1
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Stewen J, Kruse K, Godoi-Filip AT, Zenia, Jeong HW, Adams S, Berkenfeld F, Stehling M, Red-Horse K, Adams RH, Pitulescu ME. Eph-ephrin signaling couples endothelial cell sorting and arterial specification. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2539. [PMID: 38570531 PMCID: PMC10991410 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell segregation allows the compartmentalization of cells with similar fates during morphogenesis, which can be enhanced by cell fate plasticity in response to local molecular and biomechanical cues. Endothelial tip cells in the growing retina, which lead vessel sprouts, give rise to arterial endothelial cells and thereby mediate arterial growth. Here, we have combined cell type-specific and inducible mouse genetics, flow experiments in vitro, single-cell RNA sequencing and biochemistry to show that the balance between ephrin-B2 and its receptor EphB4 is critical for arterial specification, cell sorting and arteriovenous patterning. At the molecular level, elevated ephrin-B2 function after loss of EphB4 enhances signaling responses by the Notch pathway, VEGF and the transcription factor Dach1, which is influenced by endothelial shear stress. Our findings reveal how Eph-ephrin interactions integrate cell segregation and arteriovenous specification in the vasculature, which has potential relevance for human vascular malformations caused by EPHB4 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Stewen
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Kai Kruse
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany
- Bioinformatics Service Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Anca T Godoi-Filip
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Zenia
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hyun-Woo Jeong
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany
- Sequencing Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Susanne Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Berkenfeld
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Stehling
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Kristy Red-Horse
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Mara E Pitulescu
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
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2
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Lencer E, Rains A, Binne E, Prekeris R, Artinger KB. Mutations in cdon and boc affect trunk neural crest cell migration and slow-twitch muscle development in zebrafish. Development 2023; 150:dev201304. [PMID: 37390228 PMCID: PMC10357035 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The transmembrane proteins cdon and boc are implicated in regulating hedgehog signaling during vertebrate development. Recent work showing roles for these genes in axon guidance and neural crest cell migration suggest that cdon and boc may play additional functions in regulating directed cell movements. We use newly generated and existing mutants to investigate a role for cdon and boc in zebrafish neural crest cell migration. We find that single mutant embryos exhibit normal neural crest phenotypes, but that neural crest migration is strikingly disrupted in double cdon;boc mutant embryos. We further show that this migration phenotype is associated with defects in the differentiation of slow-twitch muscle cells, and the loss of a Col1a1a-containing extracellular matrix, suggesting that neural crest defects may be a secondary consequence to defects in mesoderm development. Combined, our data add to a growing literature showing that cdon and boc act synergistically to promote hedgehog signaling during vertebrate development, and suggest that the zebrafish can be used to study the function of hedgehog receptor paralogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezra Lencer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Addison Rains
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Erin Binne
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kristin B. Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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3
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Gehlen-Breitbach S, Schmid T, Fröb F, Rodrian G, Weider M, Wegner M, Gölz L. The Tip60/Ep400 chromatin remodeling complex impacts basic cellular functions in cranial neural crest-derived tissue during early orofacial development. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:16. [PMID: 37024457 PMCID: PMC10079831 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cranial neural crest plays a fundamental role in orofacial development and morphogenesis. Accordingly, mutations with impact on the cranial neural crest and its development lead to orofacial malformations such as cleft lip and palate. As a pluripotent and dynamic cell population, the cranial neural crest undergoes vast transcriptional and epigenomic alterations throughout the formation of facial structures pointing to an essential role of factors regulating chromatin state or transcription levels. Using CRISPR/Cas9-guided genome editing and conditional mutagenesis in the mouse, we here show that inactivation of Kat5 or Ep400 as the two essential enzymatic subunits of the Tip60/Ep400 chromatin remodeling complex severely affects carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism in cranial neural crest cells. The resulting decrease in protein synthesis, proliferation and survival leads to a drastic reduction of cranial neural crest cells early in fetal development and a loss of most facial structures in the absence of either protein. Following heterozygous loss of Kat5 in neural crest cells palatogenesis was impaired. These findings point to a decisive role of the Tip60/Ep400 chromatin remodeling complex in facial morphogenesis and lead us to conclude that the orofacial clefting observed in patients with heterozygous KAT5 missense mutations is at least in part due to disturbances in the cranial neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa Schmid
- Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Zahnklinik 3 -Kieferorthopädie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Fröb
- Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Rodrian
- Zahnklinik 3 -Kieferorthopädie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Weider
- Zahnklinik 3 -Kieferorthopädie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Lina Gölz
- Zahnklinik 3 -Kieferorthopädie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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4
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Schaeffer J, Weber IP, Thompson AJ, Keynes RJ, Franze K. Axons in the Chick Embryo Follow Soft Pathways Through Developing Somite Segments. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:917589. [PMID: 35874821 PMCID: PMC9304555 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.917589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During patterning of the peripheral nervous system, motor axons grow sequentially out of the neural tube in a segmented fashion to ensure functional integration of the motor roots between the surrounding cartilage and bones of the developing vertebrae. This segmented outgrowth is regulated by the intrinsic properties of each segment (somite) adjacent to the neural tube, and in particular by chemical repulsive guidance cues expressed in the posterior half. Yet, knockout models for such repulsive cues still display initial segmentation of outgrowing motor axons, suggesting the existence of additional, yet unknown regulatory mechanisms of axon growth segmentation. As neuronal growth is not only regulated by chemical but also by mechanical signals, we here characterized the mechanical environment of outgrowing motor axons. Using atomic force microscopy-based indentation measurements on chick embryo somite strips, we identified stiffness gradients in each segment, which precedes motor axon growth. Axon growth was restricted to the anterior, softer tissue, which showed lower cell body densities than the repulsive stiffer posterior parts at later stages. As tissue stiffness is known to regulate axon growth during development, our results suggest that motor axons also respond to periodic stiffness gradients imposed by the intrinsic mechanical properties of somites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schaeffer
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Julia Schaeffer, ; Kristian Franze,
| | - Isabell P. Weber
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia J. Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roger J. Keynes
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Julia Schaeffer, ; Kristian Franze,
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5
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Wada Y, Tsukatani H, Kuroda C, Miyazaki Y, Otoshi M, Kobayashi I. Jagged 2b induces intercellular signaling within somites to establish hematopoietic stem cell fate in zebrafish. Development 2022; 149:274970. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
During development, the somites play a key role in the specification of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In zebrafish, the somitic Notch ligands Delta-c (Dlc) and Dld, both of which are regulated by Wnt16, directly instruct HSC fate in a shared vascular precursor. However, it remains unclear how this signaling cascade is spatially and temporally regulated within somites. Here, we show in zebrafish that an additional somitic Notch ligand, Jagged 2b (Jag2b), induces intercellular signaling to drive wnt16 expression. Jag2b activated Notch signaling in segmented somites at the early stage of somitogenesis. Loss of jag2b led to a reduction in the expression of wnt16 in the somites and an HSC marker, runx1, in the dorsal aorta, whereas overexpression of jag2b increased both. However, Notch-activated cells were adjacent to, but did not overlap with, wnt16-expressing cells within the somites, suggesting that an additional signaling molecule mediates this intercellular signal transduction. We uncover that Jag2b-driven Notch signaling induces efna1b expression, which regulates wnt16 expression in neighboring somitic cells. Collectively, we provide evidence for previously unidentified spatiotemporal regulatory mechanisms of HSC specification by somites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukino Wada
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hikaru Tsukatani
- Faculty of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kuroda
- Faculty of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yurika Miyazaki
- Faculty of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Miku Otoshi
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Isao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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6
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Lewis AE, Kuwahara A, Franzosi J, Bush JO. Tracheal separation is driven by NKX2-1-mediated repression of Efnb2 and regulation of endodermal cell sorting. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110510. [PMID: 35294885 PMCID: PMC9033272 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms coupling fate specification of distinct tissues to their physical separation remain to be understood. The trachea and esophagus differentiate from a single tube of definitive endoderm, requiring the transcription factors SOX2 and NKX2-1, but how the dorsoventral site of tissue separation is defined to allocate tracheal and esophageal cell types is unknown. Here, we show that the EPH/EPHRIN signaling gene Efnb2 regulates tracheoesophageal separation by controlling the dorsoventral allocation of tracheal-fated cells. Ventral loss of NKX2-1 results in disruption of separation and expansion of Efnb2 expression in the trachea independent of SOX2. Through chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays, we find that NKX2-1 likely represses Efnb2 directly. Lineage tracing shows that loss of NKX2-1 results in misallocation of ventral foregut cells into the esophagus, while mosaicism for NKX2-1 generates ectopic NKX2-1/EPHRIN-B2 boundaries that organize ectopic tracheal separation. Together, these data demonstrate that NKX2-1 coordinates tracheal specification with tissue separation through the regulation of EPHRIN-B2 and tracheoesophageal cell sorting. Lewis et al. show that, in the development of the mammalian trachea and esophagus, cell fate specification is coupled with morphogenesis by NKX2-1-mediated repression of Efnb2. This establishes an EPH/EPHRIN boundary that drives cell allocation and physical separation of the trachea and esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ace E Lewis
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0512, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Akela Kuwahara
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0512, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jacqueline Franzosi
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0512, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey O Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0512, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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7
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Lyons O, Walker J, Seet C, Ikram M, Kuchta A, Arnold A, Hernández-Vásquez M, Frye M, Vizcay-Barrena G, Fleck RA, Patel AS, Padayachee S, Mortimer P, Jeffery S, Berland S, Mansour S, Ostergaard P, Makinen T, Modarai B, Saha P, Smith A. Mutations in EPHB4 cause human venous valve aplasia. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e140952. [PMID: 34403370 PMCID: PMC8492339 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous valve (VV) failure causes chronic venous insufficiency, but the molecular regulation of valve development is poorly understood. A primary lymphatic anomaly, caused by mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase EPHB4, was recently described, with these patients also presenting with venous insufficiency. Whether the venous anomalies are the result of an effect on VVs is not known. VV formation requires complex "organization" of valve-forming endothelial cells, including their reorientation perpendicular to the direction of blood flow. Using quantitative ultrasound, we identified substantial VV aplasia and deep venous reflux in patients with mutations in EPHB4. We used a GFP reporter in mice to study expression of its ligand, ephrinB2, and analyzed developmental phenotypes after conditional deletion of floxed Ephb4 and Efnb2 alleles. EphB4 and ephrinB2 expression patterns were dynamically regulated around organizing valve-forming cells. Efnb2 deletion disrupted the normal endothelial expression patterns of the gap junction proteins connexin37 and connexin43 (both required for normal valve development) around reorientating valve-forming cells and produced deficient valve-forming cell elongation, reorientation, polarity, and proliferation. Ephb4 was also required for valve-forming cell organization and subsequent growth of the valve leaflets. These results uncover a potentially novel cause of primary human VV aplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Lyons
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Walker
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Seet
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Ikram
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Kuchta
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Arnold
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magda Hernández-Vásquez
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Maike Frye
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Gema Vizcay-Barrena
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roland A. Fleck
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashish S. Patel
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Soundrie Padayachee
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mortimer
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Jeffery
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siren Berland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sahar Mansour
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St. George’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Taija Makinen
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Bijan Modarai
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Saha
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Smith
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Piatkowska AM, Evans SE, Stern CD. Cellular aspects of somite formation in vertebrates. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203732. [PMID: 34391979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate segmentation, the process that generates a regular arrangement of somites and thereby establishes the pattern of the adult body and of the musculoskeletal and peripheral nervous systems, was noticed many centuries ago. In the last few decades, there has been renewed interest in the process and especially in the molecular mechanisms that might account for its regularity and other spatial-temporal properties. Several models have been proposed but surprisingly, most of these do not provide clear links between the molecular mechanisms and the cell behaviours that generate the segmental pattern. Here we present a short survey of our current knowledge about the cellular aspects of vertebrate segmentation and the similarities and differences between different vertebrate groups in how they achieve their metameric pattern. Taking these variations into account should help to assess each of the models more appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M Piatkowska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street (Anatomy Building), London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Susan E Evans
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street (Anatomy Building), London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Claudio D Stern
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street (Anatomy Building), London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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9
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Defourny J, Audouard C, Davy A, Thiry M. Efnb2 haploinsufficiency induces early gap junction plaque disassembly and endocytosis in the cochlea. Brain Res Bull 2021; 174:153-160. [PMID: 34139316 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 13q deletions encompassing EFNB2, which encodes the transmembrane protein ephrin-B2, are likely to cause syndromic forms of sensorineural hearing loss of unclear origin. Thus, unravelling the pathogenic mechanisms could help to improve therapeutic strategies. In the cochlea, adjacent non-sensory epithelial cells are connected via gap junction channels, the activity of which is critical to maintain cochlear homeostasis. Here we show that ephrin-B2 promotes the assembly of connexin 30 (Cx30) gap junction plaques (GJPs) between adjacent non-sensory Deiters' cells. An in situ proximity ligation assay revealed that ephrin-B2 preferentially interacts with Cx30 in the periphery of the GJPs, i.e. where newly synthesized connexin hemichannels accrue to the GJP. Moreover, we observed that heterozygous mice encoding an Efnb2 null allele display excessive clathrin-mediated internalization of Cx30 GJPs in early postnatal stages. Finally, an in vitro organotypic assay revealed that ectopic activation of ephrin-B2 reverse signalling promotes the internalization of Cx30 GJPs. These data argue in favor of a cell-autonomous, Eph receptor-independent role of ephrin-B2 in the assembly of Cx30 GJPs. According to recent observations, early GJP degradation could certainly play a role in the pathogenic process leading to progressive sensorineural hearing loss due to Efnb2/EFNB2 haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Defourny
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Unit of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of Liège, CHU B36, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Audouard
- Center for Developmental Biology, Center for Integrative Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Davy
- Center for Developmental Biology, Center for Integrative Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Thiry
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Unit of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of Liège, CHU B36, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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10
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Abstract
Cardiac neural crest (CNC) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the dorsal neural tube that migrate and contribute to the remodeling of pharyngeal arch arteries and septation of the cardiac outflow tract (OFT). Numerous molecular cascades regulate the induction, specification, delamination, and migration of the CNC. Extensive analyses of the CNC ranging from chick ablation models to molecular biology studies have explored the mechanisms of heart development and disease, particularly involving the OFT and aortic arch (AA) system. Recent studies focus more on reciprocal signaling between the CNC and cells originated from the second heart field (SHF), which are essential for the development of the OFT myocardium, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying congenital heart diseases (CHDs) and some human syndromes.
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11
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Ankamreddy H, Bok J, Groves AK. Uncovering the secreted signals and transcription factors regulating the development of mammalian middle ear ossicles. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:1410-1424. [PMID: 33058336 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian middle ear comprises a chain of ossicles, the malleus, incus, and stapes that act as an impedance matching device during the transmission of sound from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. These ossicles are derived from cranial neural crest cells that undergo endochondral ossification and subsequently differentiate into their final functional forms. Defects that occur during middle ear development can result in conductive hearing loss. In this review, we summarize studies describing the crucial roles played by signaling molecules such as sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic proteins, fibroblast growth factors, notch ligands, and chemokines during the differentiation of neural crest into the middle ear ossicles. In addition to these cell-extrinsic signals, we also discuss studies on the function of transcription factor genes such as Foxi3, Tbx1, Bapx1, Pou3f4, and Gsc in regulating the development and morphology of the middle ear ossicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinwoong Bok
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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12
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Frye M, Stritt S, Ortsäter H, Hernandez Vasquez M, Kaakinen M, Vicente A, Wiseman J, Eklund L, Martínez-Torrecuadrada JL, Vestweber D, Mäkinen T. EphrinB2-EphB4 signalling provides Rho-mediated homeostatic control of lymphatic endothelial cell junction integrity. eLife 2020; 9:57732. [PMID: 32897857 PMCID: PMC7478896 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial integrity is vital for homeostasis and adjusted to tissue demands. Although fluid uptake by lymphatic capillaries is a critical attribute of the lymphatic vasculature, the barrier function of collecting lymphatic vessels is also important by ensuring efficient fluid drainage as well as lymph node delivery of antigens and immune cells. Here, we identified the transmembrane ligand EphrinB2 and its receptor EphB4 as critical homeostatic regulators of collecting lymphatic vessel integrity. Conditional gene deletion in mice revealed that EphrinB2/EphB4 signalling is dispensable for blood endothelial barrier function, but required for stabilization of lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) junctions in different organs of juvenile and adult mice. Studies in primary human LECs further showed that basal EphrinB2/EphB4 signalling controls junctional localisation of the tight junction protein CLDN5 and junction stability via Rac1/Rho-mediated regulation of cytoskeletal contractility. EphrinB2/EphB4 signalling therefore provides a potential therapeutic target to selectively modulate lymphatic vessel permeability and function. Lymph vessels are thin walled tubes that, similar to blood vessels, carry white blood cells, fluids and waste. Unlike veins and arteries, however, lymph vessels do not carry red blood cells and their main function is to remove excess fluid from tissues. The cells that line vessels in the body are called endothelial cells, and they are tightly linked together by proteins to control what goes into and comes out of the vessels. The chemical, physical and mechanical signals that control the junctions between endothelial cells are often the same in different vessel types, but their effects can vary. The endothelial cells of both blood and lymph vessels have two interacting proteins on their membrane known as EphrinB2 and its receptor, EphB4. When these two proteins interact, the EphB4 receptor becomes activated, which leads to changes in the junctions that link endothelial cells together. Frye et al. examined the role of EphrinB2 and EphB4 in the lymphatic system of mice. When either EphrinB2 or EphB4 are genetically removed in newborn or adult mice, lymph vessels become disrupted, but no significant effect is observed on blood vessels. The reason for the different responses in blood and lymph vessels is unknown. The results further showed that lymphatic endothelial cells need EphB4 and EphrinB2 to be constantly interacting to maintain the integrity of the lymph vessels. Further examination of human endothelial cells grown in the laboratory revealed that this constant signalling controls the internal protein scaffold that determines a cell’s shape and integrity. Changes in the internal scaffold affect the organization of the junctions that link neighboring lymphatic endothelial cells together. The loss of signalling between EphrinB2 and EphB4 in lymph vessels reflects the increase in vessel leakage seen in response to bacterial infections and in some genetic conditions such as lymphoedema. Finding ways to control the signalling between these two proteins could help treat these conditions by developing drugs that improve endothelial cell integrity in lymph vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Frye
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden.,University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Stritt
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ortsäter
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Andres Vicente
- Lymphatic Development Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Wiseman
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lauri Eklund
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Taija Mäkinen
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Stegner D, Heinze KG. Intravital imaging of megakaryocytes. Platelets 2020; 31:599-609. [PMID: 32153253 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1738366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of platelet formation could only be investigated since the development of two-photon microscopy in combination with suitable fluorescent labeling strategies. In this review paper, we give an overview of recent advances in fluorescence imaging of the bone marrow that have contributed to our understanding of platelet biogenesis during the last decade. We make a brief survey through the perspectives and limitations of today's intravital imaging, but also discuss complementary methods that may help to piece together the puzzle of megakaryopoiesis and platelet formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stegner
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin G Heinze
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Cook GM, Sousa C, Schaeffer J, Wiles K, Jareonsettasin P, Kalyanasundaram A, Walder E, Casper C, Patel S, Chua PW, Riboni-Verri G, Raza M, Swaddiwudhipong N, Hui A, Abdullah A, Wajed S, Keynes RJ. Regulation of nerve growth and patterning by cell surface protein disulphide isomerase. eLife 2020; 9:54612. [PMID: 32452761 PMCID: PMC7269675 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact repulsion of growing axons is an essential mechanism for spinal nerve patterning. In birds and mammals the embryonic somites generate a linear series of impenetrable barriers, forcing axon growth cones to traverse one half of each somite as they extend towards their body targets. This study shows that protein disulphide isomerase provides a key component of these barriers, mediating contact repulsion at the cell surface in chick half-somites. Repulsion is reduced both in vivo and in vitro by a range of methods that inhibit enzyme activity. The activity is critical in initiating a nitric oxide/S-nitrosylation-dependent signal transduction pathway that regulates the growth cone cytoskeleton. Rat forebrain grey matter extracts contain a similar activity, and the enzyme is expressed at the surface of cultured human astrocytic cells and rat cortical astrocytes. We suggest this system is co-opted in the brain to counteract and regulate aberrant nerve terminal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Mw Cook
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Catia Sousa
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Grenoble Institute des Neurosciences, La Tronche, France
| | - Julia Schaeffer
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Wiles
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Independent researcher, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prem Jareonsettasin
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Exeter College, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Asanish Kalyanasundaram
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Walder
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Catharina Casper
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Winter, Brandl, Fürniss, Hübner, Röss, Kaiser & Polte, Partnerschaft mbB, Patent und Rechtsanwaltskanzlei, München, Germany
| | - Serena Patel
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pei Wei Chua
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Gioia Riboni-Verri
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mansoor Raza
- Cambridge Innovation Capital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nol Swaddiwudhipong
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hui
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ameer Abdullah
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Saj Wajed
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Roger J Keynes
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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Kischel A, Audouard C, Fawal MA, Davy A. Ephrin-B2 paces neuronal production in the developing neocortex. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 20:12. [PMID: 32404061 PMCID: PMC7222552 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-020-00215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background During mammalian cerebral cortex development, different types of projection neurons are produced in a precise temporal order and in stereotypical numbers. The mechanisms regulating timely generation of neocortex projection neurons and ensuring production in sufficient numbers of each neuronal identity are only partially understood. Results Here, we show that ephrin-B2, a member of the Eph:ephrin cell-to-cell communication pathway, sets the neurogenic tempo in the neocortex. Indeed, conditional mutant embryos for ephrin-B2 exhibit a transient delay in neurogenesis and acute stimulation of Eph signaling by in utero injection of synthetic ephrin-B2 led to a transient increase in neuronal production. Using genetic approaches we show that ephrin-B2 acts on neural progenitors to control their differentiation in a juxtacrine manner. Unexpectedly, we observed that perinatal neuron numbers recovered following both loss and gain of ephrin-B2, highlighting the ability of neural progenitors to adapt their behavior to the state of the system in order to produce stereotypical numbers of neurons. Conclusions Altogether, our data uncover a role for ephrin-B2 in embryonic neurogenesis and emphasize the plasticity of neuronal production in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Kischel
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Audouard
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Mohamad-Ali Fawal
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Davy
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France.
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16
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Theofanous SA, Florens MV, Appeltans I, Denadai Souza A, Wood JN, Wouters MM, Boeckxstaens GE. Ephrin-B2 signaling in the spinal cord as a player in post-inflammatory and stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13782. [PMID: 32004400 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ephrin-B2/EphB receptor signaling contributes to persistent pain states such as postinflammatory and neuropathic pain. Visceral hypersensitivity (VHS) is a major mechanism underlying abdominal pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in remission, but the underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the spinal ephrin-B2/EphB pathway in VHS in 2 murine models of VHS, that is, postinflammatory TNBS colitis and maternal separation (MS). METHODS Wild-type (WT) mice and mice lacking ephrin-B2 in Nav 1.8 nociceptive neurons (cKO) were studied. VHS was induced by: 1. intracolonic instillation of TNBS or 2. water avoidance stress (WAS) in mice that underwent maternal separation (MS). VHS was assessed by quantifying the visceromotor response (VMRs) during colorectal distention. Colonic tissue and spinal cord were collected for histology, gene, and protein expression evaluation. KEY RESULTS In WT mice, but not cKO mice, TNBS induced VHS at day 14 after instillation, which returned to baseline perception from day 28 onwards. In MS WT mice, WAS induced VHS for up to 4 weeks. In cKO however, visceral pain perception returned to basal level by week 4. The development of VHS in WT mice was associated with significant upregulation of spinal ephrin-B2 and EphB1 mRNA expression or protein levels in the TNBS model and upregulation of spinal ephrin-B2 protein in the MS model. No changes were observed in cKO mice. VHS was not associated with persistent intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Overall, our data indicate that the ephrin-B2/EphB1 spinal signaling pathway is involved in VHS and may represent a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgane V Florens
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iris Appeltans
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research (WIBR), University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Mira M Wouters
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy E Boeckxstaens
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Luxán G, Stewen J, Díaz N, Kato K, Maney SK, Aravamudhan A, Berkenfeld F, Nagelmann N, Drexler HC, Zeuschner D, Faber C, Schillers H, Hermann S, Wiseman J, Vaquerizas JM, Pitulescu ME, Adams RH. Endothelial EphB4 maintains vascular integrity and transport function in adult heart. eLife 2019; 8:45863. [PMID: 31782728 PMCID: PMC6884395 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of heart and other organs relies on the appropriate provision of nutrients and functional specialization of the local vasculature. Here, we have used mouse genetics, imaging and cell biology approaches to investigate how homeostasis in the adult heart is controlled by endothelial EphB4 and its ligand ephrin-B2, which are known regulators of vascular morphogenesis and arteriovenous differentiation during development. We show that inducible and endothelial cell-specific inactivation of Ephb4 in adult mice is compatible with survival, but leads to rupturing of cardiac capillaries, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and pathological cardiac remodeling. In contrast, EphB4 is not required for integrity and homeostasis of capillaries in skeletal muscle. Our analysis of mutant mice and cultured endothelial cells shows that EphB4 controls the function of caveolae, cell-cell adhesion under mechanical stress and lipid transport. We propose that EphB4 maintains critical functional properties of the adult cardiac vasculature and thereby prevents dilated cardiomyopathy-like defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Luxán
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Jonas Stewen
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Noelia Díaz
- Regulatory Genomics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Katsuhiro Kato
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Sathish K Maney
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Anusha Aravamudhan
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Berkenfeld
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Nina Nagelmann
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hannes Ca Drexler
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Dagmar Zeuschner
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hermann Schillers
- Institute for Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - John Wiseman
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Juan M Vaquerizas
- Regulatory Genomics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Mara E Pitulescu
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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18
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Logan SM, Benson MD. Medial epithelial seam cell migration during palatal fusion. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:1417-1424. [PMID: 31264714 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian secondary palate forms from two shelves of mesenchyme sheathed in a single-layered epithelium. These shelves meet during embryogenesis to form the midline epithelial seam (MES). Failure of MES degradation prevents mesenchymal confluence and results in a cleft palate. Previous studies indicated that MES cells undergo features of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and may become migratory as part of the fusion mechanism. To detect MES cell movement over the course of fusion, we imaged the midline of fusing embryonic ephrin-B2/GFP mouse palates in real time using two-photon microscopy. These mice express an ephrin-B2-driven green fluorescent protein (GFP) that labels the palatal epithelium nuclei and persists in those cells through the time window necessary for fusion. We observed collective migration of MES cells toward the oral surface of the palatal shelf over 48 hr of imaging, and we confirmed histologically that the imaged palates had fused by the end of the imaged period. We previously reported that ephrin reverse signaling in the MES is required for palatal fusion. We therefore added recombinant EphA4/Fc protein to block this signaling in imaged palates. The blockage inhibited fusion, as expected, but did not change the observed migration of GFP-labeled cells. Thus, we uncoupled migration and fusion. Our data reveal that palatal MES cells undergo a collective, unidirectional movement during palatal fusion and that ephrin reverse signaling, though required for fusion, controls aspects of the fusion mechanism independent of migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Logan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - M Douglas Benson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
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19
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Niethamer TK, Bush JO. Getting direction(s): The Eph/ephrin signaling system in cell positioning. Dev Biol 2019; 447:42-57. [PMID: 29360434 PMCID: PMC6066467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the Eph/ephrin family of signaling molecules is a large group of membrane-bound proteins that signal through a myriad of mechanisms and effectors to play diverse roles in almost every tissue and organ system. Though Eph/ephrin signaling has functions in diverse biological processes, one core developmental function is in the regulation of cell position and tissue morphology by regulating cell migration and guidance, cell segregation, and boundary formation. Often, the role of Eph/ephrin signaling is to translate patterning information into physical movement of cells and changes in morphology that define tissue and organ systems. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the regulation of these processes, and our evolving understanding of the in vivo signaling mechanisms utilized in distinct developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terren K Niethamer
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey O Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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20
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Kindberg AA, Bush JO. Cellular organization and boundary formation in craniofacial development. Genesis 2019; 57:e23271. [PMID: 30548771 PMCID: PMC6503678 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial morphogenesis is a highly dynamic process that requires changes in the behaviors and physical properties of cells in order to achieve the proper organization of different craniofacial structures. Boundary formation is a critical process in cellular organization, patterning, and ultimately tissue separation. There are several recurring cellular mechanisms through which boundary formation and cellular organization occur including, transcriptional patterning, cell segregation, cell adhesion and migratory guidance. Disruption of normal boundary formation has dramatic morphological consequences, and can result in human craniofacial congenital anomalies. In this review we discuss boundary formation during craniofacial development, specifically focusing on the cellular behaviors and mechanisms underlying the self-organizing properties that are critical for craniofacial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A. Kindberg
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey O. Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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21
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TBC1d24-ephrinB2 interaction regulates contact inhibition of locomotion in neural crest cell migration. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3491. [PMID: 30154457 PMCID: PMC6113226 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Eph-ephrin signalling has been implicated in the migration of cranial neural crest (CNC) cells, it is still unclear how ephrinB transduces signals regulating this event. We provide evidence that TBC1d24, a putative Rab35-GTPase activating protein (Rab35 GAP), complexes with ephrinB2 via the scaffold Dishevelled (Dsh) and mediates a signal affecting contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) in CNC cells. Moreover, we found that, in migrating CNC, the interaction between ephrinB2 and TBC1d24 negatively regulates E-cadherin recycling in these cells via Rab35. Upon engagement of the cognate Eph receptor, ephrinB2 is tyrosine phosphorylated, which disrupts the ephrinB2/Dsh/TBC1d24 complex. The dissolution of this complex leads to increasing E-cadherin levels at the plasma membrane, resulting in loss of CIL and disrupted CNC migration. Our results indicate that TBC1d24 is a critical player in ephrinB2 control of CNC cell migration via CIL.
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22
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Lindsey RC, Rundle CH, Mohan S. Role of IGF1 and EFN-EPH signaling in skeletal metabolism. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T87-T102. [PMID: 29581239 PMCID: PMC5966337 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF1) and ephrin ligand (EFN)-receptor (EPH) signaling are both crucial for bone cell function and skeletal development and maintenance. IGF1 signaling is the major mediator of growth hormone-induced bone growth, but a host of different signals and factors regulate IGF1 signaling at the systemic and local levels. Disruption of the Igf1 gene results in reduced peak bone mass in both experimental animal models and humans. Additionally, EFN-EPH signaling is a complex system which, particularly through cell-cell interactions, contributes to the development and differentiation of many bone cell types. Recent evidence has demonstrated several ways in which the IGF1 and EFN-EPH signaling pathways interact with and depend upon each other to regulate bone cell function. While much remains to be elucidated, the interaction between these two signaling pathways opens a vast array of new opportunities for investigation into the mechanisms of and potential therapies for skeletal conditions such as osteoporosis and fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Lindsey
- Musculoskeletal Disease CenterVA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Division of BiochemistryDepartment of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular MedicineDepartment of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Charles H Rundle
- Musculoskeletal Disease CenterVA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of MedicineLoma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease CenterVA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Division of BiochemistryDepartment of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular MedicineDepartment of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of MedicineLoma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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23
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Del Monte-Nieto G, Ramialison M, Adam AAS, Wu B, Aharonov A, D'Uva G, Bourke LM, Pitulescu ME, Chen H, de la Pompa JL, Shou W, Adams RH, Harten SK, Tzahor E, Zhou B, Harvey RP. Control of cardiac jelly dynamics by NOTCH1 and NRG1 defines the building plan for trabeculation. Nature 2018; 557:439-445. [PMID: 29743679 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrate hearts, the ventricular trabecular myocardium develops as a sponge-like network of cardiomyocytes that is critical for contraction and conduction, ventricular septation, papillary muscle formation and wall thickening through the process of compaction 1 . Defective trabeculation leads to embryonic lethality2-4 or non-compaction cardiomyopathy (NCC) 5 . There are divergent views on when and how trabeculation is initiated in different species. In zebrafish, trabecular cardiomyocytes extrude from compact myocardium 6 , whereas in chicks, chamber wall thickening occurs before overt trabeculation 7 . In mice, the onset of trabeculation has not been described, but is proposed to begin at embryonic day 9.0, when cardiomyocytes form radially oriented ribs 2 . Endocardium-myocardium communication is essential for trabeculation, and numerous signalling pathways have been identified, including Notch2,8 and Neuregulin (NRG) 4 . Late disruption of the Notch pathway causes NCC 5 . Whereas it has been shown that mutations in the extracellular matrix (ECM) genes Has2 and Vcan prevent the formation of trabeculae in mice9,10 and the matrix metalloprotease ADAMTS1 promotes trabecular termination 3 , the pathways involved in ECM dynamics and the molecular regulation of trabeculation during its early phases remain unexplored. Here we present a model of trabeculation in mice that integrates dynamic endocardial and myocardial cell behaviours and ECM remodelling, and reveal new epistatic relationships between the involved signalling pathways. NOTCH1 signalling promotes ECM degradation during the formation of endocardial projections that are critical for individualization of trabecular units, whereas NRG1 promotes myocardial ECM synthesis, which is necessary for trabecular rearrangement and growth. These systems interconnect through NRG1 control of Vegfa, but act antagonistically to establish trabecular architecture. These insights enabled the prediction of persistent ECM and cardiomyocyte growth in a mouse NCC model, providing new insights into the pathophysiology of congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Del Monte-Nieto
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arne A S Adam
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bingruo Wu
- Departments of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alla Aharonov
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gabriele D'Uva
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lauren M Bourke
- Epigenetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mara E Pitulescu
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hanying Chen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Ciber cardiovascular, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Weinian Shou
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sarah K Harten
- Epigenetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eldad Tzahor
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia. .,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
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24
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Becker J, Wilting J. WNT signaling, the development of the sympathoadrenal-paraganglionic system and neuroblastoma. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1057-1070. [PMID: 29058015 PMCID: PMC5814469 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a tumor of the sympathoadrenal system arising in children under 15 years of age. In Germany, NB accounts for 7% of childhood cancer cases, but 11% of cancer deaths. It originates from highly migratory progenitor cells that leave the dorsal neural tube and contribute neurons and glial cells to sympathetic ganglia, and chromaffin and supportive cells to the adrenal medulla and paraganglia. Clinically, histologically and molecularly, NBs present as extremely heterogeneous, ranging from very good to very poor prognosis. The etiology of NB still remains unclear and needs to be elucidated, however, aberrant auto- and paracrine embryonic cell communications seem to be likely candidates to initiate or facilitate the emergence, progression and regression of NB. The wingless-type MMTV integration site (WNT) family of proteins represents an evolutionary highly conserved signaling system that orchestrates embryogenesis. At least 19 ligands in the human, numerous receptors and co-receptors are known, which control not only proliferation, but also cell polarity, migration and differentiation. Here we seek to interconnect aspects of WNT signaling with sympathoadrenal and paraganglionic development to define new WNT signaling cues in the etiology and progression of NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Becker
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Thulabandu V, Chen D, Atit RP. Dermal fibroblast in cutaneous development and healing. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 7. [PMID: 29244903 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the body and is composed of two layers: the overlying epidermis and the underlying dermis. The dermal fibroblasts originate from distinct locations of the embryo and contain the positional identity and patterning information in the skin. The dermal fibroblast progenitors differentiate into various cell types that are fated to perform specific functions such as hair follicle initiation and scar formation during wound healing. Recent studies have revealed the heterogeneity and plasticity of dermal fibroblasts within skin, which has implications for skin disease and tissue engineering. The objective of this review is to frame our current understanding and provide new insights on the origin and differentiation of dermal fibroblasts and their function during cutaneous development and healing. WIREs Dev Biol 2018, 7:e307. doi: 10.1002/wdev.307 This article is categorized under: Birth Defects > Organ Anomalies Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: Regional Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Thulabandu
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Demeng Chen
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Radhika P Atit
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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26
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Bixel MG, Kusumbe AP, Ramasamy SK, Sivaraj KK, Butz S, Vestweber D, Adams RH. Flow Dynamics and HSPC Homing in Bone Marrow Microvessels. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1804-1816. [PMID: 28199850 PMCID: PMC5318670 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements of flow velocities at the level of individual arterial vessels and sinusoidal capillaries are crucial for understanding the dynamics of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell homing in the bone marrow vasculature. We have developed two complementary intravital two-photon imaging approaches to determine blood flow dynamics and velocities in multiple vessel segments by capturing the motion of red blood cells. High-resolution spatiotemporal measurements through a cranial window to determine short-time dynamics of flowing blood cells and repetitive centerline scans were used to obtain a detailed flow-profile map with hemodynamic parameters. In addition, we observed the homing of individual hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and obtained detailed information on their homing behavior. With our imaging setup, we determined flow patterns at cellular resolution, blood flow velocities and wall shear stress in small arterial vessels and highly branched sinusoidal capillaries, and the cellular dynamics of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gabriele Bixel
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Anjali P Kusumbe
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Saravana K Ramasamy
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kishor K Sivaraj
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Butz
- Department of Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dietmar Vestweber
- Department of Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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27
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Hwa JJ, Beckouche N, Huang L, Kram Y, Lindskog H, Wang RA. Abnormal arterial-venous fusions and fate specification in mouse embryos lacking blood flow. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11965. [PMID: 28931948 PMCID: PMC5607254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The functions of blood flow in the morphogenesis of mammalian arteries and veins are not well understood. We examined the development of the dorsal aorta (DA) and the cardinal vein (CV) in Ncx1 -/- mutants, which lack blood flow due to a deficiency in a sodium calcium ion exchanger expressed specifically in the heart. The mutant DA and CV were abnormally connected. The endothelium of the Ncx1 -/- mutant DA lacked normal expression of the arterial markers ephrin-B2 and Connexin-40. Notch1 activation, known to promote arterial specification, was decreased in mutant DA endothelial cells (ECs), which ectopically expressed the venous marker Coup-TFII. These findings suggest that flow has essential functions in the DA by promoting arterial and suppressing venous marker expression. In contrast, flow plays a lesser role in the CV, because expression of arterial-venous markers in CV ECs was not as dramatically affected in Ncx1 -/- mutants. We propose a molecular mechanism by which blood flow mediates DA and CV morphogenesis, by regulating arterial-venous specification of DA ECs to ensure proper separation of the developing DA and CV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Hwa
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Nathan Beckouche
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Lawrence Huang
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Yoseph Kram
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Henrik Lindskog
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Rong A Wang
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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28
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Laussu J, Audouard C, Kischel A, Assis-Nascimento P, Escalas N, Liebl DJ, Soula C, Davy A. Eph/Ephrin Signaling Controls Progenitor Identities In The Ventral Spinal Cord. Neural Dev 2017; 12:10. [PMID: 28595615 PMCID: PMC5463316 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-017-0087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the vertebrate spinal cord, motor neurons (MN) are generated in stereotypical numbers from a pool of dedicated progenitors (pMN) whose number depends on signals that control their specification but also their proliferation and differentiation rates. Although the initial steps of pMN specification have been extensively studied, how pMN numbers are regulated over time is less well characterized. Results Here, we show that ephrinB2 and ephrinB3 are differentially expressed in progenitor domains in the ventral spinal cord with several Eph receptors more broadly expressed. Genetic loss-of-function analyses show that ephrinB2 and ephrinB3 inversely control pMN numbers and that these changes in progenitor numbers correlate with changes in motor neuron numbers. Detailed phenotypic analyses by immunostaining and genetic interaction studies between ephrinB2 and Shh indicate that changes in pMN numbers in ephrin mutants are due to alteration in progenitor identity at late stages of development. Conclusions Altogether our data reveal that Eph:ephrin signaling is required to control progenitor identities in the ventral spinal cord. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-017-0087-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Laussu
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France.,Present address: CRBM, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Audouard
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Anthony Kischel
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Poincyane Assis-Nascimento
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, R-48, USA
| | - Nathalie Escalas
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel J Liebl
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, R-48, USA
| | - Cathy Soula
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Davy
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France.
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29
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30
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Kwak H, Salvucci O, Weigert R, Martinez-Torrecuadrada JL, Henkemeyer M, Poulos MG, Butler JM, Tosato G. Sinusoidal ephrin receptor EPHB4 controls hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization from bone marrow. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:4554-4568. [PMID: 27820703 PMCID: PMC5127687 DOI: 10.1172/jci87848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) reside in the bone marrow. Stress signals from cancer and other conditions promote HSPC mobilization into circulation and subsequent homing to tissue microenvironments. HSPC infiltration into tissue microenvironments can influence disease progression; notably, in cancer, HSPCs encourage tumor growth. Here we have uncovered a mutually exclusive distribution of EPHB4 receptors in bone marrow sinusoids and ephrin B2 ligands in hematopoietic cells. We determined that signaling interactions between EPHB4 and ephrin B2 control HSPC mobilization from the bone marrow. In mice, blockade of the EPHB4/ephrin B2 signaling pathway reduced mobilization of HSPCs and other myeloid cells to the circulation. EPHB4/ephrin B2 blockade also reduced HSPC infiltration into tumors as well as tumor progression in murine models of melanoma and mammary cancer. These results identify EPHB4/ephrin B2 signaling as critical to HSPC mobilization from bone marrow and provide a potential strategy for reducing cancer progression by targeting the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongil Kwak
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, and
| | - Ombretta Salvucci
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, and
| | - Roberto Weigert
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Mark Henkemeyer
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Michael G. Poulos
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jason M. Butler
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Giovanna Tosato
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, and
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31
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Mak CCY, Chow PC, Liu APY, Chan KYK, Chu YWY, Mok GTK, Leung GKC, Yeung KS, Chau AKT, Lowther C, Scherer SW, Marshall CR, Bassett AS, Chung BHY. De novo large rare copy-number variations contribute to conotruncal heart disease in Chinese patients. NPJ Genom Med 2016; 1:16033. [PMID: 29263819 PMCID: PMC5685312 DOI: 10.1038/npjgenmed.2016.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Conotruncal heart anomalies (CTDs) are particularly prevalent congenital heart diseases (CHD) in Hong Kong. We surveyed large (>500 kb), rare (<1% frequency in controls) copy-number variations (CNVs) in Chinese patients with CTDs to identify potentially disease-causing variations. Adults who tested negative for 22q11.2 deletions were recruited from the adult CHD clinic in Hong Kong. Using a stringent calling criteria, high-confidence CNV calls were obtained, and a large control set comprising 3,987 Caucasian and 1,945 Singapore Chinese subjects was used to identify rare CNVs. Ten large rare CNVs were identified, and 3 in 108 individuals were confirmed to harbour de novo CNVs. All three patients were syndromic with a more complex phenotype, and each of these CNVs overlapped regions likely to be important in CHD. One was a 611 kb deletion at 17p13.3, telomeric to the Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS) critical region, overlapping the NXN gene. Another was a 5 Mb deletion at 13q33.3, within a previously described critical region for CHD. A third CNV, previously unreported, was a large duplication at 2q22.3 overlapping the ZEB2 gene. The commonly reported 1q21.1 recurrent duplication was not observed in this Chinese cohort. We provide detailed phenotypic and genotypic descriptions of large rare genic CNVs that may represent CHD loci in the East Asian population. Larger samples of Chinese origin will be required to determine whether the genome-wide distribution differs from that found in predominantly European CHD cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Y Mak
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pak Cheong Chow
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anthony P Y Liu
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin Y K Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yoyo W Y Chu
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary T K Mok
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gordon K C Leung
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kit San Yeung
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Adolphus K T Chau
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chelsea Lowther
- The Clinical Genetics Research Program at The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic at The University Health Network, and The Department of Psychiatry at The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian R Marshall
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne S Bassett
- The Clinical Genetics Research Program at The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic at The University Health Network, and The Department of Psychiatry at The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian H Y Chung
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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32
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Rundle CH, Xing W, Lau KHW, Mohan S. Bidirectional ephrin signaling in bone. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2016; 2:65-76. [PMID: 30775469 PMCID: PMC6372807 DOI: 10.1016/j.afos.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between ephrin ligands (efn) and their receptors (Eph) is capable of inducing forward signaling, from ligand to receptor, as well as reverse signaling, from receptor to ligand. The ephrins are widely expressed in many tissues, where they mediate cell migration and adherence, properties that make the efn-Eph signaling critically important in establishing and maintaining tissue boundaries. The efn-Eph system has also received considerable attention in skeletal tissues, as ligand and receptor combinations are predicted to mediate interactions between the different types of cells that regulate bone development and homeostasis. This review summarizes our current understanding of efn-Eph signaling with a particular focus on the expression and functions of ephrins and their receptors in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Rundle
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, 11201 Benton St, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA.,Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Weirong Xing
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, 11201 Benton St, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA.,Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Kin-Hing William Lau
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, 11201 Benton St, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA.,Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, 11201 Benton St, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA.,Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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33
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Chen II, Caprioli A, Ohnuki H, Kwak H, Porcher C, Tosato G. EphrinB2 regulates the emergence of a hemogenic endothelium from the aorta. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27195. [PMID: 27250641 PMCID: PMC4890174 DOI: 10.1038/srep27195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult-type intraembryonic hematopoiesis arises from specialized endothelial cells of the dorsal aorta (DA). Despite the critical importance of this specialized endothelium for establishment of hematopoietic stem cells and adult hematopoietic lineages, the mechanisms regulating its emergence are incompletely understood. We show that EphrinB2, a principal regulator of endothelial cell function, controls the development of endothelium producing adult-type hematopoiesis. The absence of EphrinB2 impairs DA-derived hematopoiesis. Transmembrane EphrinB2 and its EphB4 receptor interact in the emerging DA, which transiently harbors EphrinB2+ and EphB4+ endothelial cells, thereby providing an opportunity for bi-directional cell-to-cell signaling to control the emergence of the hemogenic endothelium. Embryonic Stem (ES) cell-derived EphrinB2+ cells are enriched with hemogenic endothelial precursors. EphrinB2 silencing impairs ES generation of hematopoietic cells but not generation of endothelial cells. The identification of EphrinB2 as an essential regulator of adult hematopoiesis provides important insight in the regulation of early hematopoietic commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inn-Inn Chen
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK
| | - Arianna Caprioli
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Marymount University, 2807 N Glebe Road, Arlington, VA 22207, USA
| | - Hidetaka Ohnuki
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hyeongil Kwak
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Catherine Porcher
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK
| | - Giovanna Tosato
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Hartmann DA, Underly RG, Watson AN, Shih AY. A murine toolbox for imaging the neurovascular unit. Microcirculation 2015; 22:168-82. [PMID: 25352367 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) coordinates many essential functions in the brain including blood flow control, nutrient delivery, and maintenance of BBB integrity. These functions are the result of a cellular and molecular interplay that we are just beginning to understand. Cells of the NVU can now be investigated in the intact brain through the combined use of high-resolution in vivo imaging and non-invasive molecular tools to observe and manipulate cell function. Mouse lines that target transgene expression to cells of the NVU will be of great value in future work. However, a detailed evaluation of target cell specificity and expression pattern within the brain is required for many existing lines. The purpose of this review was to catalog mouse lines available to cerebrovascular biologists and to discuss their utility and limitations in future imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hartmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Serrano MJ, Liu J, Svoboda KKH, Nawshad A, Benson MD. Ephrin reverse signaling mediates palatal fusion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition independently of Tgfß3. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2961-72. [PMID: 25893671 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian secondary palate forms from shelves of epithelia-covered mesenchyme that meet at midline and fuse. The midline epithelial seam (MES) is thought to degrade by apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), or both. Failure to degrade the MES blocks fusion and causes cleft palate. It was previously thought that transforming growth factor ß3 (Tgfß3) is required to initiate fusion. Members of the Eph tyrosine kinase receptor family and their membrane-bound ephrin ligands are expressed on the MES. We demonstrated that treatment of mouse palates with recombinant EphB2/Fc to activate ephrin reverse signaling (where the ephrin acts as a receptor and transduces signals from its cytodomain) was sufficient to cause mouse palatal fusion when Tgfß3 signaling was blocked by an antibody against Tgfß3 or by an inhibitor of the TgfßrI serine/threonine receptor kinase. Cultured palatal epithelial cells traded their expression of epithelial cell markers for that of mesenchymal cells and became motile after treatment with EphB2/Fc. They concurrently increased their expression of the EMT-associated transcription factors Snail, Sip1, and Twist1. EphB2/Fc did not cause apoptosis in these cells. These data reveal that ephrin reverse signaling directs palatal fusion in mammals through a mechanism that involves EMT but not apoptosis and activates a gene expression program not previously associated with ephrin reverse signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Serrano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jingpeng Liu
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Kathy K H Svoboda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ali Nawshad
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - M Douglas Benson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
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Nunan R, Campbell J, Mori R, Pitulescu ME, Jiang WG, Harding KG, Adams RH, Nobes CD, Martin P. Ephrin-Bs Drive Junctional Downregulation and Actin Stress Fiber Disassembly to Enable Wound Re-epithelialization. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1380-1395. [PMID: 26549443 PMCID: PMC4660216 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For a skin wound to successfully heal, the cut epidermal-edge cells have to migrate forward at the interface between scab and healthy granulation tissue. Much is known about how lead-edge cells migrate, but very little is known about the mechanisms that enable active participation by cells further back. Here we show that ephrin-B1 and its receptor EphB2 are both upregulated in vivo, just for the duration of repair, in the first 70 or so rows of epidermal cells, and this signal leads to downregulation of the molecular components of adherens and tight (but not desmosomal) junctions, leading to loosening between neighbors and enabling shuffle room among epidermal cells. Additionally, this signaling leads to the shutdown of actomyosin stress fibers in these same epidermal cells, which may act to release tension within the wound monolayer. If this signaling axis is perturbed, then disrupted healing is a consequence in mouse and man. Ephrin-B/EphBs are upregulated in the migrating wound epidermis in mouse and man Ephrin-B/EphB signaling drives junction loosening, thus enabling re-epithelialization Ephrin-B/EphB signaling also leads to dissolution of stress fibers and tension release In human chronic wounds ephrin-Bs are misregulated and may be a therapeutic target
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nunan
- Schools of Biochemistry and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jessica Campbell
- Schools of Biochemistry and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Ryoichi Mori
- Schools of Biochemistry and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Mara E Pitulescu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Muenster, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Wen G Jiang
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Keith G Harding
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Muenster, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Catherine D Nobes
- Schools of Biochemistry and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Paul Martin
- Schools of Biochemistry and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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Gene expression profiling of changes induced by maternal diabetes in the embryonic heart. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 57:147-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Luxey M, Laussu J, Davy A. EphrinB2 sharpens lateral motor column division in the developing spinal cord. Neural Dev 2015; 10:25. [PMID: 26503288 PMCID: PMC4624581 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-015-0051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During sensori-motor circuit development, the somas of motoneurons (MN) are distributed in a topographic manner in the ventral horn of the neural tube. Indeed, their position within the lateral motor columns (LMC) correlates with axonal trajectories and identity of target limb muscles. The mechanisms by which this topographic distribution is established remains poorly understood. To address this issue, we assessed the role of ephrinB2 in MN topographic organization in the developing mouse spinal cord. Results First, we used a reporter mouse line to establish the spatio-temporal expression pattern of EfnB2 in the developing LMC. We show that early in LMC development, ephrinB2 is differentially expressed in MN of the lateral versus medial LMC, suggesting a possible role in MN sorting and/or migration. We demonstrate that while MN-specific excision of EfnB2 did not perturb specification or migration of MN, conditional loss of ephrinB2 led to the blurring of the LMC divisional boundary and to errors in the selection of LMC axon trajectory in the limb. Conclusions Altogether, our study uncovered a novel cell autonomous role for ephrinB2 in LMC MN thus emphasizing the prevalent role of this ephrin member in maintaining cell population boundaries. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-015-0051-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëva Luxey
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Institut de Recherche Clinique de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal (Québec), H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Julien Laussu
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Davy
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France. .,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Lewis AE, Hwa J, Wang R, Soriano P, Bush JO. Neural crest defects in ephrin-B2 mutant mice are non-autonomous and originate from defects in the vasculature. Dev Biol 2015; 406:186-95. [PMID: 26385750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ephrin-B2, a member of the Eph/ephrin family of cell signaling molecules, has been implicated in the guidance of cranial and trunk neural crest cells (NCC) and development of the branchial arches(BA), but detailed examination in mice has been hindered by embryonic lethality of Efnb2 null loss of function due to a requirement in angiogenic remodeling. To elucidate the developmental roles for Efnb2, we generated a conditional rescue knock-in allele that allows rescue of ephrin-B2 specifically in the vascular endothelium (VE), but is otherwise ephrin-B2 deficient. Restoration of ephrin-B2 expression specifically to the VE completely circumvents angiogenic phenotypes, indicating that the requirement of ephrin-B2 in angiogenesis is limited to the VE. Surprisingly, we find that expression of ephrin-B2 specifically in the VE is also sufficient for normal NCC migration and that conversely, embryos in which ephrin-B2 is absent specifically from the VE exhibit NCC migration and survival defects. Disruption of vascular development independent of loss of ephrin-B2 function also leads to defects in NCC and BA development. Together, these data indicate that direct ephrin-B2 signaling to NCCs is not required for NCC guidance, which instead depends on proper organization of the embryonic vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ace E Lewis
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Jennifer Hwa
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Rong Wang
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Jeffrey O Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States.
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Burger NB, Bekker MN, de Groot CJM, Christoffels VM, Haak MC. Why increased nuchal translucency is associated with congenital heart disease: a systematic review on genetic mechanisms. Prenat Diagn 2015; 35:517-28. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B. Burger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mireille N. Bekker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincent M. Christoffels
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Monique C. Haak
- Department of Obstetrics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
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Ephrin-B2 mediates trophoblast-dependent maternal spiral artery remodeling in first trimester. Placenta 2015; 36:567-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Defourny J, Mateo Sánchez S, Schoonaert L, Robberecht W, Davy A, Nguyen L, Malgrange B. Cochlear supporting cell transdifferentiation and integration into hair cell layers by inhibition of ephrin-B2 signalling. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7017. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Fantauzzo KA, Soriano P. Receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: regulating neural crest development one phosphate at a time. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 111:135-82. [PMID: 25662260 PMCID: PMC4363133 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) bind to a subset of growth factors on the surface of cells and elicit responses with broad roles in developmental and postnatal cellular processes. Receptors in this subclass consist of an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain harboring a catalytic tyrosine kinase and regulatory sequences that are phosphorylated either by the receptor itself or by various interacting proteins. Once activated, RTKs bind signaling molecules and recruit effector proteins to mediate downstream cellular responses through various intracellular signaling pathways. In this chapter, we highlight the role of a subset of RTK families in regulating the activity of neural crest cells (NCCs) and the development of their derivatives in mammalian systems. NCCs are migratory, multipotent cells that can be subdivided into four axial populations, cranial, cardiac, vagal, and trunk. These cells migrate throughout the vertebrate embryo along defined pathways and give rise to unique cell types and structures. Interestingly, individual RTK families often have specific functions in a subpopulation of NCCs that contribute to the diversity of these cells and their derivatives in the mammalian embryo. We additionally discuss current methods used to investigate RTK signaling, including genetic, biochemical, large-scale proteomic, and biosensor approaches, which can be applied to study intracellular signaling pathways active downstream of this receptor subclass during NCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Fantauzzo
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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44
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Fagotto F. Regulation of Cell Adhesion and Cell Sorting at Embryonic Boundaries. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:19-64. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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45
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Ottone C, Krusche B, Whitby A, Clements M, Quadrato G, Pitulescu ME, Adams RH, Parrinello S. Direct cell-cell contact with the vascular niche maintains quiescent neural stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:1045-56. [PMID: 25283993 PMCID: PMC4298702 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature is a prominent component of the subventricular zone neural stem cell niche. Although quiescent neural stem cells physically contact blood vessels at specialised endfeet, the significance of this interaction is not understood. In contrast, it is well established that vasculature-secreted soluble factors promote lineage progression of committed progenitors. Here we specifically investigated the role of cell-cell contact-dependent signalling in the vascular niche. Unexpectedly, we find that direct cell-cell interactions with endothelial cells enforces quiescence and promotes stem cell identity. Mechanistically, endothelial ephrinB2 and Jagged1 mediate these effects by suppressing cell-cycle entry downstream of mitogens and inducing stemness genes to jointly inhibit differentiation. In vivo, endothelial-specific ablation of either of the genes which encode these proteins, Efnb2 and Jag1 respectively, aberrantly activates quiescent stem cells, resulting in depletion. Thus, we identify the vasculature as a critical niche compartment for stem cell maintenance, furthering our understanding of how anchorage to the niche maintains stem cells within a pro-differentiative microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ottone
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Benjamin Krusche
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ariadne Whitby
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Melanie Clements
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Giorgia Quadrato
- Hertie Institute for Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Mara E Pitulescu
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster D-48149, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster D-48149, Germany
| | - Simona Parrinello
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, UK
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Nielsen CM, Cuervo H, Ding VW, Kong Y, Huang EJ, Wang RA. Deletion of Rbpj from postnatal endothelium leads to abnormal arteriovenous shunting in mice. Development 2014; 141:3782-92. [PMID: 25209249 DOI: 10.1242/dev.108951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are tortuous vessels characterized by arteriovenous (AV) shunts, which displace capillaries and shunt blood directly from artery to vein. Notch signaling regulates embryonic AV specification by promoting arterial, as opposed to venous, endothelial cell (EC) fate. To understand the essential role of endothelial Notch signaling in postnatal AV organization, we used inducible Cre-loxP recombination to delete Rbpj, a mediator of canonical Notch signaling, from postnatal ECs in mice. Deletion of endothelial Rbpj from birth resulted in features of AVMs by P14, including abnormal AV shunting and tortuous vessels in the brain, intestine and heart. We further analyzed brain AVMs, as they pose particular health risks. Consistent with AVM pathology, we found cerebral hemorrhage, hypoxia and necrosis, and neurological deficits. AV shunts originated from capillaries (and possibly venules), with the earliest detectable morphological abnormalities in AV connections by P8. Prior to AV shunt formation, alterations in EC gene expression were detected, including decreased Efnb2 and increased Pai1, which encodes a downstream effector of TGFβ signaling. After AV shunts had formed, whole-mount immunostaining showed decreased Efnb2 and increased Ephb4 expression within AV shunts, suggesting that ECs were reprogrammed from arterial to venous identity. Deletion of Rbpj from adult ECs led to tortuosities in gastrointestinal, uterine and skin vascular beds, but had mild effects in the brain. Our results demonstrate a temporal requirement for Rbpj in postnatal ECs to maintain proper artery, capillary and vein organization and to prevent abnormal AV shunting and AVM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne M Nielsen
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Henar Cuervo
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Vivianne W Ding
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yupeng Kong
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rong A Wang
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Lindskog H, Kim YH, Jelin EB, Kong Y, Guevara-Gallardo S, Kim TN, Wang RA. Molecular identification of venous progenitors in the dorsal aorta reveals an aortic origin for the cardinal vein in mammals. Development 2014; 141:1120-8. [PMID: 24550118 DOI: 10.1242/dev.101808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated arterial-venous differentiation is crucial for vascular development and function. The origin of the cardinal vein (CV) in mammals is unknown, while conflicting theories have been reported in chick and zebrafish. Here, we provide the first molecular characterization of endothelial cells (ECs) expressing venous molecular markers, or venous-fated ECs, within the emergent dorsal aorta (DA). These ECs, expressing the venous molecular markers Coup-TFII and EphB4, cohabited the early DA with ECs expressing the arterial molecular markers ephrin B2, Notch and connexin 40. These mixed ECs in the early DA expressed either the arterial or venous molecular marker, but rarely both. Subsequently, the DA exhibited uniform arterial markers. Real-time imaging of mouse embryos revealed EC movement from the DA to the CV during the stage when venous-fated ECs occupied the DA. We analyzed mutants for EphB4, which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase for the ephrin B2 ligand, as we hypothesized that ephrin B2/EphB4 signaling may mediate the repulsion of venous-fated ECs from the DA to the CV. Using an EC quantification approach, we discovered that venous-fated ECs increased in the DA and decreased in the CV in the mutants, whereas the rest of the ECs in each vessel were unaffected. This result suggests that the venous-fated ECs were retained in the DA and missing in the CV in the EphB4 mutant, and thus that ephrin B2/EphB4 signaling normally functions to clear venous-fated ECs from the DA to the CV by cell repulsion. Therefore, our cellular and molecular evidence suggests that the DA harbors venous progenitors that move to participate in CV formation, and that ephrin B2/EphB4 signaling regulates this aortic contribution to the mammalian CV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Lindskog
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Tai AX, Cassidy RM, Kromer LF. EphA7 expression identifies a unique neuronal compartment in the rat striatum. J Comp Neurol 2014; 521:2663-79. [PMID: 23348681 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Prior studies have identified two anatomically and neurochemically distinct cellular compartments within the mammalian striatum, termed striosomes and matrix, which express μ-opioid receptors (μOR) and EphA4, respectively. Here we identify and characterize an additional compartment in the rat striatum composed of neurons that express EphA7. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical data indicate that neurons expressing EphA7 mRNA and protein are arranged in a banded "matrisome-like" pattern confined to the matrix in the dorsal striatum. Within the ventral striatum, EphA7-positive (+) neurons have a less organized mosaic pattern that partially overlaps areas expressing μOR. Immunolabeling data demonstrate that EphA7+ striatofugal axons form distinct fascicles leaving the striatum. Within the globus pallidus, EphA7+ axons terminate primarily within ventromedial areas of the nucleus and along its striatal border. EphA7+ axons avoid regions containing dopamine neurons within the substantia nigra and preferentially innervate areas near the rostral and caudal margins of the nucleus. Within both nuclei, EphA7+ axons have similar but more restricted terminal fields than the entire population of EphA4+ matrix axons, indicating that EphA7+ axons comprise a subpopulation of matrix axons. Ligand binding data demonstrate that ephrin-A5 selectively binds areas of the striatum, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra containing EphA7+ neurons and axons, but not areas expressing only EphA4. Our findings demonstrate that EphA7 expression identifies a novel "matrisome" compartment within the matrix that binds ephrin-A5 and possesses unique axonal projections. Our findings also suggest that EphA7 and ephrin-A5 may participate in the formation of this matrisome subcompartment and its striatofugal projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander X Tai
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Fagotto F, Winklbauer R, Rohani N. Ephrin-Eph signaling in embryonic tissue separation. Cell Adh Migr 2014; 8:308-26. [PMID: 25482630 PMCID: PMC4594459 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.970028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The physical separation of the embryonic regions that give rise to the tissues and organs of multicellular organisms is a fundamental aspect of morphogenesis. Pioneer experiments by Holtfreter had shown that embryonic cells can sort based on "tissue affinities," which have long been considered to rely on differences in cell-cell adhesion. However, vertebrate embryonic tissues also express a variety of cell surface cues, in particular ephrins and Eph receptors, and there is now firm evidence that these molecules are systematically used to induce local repulsion at contacts between different cell types, efficiently preventing mixing of adjacent cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Dpt. of Cell and Systems Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
| | - Nazanin Rohani
- Dpt. of Biology; McGill University; Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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50
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Cejalvo T, Munoz JJ, Tobajas E, Fanlo L, Alfaro D, García-Ceca J, Zapata A. Ephrin-B-dependent thymic epithelial cell-thymocyte interactions are necessary for correct T cell differentiation and thymus histology organization: relevance for thymic cortex development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2670-81. [PMID: 23408838 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous analysis on the thymus of erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte kinases (Eph) B knockout mice and chimeras revealed that Eph-Eph receptor-interacting proteins (ephrins) are expressed both on T cells and thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and play a role in defining the thymus microenvironments. In the current study, we have used the Cre-LoxP system to selectively delete ephrin-B1 and/or ephrin-B2 in either thymocytes (EfnB1(thy/thy), EfnB2(thy/thy), and EfnB1(thy/thy)EfnB2(thy/thy) mice) or TECs (EfnB1(tec/tec), EfnB2(tec/tec), and EfnB1(tec/tec)EfnB2(tec/tec) mice) and determine the relevance of these Eph ligands in T cell differentiation and thymus histology. Our results indicate that ephrin-B1 and ephrin-B2 expressed on thymocytes play an autonomous role in T cell development and, expressed on TECs, their nonautonomous roles are partially overlapping. The effects of the lack of ephrin-B1 and/or ephrin-B2 on either thymocytes or TECs are more severe and specific on thymic epithelium, contribute to the cell intermingling necessary for thymus organization, and affect cortical TEC subpopulation phenotype and location. Moreover, ephrin-B1 and ephrin-B2 seem to be involved in the temporal appearance of distinct cortical TECs subsets defined by different Ly51 levels of expression on the ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cejalvo
- Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy Center, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
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