1
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Sekine S, Tarama M, Wada H, Sami MM, Shibata T, Hayashi S. Emergence of periodic circumferential actin cables from the anisotropic fusion of actin nanoclusters during tubulogenesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:464. [PMID: 38267421 PMCID: PMC10808230 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The periodic circumferential cytoskeleton supports various tubular tissues. Radial expansion of the tube lumen causes anisotropic tensile stress, which can be exploited as a geometric cue. However, the molecular machinery linking anisotropy to robust circumferential patterning is poorly understood. Here, we aim to reveal the emergent process of circumferential actin cable formation in a Drosophila tracheal tube. During luminal expansion, sporadic actin nanoclusters emerge and exhibit circumferentially biased motion and fusion. RNAi screening reveals the formin family protein, DAAM, as an essential component responding to tissue anisotropy, and non-muscle myosin II as a component required for nanocluster fusion. An agent-based model simulation suggests that crosslinkers play a crucial role in nanocluster formation and cluster-to-cable transition occurs in response to mechanical anisotropy. Altogether, we propose that an actin nanocluster is an organizational unit that responds to stress in the cortical membrane and builds a higher-order cable structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Sekine
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
- Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Mitsusuke Tarama
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Housei Wada
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mustafa M Sami
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- Physics and Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shibata
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shigeo Hayashi
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Kobe, Japan
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2
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Nanda S, Bhattacharjee S, Cox DN, Ascoli GA. Local Microtubule and F-Actin Distributions Fully Constrain the Spatial Geometry of Drosophila Sensory Dendritic Arbors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6741. [PMID: 37047715 PMCID: PMC10095360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic morphology underlies the source and processing of neuronal signal inputs. Morphology can be broadly described by two types of geometric characteristics. The first is dendrogram topology, defined by the length and frequency of the arbor branches; the second is spatial embedding, mainly determined by branch angles and straightness. We have previously demonstrated that microtubules and actin filaments are associated with arbor elongation and branching, fully constraining dendrogram topology. Here, we relate the local distribution of these two primary cytoskeletal components with dendritic spatial embedding. We first reconstruct and analyze 167 sensory neurons from the Drosophila larva encompassing multiple cell classes and genotypes. We observe that branches with a higher microtubule concentration tend to deviate less from the direction of their parent branch across all neuron types. Higher microtubule branches are also overall straighter. F-actin displays a similar effect on angular deviation and branch straightness, but not as consistently across all neuron types as microtubule. These observations raise the question as to whether the associations between cytoskeletal distributions and arbor geometry are sufficient constraints to reproduce type-specific dendritic architecture. Therefore, we create a computational model of dendritic morphology purely constrained by the cytoskeletal composition measured from real neurons. The model quantitatively captures both spatial embedding and dendrogram topology across all tested neuron groups. These results suggest a common developmental mechanism regulating diverse morphologies, where the local cytoskeletal distribution can fully specify the overall emergent geometry of dendritic arbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Nanda
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures, and Plasticity and Neuroscience Program, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
| | - Shatabdi Bhattacharjee
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.B.); (D.N.C.)
| | - Daniel N. Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.B.); (D.N.C.)
| | - Giorgio A. Ascoli
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures, and Plasticity and Neuroscience Program, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
- Bioengineering Department, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22032, USA
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3
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Tóth K, Földi I, Mihály J. A Comparative Study of the Role of Formins in Drosophila Embryonic Dorsal Closure. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091539. [PMID: 35563844 PMCID: PMC9102720 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dorsal closure is a late embryogenesis process required to seal the epidermal hole on the dorsal side of the Drosophila embryo. This process involves the coordination of several forces generated in the epidermal cell layer and in the amnioserosa cells, covering the hole. Ultimately, these forces arise due to cytoskeletal rearrangements that induce changes in cell shape and result in tissue movement. While a number of cytoskeleton regulatory proteins have already been linked to dorsal closure, here we expand this list by demonstrating that four of the six Drosophila formin type actin assembly factors are needed to bring about the proper fusion of the epithelia. An analysis of the morphological and dynamic properties of dorsal closure in formin mutants revealed a differential contribution for each formin, although we found evidence for functional redundancies as well. Therefore, we propose that the four formins promote the formation of several, and only partly identical, actin structures each with a specific role in the mechanics of dorsal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Tóth
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Genetics, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (K.T.); (I.F.)
- Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Földi
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Genetics, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (K.T.); (I.F.)
| | - József Mihály
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Genetics, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (K.T.); (I.F.)
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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4
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Molecular Dissection of DAAM Function during Axon Growth in Drosophila Embryonic Neurons. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091487. [PMID: 35563792 PMCID: PMC9102401 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal growth is mediated by coordinated changes of the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton. Ample evidence suggests that members of the formin protein family are involved in the coordination of these cytoskeletal rearrangements, but the molecular mechanisms of the formin-dependent actin–microtubule crosstalk remains largely elusive. Of the six Drosophila formins, DAAM was shown to play a pivotal role during axonal growth in all stages of nervous system development, while FRL was implicated in axonal development in the adult brain. Here, we aimed to investigate the potentially redundant function of these two formins, and we attempted to clarify which molecular activities are important for axonal growth. We used a combination of genetic analyses, cellular assays and biochemical approaches to demonstrate that the actin-processing activity of DAAM is indispensable for axonal growth in every developmental condition. In addition, we identified a novel MT-binding motif within the FH2 domain of DAAM, which is required for proper growth and guidance of the mushroom body axons, while being dispensable during embryonic axon development. Together, these data suggest that DAAM is the predominant formin during axonal growth in Drosophila, and highlight the contribution of multiple formin-mediated mechanisms in cytoskeleton coordination during axonal growth.
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5
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Grintsevich EE, Ahmed G, Ginosyan AA, Wu H, Rich SK, Reisler E, Terman JR. Profilin and Mical combine to impair F-actin assembly and promote disassembly and remodeling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5542. [PMID: 34545088 PMCID: PMC8452626 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular events require the spatiotemporal interplay between actin assembly and actin disassembly. Yet, how different factors promote the integration of these two opposing processes is unclear. In particular, cellular monomeric (G)-actin is complexed with profilin, which inhibits spontaneous actin nucleation but fuels actin filament (F-actin) assembly by elongation-promoting factors (formins, Ena/VASP). In contrast, site-specific F-actin oxidation by Mical promotes F-actin disassembly and release of polymerization-impaired Mical-oxidized (Mox)-G-actin. Here we find that these two opposing processes connect with one another to orchestrate actin/cellular remodeling. Specifically, we find that profilin binds Mox-G-actin, yet these complexes do not fuel elongation factors’-mediated F-actin assembly, but instead inhibit polymerization and promote further Mox-F-actin disassembly. Using Drosophila as a model system, we show that similar profilin–Mical connections occur in vivo – where they underlie F-actin/cellular remodeling that accompanies Semaphorin–Plexin cellular/axon repulsion. Thus, profilin and Mical combine to impair F-actin assembly and promote F-actin disassembly, while concomitantly facilitating cellular remodeling and plasticity. Actin-based structures in cells and tissues are built and maintained through a poorly understood balance between assembly and disassembly. Here, our findings provide insights into how factors known to promote these opposing effects dynamically integrate to shape cells and tissue systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Grintsevich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach (CSULB), Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA.
| | - Giasuddin Ahmed
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Anush A Ginosyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Heng Wu
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Shannon K Rich
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Emil Reisler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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6
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Das R, Bhattacharjee S, Letcher JM, Harris JM, Nanda S, Foldi I, Lottes EN, Bobo HM, Grantier BD, Mihály J, Ascoli GA, Cox DN. Formin 3 directs dendritic architecture via microtubule regulation and is required for somatosensory nociceptive behavior. Development 2021; 148:dev187609. [PMID: 34322714 PMCID: PMC8380456 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dendrite shape impacts functional connectivity and is mediated by organization and dynamics of cytoskeletal fibers. Identifying the molecular factors that regulate dendritic cytoskeletal architecture is therefore important in understanding the mechanistic links between cytoskeletal organization and neuronal function. We identified Formin 3 (Form3) as an essential regulator of cytoskeletal architecture in nociceptive sensory neurons in Drosophila larvae. Time course analyses reveal that Form3 is cell-autonomously required to promote dendritic arbor complexity. We show that form3 is required for the maintenance of a population of stable dendritic microtubules (MTs), and mutants exhibit defects in the localization of dendritic mitochondria, satellite Golgi, and the TRPA channel Painless. Form3 directly interacts with MTs via FH1-FH2 domains. Mutations in human inverted formin 2 (INF2; ortholog of form3) have been causally linked to Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. CMT sensory neuropathies lead to impaired peripheral sensitivity. Defects in form3 function in nociceptive neurons result in severe impairment of noxious heat-evoked behaviors. Expression of the INF2 FH1-FH2 domains partially recovers form3 defects in MTs and nocifensive behavior, suggesting conserved functions, thereby providing putative mechanistic insights into potential etiologies of CMT sensory neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Das
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - Jamin M. Letcher
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jenna M. Harris
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sumit Nanda
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Istvan Foldi
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics, MTA-SZBK NAP B Axon Growth and Regeneration Group, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Erin N. Lottes
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Hansley M. Bobo
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - József Mihály
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics, MTA-SZBK NAP B Axon Growth and Regeneration Group, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Giorgio A. Ascoli
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Daniel N. Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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7
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Nanda S, Bhattacharjee S, Cox DN, Ascoli GA. An imaging analysis protocol to trace, quantify, and model multi-signal neuron morphology. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100567. [PMID: 34151294 PMCID: PMC8188613 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe how to reconstruct and quantify multi-signal neuronal morphology, using the dendritic distributions of microtubules and F-actin in sensory neurons from fly larvae as examples. We then provide a detailed procedure to analyze channel-specific morphometrics from these enhanced reconstructions. To illustrate applications, we demonstrate how to run a cytoskeleton-constrained simulation of dendritic tree generation and explain its validation against experimental data. This protocol is applicable to any species, developmental stage, brain region, cell class, branching process, and signal type. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Nanda et al. (2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Nanda
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures, & Plasticity and Neuroscience Program, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | | | - Daniel N. Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Giorgio A. Ascoli
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures, & Plasticity and Neuroscience Program, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Bioengineering Department, Volgenau School of Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22032, USA
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8
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Cells into tubes: Molecular and physical principles underlying lumen formation in tubular organs. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 143:37-74. [PMID: 33820625 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tubular networks, such as the vascular and respiratory systems, transport liquids and gases in multicellular organisms. The basic units of these organs are tubes formed by single or multiple cells enclosing a luminal cavity. The formation and maintenance of correctly sized and shaped lumina are fundamental steps in organogenesis and are essential for organismal homeostasis. Therefore, understanding how cells generate, shape and maintain lumina is crucial for understanding normal organogenesis as well as the basis of pathological conditions. Lumen formation involves polarized membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, and the influence of intracellular as well as extracellular mechanical forces, such as cortical tension, luminal pressure or blood flow. Various tissue culture and in vivo model systems, ranging from MDCK cell spheroids to tubular organs in worms, flies, fish, and mice, have provided many insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying lumenogenesis and revealed key factors that regulate the size and shape of cellular tubes. Moreover, the development of new experimental and imaging approaches enabled quantitative analyses of intracellular dynamics and allowed to assess the roles of cellular and tissue mechanics during tubulogenesis. However, how intracellular processes are coordinated and regulated across scales of biological organization to generate properly sized and shaped tubes is only beginning to be understood. Here, we review recent insights into the molecular, cellular and physical mechanisms underlying lumen formation during organogenesis. We discuss how these mechanisms control lumen formation in various model systems, with a special focus on the morphogenesis of tubular organs in Drosophila.
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9
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Kotini MP, Mäe MA, Belting HG, Betsholtz C, Affolter M. Sprouting and anastomosis in the Drosophila trachea and the vertebrate vasculature: Similarities and differences in cell behaviour. Vascul Pharmacol 2019; 112:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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10
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Vu A, Humphries T, Vogel S, Haberman A. Polyglutamine repeat proteins disrupt actin structure in Drosophila photoreceptors. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 93:10-17. [PMID: 30149064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansions of polygutamine-encoding stretches in several genes cause neurodegenerative disorders including Huntington's Disease and Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 3. Expression of the human disease alleles in Drosophila melanogaster neurons recapitulates cellular features of these disorders, and has therefore been used to model the cell biology of these diseases. Here, we show that polyglutamine disease alleles expressed in Drosophila photoreceptors disrupt actin structure at rhabdomeres, as other groups have shown they do in Drosophila and mammalian dendrites. We show this actin regulatory pathway works through the small G protein Rac and the actin nucleating protein Form3. We also find that Form3 has additional functions in photoreceptors, and that loss of Form3 results in the specification of extra photoreceptors in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Vu
- University of San Diego, Department of Biology, 5998 Alcala Park Blvd, SCST 372, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Tyler Humphries
- University of San Diego, Department of Biology, 5998 Alcala Park Blvd, SCST 372, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Sean Vogel
- University of San Diego, Department of Biology, 5998 Alcala Park Blvd, SCST 372, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Adam Haberman
- University of San Diego, Department of Biology, 5998 Alcala Park Blvd, SCST 372, San Diego, CA 92110, USA.
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11
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Hegsted A, Yingling CV, Pruyne D. Inverted formins: A subfamily of atypical formins. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2017; 74:405-419. [PMID: 28921928 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Formins are a family of regulators of actin and microtubule dynamics that are present in almost all eukaryotes. These proteins are involved in many cellular processes, including cytokinesis, stress fiber formation, and cell polarization. Here we review one subfamily of formins, the inverted formins. Inverted formins as a group break several formin stereotypes, having atypical biochemical properties and domain organization, and they have been linked to kidney disease and neuropathy in humans. In this review, we will explore recent research on members of the inverted formin sub-family in mammals, zebrafish, fruit flies, and worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hegsted
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Curtis V Yingling
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - David Pruyne
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
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Muñoz-Soriano V, Domingo-Muelas A, Li T, Gamero E, Bizy A, Fariñas I, Alepuz P, Paricio N. Evolutionary conserved role of eukaryotic translation factor eIF5A in the regulation of actin-nucleating formins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9580. [PMID: 28852021 PMCID: PMC5575014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Elongation factor eIF5A is required for the translation of consecutive prolines, and was shown in yeast to translate polyproline-containing Bni1, an actin-nucleating formin required for polarized growth during mating. Here we show that Drosophila eIF5A can functionally replace yeast eIF5A and is required for actin-rich cable assembly during embryonic dorsal closure (DC). Furthermore, Diaphanous, the formin involved in actin dynamics during DC, is regulated by and mediates eIF5A effects. Finally, eIF5A controls cell migration and regulates Diaphanous levels also in mammalian cells. Our results uncover an evolutionary conserved role of eIF5A regulating cytoskeleton-dependent processes through translation of formins in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Muñoz-Soriano
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ana Domingo-Muelas
- Departamento de Biología Celular & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Tianlu Li
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08908, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Esther Gamero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Alexandra Bizy
- Departamento de Biología Celular & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Isabel Fariñas
- Departamento de Biología Celular & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Paula Alepuz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Nuria Paricio
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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13
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Tanaka H, Ishikawa K, Mizuno M, Toyokuni S, Kajiyama H, Kikkawa F, Metelmann HR, Hori M. State of the art in medical applications using non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41614-017-0004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Revisiting the Phylogeny of the Animal Formins: Two New Subtypes, Relationships with Multiple Wing Hairs Proteins, and a Lost Human Formin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164067. [PMID: 27695129 PMCID: PMC5047451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Formins are a widespread family of eukaryotic cytoskeleton-organizing proteins. Many species encode multiple formin isoforms, and for animals, much of this reflects the presence of multiple conserved subtypes. Earlier phylogenetic analyses identified seven major formin subtypes in animals (DAAM, DIAPH, FHOD, FMN, FMNL, INF, and GRID2IP/delphilin), but left a handful of formins, particularly from nematodes, unassigned. In this new analysis drawing from genomic data from a wider range of taxa, nine formin subtypes are identified that encompass all the animal formins analyzed here. Included in this analysis are Multiple Wing Hairs proteins (MWH), which bear homology to formin N-terminal domains. Originally identified in Drosophila melanogaster and other arthropods, MWH-related proteins are also identified here in some nematodes (including Caenorhabditis elegans), and are shown to be related to a novel MWH-related formin (MWHF) subtype. One surprising result of this work is the discovery that a family of pleckstrin homology domain-containing formins (PHCFs) is represented in many vertebrates, but is strikingly absent from placental mammals. Consistent with a relatively recent loss of this formin, the human genome retains fragments of a defunct homologous formin gene.
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15
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Caviglia S, Brankatschk M, Fischer EJ, Eaton S, Luschnig S. Staccato/Unc-13-4 controls secretory lysosome-mediated lumen fusion during epithelial tube anastomosis. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:727-39. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Formins at the Junction. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 41:148-159. [PMID: 26732401 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton and adhesion junctions are physically and functionally coupled at the cell-cell interface between epithelial cells. The actin regulatory complex Arp2/3 has an established role in the turnover of junctional actin; however, the role of formins, the largest group of actin regulators, is less clear. Formins dynamically shape the actin cytoskeleton and have various functions within cells. In this review we describe recent progress on how formins regulate actin dynamics at cell-cell contacts and highlight formin functions during polarized protein traffic necessary for epithelialization.
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17
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Dudin O, Bendezú FO, Groux R, Laroche T, Seitz A, Martin SG. A formin-nucleated actin aster concentrates cell wall hydrolases for cell fusion in fission yeast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:897-911. [PMID: 25825517 PMCID: PMC4384723 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201411124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The formin Fus1 nucleates a novel actin structure in fission yeast, named the actin fusion focus, which consists of an aster of actin filaments whose barbed ends are focalized at a membrane proximal site and serves to focalize cell wall hydrolase delivery for cell fusion. Cell–cell fusion is essential for fertilization. For fusion of walled cells, the cell wall must be degraded at a precise location but maintained in surrounding regions to protect against lysis. In fission yeast cells, the formin Fus1, which nucleates linear actin filaments, is essential for this process. In this paper, we show that this formin organizes a specific actin structure—the actin fusion focus. Structured illumination microscopy and live-cell imaging of Fus1, actin, and type V myosins revealed an aster of actin filaments whose barbed ends are focalized near the plasma membrane. Focalization requires Fus1 and type V myosins and happens asynchronously always in the M cell first. Type V myosins are essential for fusion and concentrate cell wall hydrolases, but not cell wall synthases, at the fusion focus. Thus, the fusion focus focalizes cell wall dissolution within a broader cell wall synthesis zone to shift from cell growth to cell fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omaya Dudin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Felipe O Bendezú
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Groux
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Laroche
- Bioimaging and Optics Core Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arne Seitz
- Bioimaging and Optics Core Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie G Martin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Prokop A, Sánchez-Soriano N, Gonçalves-Pimentel C, Molnár I, Kalmár T, Mihály J. DAAM family members leading a novel path into formin research. Commun Integr Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/cib.16511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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19
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Caviglia S, Luschnig S. Tube fusion: Making connections in branched tubular networks. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 31:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Kanca O, Ochoa-Espinosa A, Affolter M. IV. Tools and methods for studying cell migration and cell rearrangement in tissue and organ development. Methods 2014; 68:228-32. [PMID: 24631575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast diversity of biological systems, ranging from prokaryotes to multicellular organisms, show cell migration behavior. Many of the basic cellular and molecular concepts in cell migration apply to diverse model organisms. Drosophila, with its vast repertoire of tools for imaging and for manipulation, is one of the favorite organisms to study cell migration. Moreover, distinct Drosophila tissues and organs offer diverse cell migration models that are amenable to live imaging and genetic manipulations. In this review, we will provide an overview of the fruit fly toolbox that is of particular interest for the analysis of cell migration. We provide examples to highlight how those tools were used in diverse migration systems, with an emphasis on tracheal morphogenesis, a process that combines morphogenesis with cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Kanca
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Affolter
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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21
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Molnár I, Migh E, Szikora S, Kalmár T, Végh AG, Deák F, Barkó S, Bugyi B, Orfanos Z, Kovács J, Juhász G, Váró G, Nyitrai M, Sparrow J, Mihály J. DAAM is required for thin filament formation and Sarcomerogenesis during muscle development in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004166. [PMID: 24586196 PMCID: PMC3937221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During muscle development, myosin and actin containing filaments assemble into the highly organized sarcomeric structure critical for muscle function. Although sarcomerogenesis clearly involves the de novo formation of actin filaments, this process remained poorly understood. Here we show that mouse and Drosophila members of the DAAM formin family are sarcomere-associated actin assembly factors enriched at the Z-disc and M-band. Analysis of dDAAM mutants revealed a pivotal role in myofibrillogenesis of larval somatic muscles, indirect flight muscles and the heart. We found that loss of dDAAM function results in multiple defects in sarcomere development including thin and thick filament disorganization, Z-disc and M-band formation, and a near complete absence of the myofibrillar lattice. Collectively, our data suggest that dDAAM is required for the initial assembly of thin filaments, and subsequently it promotes filament elongation by assembling short actin polymers that anneal to the pointed end of the growing filaments, and by antagonizing the capping protein Tropomodulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Molnár
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre HAS, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ede Migh
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre HAS, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Szikora
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre HAS, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kalmár
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre HAS, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila G. Végh
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre HAS, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Deák
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre HAS, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Barkó
- University of Pécs, Department of Biophysics, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Beáta Bugyi
- University of Pécs, Department of Biophysics, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - János Kovács
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Váró
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre HAS, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklós Nyitrai
- University of Pécs, Department of Biophysics, Pécs, Hungary
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Office for Subsidized Research Units, Budapest, Hungary
| | - John Sparrow
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - József Mihály
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre HAS, Szeged, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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22
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Lammel U, Bechtold M, Risse B, Berh D, Fleige A, Bunse I, Jiang X, Klämbt C, Bogdan S. The Drosophila FHOD1-like formin Knittrig acts through Rok to promote stress fiber formation and directed macrophage migration during the cellular immune response. Development 2014; 141:1366-80. [PMID: 24553290 DOI: 10.1242/dev.101352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A tight spatiotemporal control of actin polymerization is important for many cellular processes that shape cells into a multicellular organism. The formation of unbranched F-actin is induced by several members of the formin family. Drosophila encodes six formin genes, representing six of the seven known mammalian subclasses. Knittrig, the Drosophila homolog of mammalian FHOD1, is specifically expressed in the developing central nervous system midline glia, the trachea, the wing and in macrophages. knittrig mutants exhibit mild tracheal defects but survive until late pupal stages and mainly die as pharate adult flies. knittrig mutant macrophages are smaller and show reduced cell spreading and cell migration in in vivo wounding experiments. Rescue experiments further demonstrate a cell-autonomous function of Knittrig in regulating actin dynamics and cell migration. Knittrig localizes at the rear of migrating macrophages in vivo, suggesting a cellular requirement of Knittrig in the retraction of the trailing edge. Supporting this notion, we found that Knittrig is a target of the Rho-dependent kinase Rok. Co-expression with Rok or expression of an activated form of Knittrig induces actin stress fibers in macrophages and in epithelial tissues. Thus, we propose a model in which Rok-induced phosphorylation of residues within the basic region mediates the activation of Knittrig in controlling macrophage migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Lammel
- Institute for Neurobiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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23
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Harris TJ. Adherens Junction Assembly and Function in the Drosophila Embryo. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 293:45-83. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394304-0.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Drosophila represents a paradigm for the analysis of the cellular, molecular and genetic mechanisms of development and is an ideal model system to study the contribution of Adherens Junctions (AJs) and their major components, cadherins, to morphogenesis. The combination of different techniques and approaches has allowed researchers to identify the requirements of these epithelial junctions in vivo in the context of a whole organism. The functional analysis of mutants for AJ core components, particularly for Drosophila DE-cadherin, has shown that AJs play critical roles in virtually all stages of development. For instance, AJs maintain tissue integrity while allowing the remodelling and homeostasis of many tissues. They control cell shape, contribute to cell polarity, facilitate cell-cell recognition during cell sorting, orient cell divisions, or regulate cell rearrangements, among other activities. Remarkably, these activities require a very fine control of the organisation and turnover of AJs during development. In addition, AJs engage in diverse and complex interactions with the cytoskeleton, signalling networks, intracellular trafficking machinery or polarity cues to perform these functions. Here, by summarising the requirements of AJs and cadherins during Drosophila morphogenesis, we illustrate the capital contribution of this model system to our knowledge of the mechanisms and biology of AJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Letizia
- Developmental Biology, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain,
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25
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Gervais L, Lebreton G, Casanova J. The making of a fusion branch in the Drosophila trachea. Dev Biol 2011; 362:187-93. [PMID: 22178247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Connection of epithelial tubes to generate a common network is a key step in the formation of tubular organs such as the tracheal respiratory and the vascular systems. However, it is not clear how these connecting tubes arise. Here we address this issue by studying the dorsal fusion branches in the Drosophila trachea, taking into account the morphology and contribution of each cell type on the basis of their individual labeling. Our results explain how a fusion branch forms and also illustrate the different nature of the two seamless tubes in the Drosophila trachea, generated by fusion and terminal cells respectively.
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26
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Maruyama R, Andrew DJ. Drosophila as a model for epithelial tube formation. Dev Dyn 2011; 241:119-35. [PMID: 22083894 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tubular organs are essential for life in higher organisms and include the pancreas and other secretory organs that function as biological factories for the synthesis and delivery of secreted enzymes, hormones, and nutrients essential for tissue homeostasis and viability. The lungs, which are necessary for gas exchange, vocalization, and maintaining blood pH, are organized as highly branched tubular epithelia. Tubular organs include arteries, veins, and lymphatics, high-speed passageways for delivery and uptake of nutrients, liquids, gases, and immune cells. The kidneys and components of the reproductive system are also epithelial tubes. Both the heart and central nervous system of many vertebrates begin as epithelial tubes. Thus, it is not surprising that defects in tube formation and maintenance underlie many human diseases. Accordingly, a thorough understanding how tubes form and are maintained is essential to developing better diagnostics and therapeutics. Among the best-characterized tubular organs are the Drosophila salivary gland and trachea, organs whose relative simplicity have allowed for in depth analysis of gene function, yielding key mechanistic insight into tube initiation, remodeling and maintenance. Here, we review our current understanding of salivary gland and trachea formation - highlighting recent discoveries into how these organs attain their final form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Maruyama
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2196, USA
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27
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Prokop A, Sánchez-Soriano N, Gonçalves-Pimentel C, Molnár I, Kalmár T, Mihály J. DAAM family members leading a novel path into formin research. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 4:538-42. [PMID: 22046456 DOI: 10.4161/cib.4.5.16511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Formins are an important and evolutionarily well conserved class of actin binding proteins with essential biological functions. Although their molecular roles in actin regulation have been clearly demonstrated in vitro, their functions at the cellular or organism levels are still poorly understood. To illustrate this problem, but also to demonstrate potential ways forward, we focus here on the DAAM group of formins. In vertebrates, DAAM group members have been demonstrated to be important regulators of cellular and tissue morphogenesis but, as for all formins, the molecular mechanisms underlying these morphogenetic functions remain to be uncovered. The genome of the fruitfly Drosophila encodes a single DAAM gene that is evolutionarily highly conserved. Recent work on dDAAM has already provided a unique combination of observations and experimental opportunities unrivalled by any other Drosophila formin. These comprise in vitro actin polymerisation assays, subcellular studies in culture and in vivo, and a range of developmental phenotypes revealing a role in tracheal morphogenesis, axonal growth and muscle organization. At all these levels, future work on dDAAM will capitalize on the power of fly genetics, raising unique opportunities to advance our understanding of dDAAM at the systems level, with obvious implications for other formins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Prokop
- Faculty of Life Sciences; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research; Michael Smith Building; Manchester, UK
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28
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Laplante C, Paul SM, Beitel GJ, Nilson LA. Echinoid regulates tracheal morphology and fusion cell fate in Drosophila. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:2509-19. [PMID: 20730906 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of the Drosophila embryonic trachea involves a stereotyped pattern of epithelial tube branching and fusion. Here, we report unexpected phenotypes resulting from maternal and zygotic (M/Z) loss of the homophilic cell adhesion molecule Echinoid (Ed), as well as the subcellular localization of Ed in the trachea. ed(M/Z) embryos have convoluted trachea reminiscent of septate junction (SJ) and luminal matrix mutants. However, Ed does not localize to SJs, and ed(M/Z) embryos have intact SJs and show normal luminal accumulation of the matrix-modifying protein Vermiform. Surprisingly, tracheal length is not increased in ed(M/Z) mutants, but a previously undescribed combination of reduced intersegmental spacing and deep epidermal grooves produces a convoluted tracheal phenotype. In addition, ed(M/Z) mutants have unique fusion defects involving supernumerary fusion cells, ectopic fusion events and atypical branch breaks. Tracheal-specific expression of Ed rescues these fusion defects, indicating that Ed acts in trachea to control fusion cell fate.
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29
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Day B, Henty JL, Porter KJ, Staiger CJ. The pathogen-actin connection: a platform for defense signaling in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2011; 49:483-506. [PMID: 21495845 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton, a dynamic network of cytoplasmic polymers, plays a central role in numerous fundamental processes, such as development, reproduction, and cellular responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli. As a platform for innate immune responses in mammalian cells, the actin cytoskeleton is a central component in the organization and activation of host defenses, including signaling and cellular repair. In plants, our understanding of the genetic and biochemical responses in both pathogen and host that are required for virulence and resistance has grown enormously. Additional advances in live-cell imaging of cytoskeletal dynamics have markedly altered our view of actin turnover in plants. In this review, we outline current knowledge of host resistance following pathogen perception, both in terms of the genetic interactions that mediate defense signaling, as well as the biochemical and cellular processes that are required for defense signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Day
- Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1311, USA.
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30
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Kerman BE, Andrew DJ. Staying alive: dalmation mediated blocking of apoptosis is essential for tissue maintenance. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1609-21. [PMID: 20503358 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In an EMS screen for mutations disrupting tracheal development, we identified new alleles of the dalmation (dmt) gene, which had previously been shown to affect peripheral nervous system (PNS) development. Here, we demonstrate that dmt loss results in programmed cell death, disrupting PNS patterning and leading to large gaps in the salivary duct and trachea. Dmt loss results in increased expression of the proapoptotic regulator genes head involution defective (hid) and reaper (rpr), and deletion of these genes or tissue-specific expression of the baculoviral apoptotic inhibitor P35 rescues the dmt defects. dmt is also required to protect cells from irradiation induced expression of hid and rpr during the irradiation resistant stage, which begins as cells become irreversibly committed to their final fates. Thus, we propose that Dmt keeps cells alive by blocking activation of hid and rpr as cells become irreversibly committed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal E Kerman
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2196, USA
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31
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Liu R, Linardopoulou EV, Osborn GE, Parkhurst SM. Formins in development: orchestrating body plan origami. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1803:207-25. [PMID: 18996154 PMCID: PMC2838992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Formins, proteins defined by the presence of an FH2 domain and their ability to nucleate linear F-actin de novo, play a key role in the regulation of the cytoskeleton. Initially thought to primarily regulate actin, recent studies have highlighted a role for formins in the regulation of microtubule dynamics, and most recently have uncovered the ability of some formins to coordinate the organization of both the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons. While biochemical analyses of this family of proteins have yielded many insights into how formins regulate diverse cytoskeletal reorganizations, we are only beginning to appreciate how and when these functional properties are relevant to biological processes in a developmental or organismal context. Developmental genetic studies in fungi, Dictyostelium, vertebrates, plants and other model organisms have revealed conserved roles for formins in cell polarity, actin cable assembly and cytokinesis. However, roles have also been discovered for formins that are specific to particular organisms. Thus, formins perform both global and specific functions, with some of these roles concurring with previous biochemical data and others exposing new properties of formins. While not all family members have been examined across all organisms, the analyses to date highlight the significance of the flexibility within the formin family to regulate a broad spectrum of diverse cytoskeletal processes during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Liu
- Division of Basic Sciences Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 1100 Fairview Avenue North Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Elena V. Linardopoulou
- Division of Basic Sciences Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 1100 Fairview Avenue North Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Gregory E. Osborn
- Division of Basic Sciences Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 1100 Fairview Avenue North Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Susan M. Parkhurst
- Division of Basic Sciences Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 1100 Fairview Avenue North Seattle, WA 98109 USA
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32
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Andrew DJ, Ewald AJ. Morphogenesis of epithelial tubes: Insights into tube formation, elongation, and elaboration. Dev Biol 2009; 341:34-55. [PMID: 19778532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial tubes are a fundamental tissue across the metazoan phyla and provide an essential functional component of many of the major organs. Recent work in flies and mammals has begun to elucidate the cellular mechanisms driving the formation, elongation, and branching morphogenesis of epithelial tubes during development. Both forward and reverse genetic techniques have begun to identify critical molecular regulators for these processes and have revealed the conserved role of key pathways in regulating the growth and elaboration of tubular networks. In this review, we discuss the developmental programs driving the formation of branched epithelial networks, with specific emphasis on the trachea and salivary gland of Drosophila melanogaster and the mammalian lung, mammary gland, kidney, and salivary gland. We both highlight similarities in the development of these organs and attempt to identify tissue and organism specific strategies. Finally, we briefly consider how our understanding of the regulation of proliferation, apicobasal polarity, and epithelial motility during branching morphogenesis can be applied to understand the pathologic dysregulation of these same processes during metastatic cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Andrew
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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33
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Massarwa R, Schejter ED, Shilo BZ. Apical secretion in epithelial tubes of the Drosophila embryo is directed by the Formin-family protein Diaphanous. Dev Cell 2009; 16:877-88. [PMID: 19531358 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Apical localization of filamentous actin (F-actin) is a common feature of epithelial tubes in multicellular organisms. However, its origins and function are not known. We demonstrate that the Diaphanous (Dia)/Formin actin-nucleating factor is required for generation of apical F-actin in diverse types of epithelial tubes in the Drosophila embryo. Dia itself is apically localized both at the RNA and protein levels, and apical localization of its activators, including Rho1 and two guanine exchange factor proteins (Rho-GEFs), contributes to its activity. In the absence of apical actin polymerization, apical-basal polarity and microtubule organization of tubular epithelial cells remain intact; however, secretion through the apical surface to the lumen of tubular organs is blocked. Apical secretion also requires the Myosin V (MyoV) motor, implying that secretory vesicles are targeted to the apical membrane by MyoV-based transport, along polarized actin filaments nucleated by Dia. This mechanism allows efficient utilization of the entire apical membrane for secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R'ada Massarwa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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34
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Berger KH, Kong EC, Dubnau J, Tully T, Moore MS, Heberlein U. Ethanol sensitivity and tolerance in long-term memory mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:895-908. [PMID: 18435628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has become increasingly clear that molecular and neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory and drug addiction are largely shared. To confirm and extend these findings, we analyzed ethanol-responsive behaviors of a collection of Drosophila long-term memory mutants. METHODS For each mutant, sensitivity to the acute uncoordinating effects of ethanol was quantified using the inebriometer. Additionally, 2 distinct forms of ethanol tolerance were measured: rapid tolerance, which develops in response to a single brief exposure to a high concentration of ethanol vapor; and chronic tolerance, which develops following a sustained low-level exposure. RESULTS Several mutants were identified with altered sensitivity, rapid or chronic tolerance, while a number of mutants exhibited multiple defects. CONCLUSIONS The corresponding genes in these mutants represent areas of potential overlap between learning and memory and behavioral responses to alcohol. These genes also define components shared between different ethanol behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen H Berger
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA.
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35
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Affolter M, Caussinus E. Tracheal branching morphogenesis in Drosophila: new insights into cell behaviour and organ architecture. Development 2008; 135:2055-64. [PMID: 18480161 DOI: 10.1242/dev.014498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular control of morphological processes has increased tremendously over recent years through the development and use of high resolution in vivo imaging approaches, which have enabled cell behaviour to be linked to molecular functions. Here we review how such approaches have furthered our understanding of tracheal branching morphogenesis in Drosophila, during which the control of cell invagination, migration, competition and rearrangement is accompanied by the sequential secretion and resorption of proteins into the apical luminal space, a vital step in the elaboration of the trachea's complex tubular network. We also discuss the similarities and differences between flies and vertebrates in branched organ formation that are becoming apparent from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Affolter
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Noguchi T, Lenartowska M, Rogat AD, Frank DJ, Miller KG. Proper cellular reorganization during Drosophila spermatid individualization depends on actin structures composed of two domains, bundles and meshwork, that are differentially regulated and have different functions. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:2363-72. [PMID: 18353976 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-08-0840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
During spermatid individualization in Drosophila, actin structures (cones) mediate cellular remodeling that separates the syncytial spermatids into individual cells. These actin cones are composed of two structural domains, a front meshwork and a rear region of parallel bundles. We show here that the two domains form separately in time, are regulated by different sets of actin-associated proteins, can be formed independently, and have different roles. Newly forming cones were composed only of bundles, whereas the meshwork formed later, coincident with the onset of cone movement. Polarized distributions of myosin VI, Arp2/3 complex, and the actin-bundling proteins, singed (fascin) and quail (villin), occurred when movement initiated. When the Arp2/3 complex was absent, meshwork formation was compromised, but surprisingly, the cones still moved. Despite the fact that the cones moved, membrane reorganization and cytoplasmic exclusion were abnormal and individualization failed. In contrast, when profilin, a regulator of actin assembly, was absent, bundle formation was greatly reduced. The meshwork still formed, but no movement occurred. Analysis of this actin structure's formation and participation in cellular reorganization provides insight into how the mechanisms used in cell motility are modified to mediate motile processes within specialized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Noguchi
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Sánchez-Soriano N, Tear G, Whitington P, Prokop A. Drosophila as a genetic and cellular model for studies on axonal growth. Neural Dev 2007; 2:9. [PMID: 17475018 PMCID: PMC1876224 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most fascinating processes during nervous system development is the establishment of stereotypic neuronal networks. An essential step in this process is the outgrowth and precise navigation (pathfinding) of axons and dendrites towards their synaptic partner cells. This phenomenon was first described more than a century ago and, over the past decades, increasing insights have been gained into the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating neuronal growth and navigation. Progress in this area has been greatly assisted by the use of simple and genetically tractable invertebrate model systems, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. This review is dedicated to Drosophila as a genetic and cellular model to study axonal growth and demonstrates how it can and has been used for this research. We describe the various cellular systems of Drosophila used for such studies, insights into axonal growth cones and their cytoskeletal dynamics, and summarise identified molecular signalling pathways required for growth cone navigation, with particular focus on pathfinding decisions in the ventral nerve cord of Drosophila embryos. These Drosophila-specific aspects are viewed in the general context of our current knowledge about neuronal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sánchez-Soriano
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Guy Tear
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Guy's Campus, King's College, London, UK
| | - Paul Whitington
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Prokop
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Kerman BE, Cheshire AM, Andrew DJ. From fate to function: the Drosophila trachea and salivary gland as models for tubulogenesis. Differentiation 2006; 74:326-48. [PMID: 16916373 PMCID: PMC2827874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tube formation is a ubiquitous process required to sustain life in multicellular organisms. The tubular organs of adult mammals include the lungs, vasculature, digestive and excretory systems, as well as secretory organs such as the pancreas, salivary, prostate, and mammary glands. Other tissues, including the embryonic heart and neural tube, have requisite stages of tubular organization early in development. To learn the molecular and cellular basis of how epithelial cells are organized into tubular organs of various shapes and sizes, investigators have focused on the Drosophila trachea and salivary gland as model genetic systems for branched and unbranched tubes, respectively. Both organs begin as polarized epithelial placodes, which through coordinated cell shape changes, cell rearrangement, and cell migration form elongated tubes. Here, we discuss what has been discovered regarding the details of cell fate specification and tube formation in the two organs; these discoveries reveal significant conservation in the cellular and molecular events of tubulogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal E Kerman
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA
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Abstract
Formins constitute a diverse protein family present in all eukaryotes examined. They are defined by the presence of a formin homology 2 (FH2) domain, which possesses intrinsic and conserved functions regulating cytoskeletal dynamics. Over the past few years, formins have become recognized as potent nucleators of linear actin filaments that control a large variety of cellular and morphogenetic functions. Here, we review the molecular principles of formin-induced cytoskeletal rearrangements and their consequences for a growing number of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany.
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Matusek T, Djiane A, Jankovics F, Brunner D, Mlodzik M, Mihály J. The Drosophila formin DAAM regulates the tracheal cuticle pattern through organizing the actin cytoskeleton. Development 2006; 133:957-66. [PMID: 16469972 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Formins are involved in a wide range of cellular processes that require the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we have analyzed a novel Drosophila formin, belonging to the recently described DAAM subfamily. In contrast to previous assumptions, we show that DAAM plays no essential role in planar cell polarity signaling, but it has striking requirements in organizing apical actin cables that define the taenidial fold pattern of the tracheal cuticle. These observations provide evidence the first time that the function of the taenidial organization is to prevent the collapse of the tracheal tubes. Our results indicate that although DAAM is regulated by RhoA, it functions upstream or parallel to the non-receptor tyrosine kinases Src42A and Tec29 to organize the actin cytoskeleton and to determine the cuticle pattern of the Drosophila respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Matusek
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Hungary
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Deeks MJ, Cvrcková F, Machesky LM, Mikitová V, Ketelaar T, Zársky V, Davies B, Hussey PJ. Arabidopsis group Ie formins localize to specific cell membrane domains, interact with actin-binding proteins and cause defects in cell expansion upon aberrant expression. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 168:529-40. [PMID: 16313636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The closely related proteins AtFH4 and AtFH8 represent the group Ie clade of Arabidopsis formin homologues. The subcellular localization of these proteins and their ability to affect the actin cytoskeleton were examined. AtFH4 protein activity was identified using fluorimetric techniques. Interactions between Arabidopsis profilin isoforms and AtFH4 were assayed in vitro and in vivo using pull-down assays and yeast-2-hybrid. The subcellular localization of group Ie formins was observed with indirect immunofluorescence (AtFH4) and an ethanol-inducible green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion construct (AtFH8). AtFH4 protein affected actin dynamics in vitro, and yeast-2-hybrid assays suggested isoform-specific interactions with the actin-binding protein profilin in vivo. Indirect immunofluorescence showed that AtFH4 localized specifically to the cell membrane at borders between adjoining cells. Expression of an AtFH8 fusion protein resulted in GFP localization to cell membrane zones, similar to AtFH4. Furthermore, aberrant expression of AtFH8 resulted in the inhibition of root hair elongation. Taken together, these data suggest that the group Ie formins act with profilin to regulate actin polymerization at specific sites associated with the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Deeks
- The Integrative Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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