark Them for Activation. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:1661-71. [PMID: 27172191 PMCID: PMC4889662 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.028068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic DNA replication begins from multiple origins. The origin recognition complex (ORC) binds origin DNA and scaffolds assembly of a prereplicative complex (pre-RC), which is subsequently activated to initiate DNA replication. In multicellular eukaryotes, origins do not share a strict DNA consensus sequence, and their activity changes in concert with chromatin status during development, but mechanisms are ill-defined. Previous genome-wide analyses in Drosophila and other organisms have revealed a correlation between ORC binding sites and the histone variant H3.3. This correlation suggests that H3.3 may designate origin sites, but this idea has remained untested. To address this question, we examined the enrichment and function of H3.3 at the origins responsible for developmental gene amplification in the somatic follicle cells of the Drosophila ovary. We found that H3.3 is abundant at these amplicon origins. H3.3 levels remained high when replication initiation was blocked, indicating that H3.3 is abundant at the origins before activation of the pre-RC. H3.3 was also enriched at the origins during early oogenesis, raising the possibility that H3.3 bookmarks sites for later amplification. However, flies null mutant for both of the H3.3 genes in Drosophila did not have overt defects in developmental gene amplification or genomic replication, suggesting that H3.3 is not essential for the assembly or activation of the pre-RC at origins. Instead, our results imply that the correlation between H3.3 and ORC sites reflects other chromatin attributes that are important for origin function.
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