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Lee K, Hyun JO, Cho HT. An inquiry into the radial patterning of root hair cell distribution in eudicots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39327901 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
The root epidermis of tracheophytes consists of hair-forming cells (HCs) and nonhair cells (NCs). The HC distribution pattern is classified into three types: random (Type I), vertically alternating (Type II), and radial (Type III). Type III is found only in core eudicots and is known to be position-dependent in superrosids with HCs positioned between two underlying cortical cells. However, the evolution of Type III and the universality of its position dependency in eudicots remain unclear. We surveyed the HC distribution in basal and Type III-exhibiting core eudicots and conducted genomic analyses to get insight into whether eudicots share the same genetic network to establish Type III. Our survey revealed no canonical Type III in basal eudicots but a reverse Type III, with NCs between two cortical cells and HCs on a single cortical cell, in Papaveraceae of basal eudicots. Type III-exhibiting species from both superrosids and superasterids showed the canonical position dependency of HCs. However, some key components for Type III determination were absent in the genomes of Papaveraceae and Type III-exhibiting superasterids. Our findings identify a novel position-dependent type of HC patterning, reverse Type III, and suggest that Type III emerged independently or diversified during eudicot evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeonghoon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jin-Oh Hyun
- Northeastern Asia Biodiversity Institute, Gyeonggi-do, 12982, Korea
| | - Hyung-Taeg Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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2
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Cheng J, Wang J, Bi S, Li M, Wang L, Wang L, Li T, Zhang X, Gao Y, Zhu L, Wang C. GLABRA 2 regulates ETHYLENE OVERPRODUCER 1 accumulation during nutrient deficiency-induced root hair growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1906-1924. [PMID: 38497551 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Root hairs (RHs), extensive structures of root epidermal cells, are important for plant nutrient acquisition, soil anchorage, and environmental interactions. Excessive production of the phytohormone ethylene (ET) leads to substantial root hair growth, manifested as tolerance to plant nutrient deficiencies. However, the molecular basis of ET production during root hair growth in response to nutrient starvation remains unknown. Herein, we found that a critical transcription factor, GLABRA 2 (GL2), inhibits ET production during root hair growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). GL2 directly binds to the promoter of the gene encoding ET OVERPRODUCER 1 (ETO1), one of the most important ET-production-regulation factors, in vitro and in vivo, and then regulates the accumulation and function of ETO1 in root hair growth. The GL2-regulated-ETO1 module is required for promoting root hair growth under nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium deficiency. Genome-wide analysis revealed numerous genes, such as ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6-LIKE 4, ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE 2, ROOT HAIR SPECIFIC 13, are involved in the GL2-regulated-ETO1 module. Our work reveals a key transcription mechanism in the control of ET production during root hair growth under three major nutrient deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Cheng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jinshu Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Shuangtian Bi
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lina Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Germplasm Resource and Biotechnology; Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300384, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Che Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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3
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Xu W, Nyamaharo KC, Huang Y, Mei J, Guo W, Ke L, Sun Y. A signal R3-type, CAPRICE-like MYB transcription factor from Dendrobium nobile controls trichome and root-hair development in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 337:111878. [PMID: 37777017 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The CAPRICE-like MYB transcription factors with R3 MYB motif play a central role in regulating trichome and root-hair development in plants. We identified the homologous gene of ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC (ETC) in Arabidopsis from Dendrobium nobile Lindl with full cDNA sequence and genomic sequence (CAPRICE-LIKE MYB, DnCPL and DngCPL) respectively. Phylogenic analyses revealed a close relationship of CAPRICE-like MYB TFs between D. nobile and A. thaliana. Promoter analysis indicated that DnCPL is specifically expressed in trichome basal cells of leaf epidermis and root hairs. Overexpression of DnCPL results in the suppression of trichome formation and overproduction of root hairs. In transgenic plants overexpressing DnCPL and DngCPL, trichome formation was inhibited, moreover, no trichomes were observed in tissues of aerial parts, and root-hair differentiation was significantly enhanced by strongly repressing endogenous genes of AtCPC, AtTCL1, and AtTCL2 expression, thereby enhancing AtTRY expression. The DnCPL RNAi plants formed fewer lateral roots with a corresponding change in AtCPC, AtTCL1 and AtTCL2 expression. These results suggest that Dendrobium and Arabidopsis partially use similar transcription factors for epidermal cell differentiation and the CPC-like R3 MYB, DnCPL, may be a key common regulator of plant trichome and root-hair development. The results also provided genes and means of regulation to improve the survival ratio of artificially cultivated Dendrobium with more lateral roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Xu
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kundai Chelsea Nyamaharo
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinshuai Huang
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Mei
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wanli Guo
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liping Ke
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuqiang Sun
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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Serna L. Evolution of gene regulatory network architectures regulating root hair patterning in superrosid species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:940-944. [PMID: 37537753 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Serna
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, 45071, Spain
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Yu X, Tang L, Tang X, Mao Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of MYB Transcription Factors in Pyropia yezoensis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3613. [PMID: 37896076 PMCID: PMC10609806 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
MYB transcription factors are one of the largest transcription factor families in plants, and they regulate numerous biological processes. Red algae are an important taxonomic group and have important roles in economics and research. However, no comprehensive analysis of the MYB gene family in any red algae, including Pyropia yezoensis, has been conducted. To identify the MYB gene members of Py. yezoensis, and to investigate their family structural features and expression profile characteristics, a study was conducted. In this study, 3 R2R3-MYBs and 13 MYB-related members were identified in Py. yezoensis. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that most red algae MYB genes could be clustered with green plants or Glaucophyta MYB genes, inferring their ancient origins. Synteny analysis indicated that 13 and 5 PyMYB genes were orthologous to Pyropia haitanensis and Porphyra umbilicalis, respectively. Most Bangiaceae MYB genes contain several Gly-rich motifs, which may be the result of an adaptation to carbon limitations and maintenance of important regulatory functions. An expression profile analysis showed that PyMYB genes exhibited diverse expression profiles. However, the expression patterns of different members appeared to be diverse, and PyMYB5 was upregulated in response to dehydration, low temperature, and Pythium porphyrae infection. This is the first comprehensive study of the MYB gene family in Py. Yezoensis and it provides vital insights into the functional divergence of MYB genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzi Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lei Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xianghai Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yunxiang Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Tropical Marine Bioresource & Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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Zhu Y, Schiefelbein J. A conserved gene regulatory network controls root epidermal cell patterning in superrosid species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2410-2426. [PMID: 36932734 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In superrosid species, root epidermal cells differentiate into root hair cells and nonhair cells. In some superrosids, the root hair cells and nonhair cells are distributed randomly (Type I pattern), and in others, they are arranged in a position-dependent manner (Type III pattern). The model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) adopts the Type III pattern, and the gene regulatory network (GRN) that controls this pattern has been defined. However, it is unclear whether the Type III pattern in other species is controlled by a similar GRN as in Arabidopsis, and it is not known how the different patterns evolved. In this study, we analyzed superrosid species Rhodiola rosea, Boehmeria nivea, and Cucumis sativus for their root epidermal cell patterns. Combining phylogenetics, transcriptomics, and cross-species complementation, we analyzed homologs of the Arabidopsis patterning genes from these species. We identified R. rosea and B. nivea as Type III species and C. sativus as Type I species. We discovered substantial similarities in structure, expression, and function of Arabidopsis patterning gene homologs in R. rosea and B. nivea, and major changes in C. sativus. We propose that in superrosids, diverse Type III species inherited the patterning GRN from a common ancestor, whereas Type I species arose by mutations in multiple lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - John Schiefelbein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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7
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Kushwaha AK, Dwivedi S, Mukherjee A, Lingwan M, Dar MA, Bhagavatula L, Datta S. Plant microProteins: Small but powerful modulators of plant development. iScience 2022; 25:105400. [PMID: 36353725 PMCID: PMC9638782 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroProteins (miPs) are small and single-domain containing proteins of less than 20 kDa. This domain allows microProteins to interact with compatible domains of evolutionary-related proteins and fine-tuning the key physiological pathways in several organisms. Since the first report of a microProtein in mice, numerous microProteins have been identified in plants by computational approaches. However, only a few candidates have been functionally characterized, primarily in Arabidopsis. The recent success of synthetic microProteins in modulating physiological activities in crops makes these proteins interesting candidates for crop engineering. Here, we comprehensively summarise the synthesis, mode of action, and functional roles of microProteins in plants. We also discuss different approaches used to identify plant microProteins. Additionally, we discuss novel approaches to design synthetic microProteins that can be used to target proteins regulating plant growth and development. We finally highlight the prospects and challenges of utilizing microProteins in future crop improvement programs. MicroProteins (miPs) are small-sized proteins with a molecular weight of 5–20 kDa MiPs can be detected through multiomics and computational approaches MiPs are crucial regulators of plant growth and development MiPs as condensates, synthetic miPs, and limitations
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Zhou L, Li J, Zeng T, Xu Z, Luo J, Zheng R, Wang Y, Wang C. TcMYB8, a R3-MYB Transcription Factor, Positively Regulates Pyrethrin Biosynthesis in Tanacetum cinerariifolium. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12186. [PMID: 36293043 PMCID: PMC9602545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethrins are a mixture of terpenes, with insecticidal properties, that accumulate in the aboveground parts of the pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium). Numerous studies have been published on the positive role of MYB transcription factors (TFs) in terpenoid biosynthesis; however, the role of MYB TFs in pyrethrin biosynthesis remains unknown. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a T. cinerariifolium MYB gene encoding a R3-MYB protein, TcMYB8, containing a large number of hormone-responsive elements in its promoter. The expression of the TcMYB8 gene showed a downward trend during the development stage of flowers and leaves, and was induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA). Transient overexpression of TcMYB8 enhanced the expression of key enzyme-encoding genes, TcCHS and TcGLIP, and increased the content of pyrethrins. By contrast, transient silencing of TcMYB8 decreased pyrethrin contents and downregulated TcCHS and TcGLIP expression. Further analysis indicated that TcMYB8 directly binds to cis-elements in proTcCHS and proTcGLIP to activate their expression, thus regulating pyrethrin biosynthesis. Together, these results highlight the potential application of TcMYB8 for improving the T. cinerariifolium germplasm, and provide insight into the pyrethrin biosynthesis regulation network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tuo Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhizhuo Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Riru Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Song J, Chen Y, Li X, Ma Q, Liu Q, Pan Y, Jiang B. Cloning and Functional Verification of CmRAX2 Gene Associated with Chrysanthemum Lateral Branches Development. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050779. [PMID: 35627164 PMCID: PMC9140354 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), as one of the four major cut flowers in the world, occupies a large position in the world’s fresh cut flower market. The RAX2 gene is an R2R3 MYB transcription factor that is associated with the development of the axillary bud. In this study, the CmRAX2 gene cloned by homologous cloning in Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Jinba’ is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm, having a complete open reading frame (ORF) of 1050 bp and encoding 350 amino acids. The transactivation assay in yeast indicates that CmRAX2 is a transcriptional activator. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) Analysis indicated that CmRAX2 was preferentially expressed in the lateral branches and roots of Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Jinba’, 14.11 and 10.69 times more than in leaves. After the overexpression vector of CmRAX2 was constructed and transformed into Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Jinba’, it was found that the number of lateral branches and plant height increased, and the emergence time of lateral branches and rooting time advanced after the overexpression of CmRAX2. The results showed that CmRAX2 can promote the lateral bud development of the chrysanthemum, which provides an important theoretical basis for the subsequent molecular breeding and standardized production of the chrysanthemum.
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Short Peptides Induce Development of Root Hair Nicotiana tabacum. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070852. [PMID: 35406832 PMCID: PMC9002736 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Root hairs absorb soil nutrients and water, and anchor the plant in the soil. Treatment of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) roots with glycine (Gly) amino acid, and glycilglycine (GlyGly) and glycilaspartic acid (GlyAsp) dipeptides (10−7 M concentration) significantly increased the development of root hairs. In the root, peptide accumulation was tissue-specific, with predominant localization to the root cap, meristem, elongation zone, and absorption zone. Peptides penetrated the epidermal and cortical cell and showed greater localization to the nucleus than to the cytoplasm. Compared with the control, tobacco plants grown in the presence of Gly, GlyGly, and GlyAsp exhibited the activation of WER, CPC, bHLH54, and bHLH66 genes and suppression of GTL1 and GL2 genes during root hair lengthening. Although Gly, GlyGly, and GlyAsp have a similar structure, the mechanism of regulation of root hair growth in each case were different, and these differences are most likely due to the fact that neutral Gly and GlyGly and negatively charged GlyAsp bind to different motives of functionally important proteins. Short peptides site-specifically interact with DNA, and histones. The molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of exogenous peptides on cellular processes remain unclear. Since these compounds acted at low concentrations, gene expression regulation by short peptides is most likely of epigenetic nature.
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Lv D, Wang G, Zhang Q, Yu Y, Qin PC, Pang JA, Sun JX, Zhang KY, He HL, Cai R, Pan JS. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Hard and Tender Fruit Spines of Cucumber to Identify Genes Involved in the Morphological Development of Fruit Spines. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:797433. [PMID: 35371132 PMCID: PMC8965156 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.797433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The spines of cucumber fruit not only have important commercial value but are also a classical tissue to study cell division and differentiation modes of multicellular trichomes. It has been reported that CsTs (C-type Lectin receptor-like kinase) can influence the development of fruit spines. In this study, we took a pair of cucumber materials defined as hard (Ts, wild type) and tender spines (ts, mutant) and defined the developmental process of fruit spines as consisting of four stages (stage I to stage IV) by continuously observing by microscope and SEM. Comparisons of transcriptome profiles at different development stages of wild-type spines showed that 803 and 722 genes were upregulated in the stalk (stage II and stage III) and base (stage IV) development stages of fruit spines, respectively. The function analysis of DEGs showed that genes related to auxin polar transport and HD-ZIP transcription factor are significantly upregulated during the development of the stalk. bHLH transcription factors and cytoskeleton-related genes were significantly upregulated during the development of the base. In addition, stage III is the key point for the difference between wild-type and mutant spines. We detected 628 DEGs between wild type and mutant at stage III. These DEGs are mainly involved in the calcium signaling of the cytoskeleton and auxin polar transport. Coincidentally, we found that CsVTI11, a factor involved in auxin signal transmission, can interact with CsTs in vivo, but this interaction does not occur between CsVTI11 and Csts, further suggesting that CsTs may regulate the development of fruit spines by influencing cell polarity. These results provide useful tools to study the molecular networks associated with cucumber fruit spine development and elucidate the biological pathways that C-type Lectin receptor-like kinase plays in regulating the development of fruit spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Lv
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Committee of Agriculture and Rural Areas of Jinshan District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Yu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Chao Qin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-An Pang
- Tianjin Derit Seeds Company Limited, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing-Xian Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-Yan Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan-Le He
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Run Cai
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Song Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Li M, Zhu Y, Li S, Zhang W, Yin C, Lin Y. Regulation of Phytohormones on the Growth and Development of Plant Root Hair. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:865302. [PMID: 35401627 PMCID: PMC8988291 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.865302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The tubular-shaped unicellular extensions of plant epidermal cells known as root hairs are important components of plant roots and play crucial roles in absorbing nutrients and water and in responding to stress. The growth and development of root hair include, mainly, fate determination of root hair cells, root hair initiation, and root hair elongation. Phytohormones play important regulatory roles as signal molecules in the growth and development of root hair. In this review, we describe the regulatory roles of auxin, ethylene (ETH), jasmonate (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), strigolactone (SL), cytokinin (CK), and brassinosteroid (BR) in the growth and development of plant root hairs. Auxin, ETH, and CK play positive regulation while BR plays negative regulation in the fate determination of root hair cells; Auxin, ETH, JA, CK, and ABA play positive regulation while BR plays negative regulation in the root hair initiation; Auxin, ETH, CK, and JA play positive regulation while BR, GA, and ABA play negative regulation in the root hair elongation. Phytohormones regulate root hair growth and development mainly by regulating transcription of root hair associated genes, including WEREWOLF (WER), GLABRA2 (GL2), CAPRICE (CPC), and HAIR DEFECTIVE 6 (RHD6). Auxin and ETH play vital roles in this regulation, with JA, ABA, SL, and BR interacting with auxin and ETH to regulate further the growth and development of root hairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanchun Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Susu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changxi Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Changxi Yin,
| | - Yongjun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Mapar M, Chopra D, Stephan L, Schrader A, Sun H, Schneeberger K, Albani M, Coupland G, Hülskamp M. Genetic and Molecular Analysis of Root Hair Development in Arabis alpina. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:767772. [PMID: 34721494 PMCID: PMC8554057 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.767772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root hair formation in Arabidopsis thaliana is a well-established model system for epidermal patterning and morphogenesis in plants. Over the last decades, many underlying regulatory genes and well-established networks have been identified by thorough genetic and molecular analysis. In this study, we used a forward genetic approach to identify genes involved in root hair development in Arabis alpina, a related crucifer species that diverged from A. thaliana approximately 26-40 million years ago. We found all root hair mutant classes known in A. thaliana and identified orthologous regulatory genes by whole-genome or candidate gene sequencing. Our findings indicate that the gene-phenotype relationships regulating root hair development are largely conserved between A. thaliana and A. alpina. Concordantly, a detailed analysis of one mutant with multiple hairs originating from one cell suggested that a mutation in the SUPERCENTIPEDE1 (SCN1) gene is causal for the phenotype and that AaSCN1 is fully functional in A. thaliana. Interestingly, we also found differences in the regulation of root hair differentiation and morphogenesis between the species, and a subset of root hair mutants could not be explained by mutations in orthologs of known genes from A. thaliana. This analysis provides insight into the conservation and divergence of root hair regulation in the Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mapar
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Divykriti Chopra
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Stephan
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Schrader
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hequan Sun
- Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Maria Albani
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Hülskamp
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
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Wakamatsu J, Wada T, Tanaka W, Fujii S, Fujikawa Y, Sambongi Y, Tominaga R. Identification of six CPC-like genes and their differential expression in leaves of tea plant, Camellia sinensis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 263:153465. [PMID: 34225176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tea is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide, and trichome formation in tea plant leaves impairs their commercial value. In Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, trichome formation is negatively regulated by the CPC family genes, which encode R3-type MYB transcription factors. Here, we identified six CPC-like genes in a tea plant (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis) for the first time. Simulated three-dimensional structure of the MYB domains of all the six CPC-like proteins exhibited negative charge on the surface, as observed on that of the Arabidopsis CPC protein that does not bind to DNA, indicating their similarity with regard to molecular interaction. We further found that the six CPC-like genes were differentially expressed in different developmental stages of tea leaves, and four out of the six genes were upregulated in the youngest 1st leaves, which formed more trichomes than other older leaves. Although it does not establish a causal link, the correlation between differential expression of CPC-like genes and variable trichome formation suggests that the R3-type MYB transcription factors are potential precipitating factors in affecting the value of tea leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Wakamatsu
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Takuji Wada
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Wakana Tanaka
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Sotaro Fujii
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Yukichi Fujikawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sambongi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Rumi Tominaga
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
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Involvement of ABA Responsive SVB Genes in the Regulation of Trichome Formation in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136790. [PMID: 34202673 PMCID: PMC8268597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichome formation in Arabidopsis is regulated by several key regulators, and plants hormones such as gibberellin, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and cytokinins have been shown to regulate trichome formation by affecting the transcription or activities of the key regulators. We report here the identification of two abscisic acid (ABA) responsive genes, SMALLER TRICHOMES WITH VARIABLE BRANCHES (SVB) and SVB2 as trichome formation regulator genes in Arabidopsis. The expression levels of SVB and SVB2 were increased in response to ABA treatment, their expression levels were reduced in the ABA biosynthesis mutant aba1-5, and they have similar expression pattern. In addition to the trichome defects reported previously for the svb single mutant, we found that even though the trichome numbers were largely unaffected in both the svb and svb2 single mutants generate by using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, the trichome numbers were greatly reduced in the svb svb2 double mutants. On the other hand, trichome numbers were increased in SVB or SVB2 overexpression plants. RT-PCR results show that the expression of the trichome formation key regulator gene ENHANCER OF GLABRA3 (EGL3) was affected in the svb svb2 double mutants. Our results suggest that SVB and SVB2 are ABA responsive genes, and SVB and SVB2 function redundantly to regulate trichome formation in Arabidopsis.
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Zheng K, Wang X, Wang Y, Wang S. Conserved and non-conserved functions of the rice homologs of the Arabidopsis trichome initiation-regulating MBW complex proteins. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:234. [PMID: 34034660 PMCID: PMC8145838 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichome initiation in Arabidopsis is regulated by a MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) transcriptional activator complex formed by the R2R3 MYB transcription factor GLABRA1 (GL1), MYB23 or MYB82, the bHLH transcription factor GLABRA3 (GL3), ENHANCER OF GLABRA3 (EGL3) or TRANSPARENT TESTA8 (TT8), and the WD40-repeat protein TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1). However, the functions of the rice homologs of the MBW complex proteins remained uncharacterized. RESULTS Based on amino acid sequence identity and similarity, and protein interaction prediction, we identified OsGL1s, OsGL3s and OsTTG1s as rice homologs of the MBW complex proteins. By using protoplast transfection, we show that OsGL1D, OsGL1E, OsGL3B and OsTTG1A were predominantly localized in the nucleus, OsGL3B functions as a transcriptional activator and is able to interact with GL1 and TTG1. By using yeast two-hybrid and protoplast transfection assays, we show that OsGL3B is able to interact with OsGL1E and OsTTG1A, and OsGL1E and OsTTG1A are also able to interact with GL3. On the other hand, we found that OsGL1D functions as a transcription activator, and it can interact with GL3 but not OsGL3B. Furthermore, our results show that expression of OsTTG1A in the ttg1 mutant restored the phenotypes including alternations in trichome and root hair formation, seed color, mucilage production and anthocyanin biosynthesis, indicating that OsTTG1A and TTG1 may have similar functions. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the rice homologs of the Arabidopsis MBW complex proteins are able to form MBW complexes, but may have conserved and non-conserved functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xutong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shucai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & Crop Gene Editing, School of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China.
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Xiao R, Zhang C, Guo X, Li H, Lu H. MYB Transcription Factors and Its Regulation in Secondary Cell Wall Formation and Lignin Biosynthesis during Xylem Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3560. [PMID: 33808132 PMCID: PMC8037110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The secondary wall is the main part of wood and is composed of cellulose, xylan, lignin, and small amounts of structural proteins and enzymes. Lignin molecules can interact directly or indirectly with cellulose, xylan and other polysaccharide molecules in the cell wall, increasing the mechanical strength and hydrophobicity of plant cells and tissues and facilitating the long-distance transportation of water in plants. MYBs (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) belong to one of the largest superfamilies of transcription factors, the members of which regulate secondary cell-wall formation by promoting/inhibiting the biosynthesis of lignin, cellulose, and xylan. Among them, MYB46 and MYB83, which comprise the second layer of the main switch of secondary cell-wall biosynthesis, coordinate upstream and downstream secondary wall synthesis-related transcription factors. In addition, MYB transcription factors other than MYB46/83, as well as noncoding RNAs, hormones, and other factors, interact with one another to regulate the biosynthesis of the secondary wall. Here, we discuss the biosynthesis of secondary wall, classification and functions of MYB transcription factors and their regulation of lignin polymerization and secondary cell-wall formation during wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (R.X.); (H.L.)
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Chong Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiaorui Guo
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (R.X.); (H.L.)
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Hai Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (R.X.); (H.L.)
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.)
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Jiang S, Sun Q, Zhang T, Liu W, Wang N, Chen X. MdMYB114 regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis and functions downstream of MdbZIP4-like in apple fruit. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 257:153353. [PMID: 33352460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins, a major class of compounds derived from the flavonoid pathway, are important pigments of apple fruit. They can also prevent certain diseases and are beneficial to human health. Fruit pigmentation is a key quality trait that influences consumer preference; therefore, it is of great importance to investigate its regulatory mechanism. Here, we identified a MYB transcription factor (TF), MdMYB114, whose transcript level increased in the skin of the deep red apple fruit. It was determined to belong to the R2R3-MYB TF family and was localized in the nucleus. MdMYB114 overexpression led to anthocyanin accumulation in apple calli. MdMYB114 was not able to form an MBW complex but could enhance anthocyanin biosynthesis and transport by directly binding to the promoters of MdANS, MdUFGT, and MdGST to promote their expression. In addition, multiple assays revealed that MdbZIP4-like, a basic leucine-zipper TF, could directly bind to the MdMYB114 promoter to enhance its expression. Taken collectively, our results provide evidence that MdMYB114 is a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis and transport and it functions downstream of MdbZIP4-like in apple fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Jiang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Development and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Qingguo Sun
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Tianliang Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Xuesen Chen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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Mase K, Tsukagoshi H. Reactive Oxygen Species Link Gene Regulatory Networks During Arabidopsis Root Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:660274. [PMID: 33986765 PMCID: PMC8110921 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.660274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant development under altered nutritional status and environmental conditions and during attack from invaders is highly regulated by plant hormones at the molecular level by various signaling pathways. Previously, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were believed to be harmful as they cause oxidative damage to cells; however, in the last decade, the essential role of ROS as signaling molecules regulating plant growth has been revealed. Plant roots accumulate relatively high levels of ROS, and thus, maintaining ROS homeostasis, which has been shown to regulate the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation at the root tip, is important for proper root growth. However, when the balance is disturbed, plants are unable to respond to the changes in the surrounding conditions and cannot grow and survive. Moreover, ROS control cell expansion and cell differentiation processes such as root hair formation and lateral root development. In these processes, the transcription factor-mediated gene expression network is important downstream of ROS. Although ROS can independently regulate root growth to some extent, a complex crosstalk occurs between ROS and other signaling molecules. Hormone signals are known to regulate root growth, and ROS are thought to merge with these signals. In fact, the crosstalk between ROS and these hormones has been elucidated, and the central transcription factors that act as a hub between these signals have been identified. In addition, ROS are known to act as important signaling factors in plant immune responses; however, how they also regulate plant growth is not clear. Recent studies have strongly indicated that ROS link these two events. In this review, we describe and discuss the role of ROS signaling in root development, with a particular focus on transcriptional regulation. We also summarize the crosstalk with other signals and discuss the importance of ROS as signaling molecules for plant root development.
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Leng B, Wang X, Yuan F, Zhang H, Lu C, Chen M, Wang B. Heterologous expression of the Limonium bicolor MYB transcription factor LbTRY in Arabidopsis thaliana increases salt sensitivity by modifying root hair development and osmotic homeostasis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110704. [PMID: 33288017 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana TRY is a negative regulator of trichome differentiation that promotes root hair differentiation. Here, we established that LbTRY, from the recretohalophyte Limonium bicolor, is a typical MYB transcription factor that exhibits transcriptional activation activity and locates in nucleus. By in situ hybridization in L. bicolor, LbTRY may be specifically positioned in salt gland of the expanded leaves. LbTRY expression was the highest in mature leaves and lowest under NaCl treatment. For functional assessment, we heterologously expressed LbTRY in wild-type and try29760 mutant Arabidopsis plants. Epidermal differentiation was remarkably affected in the transgenic wild-type line, as was increased root hair development. Complementation of try29760 with LbTRY under both 35S and LbTRY specific promoter restored the wild-type phenotype. qRT-PCR analysis suggested that AtGL3 and AtZFP5 promote root hair cell fate in lines heterologously producing LbTRY. In addition, four genes (AtRHD6, AtRSL1, AtLRL2, and AtLRL3) involved in root hair initiation and elongation were upregulated in the transgenic lines. Furthermore, LbTRY specifically increased the salt sensitivity of the transgenic lines. The transgenic and complementation lines showed poor germination rates and reduced root lengths, whereas the mutant unexpectedly fared the best under a range of NaCl treatments. Under salt stress, the transgenic seedlings accumulated more MDA and Na+ and less proline and soluble sugar than try29760. Thus, when heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis, LbTRY participates in hair development, similar to other MYB proteins, and specifically reduces salt tolerance by increasing ion accumulation and reducing osmolytes. The expression of salt-tolerance marker genes (SOS1, SOS2, SOS3 and P5CS1) was significant reduced in the transgenic lines. More will be carried by downregulating expression of TRY homologs in crops to improve salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingying Leng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China; Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xi Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Haonan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chaoxia Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China.
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Xie Q, Gao Y, Li J, Yang Q, Qu X, Li H, Zhang J, Wang T, Ye Z, Yang C. The HD-Zip IV transcription factor SlHDZIV8 controls multicellular trichome morphology by regulating the expression of Hairless-2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7132-7145. [PMID: 32930788 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are specialized epidermal appendages that serve as excellent models to study cell morphogenesis. Although the molecular mechanism underlying trichome morphogenesis in Arabidopsis has been well characterized, most of the regulators essential for multicellular trichome morphology remain unknown in tomato. In this study, we determined that the recessive hairless-2 (hl-2) mutation in tomato causes severe distortion of all trichome types, along with increased stem fragility. Using map-based cloning, we found that the hl-2 phenotype was associated with a 100 bp insertion in the coding region of Nck-associated protein 1, a component of the SCAR/WAVE complex. Direct protein-protein interaction was detected between Hl-2 and Hl (SRA1, specifically Rac1-associated protein) using yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays, suggesting that these proteins may work together during trichome formation. In addition, knock-down of a HD-Zip IV transcription factor, HDZIPIV8, distorted trichomes similar to the hl-2 mutant. HDZIPIV8 regulates the expression of Hl-2 by binding to the L1-box in the Hl-2 promoter region, and is involved in organizing actin filaments. The brittleness of hl-2 stems was found to result from decreased cellulose content. Taken together, these findings suggest that the Hl-2 gene plays an important role in controlling multicellular trichome morphogenesis and mechanical properties of stems in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanna Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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RNA-Seq Analysis of Prickled and Prickle-Free Epidermis Provides Insight into the Genetics of Prickle Development in Red Raspberry (Rubus ideaus L.). AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10121904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is a globally commercialized specialty crop with growing demand worldwide. The presence of prickles on the stems, petioles and undersides of the leaves complicates both the field management and harvesting of raspberries. An RNA sequencing analysis was used to identify differentially expressed genes in the epidermal tissue of prickled “Caroline” and prickle-free “Joan J.” and their segregating progeny. Expression patterns of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in prickle-free plants revealed the downregulation of some vital development-related transcription factors (TFs), including a MIXTA-like R2R3-MYB family member; MADS-box; APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) and NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2 (NAC) in prickle-free epidermis tissue. The downregulation of these TFs was confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis, indicating a key regulatory role in prickle development. This study adds to the understanding of prickle development mechanisms in red raspberries needed for utilizing genetic engineering strategies for developing prickle-free raspberry cultivars and, possibly, other Rubus species, such as blackberry (Rubus sp.) and black raspberry (R. occidentalis L.).
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Nagao K, Tominaga R. Localization of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) R3 MYB protein encoded by SlTRY in Arabidopsis roots. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1800198. [PMID: 32741241 PMCID: PMC8550521 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1800198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CAPRICE (CPC), an R3-type MYB transcription factor, is known to promote root hair differentiation in the root epidermis of Arabidopsis. CPC moves from non-hair cells to adjacent hair-forming cells. In contrast, we have previously shown that there is no movement of the CPC homologs, ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC 1, 2, and 3 (ETC1, 2, and 3), and TRYPTICHON (TRY) between root epidermal cells. We also identified a tomato homolog of CPC, named Solanum lycopersicumTRYPTICHON (SlTRY).SlTRY-introduced transgenic Arabidopsis produced many root hairs, like CPC-introduced transgenic Arabidopsis. To clarify the cell-to-cell movement ability of the SlTRY protein, in this study, we observed the distribution of GFP fluorescence in CPCp:SlTRY:GFP transgenic Arabidopsis. Unexpectedly, SlTRY moved from non-hair cells to adjacent root hair cells, like CPC, in Arabidopsis root epidermis. SlTRY does not have the cell-to-cell movement sequence (S1) defined in CPC, and the mechanism of movement is still unknown. Further investigation is necessary to elucidate the mechanism of cell-to-cell movement of SlTRY. Our results will help in the further unraveling of the functions of these MYB transcription factors in determining cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Nagao
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Rumi Tominaga
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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Wendrich JR, Yang B, Vandamme N, Verstaen K, Smet W, Van de Velde C, Minne M, Wybouw B, Mor E, Arents HE, Nolf J, Van Duyse J, Van Isterdael G, Maere S, Saeys Y, De Rybel B. Vascular transcription factors guide plant epidermal responses to limiting phosphate conditions. Science 2020; 370:science.aay4970. [PMID: 32943451 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay4970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Optimal plant growth is hampered by deficiency of the essential macronutrient phosphate in most soils. Plant roots can, however, increase their root hair density to efficiently forage the soil for this immobile nutrient. By generating and exploiting a high-resolution single-cell gene expression atlas of Arabidopsis roots, we show an enrichment of TARGET OF MONOPTEROS 5/LONESOME HIGHWAY (TMO5/LHW) target gene responses in root hair cells. The TMO5/LHW heterodimer triggers biosynthesis of mobile cytokinin in vascular cells and increases root hair density during low-phosphate conditions by modifying both the length and cell fate of epidermal cells. Moreover, root hair responses in phosphate-deprived conditions are TMO5- and cytokinin-dependent. Cytokinin signaling links root hair responses in the epidermis to perception of phosphate depletion in vascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos R Wendrich
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - BaoJun Yang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niels Vandamme
- Data Mining and Modelling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Verstaen
- Data Mining and Modelling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Celien Van de Velde
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Max Minne
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brecht Wybouw
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eliana Mor
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helena E Arents
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonah Nolf
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Van Duyse
- VIB Flow Core, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gert Van Isterdael
- VIB Flow Core, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Maere
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Data Mining and Modelling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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25
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Long Y, Schiefelbein J. Novel TTG1 Mutants Modify Root-Hair Pattern Formation in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:383. [PMID: 32318087 PMCID: PMC7154166 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The patterning of root-hair and non-hair epidermal cells in the Arabidopsis root is governed by a network of transcriptional regulators. The central MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) transcriptional complex includes the WD40-repeat protein TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1). To clarify the role of TTG1, we describe the identification and analysis of two new ttg1 mutants. Each of these mutants contains a single nucleotide change in the TTG1 gene, which causes a single amino-acid substitution in the predicted TTG1 protein and alters root-hair pattern formation. Surprisingly, these new ttg1 mutants exhibit decreased root-hair formation, particularly in the caprice (cpc) mutant background, rather than increased root-hair formation as reported for strong ttg1 mutants. We show that the unique phenotype of these mutants is due to differential effects of the altered TTG1 proteins on target gene expression, associated with a weakened ability to interact with its GLABRA3 bHLH partner. These findings demonstrate the crucial role of TTG1 for the appropriate balance of target gene activation to achieve the proper pattern of epidermal cell types during Arabidopsis root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Long
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - John Schiefelbein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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26
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Tan YQ, Yang Y, Zhang A, Fei CF, Gu LL, Sun SJ, Xu W, Wang L, Liu H, Wang YF. Three CNGC Family Members, CNGC5, CNGC6, and CNGC9, Are Required for Constitutive Growth of Arabidopsis Root Hairs as Ca 2+-Permeable Channels. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100001. [PMID: 33404548 PMCID: PMC7748020 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2019.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The genetic identities of Ca2+ channels in root hair (RH) tips essential for constitutive RH growth have remained elusive for decades. Here, we report the identification and characterization of three cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNGC) family members, CNGC5, CNGC6, and CNGC9, as Ca2+ channels essential for constitutive RH growth in Arabidopsis. We found that the cngc5-1cngc6-2cngc9-1 triple mutant (designated shrh1) showed significantly shorter and branching RH phenotypes as compared with the wild type. The defective RH growth phenotype of shrh1 could be rescued by either the expression of CNGC5, CNGC6, or CNGC9 single gene or by the supply of high external Ca2+, but could not be rescued by external K+ supply. Cytosolic Ca2+ imaging and patch-clamp data in HEK293T cells showed that these three CNGCs all function as Ca2+-permeable channels. Cytosolic Ca2+ imaging in growing RHs further showed that the Ca2+ gradients and their oscillation in RH tips were dramatically attenuated in shrh1 compared with those in the wild type. Phenotypic analysis revealed that these three CNGCs are Ca2+ channels essential for constitutive RH growth, with different roles in RHs from the conditional player CNGC14. Moreover, we found that these three CNGCs are involved in auxin signaling in RHs. Taken together, our study identified CNGC5, CNGC6, and CNGC9 as three key Ca2+ channels essential for constitutive RH growth and auxin signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiu Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - An Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cui-Fang Fei
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li-Li Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Jing Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong-Fei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Corresponding author
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27
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Zhou X, Xiang Y, Li C, Yu G. Modulatory Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Root Development in Model Plant of Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:485932. [PMID: 33042167 PMCID: PMC7525048 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.485932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a type of oxygen monoelectronic reduction product, have a higher chemical activity than O2. Although ROS pose potential risks to all organisms via inducing oxidative stress, indispensable role of ROS in individual development cannot be ignored. Among them, the role of ROS in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is deeply studied. Mounting evidence suggests that ROS are essential for root and root hair development. In the present review, we provide an updated perspective on the latest research progress pertaining to the role of ROS in the precise regulation of root stem cell maintenance and differentiation, redox regulation of the cell cycle, and root hair initiation during root growth. Among the different types of ROS, O2 •- and H2O2 have been extensively investigated, and they exhibit different gradient distributions in the roots. The concentration of O2 •- decreases along a gradient from the meristem to the transition zone and the concentration of H2O2 decreases along a gradient from the differentiation zone to the elongation zone. These gradients are regulated by peroxidases, which are modulated by the UPBEAT1 (UPB1) transcription factor. In addition, multiple transcriptional factors, such as APP1, ABO8, PHB3, and RITF1, which are involved in the brassinolide signaling pathway, converge as a ROS signal to regulate root stem cell maintenance. Furthermore, superoxide anions (O2 •-) are generated from the oxidation in mitochondria, ROS produced during plasmid metabolism, H2O2 produced in apoplasts, and catalysis of respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) in the cell membrane. Furthermore, ROS can act as a signal to regulate redox status, which regulates the expression of the cell-cycle components CYC2;3, CYCB1;1, and retinoblastoma-related protein, thereby controlling the cell-cycle progression. In the root maturation zone, the epidermal cells located in the H cell position emerge to form hair cells, and plant hormones, such as auxin and ethylene regulate root hair formation via ROS. Furthermore, ROS accumulation can influence hormone signal transduction and vice versa. Data about the association between nutrient stress and ROS signals in root hair development are scarce. However, the fact that ROBHC/RHD2 or RHD6 is specifically expressed in root hair cells and induced by nutrients, may explain the relationship. Future studies should focus on the regulatory mechanisms underlying root hair development via the interactions of ROS with hormone signals and nutrient components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guanghui Yu
- *Correspondence: Guanghui Yu, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-3174-1878
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28
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Chen S, Wang S. GLABRA2, A Common Regulator for Epidermal Cell Fate Determination and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20204997. [PMID: 31601032 PMCID: PMC6834157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20204997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal cell fate determination—including trichome initiation, root hair formation, and flavonoid and mucilage biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)—are controlled by a similar transcriptional regulatory network. In the network, it has been proposed that the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) activator complexes formed by an R2R3 MYB transcription factor, a bHLH transcription factor and the WD40-repeat protein TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1) regulate the expression of downstream genes required for cell fate determination, flavonoid or mucilage biosynthesis, respectively. In epidermal cell fate determination and mucilage biosynthesis, the MBW activator complexes activate the expression of GLABRA2 (GL2). GL2 is a homeodomain transcription factor that promotes trichome initiation in shoots, mucilage biosynthesis in seeds, and inhibits root hair formation in roots. The MBW activator complexes also activate several R3 MYB genes. The R3 MYB proteins, in turn, competing with the R2R3 MYBs for binding bHLH transcription factors, therefore inhibiting the formation of the MBW activator complexes, lead to the inhibition of trichome initiation in shoots, and promotion of root hair formation in roots. In flavonoid biosynthesis, the MBW activator complexes activate the expression of the late biosynthesis genes in the flavonoid pathway, resulting in the production of anthocyanins or proanthocyanidins. Research progress in recent years suggests that the transcriptional regulatory network that controls epidermal cell fate determination and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis is far more complicated than previously thought. In particular, more regulators of GL2 have been identified, and GL2 has been shown to be involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. This review focuses on the research progress on the regulation of GL2 expression, and the roles of GL2 in the regulation of epidermal cell fate determination and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Chen
- College of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Shucai Wang
- College of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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29
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Root hairs enhance Arabidopsis seedling survival upon soil disruption. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11181. [PMID: 31371805 PMCID: PMC6671945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Root hairs form a substantial portion of the root surface area. Compared with their nutritional function, the physical function of root hairs has been poorly characterised. This study investigates the physical role of root hairs of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings in interaction of the root with water and soil and in plant survival upon soil disruption. Five transgenic lines with different root hair lengths were used to assess the physical function of root hairs. Upon soil disruption by water falling from a height (mimicking rainfall), long-haired lines showed much higher anchorage rates than short-haired lines. The root-pulling test revealed that a greater amount of soil adhered to long-haired roots than to short-haired roots. When seedlings were pulled out and laid on the soil surface for 15 d, survival rates of long-haired seedlings were higher than those of short-haired seedlings. Moreover, the water holding capacity of roots was much greater among long-haired seedlings than short-haired seedlings. These results suggest that root hairs play a significant role in plant survival upon soil disruption which could be fatal for young seedlings growing on thin soil surface with a short primary root and root hairs as the only soil anchoring system.
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30
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Shibata M, Sugimoto K. A gene regulatory network for root hair development. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:301-309. [PMID: 30903397 PMCID: PMC7082380 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs play important roles for the acquisition of nutrients, microbe interaction and plant anchorage. In addition, root hairs provide an excellent model system to study cell patterning, differentiation and growth. Arabidopsis root hairs have been thoroughly studied to understand how plants regulate cell fate and growth in response to environmental signals. Accumulating evidence suggests that a multi-layered gene regulatory network is the molecular secret to enable the flexible and adequate response to multiple signals. In this review, we describe the key transcriptional regulators controlling cell fate and/or cell growth of root hairs. We also discuss how plants integrate phytohormonal and environmental signals, such as auxin, ethylene and phosphate availability, and modulate the level of these transcriptional regulators to tune root hair development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaro Shibata
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 230-0045, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 230-0045, Yokohama, Japan
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31
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Sakai M, Yamagishi M, Matsuyama K. Repression of anthocyanin biosynthesis by R3-MYB transcription factors in lily (Lilium spp.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:609-622. [PMID: 30725168 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lily R3-MYB transcription factors are involved in negative regulation to limit anthocyanin accumulation in lily flowers and leaves and create notable color patterns on ectopically expressed petunia flowers. In eudicots, both positive and negative regulators act to precisely regulate the level of anthocyanin accumulation. The R3-MYB transcription factor is among the main factors repressing anthocyanin biosynthesis. Although, in monocots, the positive regulators have been well characterized, the negative regulators have not been examined. Two R3-MYBs, LhR3MYB1 and LhR3MYB2, which were identified in lily transcriptomes, were characterized in this study to understand the regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis. LhR3MYB1 and LhR3MYB2 had a C2 suppressor motif downstream of a single MYB repeat; the similar amino acid motif appears only in AtMYBL2 among the eudicot R3-MYB proteins. Stable and transient overexpression of LhR3MYB1 and LhR3MYB2 in tobacco plants showed suppression of anthocyanin biosynthesis by both; however, suppression by LhR3MYB2 was stronger than that by LhR3MYB1. In the lily plant, the LhR3MYB2 transcript was detected in leaves with light stimulus-induced anthocyanin accumulation and in pink tepals. Although LhR3MYB1 was expressed in some, but not all tepals, its expression was not linked to anthocyanin accumulation. In addition, LhR3MYB1 expression levels in the leaves remained unchanged by the light stimulus, and LhR3MYB1 transcripts predominantly accumulated in the ovaries, which did not accumulate anthocyanins. Thus, although LhR3MYB1 and LhR3MYB2 have an ability to repress anthocyanin accumulation, LhR3MYB2 is more strongly involved in the negative regulation to limit the accumulation than that by LhR3MYB1. In addition, the overexpression of LhR3MYB2 generated notable color patterns in petunia flowers; thus, the usefulness of the LhR3MYB genes for creating unique color patterns by genetic engineering is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeko Sakai
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Masumi Yamagishi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Kohei Matsuyama
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
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32
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Zhang J, Zhao P, Zhao J, Chen G. Synteny-based mapping of causal point mutations relevant to sand rice (Agriophyllum squarrosum) trichomeless1 mutant by RNA-sequencing. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 231:86-95. [PMID: 30240969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sand rice (Agriophyllum squarrosum), a diploid Amaranthaceae species within the order Caryophyllalles, has potential as a crop in response to concerns about ongoing climate change and future food security. Modifying the weedy traits, such as dense trichomes, is important for the domestication of sand rice. In this study, an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) induced Agriophyllum squarrosum trichomeless mutant (astcl1) was isolated and genetic analysis revealed that this mutant was controlled by a single recessive locus. RNA sequencing was employed to analyze sequence variations between the mutant and wild-type individuals based on allele frequencies. Synteny-based mapping against two closely related and sequenced species finally delimited the causal mutations into an approximately 18.97 mega base pair (Mb) interval on the top portion of the chromosome 6 (Bv6) of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and two intervals (5.56 and 2.69 Mb) on the chromosomes 14 (CqA14) and 6 (CqB06) of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). These two quinoa intervals were located in the orthologous chromosomal regions against sugar beet Bv6. Differential expression analysis revealed that the astcl1 mutation only affects the expression of a small subset of genes. Most significantly, 17 lipid transport and metabolism related genes, such as GDSL esterases and very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA reductase 1, and two R2R3 MYB genes, MYB39 and RAX3, were down-regulated in astcl1 mutants. These results imply that the Astcl1 protein coordinately regulates trichome initiation and cuticle biosynthesis in sand rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Pengshan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Shapotou Desert Research & Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Jiecai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Shapotou Desert Research & Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Guoxiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Shapotou Desert Research & Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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33
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Yamada K, Sasabe M, Fujikawa Y, Wada T, Tominaga-Wada R. Amino acid substitutions in CPC-LIKE MYB reveal residues important for protein stability in Arabidopsis roots. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205522. [PMID: 30308079 PMCID: PMC6181395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TRYPTICHON (TRY) and ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC2 (ETC2) encode R3-type MYB transcription factors that are involved in epidermal cell differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. TRY and ETC2 belong to the CPC-like MYB gene family, which includes seven homolog genes. Previously, we showed that among the CPC family members, TRY and ETC2 are characterized by rapid proteolysis compared with that of other members, and we demonstrated that this proteolysis is mediated by the proteasome-dependent pathway. In this study, we compared the functions of the wild-type TRY and ETC2 proteins and their amino acid-substituted versions. Our results showed that the substitution of amino acids in the C-terminal of TRY and ETC2 conferred them the ability to induce root hair formation. Furthermore, we confirmed that these mutations enhanced the stability of the TRY and ETC2 proteins. These results revealed that the amino acids, which are important for the functions of TRY and ETC2, mediate morphological pattern formation and can be useful in understanding the pathway determining the fate of root hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Yamada
- School of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michiko Sasabe
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yukichi Fujikawa
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuji Wada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Rumi Tominaga-Wada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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34
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Yue C, Cao HL, Chen D, Lin HZ, Wang Z, Hu J, Yang GY, Guo YQ, Ye NX, Hao XY. Comparative transcriptome study of hairy and hairless tea plant (Camellia sinensis) shoots. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 229:41-52. [PMID: 30032044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trichome (also referred to as 'háo' in tea) is a key feature in both tea products and tea plant (Camellia sinensis) selection breeding. Although trichomes are used as a model for studying cell differentiation and have been well studied in many plant species, the regulation of trichome formation at the molecular level is poorly understood in tea plants. In the present study, the hairy and hairless tea plant cultivars Fudingdabaicha (FDDB) and Rongchunzao (RCZ), respectively, were used to study this mechanism. We characterised tea plant trichomes as unicellular and unbranched structures. High-throughput Illumina sequencing yielded approximately 277.0 million high-quality clean reads from the FDDB and RCZ cultivars. After de novo assembly, 161,444 unigenes were generated, with an average length of 937 bp. Among these unigenes, 81,425 were annotated using public databases, and 55,201 coding sequences and 4004 transcription factors (TFs) were identified. In total, 21,599 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between RCZ and FDDB, of which 10,785 DEGs were up-regulated and 10,814 DEGs were down-regulated. Genes involved in the DNA replication pathway were significantly enriched. Furthermore, between FDDB and RCZ, DEGs related to TFs, phytohormone signals, and cellulose synthesis were identified, suggesting that certain genes involved in these pathways are crucial for trichome initiation in tea plants. Together, the results of this study provide novel data to improve our understanding of the potential molecular mechanisms of trichome formation and lay a foundation for additional trichome studies in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yue
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Hong-Li Cao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hong-Zheng Lin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Juan Hu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guo-Yi Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qiong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nai-Xing Ye
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Xin-Yuan Hao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China.
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Rishmawi L, Wolff H, Schrader A, Hülskamp M. Sub-epidermal Expression of ENHANCER OF TRIPTYCHON AND CAPRICE1 and Its Role in Root Hair Formation Upon Pi Starvation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1411. [PMID: 30319673 PMCID: PMC6171471 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Root hair patterning is best studied in Arabidopsis thaliana. A pattern of root hair and non-root hair files is governed by a gene-regulatory network of activators and inhibitors. Under phosphate starvation conditions, extra root hairs are formed in non-root hair positions. This raises the question, whether and how this environmental stimulus is mediated by the known root hair gene network. In this study, we provide genetic and molecular data on the role of ETC1 in the phosphate starvation induced ectopic root hair formation. We show that the expression in the epidermis is irregular and reduced and that a new expression domain is induced in the sub-epidermis. By expressing ETC1 in the sub-epidermis, we show that this is sufficient to induce extra root hair formation in N-files. This suggests that the phosphate induced expressional switch from epidermal to epidermal plus sub-epidermal expression of ETC1 is one environmental input to the underlying patterning network.
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36
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Characterization of Root Epidermal Cell Patterning and Differentiation in Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29525950 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7747-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The root epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana has been established as a model system for elucidating the mechanisms which govern the spatial patterningAbstract and morphogenesis of plant cells. Investigations into root hairs focus on various aspects of the biology of epidermal cells, using methods specifically developed to dissect the biological question under study. Despite the large number of studies related to epidermal cell differentiation, a survey of methods to analyze the phenotypic readout resulting from environmental conditions or the genetic background of the plant has not been provided so far. This protocol describes how to analyze the spatial arrangement and morphologic characteristics of cells in the root epidermis based on whole mount roots or cross sections, using confocal, scanning electron and light microscopy. This comparison of methods aids in selecting the most suitable strategy to examine the differentiation of root epidermal cells at different developmental stages.
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Tominaga-Wada R, Wada T. Effect of amino acid substitution of CAPRICE on cell-to-cell movement ability in Arabidopsis root epidermis. Dev Biol 2018; 435:1-5. [PMID: 29337129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An R3-type MYB transcription factor, CAPRICE (CPC), is known to promote root hair cell differentiation in Arabidopsis root epidermis. The CPC protein moves from non-hair cells to the neighboring cells, and acts as an inducer of root hair formation. In contrast, we previously showed that the CPC homolog, ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC1 (ETC1), does not move between the root epidermal cells. To clarify the critical difference in the cell-to-cell movement ability of CPC and ETC1 proteins, we generated five different chimeras of CPC and ETC1. As expected, four of the five chimeric proteins with substitution of CPC amino acids with those of ETC1 induced many root hair and no-trichome phenotype, like CPC. These chimeric proteins essentially maintained the cell-to-cell movement ability of CPC. However, one chimeric protein in which ETC1 was sandwiched between the CPC-specific movement motifs of S1 and S2 did not induce ectopic root hair formation. This chimeric protein did not move between the cells. These results indicate that the maintenance of not only the S1 and S2 motifs but also the precise structure of CPC protein might be necessary for the cell-to-cell movement of CPC. Our results should help in further unraveling of the roles of these MYB transcription factors in root hair formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Tominaga-Wada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
| | - Takuji Wada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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Hu S, Yu Y, Chen Q, Mu G, Shen Z, Zheng L. OsMYB45 plays an important role in rice resistance to cadmium stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 264:1-8. [PMID: 28969789 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metal elements in nature, and it causes serious damage to plant cells. Here, we report that a transcription factor OsMYB45 is involved in Cd stress response in rice. OsMYB45 is highly expressed in rice leaves, husks, stamens, pistils, and lateral roots, and its expression is induced by Cd stress. OsMYB45 fused to green fluorescent protein localized to the cell nucleus in onion epidermal cells. Mutation of OsMYB45 resulted in hypersensitivity to Cd treatment, and the concentration of H2O2 in the leaves of mutant nearly doubled, while catalase (CAT) activity was halved compared with the wild-type. Moreover, gene expression analysis indicated that OsCATA and OsCATC expression is significantly lower in the mutant than in the wild-type. In addition, overexpression of OsMYB45 in the mutant complemented the mutant phenotype. Taken together, OsMYB45 plays an important role in tolerance to Cd stress in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubao Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yao Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiuhong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guangmao Mu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Luqing Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Tominaga-Wada R, Wada T. Extended C termini of CPC-LIKE MYB proteins confer functional diversity in Arabidopsis epidermal cell differentiation. Development 2017; 144:2375-2380. [PMID: 28676568 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The CAPRICE (CPC) gene encodes a R3-type MYB transcription factor that promotes differentiation of root hair cells in Arabidopsis thaliana Here, we have compared the functions of five CPC-homologous genes for epidermal cell differentiation using CPC promoter-driven transgenic plants. Our results show that TRIPTYCHON (TRY) and ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC2 (ETC2) were less effective in root hair cell differentiation and were unstable in root epidermal cells when compared with CPC, ETC1 or CPC LIKE MYB3 (CPL3). The deletion of the extended C-terminal domain of TRY and ETC2 enhanced protein stability and conferred the ability to induce root hair cell differentiation on them. Treatment with MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, also led to the accumulation of TRY, indicating that TRY proteolysis is mediated by the proteasome-dependent pathway. Our results indicate that the CPC family includes relatively stable (CPC, ETC1 and CPL3) and unstable (TRY and ETC2) proteins that might be degraded by the proteasome. Our findings provide new insights into the regulatory mechanism of CPC family proteins that mediate root hair cell differentiation and should be useful in understanding epidermal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Tominaga-Wada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Takuji Wada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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40
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Tominaga-Wada R, Kurata T, Wada T. Localization of ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC1 protein in Arabidopsis root epidermis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 214:48-52. [PMID: 28437677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CAPRICE (CPC) is a R3-type MYB transcription factor, which induces root-hair cell differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. The CPC homologous gene ENHANCER TRY AND CPC1 (ETC1) has a similar function to CPC, and acts in concert with CPC. The CPC protein moves between root epidermal cells, from hairless cells to the neighboring cells, and promotes root-hair differentiation. Therefore, ETC1 is predicted to have movement ability similar to that of CPC. In this study, we generated ETC1:ETC1:GFP and CPC:ETC1:GFP transgenic plants to clarify whether ETC1 exhibits cell-to-cell movement. Transgenic plants showed many-root-haired and trichome-less phenotypes, similar to those observed in CPC:CPC:GFP plants, suggesting a similar function of ETC1 and CPC. However, the ETC1:GFP fusion protein located exclusively to the hairless cells in both ETC1:ETC1:GFP and CPC:ETC1:GFP transgenic plants. These results indicate that, unexpectedly, the ETC1 protein cannot move in the root epidermis from hairless cells to the neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Tominaga-Wada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Kurata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takuji Wada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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41
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Tominaga-Wada R, Kurata T, Wada T. Localization of the CAPRICE-ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC1 chimera protein in Arabidopsis root epidermis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017. [PMID: 28644769 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1343120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The CAPRICE (CPC) encodes an R3-type MYB transcription factor, which promotes root-hair differentiation. Previously, we showed that the CPC protein moves from the non-hair cell to the neighboring cell and induces root-hair differentiation in Arabidopsis. In addition, we proposed two cell-to-cell movement signal sequences, S1 and S2, in CPC. However, an S1:2xGFP:S2 chimera protein did not move between root epidermal cells. Here, we show that the S1 and S2 sequences do not confer cell-to-cell movement or nuclear localization ability to a GFP protein. The ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC1 (ETC1) gene encodes the CPC homolog R3 MYB; this protein does not possess cell-to-cell movement ability or the S1 sequence. To elucidate whether the S1 sequence can induce cell-to-cell movement ability in ETC1, CPCp:S1:ETC1:2xGFP was constructed and introduced into Arabidopsis. Our results indicate that the addition of the S1 sequence was not sufficient for ETC1 to acquire cell-to-cell movement ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Tominaga-Wada
- a Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences , Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kurata
- b Graduate School of Life Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Takuji Wada
- a Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences , Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
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42
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Ioannidi E, Rigas S, Tsitsekian D, Daras G, Alatzas A, Makris A, Tanou G, Argiriou A, Alexandrou D, Poethig S, Hatzopoulos P, Kanellis AK. Trichome patterning control involves TTG1 interaction with SPL transcription factors. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 92:675-687. [PMID: 27631431 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal cell differentiation is a paramount and conserved process among plants. In Arabidopsis, a ternary complex formed by MYB, bHLH transcription factors and TTG1 modulates unicellular trichome morphogenesis. The formation of multicellular glandular trichomes of the xerophytic shrub Cistus creticus that accumulate labdane-type diterpenes, has attained much attention renowned for its medicinal properties. Here, we show that C. creticus TTG1 (CcTTG1) interacts with the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPLA/B) proteins, putative homologs of AtSPL4/5 that in turn interact with AtTTG1. These interactions occur between proteins from evolutionarily distant species supporting the conserved function of TTG1-SPL complex. Overexpression of AtSPL4 and AtSPL5 decreased the expression of GLABRA2 (AtGL2), the major regulator of trichome morphogenesis, resulting in trichome reduction on the adaxial surface of cauline leaves, thereby illuminating the significance of TTG1-SPLs interactions in trichome formation control. AtGL2 and AtSPL4 have opposite expression patterns during early stages of leaf development. We postulate an antagonistic effect between SPLs and the heterogeneous MYB-bHLH factors binding to TTG1. Hence, the SPLs potentially rearrange the complex, attenuating its transcriptional activity to control trichome distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Ioannidi
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatis Rigas
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55, Athens, Greece
| | - Dikran Tsitsekian
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Daras
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Alatzas
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Makris
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Tanou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Alexandrou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Scott Poethig
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6313, USA
| | - Polydefkis Hatzopoulos
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55, Athens, Greece.
| | - Angelos K Kanellis
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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43
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Honkanen S, Dolan L. Growth regulation in tip-growing cells that develop on the epidermis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 34:77-83. [PMID: 27816817 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants develop tip-growing extensions-root hairs and rhizoids-that initiate as swellings on the outer surface of individual epidermal cells. A conserved genetic mechanism controls the earliest stages in the initiation of these swellings. The same mechanism controls the formation of multicellular structures that develop from swellings on epidermal cells in early diverging land plants. Details of the molecular events that regulate the positioning of the swellings involve sterols and phosphatidylinositol phosphates. The final length of root hairs is determined by the intensity of a pulse of transcription factor synthesis. Genes encoding similar transcription factors control root hair development in cereals and are potential targets for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Honkanen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Liam Dolan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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44
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Chezem WR, Clay NK. Regulation of plant secondary metabolism and associated specialized cell development by MYBs and bHLHs. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 131:26-43. [PMID: 27569707 PMCID: PMC5048601 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are unrivaled in the natural world in both the number and complexity of secondary metabolites they produce, and the ubiquitous phenylpropanoids and the lineage-specific glucosinolates represent two such large and chemically diverse groups. Advances in genome-enabled biochemistry and metabolomic technologies have greatly increased the understanding of their metabolic networks in diverse plant species. There also has been some progress in elucidating the gene regulatory networks that are key to their synthesis, accumulation and function. This review highlights what is currently known about the gene regulatory networks and the stable sub-networks of transcription factors at their cores that regulate the production of these plant secondary metabolites and the differentiation of specialized cell types that are equally important to their defensive function. Remarkably, some of these core components are evolutionarily conserved between secondary metabolism and specialized cell development and across distantly related plant species. These findings suggest that the more ancient gene regulatory networks for the differentiation of fundamental cell types may have been recruited and remodeled for the generation of the vast majority of plant secondary metabolites and their specialized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Chezem
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Nicole K Clay
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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45
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Chang J, Yu T, Gao S, Xiong C, Xie Q, Li H, Ye Z, Yang C. Fine mapping of the dialytic gene that controls multicellular trichome formation and stamen development in tomato. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2016; 129:1531-1539. [PMID: 27151537 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using map-based cloning, we delimited the dialytic gene to an approximately 109-kb fragment, which controls multicellular trichome formation and stamen development in tomato. Trichomes exist in the epidermis of nearly all terrestrial plants, including unicellular and multicellular types. The molecular mechanism of unicellular trichomes in Arabidopsis is well characterized. However, knowledge about the regulatory pathway of multicellular trichomes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is limited. Phenotypic analysis of the dialytic (dl) mutant LA3724 demonstrated that the trichomes are forked and the stamens are unclosed. To clone and characterize dl, we mapped this gene to an approximately 109-kb fragment using two F2 populations derived from the two crosses of dl mutant: LA3724 × IL8-1 and LA3724 × LA1589 (Solanum pimpinellifolium). Two types of molecular markers were utilized in this study, including cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences and insertion-deletion events. Sequence analysis predicted the presence of seven putative open reading frames, including two unknown proteins, two phospholipase Ds, glycosyl hydrolase family 5 protein/cellulose, choline/ethanolamine kinase, and aquaporin-like protein. The aquaporin-like protein gene was evidently upregulated in dl mutant. Thus, we inferred that this gene is a potential candidate for the phenotypes. The results provide a basis to elucidate the regulatory pathway responsible for trichome formation and stamen development in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Changxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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46
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Tominaga-Wada R, Wada T. The ectopic localization of CAPRICE LIKE MYB3 protein in Arabidopsis root epidermis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 199:111-115. [PMID: 27302012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell fate determination is a critical step of plant morphogenesis. Root hair and trichome formation is a good model for studying cell fate determination. The gene CAPRICE (CPC) encodes an R3 type MYB transcription factor, promotes root hair formation, and inhibits trichome formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. The CPC homologous gene CPC LIKE MYB3 (CPL3) encoded 66% similar amino acid sequence to CPC, and it also possessed a cell-to-cell movement WxM motif. CPC protein moves from non-hair cells to neighboring root hair forming cells and induces root hair formation in Arabidopsis root epidermal cells. In this study, to investigate the function and cell-to-cell movement ability of CPL3, we generated CPC:CPL3:GFP transgenic plants to compare against CPL3:CPL3:GFP transgenic plants. CPC:CPL3:GFP transgenic plants showed no-trichome and many root-hair phenotypes, confirming similar function of CPL3 to CPC in root hair and trichome cell fate determination. However, CPL3:GFP fusion protein localized exclusively in non-hair cells in CPC:CPL3:GFP transgenic plants. Collectively, our results suggest that the CPL3 protein does not have cell-to-cell movement ability. Our findings indicate that the CPC family includes a movement protein and a protein that does not move. We believe our results provide new insight into the regulatory mechanism that mediates epidermal cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Tominaga-Wada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
| | - Takuji Wada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Costa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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48
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Wang W, Sun Q, Cai C, Yang C, Liu X, He X, Jiang H, Mo J, Cai Y. Molecular characterization and alternative splicing of a MYB transcription factor gene in tumourous stem mustard and its response to abiotic stresses. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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49
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Zheng K, Tian H, Hu Q, Guo H, Yang L, Cai L, Wang X, Liu B, Wang S. Ectopic expression of R3 MYB transcription factor gene OsTCL1 in Arabidopsis, but not rice, affects trichome and root hair formation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19254. [PMID: 26758286 PMCID: PMC4725938 DOI: 10.1038/srep19254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, a MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) transcriptional activator complex activates the homeodomain protein gene GLABRA2 (GL2), leading to the promotion of trichome formation and inhibition of root hair formation. The same MBW complex also activates single-repeat R3 MYB genes. R3 MYBs in turn, play a negative feedback role by competing with R2R3 MYB proteins for binding bHLH proteins, thus blocking the formation of the MBW complex. By BLASTing the rice (Oryza sativa) protein database using the entire amino acid sequence of Arabidopsis R3 MYB transcription factor TRICHOMELESS1 (TCL1), we found that there are two genes in rice genome encoding R3 MYB transcription factors, namely Oryza sativa TRICHOMELESS1 (OsTCL1) and OsTCL2. Expressing OsTCL1 in Arabidopsis inhibited trichome formation and promoted root hair formation, and OsTCL1 interacted with GL3 when tested in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Consistent with these observations, expression levels of GL2, R2R3 MYB transcription factor gene GLABRA1 (GL1) and several R3 MYB genes were greatly reduced, indicating that OsTCL1 is functional R3 MYB. However, trichome and root hair formation in transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsTCL1 remained largely unchanged, and elevated expression of OsGL2 was observed in the transgenic rice plants, indicating that rice may use different mechanisms to regulate trichome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE &Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024 China
| | - Hainan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE &Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024 China
| | - Qingnan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE &Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024 China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE &Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024 China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE &Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024 China
| | - Ling Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE &Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024 China
| | - Xutong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE &Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024 China
| | - Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE &Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024 China
| | - Shucai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE &Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024 China
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Miller JC, Chezem WR, Clay NK. Ternary WD40 Repeat-Containing Protein Complexes: Evolution, Composition and Roles in Plant Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1108. [PMID: 26779203 PMCID: PMC4703829 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants, like mammals, rely on their innate immune system to perceive and discriminate among the majority of their microbial pathogens. Unlike mammals, plants respond to this molecular dialog by unleashing a complex chemical arsenal of defense metabolites to resist or evade pathogen infection. In basal or non-host resistance, plants utilize signal transduction pathways to detect "non-self," "damaged-self," and "altered-self"- associated molecular patterns and translate these "danger" signals into largely inducible chemical defenses. The WD40 repeat (WDR)-containing proteins Gβ and TTG1 are constituents of two independent ternary protein complexes functioning at opposite ends of a plant immune signaling pathway. They are also encoded by single-copy genes that are ubiquitous in higher plants, implying the limited diversity and functional conservation of their respective complexes. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about the evolutionary history of these WDR-containing ternary complexes, their repertoire and combinatorial interactions, and their downstream effectors and pathways in plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimi C. Miller
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - William R. Chezem
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicole K. Clay
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
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