1
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Prahl LS, Viola JM, Liu J, Hughes AJ. The developing murine kidney actively negotiates geometric packing conflicts to avoid defects. Dev Cell 2023; 58:110-120.e5. [PMID: 36693318 PMCID: PMC9924533 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The physiological functions of several organs rely on branched epithelial tubule networks bearing specialized structures for secretion, gas exchange, or filtration. Little is known about conflicts in development between building enough tubules for adequate function and geometric constraints imposed by organ size. We show that the mouse embryonic kidney epithelium negotiates a physical packing conflict between increasing tubule tip numbers through branching and limited organ surface area. Through imaging of whole kidney explants, combined with computational and soft material modeling of tubule families, we identify six possible geometric packing phases, including two defective ones. Experiments in explants show that a radially oriented tension on tubule families is necessary and sufficient for them to switch to a vertical packing arrangement that increases surface tip density while avoiding defects. These results reveal developmental contingencies in response to physical limitations and create a framework for classifying congenital kidney defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis S Prahl
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John M Viola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jiageng Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alex J Hughes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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2
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Altés G, Vaquero M, Cuesta S, Anerillas C, Macià A, Espinet C, Ribera J, Bellusci S, Klein OD, Yeramian A, Dolcet X, Egea J, Encinas M. A dominant negative mutation uncovers cooperative control of caudal Wolffian duct development by Sprouty genes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:514. [PMID: 36098804 PMCID: PMC9470706 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Wolffian ducts (WD) are paired epithelial tubules central to the development of the mammalian genitourinary tract. Outgrowths from the WD known as the ureteric buds (UB) generate the collecting ducts of the kidney. Later during development, the caudal portion of the WD will form the vas deferens, epididymis and seminal vesicle in males, and will degenerate in females. While the genetic pathways controlling the development of the UB are firmly established, less is known about those governing development of WD portions caudal to the UB. Sprouty proteins are inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling in vivo. We have recently shown that homozygous mutation of a conserved tyrosine (Tyr53) of Spry1 results in UB defects indistinguishable from that of Spry1 null mice. Here, we show that heterozygosity for the Spry1 Y53A allele causes caudal WD developmental defects consisting of ectopically branched seminal vesicles in males and persistent WD in females, without affecting kidney development. Detailed analysis reveals that this phenotype also occurs in Spry1+/– mice but with a much lower penetrance, indicating that removal of tyrosine 53 generates a dominant negative mutation in vivo. Supporting this notion, concomitant deletion of one allele of Spry1 and Spry2 also recapitulates the genital phenotype of Spry1Y53A/+ mice with high penetrance. Mechanistically, we show that unlike the effects of Spry1 in kidney development, these caudal WD defects are independent of Ret signaling, but can be completely rescued by lowering the genetic dosage of Fgf10. In conclusion, mutation of tyrosine 53 of Spry1 generates a dominant negative allele that uncovers fine-tuning of caudal WD development by Sprouty genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Altés
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Edifici Biomedicina I, Lab 2.8, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Vaquero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Edifici Biomedicina I, Lab 2.8, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Sara Cuesta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Edifici Biomedicina I, Lab 2.8, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.,Fundación de Investigación Biomédica de Cádiz, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Novena Planta, Investigación, Av Ana de Viya, 21, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carlos Anerillas
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Edifici Biomedicina I, Lab 2.8, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Anna Macià
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Edifici Biomedicina I, Lab 2.8, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Carme Espinet
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Joan Ribera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Edifici Biomedicina I, Lab 2.8, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Andree Yeramian
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Edifici Biomedicina I, Lab 2.8, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Xavi Dolcet
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Joaquim Egea
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Mario Encinas
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Edifici Biomedicina I, Lab 2.8, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
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3
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Ke FS, Holloway S, Uren RT, Wong AW, Little MH, Kluck RM, Voss AK, Strasser A. The BCL-2 family member BID plays a role during embryonic development in addition to its BH3-only protein function by acting in parallel to BAX, BAK and BOK. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110300. [PMID: 35758142 PMCID: PMC9340487 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic apoptosis pathway, regulated by the BCL-2 protein family, is essential for embryonic development. Using mice lacking all known apoptosis effectors, BAX, BAK and BOK, we have previously defined the processes during development that require apoptosis. Rare Bok-/- Bax-/- Bak-/- triple knockout (TKO) mice developed to adulthood and several tissues that were thought to require apoptosis during development appeared normal. This raises the question if all apoptosis had been abolished in the TKO mice or if other BCL-2 family members could act as effectors of apoptosis. Here, we investigated the role of BID, generally considered to link the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways, acting as a BH3-only protein initiating apoptosis upstream of BAX and BAK. We found that Bok-/- Bax-/- Bak-/- Bid-/- quadruple knockout (QKO) mice have additional developmental anomalies compared to TKO mice, consistent with a role of BID, not only upstream but also in parallel to BAX, BAK and BOK. Mitochondrial experiments identified a small cytochrome c-releasing activity of full-length BID. Collectively, these findings suggest a new effector role for BID in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine S Ke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI)MelbourneVicAustralia,Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVicAustralia
| | - Steven Holloway
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI)MelbourneVicAustralia
| | - Rachel T Uren
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI)MelbourneVicAustralia,Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVicAustralia
| | - Agnes W Wong
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI)MelbourneVicAustralia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVicAustralia,Murdoch Children's Medical Research InstituteMelbourneVicAustralia
| | - Ruth M Kluck
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI)MelbourneVicAustralia,Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVicAustralia
| | - Anne K Voss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI)MelbourneVicAustralia,Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVicAustralia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI)MelbourneVicAustralia,Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVicAustralia
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4
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Kamptner AZM, Mayer CE, Sutterlüty H. Sprouty3, but Not Sprouty1, Expression Is Beneficial for the Malignant Potential of Osteosarcoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111944. [PMID: 34769378 PMCID: PMC8585105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouty proteins are widely accepted modulators of receptor tyrosine kinase-associated pathways and fulfill diversified roles in cancerogenesis dependent on the originating cells. In this study we detected a high expression of Sprouty3 in osteosarcoma-derived cells and addressed the question of whether Sprouty3 and Sprouty1 influence the malignant phenotype of this bone tumor entity. By using adenoviruses, the Sprouty proteins were expressed in two different cell lines and their influence on cellular behavior was assessed. Growth curve analyses and Scratch assays revealed that Sprouty3 accelerates cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, more colonies were grown in Soft agar if the cells express Sprouty3. In parallel, Sprouty1 had no significant effect on the measured endpoints of the study in osteosarcoma-derived cells. The promotion of the tumorigenic capacities in the presence of Sprouty3 coincided with an increased activation of signaling as measured by evaluating the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). Ectopic expression of a mutated Sprouty3 protein, in which the tyrosine necessary for its activation was substituted, resulted in inhibited migration of the treated cells. Our findings identify Sprouty3 as a candidate for a tumor promoter in osteosarcoma.
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5
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Lang C, Conrad L, Iber D. Organ-Specific Branching Morphogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671402. [PMID: 34150767 PMCID: PMC8212048 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A common developmental process, called branching morphogenesis, generates the epithelial trees in a variety of organs, including the lungs, kidneys, and glands. How branching morphogenesis can create epithelial architectures of very different shapes and functions remains elusive. In this review, we compare branching morphogenesis and its regulation in lungs and kidneys and discuss the role of signaling pathways, the mesenchyme, the extracellular matrix, and the cytoskeleton as potential organ-specific determinants of branch position, orientation, and shape. Identifying the determinants of branch and organ shape and their adaptation in different organs may reveal how a highly conserved developmental process can be adapted to different structural and functional frameworks and should provide important insights into epithelial morphogenesis and developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lang
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Conrad
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Packard A, Klein WH, Costantini F. Ret signaling in ureteric bud epithelial cells controls cell movements, cell clustering and bud formation. Development 2021; 148:261695. [PMID: 33914865 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ret signaling promotes branching morphogenesis during kidney development, but the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unclear. While Ret-expressing progenitor cells proliferate at the ureteric bud tips, some of these cells exit the tips to generate the elongating collecting ducts, and in the process turn off Ret. Genetic ablation of Ret in tip cells promotes their exit, suggesting that Ret is required for cell rearrangements that maintain the tip compartments. Here, we examine the behaviors of ureteric bud cells that are genetically forced to maintain Ret expression. These cells move to the nascent tips, and remain there during many cycles of branching; this tip-seeking behavior may require positional signals from the mesenchyme, as it occurs in whole kidneys but not in epithelial ureteric bud organoids. In organoids, cells forced to express Ret display a striking self-organizing behavior, attracting each other to form dense clusters within the epithelium, which then evaginate to form new buds. The ability of forced Ret expression to promote these events suggests that similar Ret-dependent cell behaviors play an important role in normal branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Packard
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - William H Klein
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Frank Costantini
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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7
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Abstract
The kidney plays an integral role in filtering the blood-removing metabolic by-products from the body and regulating blood pressure. This requires the establishment of large numbers of efficient and specialized blood filtering units (nephrons) that incorporate a system for vascular exchange and nutrient reabsorption as well as a collecting duct system to remove waste (urine) from the body. Kidney development is a dynamic process which generates these structures through a delicately balanced program of self-renewal and commitment of nephron progenitor cells that inhabit a constantly evolving cellular niche at the tips of a branching ureteric "tree." The former cells build the nephrons and the latter the collecting duct system. Maintaining these processes across fetal development is critical for establishing the normal "endowment" of nephrons in the kidney and perturbations to this process are associated both with mutations in integral genes and with alterations to the fetal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Smyth
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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8
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Esmaeilizadeh Z, Mohammadi B, Rajabibazl M, Ghaderian SMH, Omrani MD, Fazeli Z. Expression Analysis of GDNF/RET Signaling Pathway in Human AD-MSCs Grown in HEK 293 Conditioned Medium (HEK293-CM). Cell Biochem Biophys 2020; 78:531-539. [PMID: 32803668 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-020-00936-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells have been considered as the suitable source for the repair of kidney lesions. The study and identification of novel approaches could improve the efficiency of these cells in the recovery of kidney. In the present study, the effect of HEK 293 conditioned medium (HEK293-CM) was evaluated on the expression of GDNF/RET signaling pathway and their downstream genes in the human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs). For this purpose, the human AD-MSCs were cultured in the medium containing HEK293-CM. After the RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the expression level of GFRA1, GDNF, SPRY1, ETV4, ETV5, and CRLF1 genes were determined by SYBR Green Real time PCR. The obtained results indicated that the GDNF and GFRA1 expression enhanced in the AD-MSCs following treatment with 10% HEK293-CM-5%FBS as compared to the untreated AD-MSCs. These results were consistent with the decreased expression of SPRY1. The significant increased expression of ETV4, ETV5, and CRLF1 genes also showed that HEK293-CM activated the GDNF/RET signaling pathway in the AD-MSCs (P < 0.05). The obtained data suggested that the treatment with HEK293-CM activated the GDNF/RET signaling pathway in the human AD-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Esmaeilizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahar Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Rajabibazl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Fazeli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Abstract
The roles of SPRED proteins in signaling, development, and cancer are becoming increasingly recognized. SPRED proteins comprise an N-terminal EVH-1 domain, a central c-Kit-binding domain, and C-terminal SROUTY domain. They negatively regulate signaling from tyrosine kinases to the Ras-MAPK pathway. SPRED1 binds directly to both c-KIT and to the RasGAP, neurofibromin, whose function is completely dependent on this interaction. Loss-of-function mutations in SPRED1 occur in human cancers and cause the developmental disorder, Legius syndrome. Genetic ablation of SPRED genes in mice leads to behavioral problems, dwarfism, and multiple other phenotypes including increased risk of leukemia. In this review, we summarize and discuss biochemical, structural, and biological functions of these proteins including their roles in normal cell growth and differentiation and in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lorenzo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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10
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Inhibitory Effects of Lentogenic Newcastle Disease Virus on Cell Survival and Immune Function in Spleen of Commercial Layer Chicks. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091003. [PMID: 32859030 PMCID: PMC7565929 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a major infectious disease in chickens, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes considerable economic losses in the poultry industry, especially in developing countries where there is limited access to effective vaccination. Therefore, enhancing resistance to the virus in commercial chickens through breeding is a promising way to promote poultry production. In this study, we investigated gene expression changes at 2 and 6 days post inoculation (dpi) at day 21 with a lentogenic NDV in a commercial egg-laying chicken hybrid using RNA sequencing analysis. By comparing NDV-challenged and non-challenged groups, 526 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05) were identified at 2 dpi, and only 36 at 6 dpi. For the DEGs at 2 dpi, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis predicted inhibition of multiple signaling pathways in response to NDV that regulate immune cell development and activity, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis. Up-regulation of interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 (IFIT5) in response to NDV was consistent between the current and most previous studies. Sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 1 (SPRY1), a DEG in the current study, is in a significant quantitative trait locus associated with virus load at 6 dpi in the same population. These identified pathways and DEGs provide potential targets to further study breeding strategy to enhance NDV resistance in chickens.
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11
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Huh SH, Ha L, Jang HS. Nephron Progenitor Maintenance Is Controlled through Fibroblast Growth Factors and Sprouty1 Interaction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2559-2572. [PMID: 32753399 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) give rise to all segments of functional nephrons and are of great interest due to their potential as a source for novel treatment strategies for kidney disease. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling plays pivotal roles in generating and maintaining NPCs during kidney development, but little is known about the molecule(s) regulating FGF signaling during nephron development. Sprouty 1 (SPRY1) is an antagonist of receptor tyrosine kinases. Although SPRY1 antagonizes Ret-GDNF signaling, which modulates renal branching, its role in NPCs is not known. METHODS Spry1, Fgf9, and Fgf20 compound mutant animals were used to evaluate kidney phenotypes in mice to understand whether SPRY1 modulates FGF signaling in NPCs and whether FGF8 functions with FGF9 and FGF20 in maintaining NPCs. RESULTS Loss of one copy of Spry1 counters effects of the loss of Fgf9 and Fgf20, rescuing bilateral renal agenesis premature NPC differentiation, NPC proliferation, and cell death defects. In the absence of SPRY1, FGF9, and FGF20, another FGF ligand, FGF8, promotes nephrogenesis. Deleting both Fgf8 and Fgf20 results in kidney agenesis, defects in NPC proliferation, and cell death. Deleting one copy of Fgf8 reversed the effect of deleting one copy of Spry1, which rescued the renal agenesis due to loss of Fgf9 and Fgf20. CONCLUSIONS SPRY1 expressed in NPCs modulates the activity of FGF signaling and regulates NPC stemness. These findings indicate the importance of the balance between positive and negative signals during NPC maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ho Huh
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska .,Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ligyeom Ha
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Hee-Seong Jang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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12
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Hemker SL, Cerqueira DM, Bodnar AJ, Cargill KR, Clugston A, Anslow MJ, Sims-Lucas S, Kostka D, Ho J. Deletion of hypoxia-responsive microRNA-210 results in a sex-specific decrease in nephron number. FASEB J 2020; 34:5782-5799. [PMID: 32141129 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902767r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Low nephron number results in an increased risk of developing hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with a nephron deficit in humans, and is commonly caused by placental insufficiency, which results in fetal hypoxia. The underlying mechanisms by which hypoxia impacts kidney development are poorly understood. microRNA-210 is the most consistently induced microRNA in hypoxia and is known to promote cell survival in a hypoxic environment. In this study, the role of microRNA-210 in kidney development was evaluated using a global microRNA-210 knockout mouse. A male-specific 35% nephron deficit in microRNA-210 knockout mice was observed. Wnt/β-catenin signaling, a pathway crucial for nephron differentiation, was misregulated in male kidneys with increased expression of the canonical Wnt target lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1. This coincided with increased expression of caspase-8-associated protein 2, a known microRNA-210 target and apoptosis signal transducer. Together, these data are consistent with a sex-specific requirement for microRNA-210 in kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L Hemker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Débora M Cerqueira
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew J Bodnar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kasey R Cargill
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Clugston
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melissa J Anslow
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sunder Sims-Lucas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dennis Kostka
- Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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13
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Zhu L, Xiang J, Wang Q, Wang A, Li C, Tian G, Zhang H, Chen S. Revealing the Interactions Between Diabetes, Diabetes-Related Diseases, and Cancers Based on the Network Connectivity of Their Related Genes. Front Genet 2020; 11:617136. [PMID: 33381155 PMCID: PMC7767993 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.617136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes-related diseases (DRDs), especially cancers pose a big threat to public health. Although people have explored pathological pathways of a few common DRDs, there is a lack of systematic studies on important biological processes (BPs) connecting diabetes and its related diseases/cancers. We have proposed and compared 10 protein-protein interaction (PPI)-based computational methods to study the connections between diabetes and 254 diseases, among which a method called DIconnectivity_eDMN performs the best in the sense that it infers a disease rank (according to its relation with diabetes) most consistent with that by literature mining. DIconnectivity_eDMN takes diabetes-related genes, other disease-related genes, a PPI network, and genes in BPs as input. It first maps genes in a BP into the PPI network to construct a BP-related subnetwork, which is expanded (in the whole PPI network) by a random walk with restart (RWR) process to generate a so-called expanded modularized network (eMN). Since the numbers of known disease genes are not high, an RWR process is also performed to generate an expanded disease-related gene list. For each eMN and disease, the expanded diabetes-related genes and disease-related genes are mapped onto the eMN. The association between diabetes and the disease is measured by the reachability of their genes on all eMNs, in which the reachability is estimated by a method similar to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test. DIconnectivity_eDMN achieves an area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.71 for predicting both Type 1 DRDs and Type 2 DRDs. In addition, DIconnectivity_eDMN reveals important BPs connecting diabetes and DRDs. For example, "respiratory system development" and "regulation of mRNA metabolic process" are critical in associating Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and many Type 1 DRDs. It is also found that the average proportion of diabetes-related genes interacting with DRDs is higher than that of non-DRDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhu
- College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Ju Xiang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Ailan Wang
- Geneis Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Chao Li
- Geneis Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Geng Tian
- Geneis Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
- Qingdao Geneis Institute of Big Data Mining and Precision Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Huajun Zhang
- College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- *Correspondence: Huajun Zhang,
| | - Size Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precision Treatment, Guangzhou, China
- Size Chen,
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14
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Yu M, Tan L, Li Y, Chen J, Zhai Y, Rao J, Fang X, Wu X, Xu H, Shen Q. Intrauterine low-protein diet aggravates developmental abnormalities of the urinary system via the Akt/Creb3 pathway in Robo2 mutant mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 318:F43-F52. [PMID: 31630547 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00405.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The offspring of Robo2 mutant mice usually present with variable phenotypes of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). An intrauterine low-protein diet can also cause CAKUT in offspring, dominated by the duplicated collecting system phenotype. A single genetic or environment factor can only partially explain the pathogenesis of CAKUT. The present study aimed to establish an intrauterine low-protein diet roundabout 2 (Robo2) mutant mouse model and found that the intrauterine low-protein diet led to significantly increased CAKUT phenotypes in Robo2PB/+ mice offspring, dominant by a duplicated collecting system. At the same time, more ectopic and lower located ureteric buds (UBs) were observed in the intrauterine low-protein diet-fed Robo2 mutant mouse model, and the number of UB branches was reduced in the serum-free culture. During UB protrusion, intrauterine low-protein diet reduced the expression of Slit2/Robo2 in Robo2 mutant mice and affected the expression of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor/Ret, which is a key molecule for metanephric development, with increasing phospho-Akt and phospho-cAMP responsive element-binding protein 3 activity and a reduction of apoptotic cells in embryonic day 11.5 UB tissues. The mechanism by which an intrauterine low-protein diet aggravates CAKUT in Robo2 mutant mice may be related to the disruption of Akt/cAMP responsive element-binding protein 3 signaling and a reduction in apoptosis in UB tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Tan
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Zhai
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Rao
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
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15
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Vaquero M, Cuesta S, Anerillas C, Altés G, Ribera J, Basson MA, Licht JD, Egea J, Encinas M. Sprouty1 Controls Genitourinary Development via its N-Terminal Tyrosine. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:1398-1411. [PMID: 31300484 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018111085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in mice suggest that perturbations of the GDNF-Ret signaling pathway are a major genetic cause of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Mutations in Sprouty1, an intracellular Ret inhibitor, results in supernumerary kidneys, megaureters, and hydronephrosis in mice. But the underlying molecular mechanisms involved and which structural domains are essential for Sprouty1 function are a matter of controversy, partly because studies have so far relied on ectopic overexpression of the gene in cell lines. A conserved N-terminal tyrosine has been frequently, but not always, identified as critical for the function of Sprouty1 in vitro. METHODS We generated Sprouty1 knockin mice bearing a tyrosine-to-alanine substitution in position 53, corresponding to the conserved N-terminal tyrosine of Sprouty1. We characterized the development of the genitourinary systems in these mice via different methods, including the use of reporter mice expressing EGFP from the Ret locus, and whole-mount cytokeratin staining. RESULTS Mice lacking this tyrosine grow ectopic ureteric buds that will ultimately form supernumerary kidneys, a phenotype indistinguishable to that of Sprouty1 knockout mice. Sprouty1 knockin mice also present megaureters and vesicoureteral reflux, caused by failure of ureters to separate from Wolffian ducts and migrate to their definitive position. CONCLUSIONS Tyrosine 53 is absolutely necessary for Sprouty1 function during genitourinary development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - M Albert Basson
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK; and
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- The University of Florida Health Cancer Center, The University of Florida Cancer/Genetics Research Complex, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Joaquim Egea
- Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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16
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Dittmer J, Stütz A, Vanas V, Salhi J, Reisecker JM, Kral RM, Sutterlüty-Fall H. Spatial signal repression as an additional role of Sprouty2 protein variants. Cell Signal 2019; 62:109332. [PMID: 31154002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty2 (Spry2) is a prominent member of a protein family with crucial functions in the modulation of signal transduction. One of its main actions is the repression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in response to growth factor-induced signalling. A common single nucleotide polymorphism within the Spry2 gene creates two protein variants where a proline adjacent to the serine rich domain is converted to an additional serine. Both protein variants perform similar functions although their efficiency in fulfilling these tasks varies. In this report, we used biochemical fractionation methods as well as confocal microscopy to analyse quantitative and qualitative differences in the distribution of Spry2 variants. We found that Spry2 proteins localize not solely to the plasma membrane, but also to other membrane engulfed compartments like for example the Golgi apparatus. In these less dense organelles, predominantly slower migrating forms reside indicating that posttranslational modification contributes to the distribution profile of Spry2. However there is no significant difference in the distribution of the two variants. Additionally, we found that Spry2 could be found exclusively in membrane fractions irrespective of the mitogen availability and the phosphorylation status. Considering the interference of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in the cytoplasm, both Spry2 variants inhibited the levels of phosphorylated ERK (pERK) significantly to a similar extent. In contrast, the induction profiles of pERK levels were completely different in the nuclei. Again, both Spry2 variants diminished the levels of pERK. While the proline variant lowered the activation throughout the observation period, the serine variant failed to interfere with immediate accumulation of nuclear pERK levels, but the signal duration was shortened. Since the extent of the pERK inhibition in the nuclei was drastically more pronounced than in the cytoplasm, we conclude that Spry2 - in addition to its known functions as a repressor of general ERK phosphorylation - functions as a spatial repressor of nucleic ERK activation. Accordingly, a dominant negative version of Spry2 was only able to enhance the pERK levels of serum-deprived cells in the cytosol, while in the nucleus the intensity of the pERK signal in response to serum addition was significantly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Dittmer
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Stütz
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanita Vanas
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jihen Salhi
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Johannes Manfred Reisecker
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rosana Maria Kral
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hedwig Sutterlüty-Fall
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Kurtzeborn K, Kwon HN, Kuure S. MAPK/ERK Signaling in Regulation of Renal Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1779. [PMID: 30974877 PMCID: PMC6479953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are common birth defects derived from abnormalities in renal differentiation during embryogenesis. CAKUT is the major cause of end-stage renal disease and chronic kidney diseases in children, but its genetic causes remain largely unresolved. Here we discuss advances in the understanding of how mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) activity contributes to the regulation of ureteric bud branching morphogenesis, which dictates the final size, shape, and nephron number of the kidney. Recent studies also demonstrate that the MAPK/ERK pathway is directly involved in nephrogenesis, regulating both the maintenance and differentiation of the nephrogenic mesenchyme. Interestingly, aberrant MAPK/ERK signaling is linked to many cancers, and recent studies suggest it also plays a role in the most common pediatric renal cancer, Wilms' tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Kurtzeborn
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hyuk Nam Kwon
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Satu Kuure
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- GM-unit, Laboratory Animal Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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18
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Development of the urogenital system is regulated via the 3'UTR of GDNF. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5302. [PMID: 30923332 PMCID: PMC6438985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms controlling ureter lenght and the position of the kidney are poorly understood. Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) induced RET signaling is critical for ureteric bud outgrowth, but the function of endogenous GDNF in further renal differentiation and urogenital system development remains discursive. Here we analyzed mice where 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of GDNF is replaced with sequence less responsive to microRNA-mediated regulation, leading to increased GDNF expression specifically in cells naturally transcribing Gdnf. We demonstrate that increased Gdnf leads to short ureters in kidneys located in an abnormally caudal position thus resembling human pelvic kidneys. High GDNF levels expand collecting ductal progenitors at the expense of ureteric trunk elongation and result in expanded tip and short trunk phenotype due to changes in cell cycle length and progenitor motility. MEK-inhibition rescues these defects suggesting that MAPK-activity mediates GDNF’s effects on progenitors. Moreover, Gdnf hyper mice are infertile likely due to effects of excess GDNF on distal ureter remodeling. Our findings suggest that dysregulation of GDNF levels, for example via alterations in 3′UTR, may account for a subset of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and/or congenital infertility cases in humans and pave way to future studies.
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19
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Zhang H, Bagherie-Lachidan M, Badouel C, Enderle L, Peidis P, Bremner R, Kuure S, Jain S, McNeill H. FAT4 Fine-Tunes Kidney Development by Regulating RET Signaling. Dev Cell 2019; 48:780-792.e4. [PMID: 30853441 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
FAT4 mutations lead to several human diseases that disrupt the normal development of the kidney. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In studying the duplex kidney phenotypes observed upon deletion of Fat4 in mice, we have uncovered an interaction between the atypical cadherin FAT4 and RET, a tyrosine kinase receptor essential for kidney development. Analysis of kidney development in Fat4-/- kidneys revealed abnormal ureteric budding and excessive RET signaling. Removal of one copy of the RET ligand Gdnf rescues Fat4-/- kidney development, supporting the proposal that loss of Fat4 hyperactivates RET signaling. Conditional knockout analyses revealed a non-autonomous role for Fat4 in regulating RET signaling. Mechanistically, we found that FAT4 interacts with RET through extracellular cadherin repeats. Importantly, expression of FAT4 perturbs the assembly of the RET-GFRA1-GDNF complex, reducing RET signaling. Thus, FAT4 interacts with RET to fine-tune RET signaling, establishing a juxtacrine mechanism controlling kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Mazdak Bagherie-Lachidan
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Caroline Badouel
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Leonie Enderle
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Philippos Peidis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Rod Bremner
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Satu Kuure
- GM-unit at Laboratory Animal Centre, HiLIFE and Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Helen McNeill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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20
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Lang C, Conrad L, Michos O. Mathematical Approaches of Branching Morphogenesis. Front Genet 2018; 9:673. [PMID: 30631344 PMCID: PMC6315180 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organs require a high surface to volume ratio to properly function. Lungs and kidneys, for example, achieve this by creating highly branched tubular structures during a developmental process called branching morphogenesis. The genes that control lung and kidney branching share a similar network structure that is based on ligand-receptor reciprocal signalling interactions between the epithelium and the surrounding mesenchyme. Nevertheless, the temporal and spatial development of the branched epithelial trees differs, resulting in organs of distinct shape and size. In the embryonic lung, branching morphogenesis highly depends on FGF10 signalling, whereas GDNF is the driving morphogen in the kidney. Knockout of Fgf10 and Gdnf leads to lung and kidney agenesis, respectively. However, FGF10 plays a significant role during kidney branching and both the FGF10 and GDNF pathway converge on the transcription factors ETV4/5. Although the involved signalling proteins have been defined, the underlying mechanism that controls lung and kidney branching morphogenesis is still elusive. A wide range of modelling approaches exists that differ not only in the mathematical framework (e.g., stochastic or deterministic) but also in the spatial scale (e.g., cell or tissue level). Due to advancing imaging techniques, image-based modelling approaches have proven to be a valuable method for investigating the control of branching events with respect to organ-specific properties. Here, we review several mathematical models on lung and kidney branching morphogenesis and suggest that a ligand-receptor-based Turing model represents a potential candidate for a general but also adaptive mechanism to control branching morphogenesis during development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Odyssé Michos
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Kurtzeborn K, Cebrian C, Kuure S. Regulation of Renal Differentiation by Trophic Factors. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1588. [PMID: 30483151 PMCID: PMC6240607 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, trophic factors are considered as proteins which support neurons in their growth, survival, and differentiation. However, most neurotrophic factors also have important functions outside of the nervous system. Especially essential renal growth and differentiation regulators are glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). Here we discuss how trophic factor-induced signaling contributes to the control of ureteric bud (UB) branching morphogenesis and to maintenance and differentiation of nephrogenic mesenchyme in embryonic kidney. The review includes recent advances in trophic factor functions during the guidance of branching morphogenesis and self-renewal versus differentiation decisions, both of which dictate the control of kidney size and nephron number. Creative utilization of current information may help better recapitulate renal differentiation in vitro, but it is obvious that significantly more basic knowledge is needed for development of regeneration-based renal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Kurtzeborn
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristina Cebrian
- Developmental Biology Division, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Satu Kuure
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- GM-Unit, Laboratory Animal Centre, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Liaw A, Cunha GR, Shen J, Cao M, Liu G, Sinclair A, Baskin L. Development of the human bladder and ureterovesical junction. Differentiation 2018; 103:66-73. [PMID: 30236462 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The urinary bladder collects urine from the kidneys and stores it until the appropriate moment for voiding. The trigone and ureterovesical junctions are key to bladder function, by allowing one-way passage of urine into the bladder without obstruction. Embryological development of these structures has been studied in multiple animal models as well as humans. In this report we review the existing literature on bladder development and cellular signalling with particular focus on bladder development in humans. The bladder and ureterovesical junction form primarily during the fourth to eighth weeks of gestation, and arise from the primitive urogenital sinus following subdivision of the cloaca. The bladder develops through mesenchymal-epithelial interactions between the endoderm of the urogenital sinus and mesodermal mesenchyme. Key signalling factors in bladder development include shh, TGF-β, Bmp4, and Fgfr2. A concentration gradient of shh is particularly important in development of bladder musculature, which is vital to bladder function. The ureterovesical junction forms from the interaction between the Wolffian duct and the bladder. The ureteric bud arises from the Wolffian duct and is incorporated into the developing bladder at the trigone. It was previously thought that the trigonal musculature developed primarily from the Wolffian duct, but it has been shown to develop primarily from bladder mesenchyme. Following emergence of the ureters from the Wolffian ducts, extensive epithelial remodelling brings the ureters to their final trigonal positions via vitamin A-induced apoptosis. Perturbation of this process is implicated in clinical obstruction or urine reflux. Congenital malformations include ureteric duplication and bladder exstrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Liaw
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Joel Shen
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Mei Cao
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Ge Liu
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Adriane Sinclair
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Laurence Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States.
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23
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Lambert B, MacLean AL, Fletcher AG, Combes AN, Little MH, Byrne HM. Bayesian inference of agent-based models: a tool for studying kidney branching morphogenesis. J Math Biol 2018; 76:1673-1697. [PMID: 29392399 PMCID: PMC5906521 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-018-1208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The adult mammalian kidney has a complex, highly-branched collecting duct epithelium that arises as a ureteric bud sidebranch from an epithelial tube known as the nephric duct. Subsequent branching of the ureteric bud to form the collecting duct tree is regulated by subcellular interactions between the epithelium and a population of mesenchymal cells that surround the tips of outgrowing branches. The mesenchymal cells produce glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), that binds with RET receptors on the surface of the epithelial cells to stimulate several subcellular pathways in the epithelium. Such interactions are known to be a prerequisite for normal branching development, although competing theories exist for their role in morphogenesis. Here we introduce the first agent-based model of ex vivo kidney uretic branching. Through comparison with experimental data, we show that growth factor-regulated growth mechanisms can explain early epithelial cell branching, but only if epithelial cell division depends in a switch-like way on the local growth factor concentration; cell division occurring only if the driving growth factor level exceeds a threshold. We also show how a recently-developed method, "Approximate Approximate Bayesian Computation", can be used to infer key model parameters, and reveal the dependency between the parameters controlling a growth factor-dependent growth switch. These results are consistent with a requirement for signals controlling proliferation and chemotaxis, both of which are previously identified roles for GDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Lambert
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Adam L MacLean
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Woodstock Road, Oxford, UK
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexander G Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Alexander N Combes
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Helen M Byrne
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Woodstock Road, Oxford, UK
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Zhou J, Plagge A, Murray P. Functional comparison of distinct Brachyury+ states in a renal differentiation assay. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.031799. [PMID: 29666052 PMCID: PMC5992531 DOI: 10.1242/bio.031799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesodermal populations can be generated in vitro from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) using three-dimensional (3-D) aggregates called embryoid bodies or two-dimensional (2-D) monolayer culture systems. Here, we investigated whether Brachyury-expressing mesodermal cells generated using 3-D or 2-D culture systems are equivalent or, instead, have different properties. Using a Brachyury-GFP/E2-Crimson reporter mESC line, we isolated Brachyury-GFP + mesoderm cells using flow-activated cell sorting and compared their gene expression profiles and ex vivo differentiation patterns. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed significant up-regulation of Cdx2, Foxf1 and Hoxb1 in the Brachyury-GFP+ cells isolated from the 3-D system compared with those isolated from the 2-D system. Furthermore, using an ex vivo mouse kidney rudiment assay, we found that, irrespective of their source, Brachyury-GFP+ cells failed to integrate into developing nephrons, which are derived from the intermediate mesoderm. However, Brachyury-GFP+ cells isolated under 3-D conditions appeared to differentiate into endothelial-like cells within the kidney rudiments, whereas the Brachyury-GFP+ isolated from the 2-D conditions only did so to a limited degree. The high expression of Foxf1 in the 3-D Brachyury-GFP+ cells combined with their tendency to differentiate into endothelial-like cells suggests that these mesodermal cells may represent lateral plate mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Antonius Plagge
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Patricia Murray
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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25
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Wang H, Zhang C, Wang X, Lian Y, Guo B, Han M, Zhang X, Zhu X, Xu S, Guo Z, Bi Y, Shen Q, Wang X, Liu J, Zhuang Y, Ni T, Xu H, Wu X. Disruption of Gen1 Causes Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract in Mice. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:10-20. [PMID: 29483821 PMCID: PMC5821045 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.22768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are among the most common developmental defects in humans. Despite of several known CAKUT-related loci (HNF1B, PAX2, EYA1, etc.), the genetic etiology of CAKUT remains to be elucidated for most patients. In this study, we report that disruption of the Holliday Junction resolvase gene Gen1 leads to renal agenesis, duplex kidney, hydronephrosis, and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in mice. GEN1 interacts with SIX1 and enhances the transcriptional activity of SIX1/EYA1, a key regulatory complex of the GDNF morphogen. Gen1 mutation impairs Grem1 and Gdnf expression, resulting in excessive ureteric bud formation and defective ureteric bud branching during early kidney development. These results revealed an unidentified role of GEN1 in kidney development and suggested its contribution to CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.,Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.,Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Yaru Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Miao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoe Zhang
- Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Sixian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zengli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunli Bi
- Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Jiaojiao Liu
- Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ting Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
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26
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Phelep A, Laouari D, Bharti K, Burtin M, Tammaccaro S, Garbay S, Nguyen C, Vasseur F, Blanc T, Berissi S, Langa-Vives F, Fischer E, Druilhe A, Arnheiter H, Friedlander G, Pontoglio M, Terzi F. MITF - A controls branching morphogenesis and nephron endowment. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007093. [PMID: 29240767 PMCID: PMC5746285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital nephron number varies widely in the human population and individuals with low nephron number are at risk of developing hypertension and chronic kidney disease. The development of the kidney occurs via an orchestrated morphogenetic process where metanephric mesenchyme and ureteric bud reciprocally interact to induce nephron formation. The genetic networks that modulate the extent of this process and set the final nephron number are mostly unknown. Here, we identified a specific isoform of MITF (MITF-A), a bHLH-Zip transcription factor, as a novel regulator of the final nephron number. We showed that overexpression of MITF-A leads to a substantial increase of nephron number and bigger kidneys, whereas Mitfa deficiency results in reduced nephron number. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MITF-A triggers ureteric bud branching, a phenotype that is associated with increased ureteric bud cell proliferation. Molecular studies associated with an in silico analyses revealed that amongst the putative MITF-A targets, Ret was significantly modulated by MITF-A. Consistent with the key role of this network in kidney morphogenesis, Ret heterozygosis prevented the increase of nephron number in mice overexpressing MITF-A. Collectively, these results uncover a novel transcriptional network that controls branching morphogenesis during kidney development and identifies one of the first modifier genes of nephron endowment. The number of nephrons, the functional unit of kidney, varies widely among humans. Indeed, it has been shown that kidneys may contain from 0.3 to more than 2 million of nephrons. Nephrons are formed during development via a coordinated morphogenetic program in which the metanephric mesenchyme reciprocally and recursively interacts with the ureteric bud. The fine-tuning of this cross-talk determines the final number of nephrons. Strong evidence indicates that suboptimal nephron endowment is associated with an increased risk of hypertension and chronic kidney disease, a major healthcare burden. Indeed, chronic kidney disease is characterized by the progressive decline of renal function towards end stage renal disease, which occurs once a critical number of nephrons has been lost. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms that control nephron endowment is, therefore, a critical issue for public health. However, little is known about the factors that determine the final number of nephrons in the healthy population. Our data showed that nephron endowment is genetically predetermined and identified Mitfa, a bHLH transcription factor, as one of the first modifiers of nephron formation during kidney development. By generating an allelic series of transgenic mice expressing different levels of MITF-A, we discovered that MITF-A promotes final nephron endowment. In addition, we elucidated the molecular mechanisms by which MITF-A promotes nephron formation and identified RET as one of the critical effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Phelep
- INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Denise Laouari
- INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Kapil Bharti
- Unit on Ocular and Stem Cells Translational Research National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Martine Burtin
- INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Salvina Tammaccaro
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Serge Garbay
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Clément Nguyen
- INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Florence Vasseur
- INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Blanc
- INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Berissi
- INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | - Evelyne Fischer
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Anne Druilhe
- INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Heinz Arnheiter
- Scientist Emeritus, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Gerard Friedlander
- INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Marco Pontoglio
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Fabiola Terzi
- INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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27
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Neben CL, Lo M, Jura N, Klein OD. Feedback regulation of RTK signaling in development. Dev Biol 2017; 447:71-89. [PMID: 29079424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise regulation of the amplitude and duration of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling is critical for the execution of cellular programs and behaviors. Understanding these control mechanisms has important implications for the field of developmental biology, and in recent years, the question of how augmentation or attenuation of RTK signaling via feedback loops modulates development has become of increasing interest. RTK feedback regulation is also important for human disease research; for example, germline mutations in genes that encode RTK signaling pathway components cause numerous human congenital syndromes, and somatic alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancers. In this review, we survey regulators of RTK signaling that tune receptor activity and intracellular transduction cascades, with a focus on the roles of these genes in the developing embryo. We detail the diverse inhibitory mechanisms utilized by negative feedback regulators that, when lost or perturbed, lead to aberrant increases in RTK signaling. We also discuss recent biochemical and genetic insights into positive regulators of RTK signaling and how these proteins function in tandem with negative regulators to guide embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Neben
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Megan Lo
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA.
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28
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Park HJ, Bolton EC. RET-mediated glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor signaling inhibits mouse prostate development. Development 2017; 144:2282-2293. [PMID: 28506996 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In humans and rodents, the prostate gland develops from the embryonic urogenital sinus (UGS). The androgen receptor (AR) is thought to control the expression of morphogenetic genes in inductive UGS mesenchyme, which promotes proliferation and cytodifferentiation of the prostatic epithelium. However, the nature of the AR-regulated morphogenetic genes and the mechanisms whereby AR controls prostate development are not understood. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) binds GDNF family receptor α1 (GFRα1) and signals through activation of RET tyrosine kinase. Gene disruption studies in mice have revealed essential roles for GDNF signaling in development; however, its role in prostate development is unexplored. Here, we establish novel roles of GDNF signaling in mouse prostate development. Using an organ culture system for prostate development and Ret mutant mice, we demonstrate that RET-mediated GDNF signaling in UGS increases proliferation of mesenchyme cells and suppresses androgen-induced proliferation and differentiation of prostate epithelial cells, inhibiting prostate development. We also identify Ar as a GDNF-repressed gene and Gdnf and Gfrα1 as androgen-repressed genes in UGS, thus establishing reciprocal regulatory crosstalk between AR and GDNF signaling in prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Eric C Bolton
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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29
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Abstract
Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are one of the leading congenital defects to be identified on prenatal ultrasound. CAKUT represent a broad spectrum of abnormalities, from transient hydronephrosis to severe bilateral renal agenesis. CAKUT are a major contributor to chronic and end stage kidney disease (CKD/ESKD) in children. Prenatal imaging is useful to identify CAKUT, but will not detect all defects. Both genetic abnormalities and the fetal environment contribute to CAKUT. Monogenic gene mutations identified in human CAKUT have advanced our understanding of molecular mechanisms of renal development. Low nephron number and solitary kidneys are associated with increased risk of adult onset CKD and ESKD. Premature and low birth weight infants represent a high risk population for low nephron number. Additional research is needed to identify biomarkers and appropriate follow-up of premature and low birth weight infants into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Rosenblum
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Montefiore/Einstein, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Abhijeet Pal
- Department of Pediatrics/Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Montefiore/Einstein, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kimberly Reidy
- Department of Pediatrics/Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Montefiore/Einstein, Bronx, NY, USA.
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30
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Wang X, Garrett MR. Nephron number, hypertension, and CKD: physiological and genetic insight from humans and animal models. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:180-192. [PMID: 28130427 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00098.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidneys play a vital role in the excretion of waste products and the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid-base balance, regulation of blood pressure, and production of several hormones. Any alteration in the structure of the nephron (basic functional unit of the kidney) can have a major impact on the kidney's ability to work efficiently. Progressive decline in kidney function can lead to serious illness and ultimately death if not treated by dialysis or transplantation. While there have been numerous studies that implicate lower nephron numbers as being an important factor in influencing susceptibility to developing hypertension and chronic kidney disease, a direct association has been difficult to establish because of three main limitations: 1) the large variation in nephron number observed in the human population; 2) no established reliable noninvasive methods to determine nephron complement; and 3) to date, nephron measurements have been done after death, which doesn't adequately account for potential loss of nephrons with age or disease. In this review, we will provide an overview of kidney structure/function, discuss the current literature for both humans and other species linking nephron deficiency and cardio-renal complications, as well as describe the major molecular signaling factors involved in nephrogenesis that modulate variation in nephron number. As more detailed knowledge about the molecular determinants of nephron development and the role of nephron endowment in the cardio-renal system is obtained, it will hopefully provide clinicians the ability to accurately identify people at risk to develop CKD/hypertension and lead to a shift in patient care from disease treatment to prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and
| | - Michael R Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and .,Department of Medicine (Nephrology) and Pediatrics (Genetics), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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31
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Short KM, Smyth IM. Imaging, Analysing and Interpreting Branching Morphogenesis in the Developing Kidney. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 60:233-256. [PMID: 28409348 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51436-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The kidney develops as an outgrowth of the epithelial nephric duct known as the ureteric bud, in a position specified by a range of rostral and caudal factors which serve to ensure two kidneys form in the appropriate positions in the body. At its simplest level, kidney development can be viewed as the process by which this single bud then undergoes a process of arborisation to form a complex connected network of ducts which will serve to drain urine from the nephrons in the adult organ. The process of bud elaboration is dictated by factors expressed by both the bud itself and by surrounding cells of the metanephric mesenchyme which control cell division and bifurcation. These cells play two critical roles. Firstly, they potentiate the ongoing elaboration of the ureteric tree: remove them and branching ceases. Secondly, they harbour progenitor cells which are fated to undergo their own process of tubulogenesis to form the nephrons of the adult organ. In this chapter, we will discuss how the ureteric bud arises in the developing embryo, how it undergoes branching, how we can measure and study this process and finally the likely relevance that this process has for our understanding of congenital and acquired kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran M Short
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ian M Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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32
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Abstract
Renal anomalies are common birth defects that may manifest as a wide spectrum of anomalies from hydronephrosis (dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces) to renal aplasia (complete absence of the kidney(s)). Aneuploidies and mosaicisms are the most common syndromes associated with CAKUT. Syndromes with single gene and renal developmental defects are less common but have facilitated insight into the mechanism of renal and other organ development. Analysis of underlying genetic mutations with transgenic and mutant mice has also led to advances in our understanding of mechanisms of renal development.
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33
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Song R, Janssen A, Li Y, El-Dahr S, Yosypiv IV. Prorenin receptor controls renal branching morphogenesis via Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 312:F407-F417. [PMID: 28031172 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00563.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prorenin receptor (PRR) is a receptor for renin and prorenin, and an accessory subunit of the vacuolar proton pump H+-ATPase. Renal branching morphogenesis, defined as growth and branching of the ureteric bud (UB), is essential for mammalian kidney development. Previously, we demonstrated that conditional ablation of the PRR in the UB in PRRUB-/- mice causes severe defects in UB branching, resulting in marked kidney hypoplasia at birth. Here, we investigated the UB transcriptome using whole genome-based analysis of gene expression in UB cells, FACS-isolated from PRRUB-/-, and control kidneys at birth (P0) to determine the primary role of the PRR in terminal differentiation and growth of UB-derived collecting ducts. Three genes with expression in UB cells that previously shown to regulate UB branching morphogenesis, including Wnt9b, β-catenin, and Fgfr2, were upregulated, whereas the expression of Wnt11, Bmp7, Etv4, and Gfrα1 was downregulated. We next demonstrated that infection of immortalized UB cells with shPRR in vitro or deletion of the UB PRR in double-transgenic PRRUB-/-/BatGal+ mice, a reporter strain for β-catenin transcriptional activity, in vivo increases β-catenin activity in the UB epithelia. In addition to UB morphogenetic genes, the functional groups of differentially expressed genes within the downregulated gene set included genes involved in molecular transport, metabolic disease, amino acid metabolism, and energy production. Together, these data demonstrate that UB PRR performs essential functions during UB branching and collecting duct morphogenesis via control of a hierarchy of genes that control UB branching and terminal differentiation of the collecting duct cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfang Song
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Lousiana
| | - Adam Janssen
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Lousiana
| | - Yuwen Li
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Lousiana
| | - Samir El-Dahr
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Lousiana
| | - Ihor V Yosypiv
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Lousiana
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34
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Kral R, Doriguzzi A, Mayer CE, Krenbek D, Setinek U, Sutterlüty-Fall H. Differential Effects of Variations at Codon 106 on Sprouty2 Functions in Lung Cancer-Derived Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:1822-32. [PMID: 26727965 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty2 is a modulator of receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated signalling with an important role during lung carcinogenesis. Here, we characterize a Sprouty2 variant harbouring a substitution of proline 106 with serine. Serine substitution fails to influence expression, but accumulation of slower migrating phosphatase-sensitive forms indicates that its presence facilitates phosphorylation. In normal lung cells the serine variant is slightly more potent in inhibiting proliferation and migration. Additionally non-malignant cells expressing the major Sprouty2 variant attach more effective to fibronectin, while the serine variant only weakly stimulates cell adhesion. Mechanistically, the serine variant interferes less effectively with mitogen-activated protein kinase induction in response to serum. Concerning the positive Sprouty2 effect on epidermal growth factor receptor activation the serine variant is more potent. In all lung cancer-derived cell lines proliferation is more effectively inhibited if the Sprouty2 protein harbours the serine. In contrast, an increased interference of the serine Sprouty2 variant is only observed in cells with unaltered K-Ras. In cells harbouring a K-Ras mutation the serine conversion weakens the reduction of migration velocity indicating that dependent on the status of K-Ras the serine influences Sprouty2 functions differently. Accordingly, cell adhesion in cells with unaffected K-Ras is only stimulated by a Sprouty2 protein harbouring proline, while a serine conversion improves the attachment of the cells with constitutive active Ras. In summary our studies demonstrate that substitution of proline by serine at position 106 has biological significance and that the observed effects of this conversion depend on the activation status of endogenous K-Ras. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1822-1832, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Kral
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelina Doriguzzi
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph-Erik Mayer
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Krenbek
- Institute for Pathology and Bacteriology, Otto Wagner Hospital, Baumgartner Höhe, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Setinek
- Institute for Pathology and Bacteriology, Otto Wagner Hospital, Baumgartner Höhe, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hedwig Sutterlüty-Fall
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Wright KD, Mahoney Rogers AA, Zhang J, Shim K. Cooperative and independent functions of FGF and Wnt signaling during early inner ear development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:33. [PMID: 26443994 PMCID: PMC4594887 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background In multiple vertebrate organisms, including chick, Xenopus, and zebrafish, Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Wnt signaling cooperate during formation of the otic placode. However, in the mouse, although FGF signaling induces Wnt8a expression during induction of the otic placode, it is unclear whether these two signaling pathways functionally cooperate. Sprouty (Spry) genes encode intracellular antagonists of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, including FGF signaling. We previously demonstrated that the Sprouty1 (Spry1) and Sprouty2 (Spry2) genes antagonize FGF signaling during induction of the otic placode. Here, we investigate cross talk between FGF/SPRY and Wnt signaling during otic placode induction and assess whether these two signaling pathways functionally cooperate during early inner ear development in the mouse. Methods Embryos were generated carrying combinations of a Spry1 null allele, Spry2 null allele, β-catenin null allele, or a Wnt reporter transgene. Otic phenotypes were assessed by in situ hybridization, semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, immunohistochemistry, and morphometric analysis of sectioned tissue. Results Comparison of Spry1, Spry2, and Wnt reporter expression in pre-otic and otic placode cells indicates that FGF signaling precedes and is active in more cells than Wnt signaling. We provide in vivo evidence that FGF signaling activates the Wnt signaling pathway upstream of TCF/Lef transcriptional activation. FGF regulation of Wnt signaling is functional, since early inner ear defects in Spry1 and Spry2 compound mutant embryos can be genetically rescued by reducing the activity of the Wnt signaling pathway. Interestingly, we find that although the entire otic placode increases in size in Spry1 and Spry2 compound mutant embryos, the size of the Wnt-reporter-positive domain does not increase to the same extent as the Wnt-reporter-negative domain. Conclusions This study provides genetic evidence that FGF and Wnt signaling cooperate during early inner ear development in the mouse. Furthermore, our data suggest that although specification of the otic placode may be globally regulated by FGF signaling, otic specification of cells in which both FGF and Wnt signaling are active may be more tightly regulated. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-015-0083-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Amanda A Mahoney Rogers
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Katherine Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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Zubkov V, Combes A, Short K, Lefevre J, Hamilton N, Smyth I, Little M, Byrne H. A spatially-averaged mathematical model of kidney branching morphogenesis. J Theor Biol 2015; 379:24-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Sprouty proteins are evolutionarily conserved modulators of MAPK/ERK pathway. Through interacting with an increasing number of effectors, mediators, and regulators with ultimate influence on multiple targets within or beyond ERK, Sprouty orchestrates a complex, multilayered regulatory system and mediates a crosstalk among different signaling pathways for a coordinated cellular response. As such, Sprouty has been implicated in various developmental and physiological processes. Evidence shows that ERK is aberrantly activated in malignant conditions. Accordingly, Sprouty deregulation has been reported in different cancer types and shown to impact cancer development, progression, and metastasis. In this article, we have tried to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the Sprouty physiology and its regulatory functions in health, as well as an updated review of the Sprouty status in cancer. Putative implications of Sprouty in cancer biology, their clinical relevance, and their proposed applications are also revisited. As a developing story, however, role of Sprouty in cancer remains to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Masoumi-Moghaddam
- UNSW Department of Surgery, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, 2217, Australia,
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Paul BM, Vanden Heuvel GB. Kidney: polycystic kidney disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 3:465-87. [PMID: 25186187 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a life-threatening genetic disorder characterized by the presence of fluid-filled cysts primarily in the kidneys. PKD can be inherited as autosomal recessive (ARPKD) or autosomal dominant (ADPKD) traits. Mutations in either the PKD1 or PKD2 genes, which encode polycystin 1 and polycystin 2, are the underlying cause of ADPKD. Progressive cyst formation and renal enlargement lead to renal insufficiency in these patients, which need to be managed by lifelong dialysis or renal transplantation. While characteristic features of PKD are abnormalities in epithelial cell proliferation, fluid secretion, extracellular matrix and differentiation, the molecular mechanisms underlying these events are not understood. Here we review the progress that has been made in defining the function of the polycystins, and how disruption of these functions may be involved in cystogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu M Paul
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Blake J, Rosenblum ND. Renal branching morphogenesis: morphogenetic and signaling mechanisms. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 36:2-12. [PMID: 25080023 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The human kidney is composed of an arborized network of collecting ducts, calyces and urinary pelvis that facilitate urine excretion and regulate urine composition. The renal collecting system is formed in utero, completed by the 34th week of gestation in humans, and dictates final nephron complement. The renal collecting system arises from the ureteric bud, a derivative of the intermediate-mesoderm derived nephric duct that responds to inductive signals from adjacent tissues via a process termed ureteric induction. The ureteric bud subsequently undergoes a series of iterative branching and remodeling events in a process called renal branching morphogenesis. Altered signaling that disrupts patterning of the nephric duct, ureteric induction, or renal branching morphogenesis leads to varied malformations of the renal collecting system collectively known as congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and is the most frequently detected congenital renal aberration in infants. Here, we describe critical morphogenetic and cellular events that govern nephric duct specification, ureteric bud induction, renal branching morphogenesis, and cessation of renal branching morphogenesis. We also highlight salient molecular signaling pathways that govern these processes, and the investigative techniques used to interrogate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Blake
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Norman D Rosenblum
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Abstract
The development of the mammalian kidney has been studied at the genetic, biochemical, and cell biological level for more than 40 years. As such, detailed mechanisms governing early patterning, cell lineages, and inductive interactions have been well described. How genes interact to specify the renal epithelial cells of the nephrons and how this specification is relevant to maintaining normal renal function is discussed. Implicit in the development of the kidney are epigenetic mechanisms that mark renal cell types and connect certain developmental regulatory factors to chromatin modifications that control gene expression patterns and cellular physiology. In adults, such regulatory factors and their epigenetic pathways may function in regeneration and may be disturbed in disease processes.
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Yosypiv IV. Renin-angiotensin system in ureteric bud branching morphogenesis: implications for kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:609-20. [PMID: 24061643 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Failure of normal branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud (UB), a key ontogenic process that controls organogenesis of the metanephric kidney, leads to congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in children. Recent studies have revealed a central role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), the cardinal regulator of blood pressure and fluid/electrolyte homeostasis, in the control of normal kidney development. Mice or humans with mutations in the RAS genes exhibit a spectrum of CAKUT which includes renal medullary hypoplasia, hydronephrosis, renal hypodysplasia, duplicated renal collecting system and renal tubular dysgenesis. Emerging evidence indicates that severe hypoplasia of the inner medulla and papilla observed in angiotensinogen (Agt)- or angiotensin (Ang) II AT 1 receptor (AT 1 R)-deficient mice is due to aberrant UB branching morphogenesis resulting from disrupted RAS signaling. Lack of the prorenin receptor (PRR) in the UB in mice causes reduced UB branching, resulting in decreased nephron endowment, marked kidney hypoplasia, urinary concentrating and acidification defects. This review provides a mechanistic rational supporting the hypothesis that aberrant signaling of the intrarenal RAS during distinct stages of metanephric kidney development contributes to the pathogenesis of the broad phenotypic spectrum of CAKUT. As aberrant RAS signaling impairs normal renal development, these findings advocate caution for the use of RAS inhibitors in early infancy and further underscore a need to avoid their use during pregnancy and to identify the types of molecular processes that can be targeted for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor V Yosypiv
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA,
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Cebrian C, Asai N, D'Agati V, Costantini F. The number of fetal nephron progenitor cells limits ureteric branching and adult nephron endowment. Cell Rep 2014; 7:127-37. [PMID: 24656820 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrons, the functional units of the kidney, develop from progenitor cells (cap mesenchyme [CM]) surrounding the epithelial ureteric bud (UB) tips. Reciprocal signaling between UB and CM induces nephrogenesis and UB branching. Although low nephron number is implicated in hypertension and renal disease, the mechanisms that determine nephron number are obscure. To test the importance of nephron progenitor cell number, we genetically ablated 40% of these cells, asking whether this would limit kidney size and nephron number or whether compensatory mechanisms would allow the developing organ to recover. The reduction in CM cell number decreased the rate of branching, which in turn allowed the number of CM cells per UB tip to normalize, revealing a self-correction mechanism. However, the retarded UB branching impaired kidney growth, leaving a permanent nephron deficit. Thus, the number of fetal nephron progenitor cells is an important determinant of nephron endowment, largely via its effect on UB branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cebrian
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Naoya Asai
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vivette D'Agati
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Frank Costantini
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Costantini F. Genetic controls and cellular behaviors in branching morphogenesis of the renal collecting system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 1:693-713. [PMID: 22942910 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian kidney, which at maturity contains thousands of nephrons joined to a highly branched collecting duct (CD) system, is an important model system for studying the development of a complex organ. Furthermore, congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, often resulting from defects in ureteric bud branching morphogenesis, are relatively common human birth defects. Kidney development is initiated by interactions between the nephric duct and the metanephric mesenchyme, leading to the outgrowth and repeated branching of the ureteric bud epithelium, which gives rise to the entire renal CD system. Meanwhile, signals from the ureteric bud induce the mesenchyme cells to form the nephron epithelia. This review focuses on development of the CD system, with emphasis on the mouse as an experimental system. The major topics covered include the origin and development of the nephric duct, formation of the ureteric bud, branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud, and elongation of the CDs. The signals, receptors, transcription factors, and other regulatory molecules implicated in these processes are discussed. In addition, our current knowledge of cellular behaviors that are controlled by these genes and underlie development of the collecting system is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Costantini
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Kuracha MR, Siefker E, Licht JD, Govindarajan V. Spry1 and Spry2 are necessary for eyelid closure. Dev Biol 2013; 383:227-38. [PMID: 24055172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sproutys (Sprys) are downstream targets and negative feedback regulators of the FGF-Ras-ERK signaling pathway. Our previous studies have shown that Spry1 and Spry2, through negative modulation of FGF-ERK signaling, allow lens vesicle separation from the overlying ectoderm and regulate corneal epithelial proliferation. Here we show that Spry1 and Spry2 are necessary for eyelid closure. Murine palpebral conjunctival epithelial cells that differentiate as inner eyelids and adjacent mesenchymal cells express Spry1 and Spry2 prior to eyelid closure. Conditional deletion of both Spry1 and Spry2, but not either one alone, in the ocular surface epithelial cells result in the "EOB" (eyes open at birth) phenotype suggesting redundant roles for these proteins during eyelid closure. Spry mutant eyelids show increased proliferation of conjunctival epithelial cells with concomitant induction of FGF targets, Erm, Pea3 and Dusp6 and elevated ERK phosphorylation. Peridermal cells at the leading edge of Spry-mutant eyelids showed reduced c-Jun, but not ERK, phosphorylation, reduced F-actin polymerization and reduced motility in vitro. Spry mutant eyelids also showed disruptions in epithelial mesenchymal interactions reflected in the enhanced mesenchymal Spry1 and Spry4 expression, disaggregation of BMP4-positive mesenchymal cells and loss of Shh in the eyelid epithelium. Spry mutant eyelids also showed increased Wnt signaling and reduced expression of Foxc1 and Foxc2, two transcription factors previously shown to be necessary for eyelid closure. Collectively, our results show that conjunctival epithelial Spry1 and Spry2 redundantly promote eyelid closure by (a) stimulating ERK-independent, c-Jun-mediated peridermal migration, (b) suppressing conjunctival epithelial proliferation through FGF-ERK signaling, (c) mediating conjunctival epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and (d) maintaining expression of Foxc1 and Foxc2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali R Kuracha
- Department of Surgery, 253 Criss III, Cancer Center, 2500 California Plaza, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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45
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Rathmanner N, Haigl B, Vanas V, Doriguzzi A, Gsur A, Sutterlüty-Fall H. Sprouty2 but not Sprouty4 is a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation and migration of osteosarcoma cells. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2597-605. [PMID: 23831057 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As negative regulators of receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated signalling, Sprouty proteins fulfil important roles during carcinogenesis. In this report, we demonstrate that Sprouty2 protein expression inhibits cell proliferation and migration in osteosarcoma-derived cells. Although earlier reports describe a tumour-promoting function, these results indicate that Sprouty proteins also have the potential to function as tumour suppressors in sarcoma. In contrast to Sprouty2, Sprouty4 expression failed to interfere with proliferation and migration of the osteosarcoma-derived cells, possibly due to a less pronounced interference with mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. Sequences within the NH2-terminus are responsible for the specific inhibitory function of Sprouty2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Rathmanner
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Deletion of the prorenin receptor from the ureteric bud causes renal hypodysplasia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63835. [PMID: 23704941 PMCID: PMC3660567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the prorenin receptor (PRR) in the regulation of ureteric bud (UB) branching morphogenesis is unknown. Here, we investigated whether PRR acts specifically in the UB to regulate UB branching, kidney development and function. We demonstrate that embryonic (E) day E13.5 mouse metanephroi, isolated intact E11.5 UBs and cultured UB cells express PRR mRNA. To study its role in UB development, we conditionally ablated PRR in the developing UB (PRRUB−/−) using Hoxb7Cre mice. On E12.5, PRRUB−/− mice had decreased UB branching and increased UB cell apoptosis. These defects were associated with decreased expression of Ret, Wnt11, Etv4/Etv5, and reduced phosphorylation of Erk1/2 in the UB. On E18.5, mutants had marked kidney hypoplasia, widespread apoptosis of medullary collecting duct cells and decreased expression of Foxi1, AE1 and H+-ATPase α4 mRNA. Ultimately, they developed occasional small cysts in medullary collecting ducts and had decreased nephron number. To test the functional consequences of these alterations, we determined the ability of PRRUB−/− mice to acidify and concentrate the urine on postnatal (P) day P30. PRRUB−/− mice were polyuric, had lower urine osmolality and a higher urine pH following 48 hours of acidic loading with NH4Cl. Taken together, these data show that PRR present in the UB epithelia performs essential functions during UB branching morphogenesis and collecting duct development via control of Ret/Wnt11 pathway gene expression, UB cell survival, activation of Erk1/2, terminal differentiation and function of collecting duct cells needed for maintaining adequate water and acid-base homeostasis. We propose that mutations in PRR could possibly cause renal hypodysplasia and renal tubular acidosis in humans.
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Kral RM, Mayer CE, Vanas V, Gsur A, Sutterlüty-Fall H. In non-small cell lung cancer mitogenic signaling leaves Sprouty1 protein levels unaffected. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 32:96-100. [PMID: 23616430 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty1 protein belongs to a family of receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling inhibitors, whose members are usually regulated by growth factors to form a negative feedback loop. Correspondingly fluctuations of Sprouty1 mRNA in response to single growth factors have been observed. In this report, we investigate Sprouty1 protein levels and show that in non-small cell lung carcinoma-derived cells, the expression levels are unaffected by the serum content in the cellular environment. Although cells harboring K-Ras mutations express insignificant higher Sprouty1 levels, ectopic expression of constitutive active Ras in normal human lung fibroblasts fails to augment Sprouty1 protein content. Furthermore, serum starvation for three days has no influence on Sprouty1 expression and addition of serum or of singular growth factors leaves Sprouty protein levels unchanged. Cell cycle analysis reveals that Sprouty1 levels remain constant throughout the whole cell cycle. These data demonstrate that Sprouty1 expression is not connected with mitogenic signaling and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Maria Kral
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Expression of Sprouty genes is frequently decreased or absent in human prostate cancer, implicating them as suppressors of tumorigenesis. Here we show they function in prostate tumor suppression in the mouse. Concomitant inactivation of Spry1 and Spry2 in prostate epithelium causes ductal hyperplasia and low-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). However, when Spry1 and Spry2 loss-of-function occurs in the context of heterozygosity for a null allele of the tumor suppressor gene Pten, there is a striking increase in PIN and evidence of neoplastic invasion. Conversely, expression of a Spry2 gain-of-function transgene in Pten null prostatic epithelium suppresses the tumorigenic effects of loss of Pten function. We show that Sprouty gene loss-of-function results in hyperactive RAS/ERK1/2 signaling throughout the prostate epithelium and cooperates with heterozygosity for a Pten null allele to promote hyperactive PI3K/AKT signaling. Furthermore, Spry2 gain-of-function can suppress hyperactivation of AKT caused by the absence of PTEN. Together, these results point to a key genetic interaction between Sprouty genes and Pten in prostate tumorigenesis and provide strong evidence that Sprouty genes can function to modulate signaling via the RAS/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT pathways. The finding that Sprouty genes suppress tumorigenesis caused by Pten loss-of-function suggests that therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring normal feedback mechanisms triggered by receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, including Sprouty gene expression, may provide an effective strategy to delay or prevent high-grade PIN and invasive prostate cancer.
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Sharma B, Joshi S, Sassano A, Majchrzak B, Kaur S, Aggarwal P, Nabet B, Bulic M, Stein BL, McMahon B, Baker DP, Fukunaga R, Altman JK, Licht JD, Fish EN, Platanias LC. Sprouty proteins are negative regulators of interferon (IFN) signaling and IFN-inducible biological responses. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42352-60. [PMID: 23074222 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.400721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) have important antiviral and antineoplastic properties, but the precise mechanisms required for generation of these responses remain to be defined. We provide evidence that during engagement of the Type I IFN receptor (IFNR), there is up-regulation of expression of Sprouty (Spry) proteins 1, 2, and 4. Our studies demonstrate that IFN-inducible up-regulation of Spry proteins is Mnk kinase-dependent and results in suppressive effects on the IFN-activated p38 MAP kinase (MAPK), the function of which is required for transcription of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Our data establish that ISG15 mRNA expression and IFN-dependent antiviral responses are enhanced in Spry1,2,4 triple knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts, consistent with negative feedback regulatory roles for Spry proteins in IFN-mediated signaling. In other studies, we found that siRNA-mediated knockdown of Spry1, Spry2, or Spry4 promotes IFN-inducible antileukemic effects in vitro and results in enhanced suppressive effects on malignant hematopoietic progenitors from patients with polycythemia vera. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that Spry proteins are potent regulators of Type I IFN signaling and negatively control induction of Type I IFN-mediated biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Sharma
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Pitera JE, Woolf AS, Basson MA, Scambler PJ. Sprouty1 haploinsufficiency prevents renal agenesis in a model of Fraser syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:1790-6. [PMID: 23064016 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of the extracellular matrix molecule FRAS1, normally expressed by the ureteric bud, leads to bilateral renal agenesis in humans with Fraser syndrome and blebbed (Fras1(bl/bl)) mice. The metanephric mesenchyme of these mutants fails to express sufficient Gdnf, which activates receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling, contributing to the phenotype. To determine whether modulating RTK signalling may overcome the abnormal nephrogenesis characteristic of Fraser syndrome, we introduced a single null Sprouty1 allele into Fras1(bl/bl) mice, thereby reducing the ureteric bud's expression of this anti-branching molecule and antagonist of RTK signalling. This prevented renal agenesis in Fras1(bl/bl) mice, permitting kidney development and postnatal survival. We found that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling contributed to this genetic rescue, and exogenous FGF10 rescued defects in Fras1(bl/bl) rudiments in vitro. Whereas wild-type metanephroi expressed FRAS1 and the related proteins FREM1 and FREM2, FRAS1 was absent and the other proteins were downregulated in rescued kidneys, consistent with a reciprocally stabilized FRAS1/FREM1/FREM2 complex. In addition to contributing to knowledge regarding events during nephrogenesis, the demonstrated rescue of renal agenesis in a model of a human genetic disease raises the possibility that enhancing growth factor signaling might be a therapeutic approach to ameliorate this devastating malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta E Pitera
- Molecular Medicine Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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