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Loss of GLTSCR1 causes congenital heart defects by regulating NPPA transcription. Angiogenesis 2023; 26:217-232. [PMID: 36745292 PMCID: PMC10119265 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-023-09869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise and specific spatiotemporal domains of gene expression regulation are critical for embryonic development. Recent studies have identified GLTSCR1 as a gene transcriptional elongation regulator in cancer research. However, the function of GLTSCR1, especially in embryonic development, remains poorly understood. Here, we found that GLTSCR1 was essential for cardiac development because Gltscr1 knockout (Gltscr1-/-) led to embryonic lethality in mice with severe congenital heart defects (CHDs). Ventricular septal defect and double outflow right ventricular were also observed in neural crest cells with conditional deletion of Gltscr1, which were associated with neonatal lethality in mice. Mechanistically, GLTSCR1 deletion promoted NPPA expression by coordinating the CHD risk G allele of rs56153133 in the NPPA enhancer and releasing the transcription factor ZNF740-binding site on the NPPA promoter. These findings demonstrated that GLTSCR1 acts as a candidate CHD-related gene.
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2
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Mahmoud M, Evans I, Wisniewski L, Tam Y, Walsh C, Walker-Samuel S, Frankel P, Scambler P, Zachary I. Bcar1/p130Cas is essential for ventricular development and neural crest cell remodelling of the cardiac outflow tract. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:1993-2005. [PMID: 34270692 PMCID: PMC9239580 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The adapter protein p130Cas, encoded by the Bcar1 gene, is a key regulator of cell movement, adhesion, and cell cycle control in diverse cell types. Bcar1 constitutive knockout mice are embryonic lethal by embryonic days (E) 11.5-12.5, but the role of Bcar1 in embryonic development remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of Bcar1 specifically in cardiovascular development and defined the cellular and molecular mechanisms disrupted following targeted Bcar1 deletions. METHODS AND RESULTS We crossed Bcar1 floxed mice with Cre transgenic lines allowing for cell-specific knockout either in smooth muscle and early cardiac tissues (SM22-Cre), mature smooth muscle cells (smMHC-Cre), endothelial cells (Tie2-Cre), second heart field cells (Mef2c-Cre), or neural crest cells (NCC) (Pax3-Cre) and characterized these conditional knock outs using a combination of histological and molecular biology techniques. Conditional knockout of Bcar1 in SM22-expressing smooth muscle cells and cardiac tissues (Bcar1SM22KO) was embryonically lethal from E14.5-15.5 due to severe cardiovascular defects, including abnormal ventricular development and failure of outflow tract (OFT) septation leading to a single outflow vessel reminiscent of persistent truncus arteriosus. SM22-restricted loss of Bcar1 was associated with failure of OFT cushion cells to undergo differentiation to septal mesenchymal cells positive for SMC-specific α-actin, and disrupted expression of proteins and transcription factors involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT). Furthermore, knockout of Bcar1 specifically in NCC (Bcar1PAX3KO) recapitulated part of the OFT septation and aortic sac defects seen in the Bcar1SM22KO mutants, indicating a cell-specific requirement for Bcar1 in NCC essential for OFT septation. In contrast, conditional knockouts of Bcar1 in differentiated smooth muscle, endothelial cells, and second heart field cells survived to term and were phenotypically normal at birth and postnatally. CONCLUSION Our work reveals a cell-specific requirement for Bcar1 in NCC, early myogenic and cardiac cells, essential for OFT septation, myocardialization and EMT/cell cycle regulation and differentiation to myogenic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mahmoud
- Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, BHF Laboratories, UCL Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Ian Evans
- Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, BHF Laboratories, UCL Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Laura Wisniewski
- Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, BHF Laboratories, UCL Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Yuen Tam
- Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, BHF Laboratories, UCL Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Claire Walsh
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Simon Walker-Samuel
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Paul Frankel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Peter Scambler
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ian Zachary
- Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, BHF Laboratories, UCL Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
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3
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Zhao R, Trainor PA. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition during mammalian neural crest cell delamination. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 138:54-67. [PMID: 35277330 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a well-defined cellular process that was discovered in chicken embryos and described as "epithelial to mesenchymal transformation" [1]. During EMT, epithelial cells lose their epithelial features and acquire mesenchymal character with migratory potential. EMT has subsequently been shown to be essential for both developmental and pathological processes including embryo morphogenesis, wound healing, tissue fibrosis and cancer [2]. During the past 5 years, interest and study of EMT especially in cancer biology have increased exponentially due to the implied role of EMT in multiple aspects of malignancy such as cell invasion, survival, stemness, metastasis, therapeutic resistance and tumor heterogeneity [3]. Since the process of EMT in embryogenesis and cancer progression shares similar phenotypic changes, core transcription factors and molecular mechanisms, it has been proposed that the initiation and development of carcinoma could be attributed to abnormal activation of EMT factors usually required for normal embryo development. Therefore, developmental EMT mechanisms, whose timing, location, and tissue origin are strictly regulated, could prove useful for uncovering new insights into the phenotypic changes and corresponding gene regulatory control of EMT under pathological conditions. In this review, we initially provide an overview of the phenotypic and molecular mechanisms involved in EMT and discuss the newly emerging concept of epithelial to mesenchymal plasticity (EMP). Then we focus on our current knowledge of a classic developmental EMT event, neural crest cell (NCC) delamination, highlighting key differences in our understanding of NCC EMT between mammalian and non-mammalian species. Lastly, we highlight available tools and future directions to advance our understanding of mammalian NCC EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Zhao
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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4
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Wu Y, Zhou Y, Huang J, Ma K, Yuan T, Jiang Y, Ye M, Li J. The Role of Sorting Nexin 17 in Cardiac Development. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:748891. [PMID: 34988124 PMCID: PMC8720881 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.748891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting nexin 17 (SNX17), a member of sorting nexin (SNX) family, acts as a modulator for endocytic recycling of membrane proteins. Results from our previous study demonstrated the embryonic lethality of homozygous defect of SNX17. In this study, we investigated the role of SNX17 in rat fetal development. Specifically, we analyzed patterns of SNX17 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in multiple rat tissues and found high expression in the cardiac outflow tract (OFT). This expression was gradually elevated during the cardiac OFT morphogenesis. Homozygous deletion of the SNX17 gene in rats resulted in mid-gestational embryonic lethality, which was accompanied by congenital heart defects, including the double-outlet right ventricle and atrioventricular and ventricular septal defects, whereas heterozygotes exhibited normal fetal development. Moreover, we found normal migration distance and the number of cardiac neural crest cells during the OFT morphogenesis. Although cellular proliferation in the cardiac OFT endocardial cushion was not affected, cellular apoptosis was significantly suppressed. Transcriptomic profiles and quantitative real-time PCR data in the cardiac OFT showed that SNX17 deletion resulted in abnormal expression of genes associated with cardiac development. Overall, these findings suggest that SNX17 plays a crucial role in cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wu
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqun Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tianyou Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Echocardiography, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Maoqing Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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5
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Matos-Nieves A, Manivannan S, Majumdar U, McBride KL, White P, Garg V. A Multi-Omics Approach Using a Mouse Model of Cardiac Malformations for Prioritization of Human Congenital Heart Disease Contributing Genes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:683074. [PMID: 34504875 PMCID: PMC8421733 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.683074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect, affecting ~1% of all live births. Malformations of the cardiac outflow tract (OFT) account for ~30% of all CHD and include a range of CHDs from bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) to tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). We hypothesized that transcriptomic profiling of a mouse model of CHD would highlight disease-contributing genes implicated in congenital cardiac malformations in humans. To test this hypothesis, we utilized global transcriptional profiling differences from a mouse model of OFT malformations to prioritize damaging, de novo variants identified from exome sequencing datasets from published cohorts of CHD patients. Notch1+/−; Nos3−/− mice display a spectrum of cardiac OFT malformations ranging from BAV, semilunar valve (SLV) stenosis to TOF. Global transcriptional profiling of the E13.5 Notch1+/−; Nos3−/− mutant mouse OFTs and wildtype controls was performed by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Analysis of the RNA-Seq dataset demonstrated genes belonging to the Hif1α, Tgf-β, Hippo, and Wnt signaling pathways were differentially expressed in the mutant OFT. Mouse to human comparative analysis was then performed to determine if patients with TOF and SLV stenosis display an increased burden of damaging, genetic variants in gene homologs that were dysregulated in Notch1+/−; Nos3−/− OFT. We found an enrichment of de novo variants in the TOF population among the 1,352 significantly differentially expressed genes in Notch1+/−; Nos3−/− mouse OFT but not the SLV population. This association was not significant when comparing only highly expressed genes in the murine OFT to de novo variants in the TOF population. These results suggest that transcriptomic datasets generated from the appropriate temporal, anatomic and cellular tissues from murine models of CHD may provide a novel approach for the prioritization of disease-contributing genes in patients with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Matos-Nieves
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sathiyanarayanan Manivannan
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Uddalak Majumdar
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kim L McBride
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Peter White
- Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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6
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Abstract
Cardiac neural crest (CNC) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the dorsal neural tube that migrate and contribute to the remodeling of pharyngeal arch arteries and septation of the cardiac outflow tract (OFT). Numerous molecular cascades regulate the induction, specification, delamination, and migration of the CNC. Extensive analyses of the CNC ranging from chick ablation models to molecular biology studies have explored the mechanisms of heart development and disease, particularly involving the OFT and aortic arch (AA) system. Recent studies focus more on reciprocal signaling between the CNC and cells originated from the second heart field (SHF), which are essential for the development of the OFT myocardium, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying congenital heart diseases (CHDs) and some human syndromes.
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7
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George RM, Maldonado-Velez G, Firulli AB. The heart of the neural crest: cardiac neural crest cells in development and regeneration. Development 2020; 147:147/20/dev188706. [PMID: 33060096 DOI: 10.1242/dev.188706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac neural crest cells (cNCCs) are a migratory cell population that stem from the cranial portion of the neural tube. They undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migrate through the developing embryo to give rise to portions of the outflow tract, the valves and the arteries of the heart. Recent lineage-tracing experiments in chick and zebrafish embryos have shown that cNCCs can also give rise to mature cardiomyocytes. These cNCC-derived cardiomyocytes appear to be required for the successful repair and regeneration of injured zebrafish hearts. In addition, recent work examining the response to cardiac injury in the mammalian heart has suggested that cNCC-derived cardiomyocytes are involved in the repair/regeneration mechanism. However, the molecular signature of the adult cardiomyocytes involved in this repair is unclear. In this Review, we examine the origin, migration and fates of cNCCs. We also review the contribution of cNCCs to mature cardiomyocytes in fish, chick and mice, as well as their role in the regeneration of the adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani M George
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
| | - Gabriel Maldonado-Velez
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
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8
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Pieters T, Sanders E, Tian H, van Hengel J, van Roy F. Neural defects caused by total and Wnt1-Cre mediated ablation of p120ctn in mice. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 20:17. [PMID: 32741376 PMCID: PMC7398255 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-020-00222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Background p120 catenin (p120ctn) is an important component in the cadherin-catenin cell adhesion complex because it stabilizes cadherin-mediated intercellular junctions. Outside these junctions, p120ctn is actively involved in the regulation of small GTPases of the Rho family, in actomyosin dynamics and in transcription regulation. We and others reported that loss of p120ctn in mouse embryos results in an embryonic lethal phenotype, but the exact developmental role of p120ctn during brain formation has not been reported. Results We combined floxed p120ctn mice with Del-Cre or Wnt1-Cre mice to deplete p120ctn from either all cells or specific brain and neural crest cells. Complete loss of p120ctn in mid-gestation embryos resulted in an aberrant morphology, including growth retardation, failure to switch from lordotic to fetal posture, and defective neural tube formation and neurogenesis. By expressing a wild-type p120ctn from the ROSA26 locus in p120ctn-null mouse embryonic stem cells, we could partially rescue neurogenesis. To further investigate the developmental role of p120ctn in neural tube formation, we generated conditional p120ctnfl/fl;Wnt1Cre knockout mice. p120ctn deletion in Wnt1-expressing cells resulted in neural tube closure defects (NTDs) and craniofacial abnormalities. These defects could not be correlated with misregulation of brain marker genes or cell proliferation. In contrast, we found that p120ctn is required for proper expression of the cell adhesion components N-cadherin, E-cadherin and β-catenin, and of actin-binding proteins cortactin and Shroom3 at the apical side of neural folds. This region is of critical importance for closure of neural folds. Surprisingly, the lateral side of mutant neural folds showed loss of p120ctn, but not of N-cadherin, β-catenin or cortactin. Conclusions These results indicate that p120ctn is required for neurogenesis and neurulation. Elimination of p120ctn in cells expressing Wnt1 affects neural tube closure by hampering correct formation of specific adhesion and actomyosin complexes at the apical side of neural folds. Collectively, our results demonstrate the crucial role of p120ctn during brain morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Pieters
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Present address: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellen Sanders
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Present address: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Huiyu Tian
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Present address: Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jolanda van Hengel
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Present address: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frans van Roy
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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9
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Kim CW, Lee SM, Ko EB, Go RE, Jeung EB, Kim MS, Choi KC. Inhibitory effects of cigarette smoke extracts on neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 95:75-85. [PMID: 32454085 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during the perinatal period is linked to adverse neonatal outcomes such as low birth weight and birth defects. Numerous studies have shown that cigarette smoke or nicotine exposure has a widespread effect on fetal nerve development. However, there exists a lack of understanding of what specific changes occur at the cellular level on persistent exposure to cigarette smoke during the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into neural cells. We previously investigated the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and its major component, nicotine, on the neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Differentiation of mESCs into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) or neural crest cells (NCCs) was induced with chemically defined media, and the cells were continuously exposed to CSE or nicotine during neural differentiation and development. Disturbed balance of the pluripotency state was observed in the NPCs, with consequent inhibition of neurite outgrowth and glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap) expression. These inhibitions correlated with the altered expression of proteins involved in the Notch-1 signaling pathways. The migration ability of NCCs was significantly decreased by CSE or nicotine exposure, which was associated with reduced protein expression of migration-related proteins. Taken together, we concluded that CSE and nicotine inhibit differentiation of mESCs into NPCs or NCCs, and may disrupt functional development of neural cells. These results imply that cigarette smoking during the perinatal period potentially inhibits neural differentiation and development of ESCs cells, leading to neonatal abnormal brain development and behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Moo Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Republic of Korea
| | - Eul-Bee Ko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeo-Eun Go
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kim
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Jeongeup, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Darrigrand JF, Valente M, Comai G, Martinez P, Petit M, Nishinakamura R, Osorio DS, Renault G, Marchiol C, Ribes V, Cadot B. Dullard-mediated Smad1/5/8 inhibition controls mouse cardiac neural crest cells condensation and outflow tract septation. eLife 2020; 9:e50325. [PMID: 32105214 PMCID: PMC7069721 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of separated pulmonary and systemic circulation in vertebrates, via cardiac outflow tract (OFT) septation, is a sensitive developmental process accounting for 10% of all congenital anomalies. Neural Crest Cells (NCC) colonising the heart condensate along the primitive endocardial tube and force its scission into two tubes. Here, we show that NCC aggregation progressively decreases along the OFT distal-proximal axis following a BMP signalling gradient. Dullard, a nuclear phosphatase, tunes the BMP gradient amplitude and prevents NCC premature condensation. Dullard maintains transcriptional programs providing NCC with mesenchymal traits. It attenuates the expression of the aggregation factor Sema3c and conversely promotes that of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition driver Twist1. Altogether, Dullard-mediated fine-tuning of BMP signalling ensures the timed and progressive zipper-like closure of the OFT by the NCC and prevents the formation of a heart carrying the congenital abnormalities defining the tetralogy of Fallot.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Valente
- Cellular, Molecular, and Physiological Mechanisms of Heart Failure team, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital (HEGP), INSERM U970, F-75737ParisFrance
| | - Glenda Comai
- Stem Cells and Development, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Pauline Martinez
- INSERM - Sorbonne Université UMR974 - Center for Research in MyologyParisFrance
| | - Maxime Petit
- Unité Lymphopoïèse – INSERM U1223, Institut PasteurParisFrance
| | | | - Daniel S Osorio
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Gilles Renault
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Carmen Marchiol
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Vanessa Ribes
- Universite de Paris, Institut Jacques MonodCNRSParisFrance
| | - Bruno Cadot
- INSERM - Sorbonne Université UMR974 - Center for Research in MyologyParisFrance
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11
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Reis LM, Houssin NS, Zamora C, Abdul-Rahman O, Kalish JM, Zackai EH, Plageman TF, Semina EV. Novel variants in CDH2 are associated with a new syndrome including Peters anomaly. Clin Genet 2019; 97:502-508. [PMID: 31650526 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Peters anomaly (PA) is a congenital corneal opacity associated with corneo-lenticular attachments. PA can be isolated or part of a syndrome with most cases remaining genetically unsolved. Exome sequencing of a trio with syndromic PA and 145 additional unexplained probands with developmental ocular conditions identified a de novo splicing and three novel missense heterozygous CDH2 variants affecting the extracellular cadherin domains in four individuals with PA. Syndromic anomalies were seen in three individuals and included left-sided cardiac lesions, dysmorphic facial features, and decreasing height percentiles; brain magnetic resonance imaging identified agenesis of the corpus callosum and hypoplasia of the inferior cerebellar vermis. CDH2 encodes for N-cadherin, a transmembrane protein that mediates cell-cell adhesion in multiple tissues. Immunostaining in mouse embryonic eyes confirmed N-cadherin is present in the lens stalk at the time of separation from the future cornea and in the developing lens and corneal endothelium at later stages, supporting a possible role in PA. Previous studies in animal models have noted the importance of Cdh2/cdh2 in the development of the eye, heart, brain, and skeletal structures, also consistent with the patient features presented here. Examination of CDH2 in additional patients with PA is indicated to confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Carlos Zamora
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Omar Abdul-Rahman
- Genetic Medicine, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jennifer M Kalish
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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12
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Bachg AC, Horsthemke M, Skryabin BV, Klasen T, Nagelmann N, Faber C, Woodham E, Machesky LM, Bachg S, Stange R, Jeong HW, Adams RH, Bähler M, Hanley PJ. Phenotypic analysis of Myo10 knockout (Myo10 tm2/tm2) mice lacking full-length (motorized) but not brain-specific headless myosin X. Sci Rep 2019; 9:597. [PMID: 30679680 PMCID: PMC6345916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the physiological functions of Myo10 (myosin X) using Myo10 reporter knockout (Myo10tm2) mice. Full-length (motorized) Myo10 protein was deleted, but the brain-specific headless (Hdl) isoform (Hdl-Myo10) was still expressed in homozygous mutants. In vitro, we confirmed that Hdl-Myo10 does not induce filopodia, but it strongly localized to the plasma membrane independent of the MyTH4-FERM domain. Filopodia-inducing Myo10 is implicated in axon guidance and mice lacking the Myo10 cargo protein DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) have severe commissural defects, whereas MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of isolated brains revealed intact commissures in Myo10tm2/tm2 mice. However, reminiscent of Waardenburg syndrome, a neural crest disorder, Myo10tm2/tm2 mice exhibited pigmentation defects (white belly spots) and simple syndactyly with high penetrance (>95%), and 24% of mutant embryos developed exencephalus, a neural tube closure defect. Furthermore, Myo10tm2/tm2 mice consistently displayed bilateral persistence of the hyaloid vasculature, revealed by MRI and retinal whole-mount preparations. In principle, impaired tissue clearance could contribute to persistence of hyaloid vasculature and syndactyly. However, Myo10-deficient macrophages exhibited no defects in the phagocytosis of apoptotic or IgG-opsonized cells. RNA sequence analysis showed that Myo10 was the most strongly expressed unconventional myosin in retinal vascular endothelial cells and expression levels increased 4-fold between P6 and P15, when vertical sprouting angiogenesis gives rise to deeper layers. Nevertheless, imaging of isolated adult mutant retinas did not reveal vascularization defects. In summary, Myo10 is important for both prenatal (neural tube closure and digit formation) and postnatal development (hyaloid regression, but not retinal vascularization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Bachg
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Horsthemke
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Boris V Skryabin
- Department of Medicine, Transgenic Animal and Genetic Engineering Models (TRAM), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Klasen
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Nina Nagelmann
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Emma Woodham
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow University College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M Machesky
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow University College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Bachg
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM), University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Richard Stange
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM), University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hyun-Woo Jeong
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Bähler
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter J Hanley
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Insights into the Etiology of Mammalian Neural Tube Closure Defects from Developmental, Genetic and Evolutionary Studies. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:jdb6030022. [PMID: 30134561 PMCID: PMC6162505 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human neural tube defects (NTD), anencephaly, spina bifida and craniorachischisis, originate from a failure of the embryonic neural tube to close. Human NTD are relatively common and both complex and heterogeneous in genetic origin, but the genetic variants and developmental mechanisms are largely unknown. Here we review the numerous studies, mainly in mice, of normal neural tube closure, the mechanisms of failure caused by specific gene mutations, and the evolution of the vertebrate cranial neural tube and its genetic processes, seeking insights into the etiology of human NTD. We find evidence of many regions along the anterior–posterior axis each differing in some aspect of neural tube closure—morphology, cell behavior, specific genes required—and conclude that the etiology of NTD is likely to be partly specific to the anterior–posterior location of the defect and also genetically heterogeneous. We revisit the hypotheses explaining the excess of females among cranial NTD cases in mice and humans and new developments in understanding the role of the folate pathway in NTD. Finally, we demonstrate that evidence from mouse mutants strongly supports the search for digenic or oligogenic etiology in human NTD of all types.
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14
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Goel AJ, Rieder MK, Arnold HH, Radice GL, Krauss RS. Niche Cadherins Control the Quiescence-to-Activation Transition in Muscle Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2236-2250. [PMID: 29166613 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many adult stem cells display prolonged quiescence, promoted by cues from their niche. Upon tissue damage, a coordinated transition to the activated state is required because non-physiological breaks in quiescence often lead to stem cell depletion and impaired regeneration. Here, we identify cadherin-mediated adhesion and signaling between muscle stem cells (satellite cells [SCs]) and their myofiber niche as a mechanism that orchestrates the quiescence-to-activation transition. Conditional removal of N-cadherin and M-cadherin in mice leads to a break in SC quiescence, with long-term expansion of a regeneration-proficient SC pool. These SCs have an incomplete disruption of the myofiber-SC adhesive junction and maintain niche residence and cell polarity, yet show properties of SCs in a state of transition from quiescence toward full activation. Among these is nuclear localization of β-catenin, which is necessary for this phenotype. Injury-induced perturbation of niche adhesive junctions is therefore a likely first step in the quiescence-to-activation transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva J Goel
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marysia-Kolbe Rieder
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hans-Henning Arnold
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Glenn L Radice
- Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Robert S Krauss
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Atrial septal defect in a patient with congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1a: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2018; 12:17. [PMID: 29361989 PMCID: PMC5781283 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-017-1528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atrial septal defect often become more severe when encountered in genetic syndromes. Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1a is an inherited metabolic disorder associated with mutations in PMM2 gene and can affect almost all organs. Cardiac abnormalities vary greatly in congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1a and congenital heart defects have already been reported, but there is little knowledge about the effect of this inherited disorder on an existing congenital heart defect. Herein we report for the first time on a baby with congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1a with atrial septal defect and make a comparison of changes in atrial septal defect by follow-ups to the age of 3. Case presentation Our patient was an 8-month-old Han Chinese boy. At the initial visit, he presented with recurrent lower respiratory infection, heart murmur, psychomotor retardation, inverted nipples, and cerebellar atrophy. Echocardiography revealed a 8 mm secundum atrial septal defect with left-to-right shunt (Qp/Qs ratio 1.6). Enzyme testing of phosphomannomutase 2 demonstrated decreased levels of phosphomannomutase 2 activities in fibroblasts. Whole exon sequencing showed he was heterozygous for a frameshift mutation (p.I153X) and a missense mutation (p.I132T) in PMM2 gene. The diagnosis of congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1a with atrial septal defect was issued. Now, he is 3-years old at the time of this writing, with the development of congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1a (cerebellar atrophy become more severe and the symptom of nystagmus emerged), the size of atrial septal defect increased to 10 mm and the Qp/Qs ratio increased to 1.9, which suggested exacerbation of the atrial septal defect. Congenital heart defect-associated gene sequencing is then performed and shows there are no pathogenic mutations, which suggested intrinsic cardiac factors are not the cause of exacerbation of the atrial septal defect in our patient and it is reasonable to assume congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1a can worsen the situation of the existing atrial septal defect. Conclusions This report highlights the view that congenital disorders of glycosylation type 1a should be excluded when faced with congenital heart defect with cerebellar atrophy or neurodevelopmental delay, especially when the situation of congenital heart defect becomes more and more severe.
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Li Y, Zhang XT, Wang XY, Wang G, Chuai M, Münsterberg A, Yang X. Robo signaling regulates the production of cranial neural crest cells. Exp Cell Res 2017; 361:73-84. [PMID: 28987541 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Slit/Robo signaling plays an important role in the guidance of developing neurons in developing embryos. However, it remains obscure whether and how Slit/Robo signaling is involved in the production of cranial neural crest cells. In this study, we examined Robo1 deficient mice to reveal developmental defects of mouse cranial frontal and parietal bones, which are derivatives of cranial neural crest cells. Therefore, we determined the production of HNK1+ cranial neural crest cells in early chick embryo development after knock-down (KD) of Robo1 expression. Detection of markers for pre-migratory and migratory neural crest cells, PAX7 and AP-2α, showed that production of both was affected by Robo1 KD. In addition, we found that the transcription factor slug is responsible for the aberrant delamination/EMT of cranial neural crest cells induced by Robo1 KD, which also led to elevated expression of E- and N-Cadherin. N-Cadherin expression was enhanced when blocking FGF signaling with dominant-negative FGFR1 in half of the neural tube. Taken together, we show that Slit/Robo signaling influences the delamination/EMT of cranial neural crest cells, which is required for cranial bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; The key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Tan Zhang
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Manli Chuai
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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17
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Catenins Steer Cell Migration via Stabilization of Front-Rear Polarity. Dev Cell 2017; 43:463-479.e5. [PMID: 29103954 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration plays a pivotal role in morphogenetic and pathogenetic processes. To achieve directional migration, cells must establish a front-to-rear axis of polarity. Here we show that components of the cadherin-catenin complex function to stabilize this front-rear polarity. Neural crest and glioblastoma cells undergo directional migration in vivo or in vitro. During this process, αE-catenin accumulated at lamellipodial membranes and then moved toward the rear with the support of a tyrosine-phosphorylated β-catenin. This relocating αE-catenin bound to p115RhoGEF, leading to gathering of active RhoA in front of the nucleus where myosin-IIB arcs assemble. When catenins or p115RhoGEF were removed, cells lost the polarized myosin-IIB assembly, as well as the capability for directional movement. These results suggest that, apart from its well-known function in cell adhesion, the β-catenin/αE-catenin complex regulates directional cell migration by restricting active RhoA to perinuclear regions and controlling myosin-IIB dynamics at these sites.
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18
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Ma X, Sung DC, Yang Y, Wakabayashi Y, Adelstein RS. Nonmuscle myosin IIB regulates epicardial integrity and epicardium-derived mesenchymal cell maturation. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2696-2706. [PMID: 28687623 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.202564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonmuscle myosin IIB (NMIIB; heavy chain encoded by MYH10) is essential for cardiac myocyte cytokinesis. The role of NMIIB in other cardiac cells is not known. Here, we show that NMIIB is required in epicardial formation and functions to support myocardial proliferation and coronary vessel development. Ablation of NMIIB in epicardial cells results in disruption of epicardial integrity with a loss of E-cadherin at cell-cell junctions and a focal detachment of epicardial cells from the myocardium. NMIIB-knockout and blebbistatin-treated epicardial explants demonstrate impaired mesenchymal cell maturation during epicardial epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This is manifested by an impaired invasion of collagen gels by the epicardium-derived mesenchymal cells and the reorganization of the cytoskeletal structure. Although there is a marked decrease in the expression of mesenchymal genes, there is no change in Snail (also known as Snai1) or E-cadherin expression. Studies from epicardium-specific NMIIB-knockout mice confirm the importance of NMIIB for epicardial integrity and epicardial functions in promoting cardiac myocyte proliferation and coronary vessel formation during heart development. Our findings provide a novel mechanism linking epicardial formation and epicardial function to the activity of the cytoplasmic motor protein NMIIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762, USA
| | - Derek C Sung
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762, USA
| | - Yanqin Yang
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762, USA
| | - Yoshi Wakabayashi
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762, USA
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762, USA
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Bahm I, Barriga EH, Frolov A, Theveneau E, Frankel P, Mayor R. PDGF controls contact inhibition of locomotion by regulating N-cadherin during neural crest migration. Development 2017; 144:2456-2468. [PMID: 28526750 PMCID: PMC5536867 DOI: 10.1242/dev.147926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental property of neural crest (NC) migration is contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), a process by which cells change their direction of migration upon cell contact. CIL has been proven to be essential for NC migration in amphibians and zebrafish by controlling cell polarity in a cell contact-dependent manner. Cell contact during CIL requires the participation of the cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin, which starts to be expressed by NC cells as a consequence of the switch between E- and N-cadherins during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the mechanism that controls the upregulation of N-cadherin remains unknown. Here, we show that platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) and its ligand platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGF-A) are co-expressed in migrating cranial NC. Inhibition of PDGF-A/PDGFRα blocks NC migration by inhibiting N-cadherin and, consequently, impairing CIL. Moreover, we identify phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT as a downstream effector of the PDGFRα cellular response during CIL. Our results lead us to propose PDGF-A/PDGFRα signalling as a tissue-autonomous regulator of CIL by controlling N-cadherin upregulation during EMT. Finally, we show that once NC cells have undergone EMT, the same PDGF-A/PDGFRα works as an NC chemoattractant, guiding their directional migration. Summary: PDGF-A and its receptor control Xenopus neural crest migration by promoting EMT and contact inhibition of locomotion, acting via N-cadherin regulation at early stages of development and working as chemoattractant later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Bahm
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Elias H Barriga
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Antonina Frolov
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Eric Theveneau
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paul Frankel
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Multiple Coronary Artery Microfistulas in a Girl with Kleefstra Syndrome. Case Rep Genet 2016; 2016:3056053. [PMID: 27239352 PMCID: PMC4867054 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3056053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kleefstra syndrome is characterized by hypotonia, developmental delay, dysmorphic features, congenital heart defects, and so forth. It is caused by 9q34.3 microdeletions or EHMT1 mutations. Herein a 20-month-old girl with Kleefstra syndrome, due to a de novo subterminal deletion, is described. She exhibits a rare and complex cardiopathy, encompassing multiple coronary artery microfistulas, VSD/ASD, and PFO.
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21
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Verweij N, Mateo Leach I, Isaacs A, Arking DE, Bis JC, Pers TH, Van Den Berg ME, Lyytikäinen LP, Barnett P, Wang X, Soliman EZ, Van Duijn CM, Kähönen M, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Kors JA, Raitakari OT, Silva CT, Lehtimäki T, Hillege HL, Hirschhorn JN, Boyer LA, Van Gilst WH, Alonso A, Sotoodehnia N, Eijgelsheim M, De Boer RA, De Bakker PIW, Franke L, Van Der Harst P. Twenty-eight genetic loci associated with ST-T-wave amplitudes of the electrocardiogram. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2093-2103. [PMID: 26962151 PMCID: PMC5062578 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ST-segment and adjacent T-wave (ST-T wave) amplitudes of the electrocardiogram are quantitative characteristics of cardiac repolarization. Repolarization abnormalities have been linked to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. We performed the first genome-wide association meta-analysis of ST-T-wave amplitudes in up to 37 977 individuals identifying 71 robust genotype–phenotype associations clustered within 28 independent loci. Fifty-four genes were prioritized as candidates underlying the phenotypes, including genes with established roles in the cardiac repolarization phase (SCN5A/SCN10A, KCND3, KCNB1, NOS1AP and HEY2) and others with as yet undefined cardiac function. These associations may provide insights in the spatiotemporal contribution of genetic variation influencing cardiac repolarization and provide novel leads for future functional follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 301 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA Cardiovascular Research Center and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Rotterdam, The Netherlands CARIM School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tune H Pers
- Division of Endocrinology, Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 301 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Marten E Van Den Berg
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Phil Barnett
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xinchen Wang
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Elsayed Z Soliman
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (EPICARE), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cornelia M Van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33521, Finland
| | - Dirk J Van Veldhuisen
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Kors
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Claudia T Silva
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Hans L Hillege
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands Trial Coordination Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Division of Endocrinology, Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 301 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Laurie A Boyer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wiek H Van Gilst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alvaro Alonso
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Eijgelsheim
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A De Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul I W De Bakker
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 301 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pim Van Der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, 3511 GC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Barriga EH, Trainor PA, Bronner M, Mayor R. Animal models for studying neural crest development: is the mouse different? Development 2015; 142:1555-60. [PMID: 25922521 DOI: 10.1242/dev.121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a uniquely vertebrate cell type and has been well studied in a number of model systems. Zebrafish, Xenopus and chick embryos largely show consistent requirements for specific genes in early steps of neural crest development. By contrast, knockouts of homologous genes in the mouse often do not exhibit comparable early neural crest phenotypes. In this Spotlight article, we discuss these species-specific differences, suggest possible explanations for the divergent phenotypes in mouse and urge the community to consider these issues and the need for further research in complementary systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Barriga
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Marianne Bronner
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Kao TT, Chu CY, Lee GH, Hsiao TH, Cheng NW, Chang NS, Chen BH, Fu TF. Folate deficiency-induced oxidative stress contributes to neuropathy in young and aged zebrafish--implication in neural tube defects and Alzheimer's diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 71:234-44. [PMID: 25131448 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Folate is a nutrient essential for the development, function and regeneration of nervous systems. Folate deficiency has been linked to many neurological disorders including neural tube defects in fetus and Alzheimer's diseases in the elderly. However, the etiology underlying these folate deficiency-associated diseases is not completely understood. In this study, zebrafish transgenic lines with timing and duration-controllable folate deficiency were developed by ectopically overexpressing a recombinant EGFP-γ-glutamyl hydrolase (γGH). Impeded neural crest cell migration was observed in the transgenic embryos when folate deficiency was induced in early stages, leading to defective neural tube closure and hematopoiesis. Adding reduced folate or N-acetylcysteine reversed the phenotypic anomalies, supporting the causal link between the increased oxidative stress and the folate deficiency-induced abnormalities. When folate deficiency was induced in aged fish accumulation of beta-amyloid and phosphorylated Tau protein were found in the fish brain cryo-sections. Increased autophagy and accumulation of acidic autolysosome were apparent in folate deficient neuroblastoma cells, which were reversed by reduced folate or N-acetylcysteine supplementation. Decreased expression of cathepsin B, a lysosomal protease, was also observed in cells and tissue with folate deficiency. We concluded that folate deficiency-induced oxidative stress contributed to the folate deficiency-associated neuropathogenesis in both early and late stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tseng-Ting Kao
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Chu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Gang-Hui Lee
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Hsien Hsiao
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wei Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hung Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Fun Fu
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Paul MH, Harvey RP, Wegner M, Sock E. Cardiac outflow tract development relies on the complex function of Sox4 and Sox11 in multiple cell types. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2931-45. [PMID: 24310815 PMCID: PMC11113321 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects represent the most common human birth defects and are often life-threatening. Frequently, they are caused by abnormalities of the outflow tract whose formation results from coordinated development of cells from mesodermal and neural crest origin and depends on the activity of many different transcription factors. However, place, time, and mode of action have only been analyzed for a few of them. Here we assess the contribution of the closely related high-mobility-group transcription factors Sox4 and Sox11 to outflow tract development and determine their function. Using cell-type-specific deletion in the mouse, we show that Sox11 is required for proper development in both mesodermal cells and neural crest cells. Deletion in either mesoderm or neural crest, or both, leads to outflow tract defects ranging from double outlet right ventricle to common arterial trunk. Sox4 supports Sox11 in its function, but has additional roles with relevance for outflow tract formation in other cell types. The two Sox proteins are dispensable during early phases of cardiac neural crest development including neural tube emigration, proliferation, and migration through the pharyngeal arches. They become essential after arrival of the neural crest cells in the outflow tract for their proper differentiation and interaction with each other as well as with the environment through regulation of cytoskeletal, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix molecules. Our results demonstrate that Sox4 and Sox11 have multiple functions in several cell types during outflow tract formation and may thus help to understand the basis of congenital heart defects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy H. Paul
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Richard P. Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst and St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW Australia
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sock
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Guan X, Bidlack FB, Stokes N, Bartlett JD. E-cadherin can replace N-cadherin during secretory-stage enamel development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102153. [PMID: 25014356 PMCID: PMC4094553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-cadherin is a cell-cell adhesion molecule and deletion of N-cadherin in mice is embryonic lethal. During the secretory stage of enamel development, E-cadherin is down-regulated and N-cadherin is specifically up-regulated in ameloblasts when groups of ameloblasts slide by one another to form the rodent decussating enamel rod pattern. Since N-cadherin promotes cell migration, we asked if N-cadherin is essential for ameloblast cell movement during enamel development. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The enamel organ, including its ameloblasts, is an epithelial tissue and for this study a mouse strain with N-cadherin ablated from epithelium was generated. Enamel from wild-type (WT) and N-cadherin conditional knockout (cKO) mice was analyzed. μCT and scanning electron microscopy showed that thickness, surface structure, and prism pattern of the cKO enamel looked identical to WT. No significant difference in hardness was observed between WT and cKO enamel. Interestingly, immunohistochemistry revealed the WT and N-cadherin cKO secretory stage ameloblasts expressed approximately equal amounts of total cadherins. Strikingly, E-cadherin was not normally down-regulated during the secretory stage in the cKO mice suggesting that E-cadherin can compensate for the loss of N-cadherin. Previously it was demonstrated that bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) induces E- and N-cadherin expression in human calvaria osteoblasts and we show that the N-cadherin cKO enamel organ expressed significantly more BMP2 and significantly less of the BMP antagonist Noggin than did WT enamel organ. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The E- to N-cadherin switch at the secretory stage is not essential for enamel development or for forming the decussating enamel rod pattern. E-cadherin can substitute for N-cadherin during these developmental processes. Bmp2 expression may compensate for the loss of N-cadherin by inducing or maintaining E-cadherin expression when E-cadherin is normally down-regulated. Notably, this is the first demonstration of a natural endogenous increase in E-cadherin expression due to N-cadherin ablation in a healthy developing tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomu Guan
- Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Felicitas B. Bidlack
- Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicole Stokes
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John D. Bartlett
- Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Clowes C, Boylan MGS, Ridge LA, Barnes E, Wright JA, Hentges KE. The functional diversity of essential genes required for mammalian cardiac development. Genesis 2014; 52:713-37. [PMID: 24866031 PMCID: PMC4141749 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Genes required for an organism to develop to maturity (for which no other gene can compensate) are considered essential. The continuing functional annotation of the mouse genome has enabled the identification of many essential genes required for specific developmental processes including cardiac development. Patterns are now emerging regarding the functional nature of genes required at specific points throughout gestation. Essential genes required for development beyond cardiac progenitor cell migration and induction include a small and functionally homogenous group encoding transcription factors, ligands and receptors. Actions of core cardiogenic transcription factors from the Gata, Nkx, Mef, Hand, and Tbx families trigger a marked expansion in the functional diversity of essential genes from midgestation onwards. As the embryo grows in size and complexity, genes required to maintain a functional heartbeat and to provide muscular strength and regulate blood flow are well represented. These essential genes regulate further specialization and polarization of cell types along with proliferative, migratory, adhesive, contractile, and structural processes. The identification of patterns regarding the functional nature of essential genes across numerous developmental systems may aid prediction of further essential genes and those important to development and/or progression of disease. genesis 52:713–737, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Clowes
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
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27
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Vite A, Radice GL. N-cadherin/catenin complex as a master regulator of intercalated disc function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:169-79. [PMID: 24766605 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2014.908853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular adhesive junctions are essential for maintaining the physical integrity of tissues; this is particularly true for the heart that is under constant mechanical load. The correct functionality of the heart is dependent on the electrical and mechanical coordination of its constituent cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc (ID) structure located at the termini of the rod-shaped adult cardiomyocyte contains various junctional proteins responsible for the integration of structural information and cell-cell communication. According to the classical description, the ID consists of three distinct junctional complexes: adherens junction (AJ), desmosome (Des), and gap junction (GJ) that work together to mediate mechanical and electrical coupling of cardiomyocytes. However, recent morphological and molecular studies indicate that AJ and Des components are capable of mixing together resulting in a "hybrid adhering junction" or "area composita." This review summarizes recent progress in understanding the in vivo function(s) of AJ components in cardiac homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Vite
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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28
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Taneyhill LA, Schiffmacher AT. Cadherin dynamics during neural crest cell ontogeny. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:291-315. [PMID: 23481200 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell membrane-associated junctional complexes mediate cell-cell adhesion, intercellular interactions, and other fundamental processes required for proper embryo morphogenesis. Cadherins are calcium-dependent transmembrane proteins at the core of adherens junctions and are expressed in distinct spatiotemporal patterns throughout the development of an important vertebrate cell type, the neural crest. Multipotent neural crest cells arise from the ectoderm as epithelial cells under the influence of inductive cues, undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, migrate throughout the embryonic body, and then differentiate into multiple derivatives at predetermined destinations. Neural crest cells change their expressed cadherin repertoires as they undergo each new morphogenetic transition, providing insight into distinct functions of expressed cadherins that are essential for proper completion of each specific stage. Cadherins modulate neural crest cell morphology, segregation, migration, and tissue formation. This chapter reviews the knowledge base of cadherin regulation, expression, and function during the ontogeny of the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Taneyhill
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, 1405 Animal Sciences Center, College Park, Maryland, USA
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29
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Dai X, Jiang W, Zhang Q, Xu L, Geng P, Zhuang S, Petrich BG, Jiang C, Peng L, Bhattacharya S, Evans SM, Sun Y, Chen J, Liang X. Requirement for integrin-linked kinase in neural crest migration and differentiation and outflow tract morphogenesis. BMC Biol 2013; 11:107. [PMID: 24131868 PMCID: PMC3906977 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural crest defects lead to congenital heart disease involving outflow tract malformation. Integrin-linked-kinase (ILK) plays important roles in multiple cellular processes and embryogenesis. ILK is expressed in the neural crest, but its role in neural crest and outflow tract morphogenesis remains unknown. RESULTS We ablated ILK specifically in the neural crest using the Wnt1-Cre transgene. ILK ablation resulted in abnormal migration and overpopulation of neural crest cells in the pharyngeal arches and outflow tract and a significant reduction in the expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and extracellular matrix components. ILK mutant embryos exhibited an enlarged common arterial trunk and ventricular septal defect. Reduced smooth muscle differentiation, but increased ossification and neurogenesis/innervation were observed in ILK mutant outflow tract that may partly be due to reduced transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2) but increased bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Consistent with these observations, microarray analysis of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-sorted neural crest cells revealed reduced expression of genes associated with muscle differentiation, but increased expression of genes of neurogenesis and osteogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that ILK plays essential roles in neural crest and outflow tract development by mediating complex crosstalk between cell matrix and multiple signaling pathways. Changes in these pathways may collectively result in the unique neural crest and outflow tract phenotypes observed in ILK mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yunfu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.
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Phillips HM, Mahendran P, Singh E, Anderson RH, Chaudhry B, Henderson DJ. Neural crest cells are required for correct positioning of the developing outflow cushions and pattern the arterial valve leaflets. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:452-60. [PMID: 23723064 PMCID: PMC3718324 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Anomalies of the arterial valves, principally bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), are the most common congenital anomalies. The cellular mechanisms that underlie arterial valve development are poorly understood. While it is known that the valve leaflets derive from the outflow cushions, which are populated by cells derived from the endothelium and neural crest cells (NCCs), the mechanism by which these cushions are sculpted to form the leaflets of the arterial valves remains unresolved. We set out to investigate how NCCs participate in arterial valve formation, reasoning that disrupting NCC within the developing outflow cushions would result in arterial valve anomalies, in the process elucidating the normal mechanism of arterial valve leaflet formation. Methods and results By disrupting Rho kinase signalling specifically in NCC using transgenic mice and primary cultures, we show that NCC condensation within the cardiac jelly is required for correct positioning of the outflow cushions. Moreover, we show that this process is essential for normal patterning of the arterial valve leaflets with disruption leading to a spectrum of valve leaflet patterning anomalies, abnormal positioning of the orifices of the coronary arteries, and abnormalities of the arterial wall. Conclusion NCCs are required at earlier stages of arterial valve development than previously recognized, playing essential roles in positioning the cushions, and patterning the valve leaflets. Abnormalities in the process of NCC condensation at early stages of outflow cushion formation may provide a common mechanism underlying BAV, and also explain the link with arterial wall anomalies and outflow malalignment defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Phillips
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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31
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Francescone R, Ngernyuang N, Yan W, Bentley B, Shao R. Tumor-derived mural-like cells coordinate with endothelial cells: role of YKL-40 in mural cell-mediated angiogenesis. Oncogene 2013; 33:2110-22. [PMID: 23665676 PMCID: PMC3926897 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumor neo-vasculature is characterized by spatial coordination of endothelial cells with mural cells, which delivers oxygen and nutrients. Here, we explored a key role of the secreted glycoprotein YKL-40, a mesenchymal marker, in the interaction between endothelial cells and mesenchymal mural-like cells for tumor angiogenesis. Xenotransplantation of tumor-derived mural-like cells (GSDCs) expressing YKL-40 in mice developed extensive and stable blood vessels covered with more GSDCs than those in YKL-40 gene knockdown tumors. YKL-40 expressed by GSDCs was associated with increased interaction of neural cadherin/β-catenin/smooth muscle alpha actin; thus, mediating cell-cell adhesion and permeability. YKL-40 also induced the interaction of vascular endothelial cadherin/β-catenin/actin in endothelial cells (HMVECs). In cell co-culture systems, YKL-40 enhanced both GSDC and HMVEC contacts, restricted vascular leakage, and stabilized vascular networks. Collectively, the data inform new mechanistic insights into the cooperation of mural cells with endothelial cells induced by YKL-40 during tumor angiogenesis, and also enhance our understanding of YKL-40 in both mural and endothelial cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Francescone
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - N Ngernyuang
- Graduate School, Khon Khaen University, Khon Khaen, Thailand
| | - W Yan
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - B Bentley
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - R Shao
- 1] Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA [2] Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA, USA [3] Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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32
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Neeb Z, Lajiness JD, Bolanis E, Conway SJ. Cardiac outflow tract anomalies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2013; 2:499-530. [PMID: 24014420 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mature outflow tract (OFT) is, in basic terms, a short conduit. It is a simple, although vital, connection situated between contracting muscular heart chambers and a vast embryonic vascular network. Unfortunately, it is also a focal point underlying many multifactorial congenital heart defects (CHDs). Through the use of various animal models combined with human genetic investigations, we are beginning to comprehend the molecular and cellular framework that controls OFT morphogenesis. Clear roles of neural crest cells (NCC) and second heart field (SHF) derivatives have been established during OFT formation and remodeling. The challenge now is to determine how the SHF and cardiac NCC interact, the complex reciprocal signaling that appears to be occurring at various stages of OFT morphogenesis, and finally how endocardial progenitors and primary heart field (PHF) communicate with both these colonizing extra-cardiac lineages. Although we are beginning to understand that this dance of progenitor populations is wonderfully intricate, the underlying pathogenesis and the spatiotemporal cell lineage interactions remain to be fully elucidated. What is now clear is that OFT alignment and septation are independent processes, invested via separate SHF and cardiac neural crest (CNC) lineages. This review will focus on our current understanding of the respective contributions of the SHF and CNC lineage during OFT development and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Neeb
- Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine Program, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Radice GL. N-cadherin-mediated adhesion and signaling from development to disease: lessons from mice. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:263-89. [PMID: 23481199 PMCID: PMC6047516 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Of the 20 classical cadherin subtypes identified in mammals, the functions of the two initially identified family members E- (epithelial) and N- (neural) cadherin have been most extensively studied. E- and N-Cadherin have mostly mutually exclusive expression patterns, with E-cadherin expressed primarily in epithelial cells, whereas N-cadherin is found in a variety of cells, including neural, muscle, and mesenchymal cells. N-Cadherin function, in particular, appears to be cell context-dependent, as it can mediate strong cell-cell adhesion in the heart but induces changes in cell behavior in favor of a migratory phenotype in the context of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The ability of tumor cells to alter their cadherin expression profile, for example, E- to N-cadherin, is critical for malignant progression. Recent advances in mouse molecular genetics, and specifically tissue-specific knockout and knockin alleles of N-cadherin, have provided some unexpected results. This chapter highlights some of the genetic studies that explored the complex role of N-cadherin in embryonic development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn L Radice
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Vijaya M, Manikandan J, Parakalan R, Dheen ST, Kumar SD, Tay SSW. Differential gene expression profiles during embryonic heart development in diabetic mice pregnancy. Gene 2012; 516:218-27. [PMID: 23287646 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are one of the most common defects in offspring of diabetic mothers. There is a clear association between maternal diabetes and CHD; however the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. We hypothesized that maternal diabetes affects with the expression of early developmental genes that regulate the essential developmental processes of the heart, thereby resulting in the pathogenesis of CHD. We analyzed genome-wide expression profiling in the developing heart of embryos from diabetic and control mice by using the oligonucleotide microarray. Microarray analysis revealed that a total of 878 genes exhibited more than 1.5 fold changes in expression level in the hearts of experimental embryos in either E13.5 or E15.5 compared with their respective controls. Expression pattern of genes that is differentially expressed in the developing heart was further examined by the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Several genes involved in a number of molecular signaling pathways such as apoptosis, proliferation, migration and differentiation in the developing heart were differentially expressed in embryos of diabetic pregnancy. It is concluded that altered expression of several genes involved in heart development may contribute to CHD in offspring of diabetic mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiyan Vijaya
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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35
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Yamaguchi Y, Miura M. How to form and close the brain: insight into the mechanism of cranial neural tube closure in mammals. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:3171-86. [PMID: 23242429 PMCID: PMC3742426 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of the embryonic brain critically depends on successfully completing cranial neural tube closure (NTC). Failure to properly close the neural tube results in significant and potentially lethal neural tube defects (NTDs). We believe these malformations are caused by disruptions in normal developmental programs such as those involved in neural plate morphogenesis and patterning, tissue fusion, and coordinated cell behaviors. Cranial NTDs include anencephaly and craniorachischisis, both lethal human birth defects. Newly emerging methods for molecular and cellular analysis offer a deeper understanding of not only the developmental NTC program itself but also mechanical and kinetic aspects of closure that may contribute to cranial NTDs. Clarifying the underlying mechanisms involved in NTC and how they relate to the onset of specific NTDs in various experimental models may help us develop novel intervention strategies to prevent NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Yamaguchi
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, and CREST, JST, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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McKeown SJ, Wallace AS, Anderson RB. Expression and function of cell adhesion molecules during neural crest migration. Dev Biol 2012; 373:244-57. [PMID: 23123967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are highly migratory cells that give rise to many derivatives including peripheral ganglia, craniofacial structures and melanocytes. Neural crest cells migrate along defined pathways to their target sites, interacting with each other and their environment as they migrate. Cell adhesion molecules are critical during this process. In this review we discuss the expression and function of cell adhesion molecules during the process of neural crest migration, in particular cadherins, integrins, members of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules, and the proteolytic enzymes that cleave these cell adhesion molecules. The expression and function of these cell adhesion molecules and proteases are compared across neural crest emigrating from different axial levels, and across different species of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja J McKeown
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia.
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Lin CJ, Lin CY, Chen CH, Zhou B, Chang CP. Partitioning the heart: mechanisms of cardiac septation and valve development. Development 2012; 139:3277-99. [PMID: 22912411 DOI: 10.1242/dev.063495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heart malformations are common congenital defects in humans. Many congenital heart defects involve anomalies in cardiac septation or valve development, and understanding the developmental mechanisms that underlie the formation of cardiac septal and valvular tissues thus has important implications for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of congenital heart disease. The development of heart septa and valves involves multiple types of progenitor cells that arise either within or outside the heart. Here, we review the morphogenetic events and genetic networks that regulate spatiotemporal interactions between the cells that give rise to septal and valvular tissues and hence partition the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Jung Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Francescone R, Scully S, Bentley B, Yan W, Taylor SL, Oh D, Moral L, Shao R. Glioblastoma-derived tumor cells induce vasculogenic mimicry through Flk-1 protein activation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:24821-31. [PMID: 22654102 PMCID: PMC3397909 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.334540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is extremely aggressive and essentially incurable. Its malignancy is characterized by vigorous microvascular proliferations. Recent evidence has shown that tumor cells display the ability to drive blood-perfused vasculogenic mimicry (VM), an alternative microvascular circulation independent of endothelial cell angiogenesis. However, molecular mechanisms underlying this vascular pathogenesis are poorly understood. Here, we found that vascular channels of VM in GBM were composed of mural-like tumor cells that strongly express VEGF receptor 2 (Flk-1). To explore a potential role of Flk-1 in the vasculogenesis, we investigated two glioblastoma cell lines U87 and GSDC, both of which express Flk-1 and exhibit a vascular phenotype on Matrigel. Treatment of both cell lines with either Flk-1 gene knockdown or Flk-1 kinase inhibitor SU1498 abrogated Flk-1 activity and impaired vascular function. Furthermore, inhibition of Flk-1 activity suppressed intracellular signaling cascades, including focal adhesion kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK1/2. In contrast, blockade of VEGF activity by the neutralizing antibody Bevacizumab failed to recapitulate the impact of SU1498, suggesting that Flk-1-mediated VM is independent of VEGF. Xenotransplantation of SCID/Beige mice with U87 cells and GSDCs gave rise to tumors harboring robust mural cell-associated vascular channels. Flk-1 shRNA restrained VM in tumors and subsequently inhibited tumor development. Collectively, all the data demonstrate a central role of Flk-1 in the formation of VM in GBM. This study has shed light on molecular mechanisms mediating tumor aggressiveness and also provided a therapeutic target for patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Francescone
- From the Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Steve Scully
- From the Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Brooke Bentley
- the Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, Massachusetts 01199
| | - Wei Yan
- the Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, Massachusetts 01199
| | | | | | - Luis Moral
- Pathology, Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University, Springfield, Massachusetts 01199, and
| | - Rong Shao
- From the Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
- the Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, Massachusetts 01199
- the Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Bax NAM, Pijnappels DA, van Oorschot AAM, Winter EM, de Vries AAF, van Tuyn J, Braun J, Maas S, Schalij MJ, Atsma DE, Goumans MJ, Gittenberger-de Groot AC. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation alters electrical conductivity of human epicardial cells. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:2675-83. [PMID: 21251220 PMCID: PMC4373436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The myocardium of the developing heart tube is covered by epicardium. These epicardial cells undergo a process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and develop into epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs). The ingrowing EPDCs differentiate into several celltypes of which the cardiac fibroblasts form the main group. Disturbance of EMT of the epicardium leads to serious hypoplasia of the myocardium, abnormal coronary artery differentiation and Purkinje fibre paucity. Interestingly, the electrophysiological properties of epicardial cells and whether EMT influences electrical conductivity of epicardial cells is not yet known. We studied the electrophysiological aspects of epicardial cells before and after EMT in a dedicated in vitro model, using micro-electrode arrays to investigate electrical conduction across epicardial cells. Therefore, human adult epicardial cells were placed between two neonatal rat cardiomyocyte populations. Before EMT the epicardial cells have a cobblestone (epithelium-like) phenotype that was confirmed by staining for the cell-adhesion molecule β-catenin. After spontaneous EMT in vitro the EPDCs acquired a spindle-shaped morphology confirmed by vimentin staining. When comparing both types we observed that the electrical conduction is influenced by EMT, resulting in significantly reduced conductivity of spindle-shaped EPDCs, associated with a conduction block. Furthermore, the expression of both gap junction (connexins 40, Cx43 and Cx45) and ion channel proteins (SCN5a, CACNA1C and Kir2.1) was down-regulated after EMT. This study shows for the first time the conduction differences between epicardial cells before and after EMT. These differences may be of relevance for the role of EPDCs in cardiac development, and in EMT-related cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noortje A M Bax
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Broders-Bondon F, Paul-Gilloteaux P, Carlier C, Radice GL, Dufour S. N-cadherin and β1-integrins cooperate during the development of the enteric nervous system. Dev Biol 2012; 364:178-91. [PMID: 22342243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion controls various embryonic morphogenetic processes, including the development of the enteric nervous system (ENS). Ablation of β1-integrin (β1-/-) expression in enteric neural crest cells (ENCC) in mice leads to major alterations in the ENS structure caused by reduced migration and increased aggregation properties of ENCC during gut colonization, which gives rise to a Hirschsprung's disease-like phenotype. In the present study, we examined the role of N-cadherin in ENS development and the interplay with β1 integrins during this process. The Ht-PA-Cre mouse model was used to target gene disruption of N-cadherin and β1 integrin in migratory NCC and to produce single- and double-conditional mutants for these two types of adhesion receptors. Double mutation of N-cadherin and β1 integrin led to embryonic lethality with severe defects in ENS development. N-cadherin-null (Ncad-/-) ENCC exhibited a delayed colonization in the developing gut at E12.5, although this was to a lesser extent than in β1-/- mutants. This delay of Ncad-/- ENCC migration was recovered at later stages of development. The double Ncad-/-; β1-/- mutant ENCC failed to colonize the distal part of the gut and there was more severe aganglionosis in the proximal hindgut than in the single mutants for N-cadherin or β1-integrin. This was due to an altered speed of locomotion and directionality in the gut wall. The abnormal aggregation defect of ENCC and the disorganized ganglia network in the β1-/- mutant was not observed in the double mutant. This indicates that N-cadherin enhances the effect of the β1-integrin mutation and demonstrates cooperation between these two adhesion receptors during ENS ontogenesis. In conclusion, our data reveal that N-cadherin is not essential for ENS development but it does modulate the modes of ENCC migration and acts in concert with β1-integrin to control the proper development of the ENS.
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41
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Zhang Y, Ruest LB. Analysis of neural crest cell fate during cardiovascular development using Cre-activated lacZ/β-galactosidase staining. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 843:125-138. [PMID: 22222527 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-523-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It is important to identify the mechanisms regulating cardiovascular development. However, complex genetic tools are often required, including transgenic animals that express the lacZ transgene encoding the β-galactosidase enzyme under the control of a specific promoter or following recombination with the Cre recombinase. The latter can be useful for identifying specific cell populations of the developing cardiovascular system, including neural crest cells. The tracking of these cells can help clarify their fate in mutant embryos and elucidate the etiology of some congenital cardiovascular birth defects. This chapter highlights the methods used to stain embryonic tissues in whole mount or sections to detect the expression of the lacZ transgene with a focus on tracking cardiac neural crest cells using the Wnt1-Cre and R26R mouse lines. We also provide a protocol using fluorescence-activated cell sorting for collecting neural crest cells for further analysis. These protocols can be used with any embryos expressing Cre and lacZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Healthy Science Center-Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
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Boggetti B, Niessen CM. Adherens junctions in mammalian development, homeostasis and disease: lessons from mice. Subcell Biochem 2012; 60:321-55. [PMID: 22674078 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4186-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mice have proven to be a particularly powerful model to study molecular mechanisms of development and disease. The reason for this is the close evolutionary relationship between rodents and humans, similarities in physiological mechanisms in mice and human, and the large number of techniques available to study gene functions in mice. A large number of mice mutations, either germ line, conditional or inducible, have been generated in the past years for adherens junctions components, and the number is still increasing. In this review we will discuss mice models that have contributed to understanding the developmental and physiological role of adherens junctions and their components in mammals and have revealed novel mechanistic aspects of how adherens junctions regulate morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Boggetti
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Room 4A.05, Robert Kochstrasse 21, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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Diman NYSG, Remacle S, Bertrand N, Picard JJ, Zaffran S, Rezsohazy R. A retinoic acid responsive Hoxa3 transgene expressed in embryonic pharyngeal endoderm, cardiac neural crest and a subdomain of the second heart field. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27624. [PMID: 22110697 PMCID: PMC3217993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A transgenic mouse line harbouring a β-galacdosidase reporter gene controlled by the proximal 2 kb promoter of Hoxa3 was previously generated to investigate the regulatory cues governing Hoxa3 expression in the mouse. Examination of transgenic embryos from embryonic day (E) 8.0 to E15.5 revealed regionally restricted reporter activity in the developing heart. Indeed, transgene expression specifically delineated cells from three distinct lineages: a subpopulation of the second heart field contributing to outflow tract myocardium, the cardiac neural crest cells and the pharyngeal endoderm. Manipulation of the Retinoic Acid (RA) signaling pathway showed that RA is required for correct expression of the transgene. Therefore, this transgenic line may serve as a cardiosensor line of particular interest for further analysis of outflow tract development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nata Y. S.-G. Diman
- Molecular and Cellular Animal Embryology group, Life Sciences Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sophie Remacle
- Molecular and Cellular Animal Embryology group, Life Sciences Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Bertrand
- UMR910, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Medical Genetics and Functional Genomics, Inserm UMR_S910, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques J. Picard
- Faculty of Medicine, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Zaffran
- UMR910, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Medical Genetics and Functional Genomics, Inserm UMR_S910, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (SZ); (RR)
| | - René Rezsohazy
- Molecular and Cellular Animal Embryology group, Life Sciences Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- * E-mail: (SZ); (RR)
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44
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Wnt1/βcatenin injury response activates the epicardium and cardiac fibroblasts to promote cardiac repair. EMBO J 2011; 31:429-42. [PMID: 22085926 PMCID: PMC3261567 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnts are required for cardiogenesis but the role of specific Wnts in cardiac repair remains unknown. In this report, we show that a dynamic Wnt1/βcatenin injury response activates the epicardium and cardiac fibroblasts to promote cardiac repair. Acute ischaemic cardiac injury upregulates Wnt1 that is initially expressed in the epicardium and subsequently by cardiac fibroblasts in the region of injury. Following cardiac injury, the epicardium is activated organ-wide in a Wnt-dependent manner, expands, undergoes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to generate cardiac fibroblasts, which localize in the subepicardial space. The injured regions in the heart are Wnt responsive as well and Wnt1 induces cardiac fibroblasts to proliferate and express pro-fibrotic genes. Disruption of downstream Wnt signalling in epicardial cells decreases epicardial expansion, EMT and leads to impaired cardiac function and ventricular dilatation after cardiac injury. Furthermore, disruption of Wnt/βcatenin signalling in cardiac fibroblasts impairs wound healing and decreases cardiac performance as well. These findings reveal that a pro-fibrotic Wnt1/βcatenin injury response is critically required for preserving cardiac function after acute ischaemic cardiac injury.
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Matthes SA, Taffet S, Delmar M. Plakophilin-2 and the migration, differentiation and transformation of cells derived from the epicardium of neonatal rat hearts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:73-84. [PMID: 21985446 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2011.621561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During development, epicardial cells act as progenitors for a large fraction of non-myocyte cardiac cells. Expression and function of molecules of the desmosome in the postnatal epicardium has not been studied. The objective of this study was to assess the expression of desmosomal molecules, and the functional importance of the desmosomal protein plakophilin-2 (PKP2), in epicardial and epicardium-derived cells. Epicardial explants were obtained from neonatal rat hearts. Presence of mechanical junction proteins was assessed by immunocytochemistry. Explants after PKP2 knockdown showed increased abundance of alpha smooth muscle actin-positive cells, increased abundance of lipid markers, enhanced cell migration velocity and increased abundance of a marker of cell proliferation. We conclude that a population of non-excitable, cardiac-resident cells express desmosomal molecules and, in vitro, show functional properties (including lipid accumulation) that depend on PKP2 expression. The possible relevance of our data to the pathophysiology of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Matthes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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46
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MicroRNA-142-3p regulates TGF-β3-mediated region-dependent chondrogenesis by regulating ADAM9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:653-9. [PMID: 21986536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Position-dependent chondrogenesis is regulated by processes that are both common to and differ among all limb types and limb skeletal elements. Despite intrinsic differences between wing and leg bud mesenchyme, the exact regulatory molecules and mechanisms involved in these processes have not been elucidated. Here, we show the limb type-specific role of TGF-β3 during chondrogenic differentiation of chick limb mesenchymal cells. Exposure of wing cells to TGF-β3 stimulated chondrogenic differentiation, whereas in leg bud mesenchymal cells, TGF-β3 induced apoptotic cell death via G2M arrest. Consistent with a limb type-specific effect of TGF-β3 on chondrogenic differentiation, we found different levels of miR-142-3p induction. Inhibition of miR-142-3p via PNA-based antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) markedly promoted cell migration and precartilage condensation, while exogenous induction of miR-142-3p reduced cell survival and increased cell death. Overexpression of ADAM9 significantly reduced chondrogenic differentiation via downregulation of cell migration and cell survival and upregulation of apoptotic cell death. Limb type-specific expression levels of ADAM9 induced by TGF-β3 were observed. Collectively, this study demonstrates that differential induction of miR-142-3p is involved in the limb type-specific effect of TGF-β3 on wing vs. leg mesenchymal cells through direct modulation of ADAM9 transcription.
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Abstract
Cardiac neural crest cells originate as part of the postotic caudal rhombencephalic neural crest stream. Ectomesenchymal cells in this stream migrate to the circumpharyngeal ridge and then into the caudal pharyngeal arches where they condense to form first a sheath and then the smooth muscle tunics of the persisting pharyngeal arch arteries. A subset of the cells continue migrating into the cardiac outflow tract where they will condense to form the aorticopulmonary septum. Cell signaling, extracellular matrix and cell-cell contacts are all critical for the initial migration, pauses, continued migration, and condensation of these cells. This review elucidates what is currently known about these factors.
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Himes AD, Fiddler RM, Raetzman LT. N-cadherin loss in POMC-expressing cells leads to pituitary disorganization. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:482-91. [PMID: 21273444 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary tumors are the third most common intracranial tumor in humans and can cause altered hormone secretions leading to hypercortisolism, acromegaly, and infertility. Reduced expression of the cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin has been linked with the formation of pituitary tumors, but its role in normal pituitary gland physiology or tumor initiation is unknown. In the murine pituitary, N-cadherin expression is detected in virtually all cells of the posterior, intermediate, and anterior lobes. N-cadherin may function to initiate important cues such as controlling proliferation, directing cell placement, and promoting formation of cell networks that coordinately release hormones into the bloodstream. To address this, we generated mice lacking N-cadherin in proopiomelanocortin-expressing melanotrope and corticotrope cells of the intermediate and anterior lobes of the pituitary. We observed that intermediate lobe cells can aberrantly displace SOX2-containing progenitor cells in the N-cadherin conditional knockout mice at postnatal d 1. By postnatal d 30, although a reduction in α- and β-catenin membrane staining occurs, there is little effect on intermediate lobe architecture with N-cadherin loss. Also, despite these changes in adherens junction molecules, no alterations in cell proliferation occur. In contrast, loss of N-cadherin in the corticotropes leads to aberrant cell clustering and a reduction in Pomc mRNA. Taken together, our data reveal important roles of N-cadherin in pituitary cell placement and that loss of N-cadherin alone does not lead to pituitary tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Himes
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Zile MH. Vitamin A-not for your eyes only: requirement for heart formation begins early in embryogenesis. Nutrients 2010; 2:532-50. [PMID: 22254040 PMCID: PMC3257662 DOI: 10.3390/nu2050532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A insufficiency has profound adverse effects on embryonic development. Major advances in understanding the role of vitamin A in vertebrate heart formation have been made since the discovery that the vitamin A active form, all-trans-retinoic acid, regulates many genes, including developmental genes. Among the experimental models used, the vitamin A-deficient avian embryo has been an important tool to study the function of vitamin A during early heart formation. A cluster of retinoic acid-regulated developmental genes have been identified that participate in building the heart. In the absence of retinoic acid the embryonic heart develops abnormally leading to embryolethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija H Zile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Tang S, Snider P, Firulli AB, Conway SJ. Trigenic neural crest-restricted Smad7 over-expression results in congenital craniofacial and cardiovascular defects. Dev Biol 2010; 344:233-47. [PMID: 20457144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Smad7 is a negative regulator of TGFbeta superfamily signaling. Using a three-component triple transgenic system, expression of the inhibitory Smad7 was induced via doxycycline within the NCC lineages at pre- and post-migratory stages. Consistent with its role in negatively regulating both TGFbeta and BMP signaling in vitro, induction of Smad7 within the NCC significantly suppressed phosphorylation levels of both Smad1/5/8 and Smad2/3 in vivo, resulting in subsequent loss of NCC-derived craniofacial, pharyngeal and cardiac OFT cushion cells. At the cellular level, increased cell death was observed in pharyngeal arches. However, cell proliferation and NCC-derived smooth muscle differentiation were unaltered. NCC lineage mapping demonstrated that cardiac NCC emigration and initial migration were not affected, but subsequent colonization of the OFT was significantly reduced. Induction of Smad7 in post-migratory NCC resulted in interventricular septal chamber septation defects, suggesting that TGFbeta superfamily signaling is also essential for cardiac NCC at post-migratory stages to govern normal cardiac development. Taken together, the data illustrate that tightly regulated TGFbeta superfamily signaling plays an essential role during craniofacial and cardiac NCC colonization and cell survival in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyong Tang
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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