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Kim RT, Whited JL. Putative epithelial-mesenchymal transitions during salamander limb regeneration: Current perspectives and future investigations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1540:89-103. [PMID: 39269330 PMCID: PMC11471381 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have implicated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in salamander limb regeneration. In this review, we describe putative roles for EMT during each stage of limb regeneration in axolotls and other salamanders. We hypothesize that EMT and EMT-like gene expression programs may regulate three main cellular processes during limb regeneration: (1) keratinocyte migration during wound closure; (2) transient invasion of the stump by epithelial cells undergoing EMT; and (3) use of EMT-like programs by non-epithelial blastemal progenitor cells to escape the confines of their niches. Finally, we propose nontraditional roles for EMT during limb regeneration that warrant further investigation, including alternative EMT regulators, stem cell activation, and fibrosis induced by aberrant EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica L Whited
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Dooling KE, Kim RT, Kim EM, Chen E, Abouelela A, Tajer BJ, Lopez NJ, Paoli JC, Powell CJ, Luong AG, Wu SC, Thornton KN, Singer HD, Savage AM, Bateman J, DiTommaso T, Payzin-Dogru D, Whited JL. Amputation Triggers Long-Range Epidermal Permeability Changes in Evolutionarily Distant Regenerative Organisms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.29.610385. [PMID: 39257748 PMCID: PMC11383696 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.29.610385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that amputation invokes body-wide responses in regenerative organisms, but most have not examined the implications of these changes beyond the region of tissue regrowth. Specifically, long-range epidermal responses to amputation are largely uncharacterized, with research on amputation-induced epidermal responses in regenerative organisms traditionally being restricted to the wound site. Here, we investigate the effect of amputation on long-range epidermal permeability in two evolutionarily distant, regenerative organisms: axolotls and planarians. We find that amputation triggers a long-range increase in epidermal permeability in axolotls, accompanied by a long-range epidermal downregulation in MAPK signaling. Additionally, we provide functional evidence that pharmacologically inhibiting MAPK signaling in regenerating planarians increases long-range epidermal permeability. These findings advance our knowledge of body-wide changes due to amputation in regenerative organisms and warrant further study on whether epidermal permeability dysregulation in the context of amputation may lead to pathology in both regenerative and non-regenerative organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Dooling
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - Ryan T. Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - Elane M. Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - Erica Chen
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - Adnan Abouelela
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - Benjamin J. Tajer
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - Noah J. Lopez
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - Julia C. Paoli
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - Connor J. Powell
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - Anna G. Luong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - S.Y. Celeste Wu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - Kara N. Thornton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - Hani D. Singer
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - Aaron M. Savage
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - Joel Bateman
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - Tia DiTommaso
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - Duygu Payzin-Dogru
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - Jessica L. Whited
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
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3
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Huang L, Ho C, Ye X, Gao Y, Guo W, Chen J, Sun J, Wen D, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Li Q. Mechanisms and translational applications of regeneration in limbs: From renewable animals to humans. Ann Anat 2024; 255:152288. [PMID: 38823491 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regenerative capacity of organisms declines throughout evolution, and mammals lack the ability to regenerate limbs after injury. Past approaches to achieving successful restoration through pharmacological intervention, tissue engineering, and cell therapies have faced significant challenges. OBJECTIVES This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the mechanisms behind animal limb regeneration and the successful translation of these mechanisms for human tissue regeneration. RESULTS Particular attention was paid to the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), the only adult tetrapod capable of limb regeneration. We will explore fundamental questions surrounding limb regeneration, such as how amputation initiates regeneration, how the limb knows when to stop and which parts to regenerate, and how these findings can apply to mammalian systems. CONCLUSIONS Given the urgent need for regenerative therapies to treat conditions like diabetic foot ulcers and trauma survivors, this review provides valuable insights and ideas for researchers, clinicians, and biomedical engineers seeking to facilitate the regeneration process or elicit full regeneration from partial regeneration events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Chiakang Ho
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xinran Ye
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Weiming Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China; National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China; Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Julie Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiaming Sun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Dongsheng Wen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yangdan Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
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Noble A, Qubrosi R, Cariba S, Favaro K, Payne SL. Neural dependency in wound healing and regeneration. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:181-203. [PMID: 37638700 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to injury, humans and many other mammals form a fibrous scar that lacks the structure and function of the original tissue, whereas other vertebrate species can spontaneously regenerate damaged tissues and structures. Peripheral nerves have been identified as essential mediators of wound healing and regeneration in both mammalian and nonmammalian systems, interacting with the milieu of cells and biochemical signals present in the post-injury microenvironment. This review examines the diverse functions of peripheral nerves in tissue repair and regeneration, specifically during the processes of wound healing, blastema formation, and organ repair. We compare available evidence in mammalian and nonmammalian models, identifying critical nerve-mediated mechanisms for regeneration and providing future perspectives toward integrating these mechanisms into a therapeutic framework to promote regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Noble
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rozana Qubrosi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Solsa Cariba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kayla Favaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha L Payne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Liu C, Liu X, He Z, Zhang J, Tan X, Yang W, Zhang Y, Yu T, Liao S, Dai L, Xu Z, Li F, Huang Y, Zhao J. Proenkephalin-A secreted by renal proximal tubules functions as a brake in kidney regeneration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7167. [PMID: 37935684 PMCID: PMC10630464 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ regeneration necessitates precise coordination of accelerators and brakes to restore organ function. However, the mechanisms underlying this intricate molecular crosstalk remain elusive. In this study, the level of proenkephalin-A (PENK-A), expressed by renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, decreases significantly with the loss of renal proximal tubules and increased at the termination phase of zebrafish kidney regeneration. Notably, this change contrasts with the role of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which acts as an accelerator in kidney regeneration. Through experiments with penka mutants and pharmaceutical treatments, we demonstrate that PENK-A inhibits H2O2 production in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting its involvement in regulating the rate and termination of regeneration. Furthermore, H2O2 influences the expression of tcf21, a vital factor in the formation of renal progenitor cell aggregates, by remodeling H3K4me3 in renal cells. Overall, our findings highlight the regulatory role of PENK-A as a brake in kidney regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaoliang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhongwei He
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jiangping Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Tan
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Wenmin Yang
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Shuyi Liao
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Lu Dai
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Furong Li
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Huang
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China.
| | - Jinghong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, the Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037, Chongqing, P.R. China.
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6
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Kashio S, Masuda S, Miura M. Involvement of neuronal tachykinin-like receptor at 86C in Drosophila disc repair via regulation of kynurenine metabolism. iScience 2023; 26:107553. [PMID: 37636053 PMCID: PMC10457576 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons contribute to the regeneration of projected tissues; however, it remains unclear whether they are involved in the non-innervated tissue regeneration. Herein, we showed that a neuronal tachykinin-like receptor at 86C (TkR86C) is required for the repair of non-innervated wing discs in Drosophila. Using a genetic tissue repair system in Drosophila larvae, we performed genetic screening for G protein-coupled receptors to search for signal mediatory systems for remote tissue repair. An evolutionarily conserved neuroinflammatory receptor, TkR86C, was identified as the candidate receptor. Neuron-specific knockdown of TkR86C impaired disc repair without affecting normal development. We investigated the humoral metabolites of the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway regulated in the fat body because of their role as tissue repair-mediating factors. Neuronal knockdown of TkR86C hampered injury-dependent changes in the expression of vermillion in the fat body and humoral Kyn metabolites. Our data indicate the involvement of TkR86C neurons upstream of Kyn metabolism in non-autonomous tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshiro Kashio
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu Masuda
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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7
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Min S, Whited JL. Limb blastema formation: How much do we know at a genetic and epigenetic level? J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102858. [PMID: 36596359 PMCID: PMC9898764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of missing body parts is an incredible ability which is present in a wide number of species. However, this regenerative capability varies among different organisms. Urodeles (salamanders) are able to completely regenerate limbs after amputation through the essential process of blastema formation. The blastema is a collection of relatively undifferentiated progenitor cells that proliferate and repattern to form the internal tissues of a regenerated limb. Understanding blastema formation in salamanders may enable comparative studies with other animals, including mammals, with more limited regenerative abilities and may inspire future therapeutic approaches in humans. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge about how limb blastemas form in salamanders, highlighting both the possible roles of epigenetic controls in this process as well as limitations to scientific understanding that present opportunities for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Min
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica L Whited
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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8
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Abstract
When the Accessory Limb Model (ALM) regenerative assay was first published by Endo, Bryant, and Gardiner in 2004, it provided a robust system for testing the cellular and molecular contributions during each of the basic steps of regeneration: the formation of the wound epithelium, neural induction of the apical epithelial cap, and the formation of a positional disparity between blastema cells. The basic ALM procedure was developed in the axolotl and involves deviating a limb nerve into a lateral wound and grafting skin from the opposing side of the limb axis into the site of injury. In this chapter, we will review the studies that lead to the conception of the ALM, as well as the studies that have followed the development of this assay. We will additionally describe in detail the standard ALM surgery and how to perform this surgery on different limb positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Raymond
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Bölük A, Yavuz M, Demircan T. Axolotl: A resourceful vertebrate model for regeneration and beyond. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1914-1933. [PMID: 35906989 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capacity varies significantly among the animal kingdom. Successful regeneration program in some animals results in the functional restoration of tissues and lost structures. Among the highly regenerative animals, axolotl provides multiple experimental advantages with its many extraordinary characteristics. It has been positioned as a regeneration model organism due to its exceptional renewal capacity, including the internal organs, central nervous system, and appendages, in a scar-free manner. In addition to this unique regeneration ability, the observed low cancer incidence, its resistance to carcinogens, and the reversing effect of its cell extract on neoplasms strongly suggest its usability in cancer research. Axolotl's longevity and efficient utilization of several anti-aging mechanisms underline its potential to be employed in aging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydın Bölük
- School of Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Mervenur Yavuz
- Institute of Health Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Turan Demircan
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
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10
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Johnson GL, Glasser MB, Charles JF, Duryea J, Lehoczky JA. En1 and Lmx1b do not recapitulate embryonic dorsal-ventral limb patterning functions during mouse digit tip regeneration. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111701. [PMID: 36417876 PMCID: PMC9727699 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse digit tip regenerates following amputation. How the regenerate is patterned is unknown, but a long-standing hypothesis proposes developmental patterning mechanisms are re-used during regeneration. The digit tip bone exhibits dorsal-ventral (DV) polarity, so we focus on En1 and Lmx1b, two factors necessary for DV patterning during limb development. We investigate whether they are re-expressed during regeneration in a developmental-like pattern and whether they direct DV morphology of the regenerate. We find that both En1 and Lmx1b are expressed in the regenerating digit tip epithelium and mesenchyme, respectively, but without DV polarity. Conditional genetics and quantitative analysis of digit tip bone morphology determine that genetic deletion of En1 or Lmx1b in adult digit tip regeneration modestly reduces bone regeneration but does not affect DV patterning. Collectively, our data suggest that, while En1 and Lmx1b are re-expressed during mouse digit tip regeneration, they do not define the DV axis during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L. Johnson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Morgan B. Glasser
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julia F. Charles
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey Duryea
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica A. Lehoczky
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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11
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Kashimoto R, Furukawa S, Yamamoto S, Kamei Y, Sakamoto J, Nonaka S, Watanabe TM, Sakamoto T, Sakamoto H, Satoh A. Lattice-patterned collagen fibers and their dynamics in axolotl skin regeneration. iScience 2022; 25:104524. [PMID: 35754731 PMCID: PMC9213773 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology of collagen-producing cells and the structure of produced collagen in the dermis have not been well-described. This lack of insights has been a serious obstacle in the evaluation of skin regeneration. We succeeded in visualizing collagen-producing cells and produced collagen using the axolotl skin, which is highly transparent. The visualized dermal collagen had a lattice-like structure. The collagen-producing fibroblasts consistently possessed the lattice-patterned filopodia along with the lattice-patterned collagen network. The dynamics of this lattice-like structure were also verified in the skin regeneration process of axolotls, and it was found that the correct lattice-like structure was not reorganized after simple skin wounding but was reorganized in the presence of nerves. These findings are not only fundamental insights in dermatology but also valuable insights into the mechanism of skin regeneration. Dermal collagen synthesized by a single cell was visualized in the axolotl skin Collagen-synthetic cells were visualized and revealed lattice-patterned filopodia Collagen pattern was deformed after simple skin wounding The lattice-patterned collagen was only restorable in the presence of nerves
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Kashimoto
- Division of Earth, Life, and Molecular Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Saya Furukawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Sakiya Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), National Institutes for Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Joe Sakamoto
- National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), National Institutes for Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shigenori Nonaka
- National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), National Institutes for Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center for Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes for Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tomonobu M. Watanabe
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Bioimaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Division of Earth, Life, and Molecular Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Okayama University, Setouchi 701-4303, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sakamoto
- Division of Earth, Life, and Molecular Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Okayama University, Setouchi 701-4303, Japan
| | - Akira Satoh
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Corresponding author
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12
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Wen X, Jiao L, Tan H. MAPK/ERK Pathway as a Central Regulator in Vertebrate Organ Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031464. [PMID: 35163418 PMCID: PMC8835994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to organs by trauma, infection, diseases, congenital defects, aging, and other injuries causes organ malfunction and is life-threatening under serious conditions. Some of the lower order vertebrates such as zebrafish, salamanders, and chicks possess superior organ regenerative capacity over mammals. The extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), as key members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, are serine/threonine protein kinases that are phylogenetically conserved among vertebrate taxa. MAPK/ERK signaling is an irreplaceable player participating in diverse biological activities through phosphorylating a broad variety of substrates in the cytoplasm as well as inside the nucleus. Current evidence supports a central role of the MAPK/ERK pathway during organ regeneration processes. MAPK/ERK signaling is rapidly excited in response to injury stimuli and coordinates essential pro-regenerative cellular events including cell survival, cell fate turnover, migration, proliferation, growth, and transcriptional and translational activities. In this literature review, we recapitulated the multifaceted MAPK/ERK signaling regulations, its dynamic spatio-temporal activities, and the profound roles during multiple organ regeneration, including appendages, heart, liver, eye, and peripheral/central nervous system, illuminating the possibility of MAPK/ERK signaling as a critical mechanism underlying the vastly differential regenerative capacities among vertebrate species, as well as its potential applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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13
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Luong HX, Ngan HD, Thi Phuong HB, Quoc TN, Tung TT. Multiple roles of ribosomal antimicrobial peptides in tackling global antimicrobial resistance. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211583. [PMID: 35116161 PMCID: PMC8790363 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last century, conventional antibiotics have played a significant role in global healthcare. Antibiotics support the body in controlling bacterial infection and simultaneously increase the tendency of drug resistance. Consequently, there is a severe concern regarding the regression of the antibiotic era. Despite the use of antibiotics, host defence systems are vital in fighting infectious diseases. In fact, the expression of ribosomal antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) has been crucial in the evolution of innate host defences and has been irreplaceable to date. Therefore, this valuable source is considered to have great potential in tackling the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis. Furthermore, the possibility of bacterial resistance to AMPs has been intensively investigated. Here, we summarize all aspects related to the multiple applications of ribosomal AMPs and their derivatives in combating AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Xuan Luong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
- PHENIKAA Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), PHENIKAA University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Thang Nguyen Quoc
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Truong Thanh Tung
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
- PHENIKAA Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), PHENIKAA University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
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14
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Vogt G. Cytology, function and dynamics of stem and progenitor cells in decapod crustaceans. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:817-850. [PMID: 34914163 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells play key roles in development, tissue homeostasis, regeneration, ageing and diseases. Comprehensive reviews on stem cells are available for the determinately growing mammals and insects and some lower invertebrates like hydra but are rare for larger, indeterminately growing invertebrates that can live for many decades. This paper reviews the cytology, function and dynamics of stem and progenitor cells in the decapod crustaceans, a species-rich and ecologically and economically important animal group that includes mainly indeterminate growers but also some determinate growers. Further advantages of decapods for stem cell research are almost 1000-fold differences in body size and longevity, the regeneration of damaged appendages and the virtual absence of age-related diseases and tumours in the indeterminately growing species. The available data demonstrate that the Decapoda possess a remarkable variety of structurally and functionally different stem cells in embryos and larvae, and in the epidermis, musculature, haematopoietic tissue, heart, brain, hepatopancreas, olfactory sense organs and gonads of adults. Some of these seem to be rather continuously active over a lifetime but others are cyclically activated and silenced in periods of days, weeks and years, depending on the specific organ and function. Stem cell proliferation is triggered by signals related to development, moulting, feeding, reproduction, injury, infection, environmental enrichment and social status. Some regulatory pathways have already been identified, including the evolutionarily conserved GATA-binding and runt-domain transcription factors, the widespread neurotransmitter serotonin, the arthropod-specific hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone and the novel astakine growth factors. Knowledge of stem cells in decapods primarily refines our picture on the development, growth and maintenance of tissues and organs in this animal group. Cultured decapod stem cells have good potential for toxicity testing and virus research with practical relevance for aquaculture. Knowledge of stem cells in decapods also broadens our understanding of the evolution of stem cells and regeneration in the animal kingdom. The stem cells of long-lived, indeterminately growing decapods may hold the key to understanding how stem and progenitor cells function into old age without adverse side effects, possibly evoking new ideas for the development of anti-ageing and anti-cancer treatments in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Vogt
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Aztekin C. Tissues and Cell Types of Appendage Regeneration: A Detailed Look at the Wound Epidermis and Its Specialized Forms. Front Physiol 2021; 12:771040. [PMID: 34887777 PMCID: PMC8649801 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.771040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic implementation of human limb regeneration is a daring aim. Studying species that can regrow their lost appendages provides clues on how such a feat can be achieved in mammals. One of the unique features of regeneration-competent species lies in their ability to seal the amputation plane with a scar-free wound epithelium. Subsequently, this wound epithelium advances and becomes a specialized wound epidermis (WE) which is hypothesized to be the essential component of regenerative success. Recently, the WE and specialized WE terminologies have been used interchangeably. However, these tissues were historically separated, and contemporary limb regeneration studies have provided critical new information which allows us to distinguish them. Here, I will summarize tissue-level observations and recently identified cell types of WE and their specialized forms in different regeneration models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Aztekin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, EPFL, School of Life Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Wells KM, Kelley K, Baumel M, Vieira WA, McCusker CD. Neural control of growth and size in the axolotl limb regenerate. eLife 2021; 10:68584. [PMID: 34779399 PMCID: PMC8716110 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that regulate growth and size of the regenerating limb in tetrapods such as the Mexican axolotl are unknown. Upon the completion of the developmental stages of regeneration, when the regenerative organ known as the blastema completes patterning and differentiation, the limb regenerate is proportionally small in size. It then undergoes a phase of regeneration that we have called the ‘tiny-limb’ stage, which is defined by rapid growth until the regenerate reaches the proportionally appropriate size. In the current study we have characterized this growth and have found that signaling from the limb nerves is required for its maintenance. Using the regenerative assay known as the accessory limb model (ALM), we have found that growth and size of the limb positively correlates with nerve abundance. We have additionally developed a new regenerative assay called the neural modified-ALM (NM-ALM), which decouples the source of the nerves from the regenerating host environment. Using the NM-ALM we discovered that non-neural extrinsic factors from differently sized host animals do not play a prominent role in determining the size of the regenerating limb. We have also discovered that the regulation of limb size is not autonomously regulated by the limb nerves. Together, these observations show that the limb nerves provide essential cues to regulate ontogenetic allometric growth and the final size of the regenerating limb. Humans’ ability to regrow lost or damaged body parts is relatively limited, but some animals, such as the axolotl (a Mexican salamander), can regenerate complex body parts, like legs, many times over their lives. Studying regeneration in these animals could help researchers enhance humans’ abilities to heal. One way to do this is using the Accessory Limb Model (ALM), where scientists wound an axolotl’s leg, and study the additional leg that grows from the wound. The first stage of limb regeneration creates a new leg that has the right structure and shape. The new leg is very small so the next phase involves growing the leg until its size matches the rest of the animal. This phase must be controlled so that the limb stops growing when it reaches the right size, but how this regulation works is unclear. Previous research suggests that the number of nerves in the new leg could be important. Wells et al. used a ALM to study how the size of regenerating limbs is controlled. They found that changing the number of nerves connected to the new leg altered its size, with more nerves leading to a larger leg. Next, Wells et al. created a system that used transplanted nerve bundles of different sizes to grow new legs in different sized axolotls. This showed that the size of the resulting leg is controlled by the number of nerves connecting it to the CNS. Wells et al. also showed that nerves can only control regeneration if they remain connected to the central nervous system. These results explain how size is controlled during limb regeneration in axolotls, highlighting the fact that regrowth is directly controlled by the number of nerves connected to a regenerating leg. Much more work is needed to reveal the details of this process and the signals nerves use to control growth. It will also be important to determine whether this control system is exclusive to axolotls, or whether other animals also use it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee M Wells
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, United States
| | - Kristina Kelley
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, United States
| | - Mary Baumel
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, United States
| | - Warren A Vieira
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, United States
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17
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Yamamoto S, Kashimoto R, Furukawa S, Sakamoto H, Satoh A. Nerve-mediated FGF-signaling in the early phase of various organ regeneration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2021; 336:529-539. [PMID: 34387925 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians have a very high capacity for regeneration among tetrapods. This superior regeneration capability in amphibians can be observed in limbs, the tail, teeth, external gills, the heart, and some internal organs. The mechanisms underlying the superior organ regeneration capability have been studied for a long time. Limb regeneration has been investigated as the representative phenomenon for organ-level regeneration. In limb regeneration, a prominent difference between regenerative and nonregenerative animals after limb amputation is blastema formation. A regeneration blastema requires the presence of nerves in the stump region. Thus, nerve regulation is responsible for blastema induction, and it has received much attention. Nerve regulation in regeneration has been investigated using the limb regeneration model and newly established alternative experimental model called the accessory limb model. Previous studies have identified some candidate genes that act as neural factors in limb regeneration, and these studies also clarified related events in early limb regeneration. Consistent with the nervous regulation and related events in limb regeneration, similar regeneration mechanisms in other organs have been discovered. This review especially focuses on the role of nerve-mediated fibroblast growth factor in the initiation phase of organ regeneration. Comparison of the initiation mechanisms for regeneration in various amphibian organs allows speculation about a fundamental regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiya Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Rena Kashimoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Saya Furukawa
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akira Satoh
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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18
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Biodiversity-based development and evolution: the emerging research systems in model and non-model organisms. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:1236-1280. [PMID: 33893979 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1915-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary developmental biology, or Evo-Devo for short, has become an established field that, broadly speaking, seeks to understand how changes in development drive major transitions and innovation in organismal evolution. It does so via integrating the principles and methods of many subdisciplines of biology. Although we have gained unprecedented knowledge from the studies on model organisms in the past decades, many fundamental and crucially essential processes remain a mystery. Considering the tremendous biodiversity of our planet, the current model organisms seem insufficient for us to understand the evolutionary and physiological processes of life and its adaptation to exterior environments. The currently increasing genomic data and the recently available gene-editing tools make it possible to extend our studies to non-model organisms. In this review, we review the recent work on the regulatory signaling of developmental and regeneration processes, environmental adaptation, and evolutionary mechanisms using both the existing model animals such as zebrafish and Drosophila, and the emerging nonstandard model organisms including amphioxus, ascidian, ciliates, single-celled phytoplankton, and marine nematode. In addition, the challenging questions and new directions in these systems are outlined as well.
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19
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Liu Y, Lou WPK, Fei JF. The engine initiating tissue regeneration: does a common mechanism exist during evolution? CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 10:12. [PMID: 33817749 PMCID: PMC8019671 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A successful tissue regeneration is a very complex process that requires a precise coordination of many molecular, cellular and physiological events. One of the critical steps is to convert the injury signals into regeneration signals to initiate tissue regeneration. Although many efforts have been made to investigate the mechanisms triggering tissue regeneration, the fundamental questions remain unresolved. One of the major obstacles is that the injury and the initiation of regeneration are two highly coupled processes and hard to separate from one another. In this article, we review the major events occurring at the early injury/regeneration stage in a range of species, and discuss the possible common mechanisms during initiation of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education; Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wilson Pak-Kin Lou
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ji-Feng Fei
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
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20
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Salnikov L, Baramiya MG. From Autonomy to Integration, From Integration to Dynamically Balanced Integrated Co-existence: Non-aging as the Third Stage of Development. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:655315. [PMID: 35822034 PMCID: PMC9261420 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.655315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Reversible senescence at the cellular level emerged together with tissue specialization in Metazoans. However, this reversibility (ability to permanently rejuvenate) through recapitulation of early stages of development, was originally a part of ontogenesis, since the pressure of integrativeness was not dominant. The complication of specialization in phylogenesis narrowed this "freedom of maneuver", gradually "truncating" remorphogenesis to local epimorphosis and further up to the complete disappearance of remorphogenesis from the ontogenesis repertoire. This evolutionary trend transformed cellular senescence into organismal aging and any recapitulation of autonomy into carcinogenesis. The crown of specialization, Homo sapiens, completed this post-unicellular stage of development, while in the genome all the potential for the next stage of development, which can be called the stage of balanced coexistence of autonomous and integrative dominants within a single whole. Here, completing the substantiation of the new section of developmental biology, we propose to call it Developmental Biogerontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Salnikov
- SibEnzyme US LLC, West Roxbury, MA, United States
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21
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Arenas Gómez CM, Echeverri K. Salamanders: The molecular basis of tissue regeneration and its relevance to human disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 145:235-275. [PMID: 34074531 PMCID: PMC8186737 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Salamanders are recognized for their ability to regenerate a broad range of tissues. They have also have been used for hundreds of years for classical developmental biology studies because of their large accessible embryos. The range of tissues these animals can regenerate is fascinating, from full limbs to parts of the brain or heart, a potential that is missing in humans. Many promising research efforts are working to decipher the molecular blueprints shared across the organisms that naturally have the capacity to regenerate different tissues and organs. Salamanders are an excellent example of a vertebrate that can functionally regenerate a wide range of tissue types. In this review, we outline some of the significant insights that have been made that are aiding in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tissue regeneration in salamanders and discuss why salamanders are a worthy model in which to study regenerative biology and how this may benefit research fields like regenerative medicine to develop therapies for humans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Marcela Arenas Gómez
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, University of Chicago, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Karen Echeverri
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, University of Chicago, Woods Hole, MA, United States.
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22
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Dwaraka VB, Voss SR. Towards comparative analyses of salamander limb regeneration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2021; 336:129-144. [PMID: 31584252 PMCID: PMC8908358 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Among tetrapods, only salamanders can regenerate their limbs and tails throughout life. This amazing regenerative ability has attracted the attention of scientists for hundreds of years. Now that large, salamander genomes are beginning to be sequenced for the first time, omics tools and approaches can be used to integrate new perspectives into the study of tissue regeneration. Here we argue the need to move beyond the primary salamander models to investigate regeneration in other species. Salamanders at first glance come across as a phylogenetically conservative group that has not diverged greatly from their ancestors. While salamanders do present ancestral characteristics of basal tetrapods, including the ability to regenerate limbs, data from fossils and data from studies that have tested for species differences suggest there may be considerable variation in how salamanders develop and regenerate their limbs. We review the case for expanded studies of salamander tissue regeneration and identify questions and approaches that are most likely to reveal commonalities and differences in regeneration among species. We also address challenges that confront such an initiative, some of which are regulatory and not scientific. The time is right to gain evolutionary perspective about mechanisms of tissue regeneration from comparative studies of salamander species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun B. Dwaraka
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - S. Randal Voss
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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23
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Tsai SL, Baselga-Garriga C, Melton DA. Midkine is a dual regulator of wound epidermis development and inflammation during the initiation of limb regeneration. eLife 2020; 9:50765. [PMID: 31934849 PMCID: PMC6959999 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of a specialized wound epidermis is required to initiate salamander limb regeneration. Yet little is known about the roles of the early wound epidermis during the initiation of regeneration and the mechanisms governing its development into the apical epithelial cap (AEC), a signaling structure necessary for outgrowth and patterning of the regenerate. Here, we elucidate the functions of the early wound epidermis, and further reveal midkine (mk) as a dual regulator of both AEC development and inflammation during the initiation of axolotl limb regeneration. Through loss- and gain-of-function experiments, we demonstrate that mk acts as both a critical survival signal to control the expansion and function of the early wound epidermis and an anti-inflammatory cytokine to resolve early injury-induced inflammation. Altogether, these findings unveil one of the first identified regulators of AEC development and provide fundamental insights into early wound epidermis function, development, and the initiation of limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Tsai
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Clara Baselga-Garriga
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Douglas A Melton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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24
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Fgf- and Bmp-signaling regulate gill regeneration in Ambystoma mexicanum. Dev Biol 2019; 452:104-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Vieira WA, Wells KM, Raymond MJ, De Souza L, Garcia E, McCusker CD. FGF, BMP, and RA signaling are sufficient for the induction of complete limb regeneration from non-regenerating wounds on Ambystoma mexicanum limbs. Dev Biol 2019; 451:146-157. [PMID: 31026439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Some organisms, such as the Mexican axolotl, have the capacity to regenerate complicated biological structures throughout their lives. Which molecular pathways are sufficient to induce a complete endogenous regenerative response in injured tissue is an important question that remains unanswered. Using a gain-of-function regeneration assay, known as the Accessory Limb Model (ALM), we and others have begun to identify the molecular underpinnings of the three essential requirements for limb regeneration; wounding, neurotrophic signaling, and the induction of pattern from cells that retain positional memory. We have previously shown that treatment of Mexican axolotls with exogenous retinoic acid (RA) is sufficient to induce the formation of complete limb structures from blastemas that were generated by deviating a nerve bundle into an anterior-located wound site on the limb. Here we show that these ectopic structures are capable of regenerating and inducing new pattern to form when grafted into new anterior-located wounds. We additionally found that the expression of Alx4 decreases, and Shh expression increases in these anterior located blastemas, but not in the mature anterior tissues, supporting the hypothesis that RA treatment posteriorizes blastema tissue. Based on these and previous observations, we used the ALM assay to test the hypothesis that a complete regenerative response can be generated by treating anterior-located superficial limb wounds with a specific combination of growth factors at defined developmental stages. Our data shows that limb wounds that are first treated with a combination of FGF-2, FGF-8, and BMP-2, followed by RA treatment of the resultant mid-bud stage blastema, will result in the generation of limbs with complete proximal/distal and anterior/posterior limb axes. Thus, the minimal signaling requirements from the nerve and a positional disparity are achieved with the application of this specific combination of signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren A Vieira
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaylee M Wells
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Larissa De Souza
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erik Garcia
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Peptides for Skin Protection and Healing in Amphibians. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020347. [PMID: 30669405 PMCID: PMC6359409 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibian skin is not to be considered a mere tegument; it has a multitude of functions related to respiration, osmoregulation, and thermoregulation, thus allowing the individuals to survive and thrive in the terrestrial environment. Moreover, amphibian skin secretions are enriched with several peptides, which defend the skin from environmental and pathogenic insults and exert many other biological effects. In this work, the beneficial effects of amphibian skin peptides are reviewed, in particular their role in speeding up wound healing and in protection from oxidative stress and UV irradiation. A better understanding of why some species seem to resist several environmental insults can help to limit the ongoing amphibian decline through the development of appropriate strategies, particularly against pathologies such as viral and fungal infections.
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27
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Taghiyar L, Hosseini S, Safari F, Bagheri F, Fani N, Stoddart MJ, Alini M, Eslaminejad MB. New insight into functional limb regeneration: A to Z approaches. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1925-1943. [PMID: 30011424 DOI: 10.1002/term.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Limb/digit amputation is a common event in humans caused by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. Although the loss of a digit is not lethal, it affects quality of life and imposes high costs on amputees. In recent years, the increasing interest in limb regeneration has led to enhanced scientific knowledge. However, the limited ability to develop functional limb regeneration in the clinical setting suggests that a challenging issue remains in limb regeneration. Recently, the emergence of regenerative engineering is a promising field to address this challenge and close the gap between science and clinical applications. Cell signalling and molecular mechanisms involved in the limb regeneration process have been extensively studied; however, there is still insufficient data on cell therapy and tissue engineering for limb regeneration. In this review, we intend to focus on therapeutic approaches for limb regeneration that are closely related to gene, immune, and stem cell therapies, as well as tissue engineering approaches that take into consideration the peculiar developmental properties of the limbs. In addition, we attempt to identify the challenges of these strategies for limb regeneration studies in terms of clinical settings and as a road map to accomplish the goal of functional human limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Taghiyar
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Hosseini
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bagheri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nesa Fani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis identifies proteins involved in limb regeneration of swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 26:10-19. [PMID: 29482113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) has a striking capacity for limb regeneration, which has drawn the interest of many researchers. In this study, isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) approach was utilised to investigate protein abundance changes during limb regeneration in this species. A total of 1830 proteins were identified, of which 181 were significantly differentially expressed, with 94 upregulated and 87 downregulated. Our results highlight the complexity of limb regeneration and its regulation through cooperation of various biological processes including cytoskeletal changes, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and ECM-receptor interactions, protein synthesis, signal recognition and transduction, energy production and conversion, and substance transport and metabolism. Additionally, real-time PCR confirmed that mRNA levels of differentially expressed genes were correlated with protein levels. Our results provide a basis for studying the regulatory mechanisms associated with crab limb regeneration.
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29
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The blastema and epimorphic regeneration in mammals. Dev Biol 2017; 433:190-199. [PMID: 29291973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Studying regeneration in animals where and when it occurs is inherently interesting and a challenging research topic within developmental biology. Historically, vertebrate regeneration has been investigated in animals that display enhanced regenerative abilities and we have learned much from studying organ regeneration in amphibians and fish. From an applied perspective, while regeneration biologists will undoubtedly continue to study poikilothermic animals (i.e., amphibians and fish), studies focused on homeotherms (i.e., mammals and birds) are also necessary to advance regeneration biology. Emerging mammalian models of epimorphic regeneration are poised to help link regenerative biology and regenerative medicine. The regenerating rodent digit tip, which parallels human fingertip regeneration, and the regeneration of large circular defects through the ear pinna in spiny mice and rabbits, provide tractable, experimental systems where complex tissue structures are regrown through blastema formation and morphogenesis. Using these models as examples, we detail similarities and differences between the mammalian blastema and its classical counterpart to arrive at a broad working definition of a vertebrate regeneration blastema. This comparison leads us to conclude that regenerative failure is not related to the availability of regeneration-competent progenitor cells, but is most likely a function of the cellular response to the microenvironment that forms following traumatic injury. Recent studies demonstrating that targeted modification of this microenvironment can restrict or enhance regenerative capabilities in mammals helps provide a roadmap for eventually pushing the limits of human regeneration.
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Satoh A, Mitogawa K, Saito N, Suzuki M, Suzuki KIT, Ochi H, Makanae A. Reactivation of larval keratin gene (krt62.L) in blastema epithelium during Xenopus froglet limb regeneration. Dev Biol 2017; 432:265-272. [PMID: 29079423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Limb regeneration is considered a form of limb redevelopment because of the molecular and morphological similarities. Forming a regeneration blastema is, in essence, creating a developing limb bud in an adult body. This reactivation of a developmental process in a mature body is worth studying. Xenopus laevis has a biphasic life cycle that involves distinct larval and adult stages. These distinct developmental stages are useful for investigating the reactivation of developmental processes in post-metamorphic frogs (froglets). In this study, we focused on the re-expression of a larval gene (krt62.L) during Xenopus froglet limb regeneration. Recently renamed krt62.L, this gene was known as the larval keratin (xlk) gene, which is specific to larval-tadpole stages. During limb regeneration in a froglet, krt62.L was re-expressed in a basal layer of blastema epithelium, where adult-specific keratin (Krt12.6.S) expression was also observable. Nerves produce important regulatory factors for amphibian limb regeneration, and also play a role in blastema formation and maintenance. The effect of nerve function on krt62.L expression could be seen in the maintenance of krt62.L expression, but not in its induction. When an epidermis-stripped limb bud was grafted in a froglet blastema, the grafted limb bud could reach the digit-forming stage. This suggests that krt62.L-positive froglet blastema epithelium is able to support the limb development process. These findings imply that the developmental process is locally reactivated in an postmetamorphic body during limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Satoh
- Okayama University, Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), 3-1-1, Tushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-6230, Japan.
| | - Kazumasa Mitogawa
- Okayama University, Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), 3-1-1, Tushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-6230, Japan
| | - Nanami Saito
- Okayama University, Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), 3-1-1, Tushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-6230, Japan
| | - Miyuki Suzuki
- Hiroshima University, Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi T Suzuki
- Hiroshima University, Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Haruki Ochi
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Yamagata University, Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Aki Makanae
- Okayama University, Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), 3-1-1, Tushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-6230, Japan
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31
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Herrera-Rincon C, Pai VP, Moran KM, Lemire JM, Levin M. The brain is required for normal muscle and nerve patterning during early Xenopus development. Nat Commun 2017; 8:587. [PMID: 28943634 PMCID: PMC5610959 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Possible roles of brain-derived signals in the regulation of embryogenesis are unknown. Here we use an amputation assay in Xenopus laevis to show that absence of brain alters subsequent muscle and peripheral nerve patterning during early development. The muscle phenotype can be rescued by an antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. The observed defects occur at considerable distances from the head, suggesting that the brain provides long-range cues for other tissue systems during development. The presence of brain also protects embryos from otherwise-teratogenic agents. Overexpression of a hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel rescues the muscle phenotype and the neural mispatterning that occur in brainless embryos, even when expressed far from the muscle or neural cells that mispattern. We identify a previously undescribed developmental role for the brain and reveal a non-local input into the control of early morphogenesis that is mediated by neurotransmitters and ion channel activity.Functions of the embryonic brain prior to regulating behavior are unclear. Here, the authors use an amputation assay in Xenopus laevis to demonstrate that removal of the brain early in development alters muscle and peripheral nerve patterning, which can be rescued by modulating bioelectric signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Herrera-Rincon
- Biology Department and Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, suite 4600, Medford, MA, 02155-4243, USA
| | - Vaibhav P Pai
- Biology Department and Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, suite 4600, Medford, MA, 02155-4243, USA
| | - Kristine M Moran
- Biology Department and Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, suite 4600, Medford, MA, 02155-4243, USA
| | - Joan M Lemire
- Biology Department and Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, suite 4600, Medford, MA, 02155-4243, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department and Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, suite 4600, Medford, MA, 02155-4243, USA.
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Seyedhassantehrani N, Otsuka T, Singh S, Gardiner DM. The Axolotl Limb Regeneration Model as a Discovery Tool for Engineering the Stem Cell Niche. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2017; 3:156-163. [PMID: 29230380 PMCID: PMC5722022 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-017-0085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent advances in genomics and gene editing have expanded the range of model organisms to include those with interesting biological capabilities such as regeneration. Among these are the classic models of regeneration biology, the salamander. Although stimulating endogenous regeneration in humans likely is many years away, with advances in stem cell biology and biomedical engineering (e.g. bio-inspired materials), it is evident that there is great potential to enhance regenerative outcomes by approaching the problem from an engineering perspective. The question at this point is what do we need to engineer? RECENT FINDINGS The value of regeneration models is that they show us how regeneration works, which then can guide efforts to mimic these developmental processes therapeutically. Among these models, the Accessory Limb Model (ALM) was developed in the axolotl as a gain-of-function assay for the sequential steps that are required for successful regeneration. To date, this model has identified a number of proregenerative signals, including growth factor signaling associated with nerves, and signals associated with the extracellular matrix (ECM) that induce pattern formation. SUMMARY Identification of these signals through the use of models in highly regenerative vertebrates (e.g. the axolotl) offers a wide range of possible modifications for engineering bio-inspired, biomimetic materials to create a dynamic stem cell niche for regeneration and scar-free repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Seyedhassantehrani
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Takayoshi Otsuka
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Shambhavi Singh
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - David M Gardiner
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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33
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Gardiner DM. Regulation of regeneration by Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in the Extracellular Matrix. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 3:192-198. [PMID: 29242821 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-017-0037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Just as the building of a house requires a blueprint, the rebuilding of lost or damaged body parts through regeneration requires a set of instructions for the assembly of the various tissues into the right places. Much progress has been made in understanding how to control the differentiation of different cell types to provide the building blocks for regeneration, such as bone, muscle, blood vessels and nerves/Schwann cells. These are the cells that follow the blueprint (the pattern-following cells) and end up in the right places relative to each other in order to restore the lost function. Much less is known about the cells that are specialized to generate and regenerate the blueprint (the pattern-forming cells) in order to instruct the pattern-following cells as to how and where to rebuild the structures. Recent studies provide evidence that the pattern-forming cells synthesize an information-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) that controls the behavior of pattern-following cells leading to the regeneration of limb structures. The ability of the ECM to do this is associated with glycosaminoglycans that have specific spatial and temporal modifications of sulfation patterns. This mechanism for controlling pattern formation appears to be conserved between salamanders and mammals, and thus the next challenge for inducing human regeneration is to identify and understand the biology of these pattern-forming cells and the ECM that they synthesize.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Gardiner
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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34
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Farkas JE, Monaghan JR. A brief history of the study of nerve dependent regeneration. NEUROGENESIS 2017; 4:e1302216. [PMID: 28459075 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2017.1302216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nerve dependence is a phenomenon observed across a stunning array of species and tissues. From zebrafish to fetal mice to humans, research across various animal models has shown that nerves are critical for the support of tissue repair and regeneration. Although the study of this phenomenon has persisted for centuries, largely through research conducted in salamanders, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of nerve dependence remain poorly-understood. Here we highlight the near-ubiquity and clinical relevance of vertebrate nerve dependence while providing a timeline of its study and an overview of recent advancements toward understanding the mechanisms behind this process. In presenting a brief history of the research of nerve dependence, we provide both historical and modern context to our recent work on nerve dependent limb regeneration in the Mexican axolotl.
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35
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Sun L, Xu D, Xu Q, Sun J, Xing L, Zhang L, Yang H. iTRAQ reveals proteomic changes during intestine regeneration in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 22:39-49. [PMID: 28189057 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sea cucumbers have a striking capacity to regenerate most of their viscera after evisceration, which has drawn the interest of many researchers. In this study, the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) was utilized to investigate protein abundance changes during intestine regeneration in sea cucumbers. A total of 4073 proteins were identified, and 2321 proteins exhibited significantly differential expressions, with 1100 upregulated and 1221 downregulated proteins. Our results suggest that intestine regeneration constitutes a complex life activity regulated by the cooperation of various biological processes, including cytoskeletal changes, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and ECM-receptor interactions, protein synthesis, signal recognition and transduction, energy production and conversion, and substance transport and metabolism. Additionally, real-time PCR showed mRNA expression of differentially expressed genes correlated positively with their protein levels. Our results provided a basis for studying the regulatory mechanisms associated with sea cucumber regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongxue Xu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinzeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science and Engineering, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingchun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lili Xing
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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36
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Milyavsky M, Dickie R. Methylene Blue Assay for Estimation of Regenerative Re-Epithelialization In Vivo. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:113-121. [PMID: 28228166 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The rapidity with which epithelial cells cover a wound surface helps determine whether scarring or scar-less healing results. As methylene blue is a vital dye that is absorbed by damaged tissue but not undamaged epidermis, it can be used to assess wound closure. We sought to develop a quantitative methylene blue exclusion assay to estimate the timeframe for re-epithelialization in regenerating appendages in zebrafish and axolotls, two classic model systems of regeneration. Following application of methylene blue to the amputation plane and extensive washing, the regenerating tail was imaged in vivo until staining was no longer visible. The percent area of the amputation plane positive for methylene blue, representing the area of the amputation plane not yet re-epithelialized, was measured for each time point. The loss of methylene blue occurred rapidly, within ~2.5 h in larval and juvenile axolotls and <1 h in adult zebrafish, consistent with high rates of re-epithelialization in these models of regeneration. The assay allows simple, rapid estimation of the time course for regenerative re-epithelialization without affecting subsequent regenerative ability. This technique will permit comparison of re-epithelialization across different strains and stages, as well as under the influence of various pharmacological inhibitors that affect regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maresha Milyavsky
- Department of Biological Sciences,Towson University,Towson, MD 21252,USA
| | - Renee Dickie
- Department of Biological Sciences,Towson University,Towson, MD 21252,USA
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37
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Abstract
Tissue growth and regeneration are autonomous, stem-cell-mediated processes in which stem cells within the organ self-renew and differentiate to create new cells, leading to new tissue. The processes of growth and regeneration require communication and interplay between neighboring cells. In particular, cell competition, which is a process in which viable cells are actively eliminated by more competitive cells, has been increasingly implicated to play an important role. Here, we discuss the existing literature regarding the current landscape of cell competition, including classical pathways and models, fitness fingerprint mechanisms, and immune system mechanisms of cell competition. We further discuss the clinical relevance of cell competition in the physiological processes of tissue growth and regeneration, highlighting studies in clinically important disease models, including oncological, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Gogna
- Institut für Zellbiologie, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; .,Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03766
| | - Kevin Shee
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03766
| | - Eduardo Moreno
- Institut für Zellbiologie, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland;
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38
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Satoh A, Makanae A, Nishimoto Y, Mitogawa K. FGF and BMP derived from dorsal root ganglia regulate blastema induction in limb regeneration in Ambystoma mexicanum. Dev Biol 2016; 417:114-25. [PMID: 27432514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Urodele amphibians have a remarkable organ regeneration ability that is regulated by neural inputs. The identification of these neural inputs has been a challenge. Recently, Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) and Bone morphogenic protein (Bmp) were shown to substitute for nerve functions in limb and tail regeneration in urodele amphibians. However, direct evidence of Fgf and Bmp being secreted from nerve endings and regulating regeneration has not yet been shown. Thus, it remained uncertain whether they were the nerve factors responsible for successful limb regeneration. To gather experimental evidence, the technical difficulties involved in the usage of axolotls had to be overcome. We achieved this by modifying the electroporation method. When Fgf8-AcGFP or Bmp7-AcGFP was electroporated into the axolotl dorsal root ganglia (DRG), GFP signals were detectable in the regenerating limb region. This suggested that Fgf8 and Bmp7 synthesized in neural cells in the DRG were delivered to the limbs through the long axons. Further knockdown experiments with double-stranded RNA interference resulted in impaired limb regeneration ability. These results strongly suggest that Fgf and Bmp are the major neural inputs that control the organ regeneration ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Satoh
- Okayama University, Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Aki Makanae
- Okayama University, Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yurie Nishimoto
- Okayama University, Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Mitogawa
- Okayama University, Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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39
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Zielins ER, Ransom RC, Leavitt TE, Longaker MT, Wan DC. The role of stem cells in limb regeneration. Organogenesis 2016; 12:16-27. [PMID: 27008101 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2016.1163463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Limb regeneration is a complex yet fascinating process observed to some extent in many animal species, though seen in its entirety in urodele amphibians. Accomplished by formation of a morphologically uniform intermediate, the blastema, scientists have long attempted to define the cellular constituents that enable regrowth of a functional appendage. Today, we know that the blastema consists of a variety of multipotent progenitor cells originating from a variety of tissues, and which contribute to limb tissue regeneration in a lineage-restricted manner. By continuing to dissect the role of stem cells in limb regeneration, we can hope to one day modulate the human response to limb amputation and facilitate regrowth of a working replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Zielins
- a Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Ryan C Ransom
- a Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Tripp E Leavitt
- a Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- a Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA.,b Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Derrick C Wan
- a Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
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40
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Mangoni ML, McDermott AM, Zasloff M. Antimicrobial peptides and wound healing: biological and therapeutic considerations. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:167-73. [PMID: 26738772 PMCID: PMC4789108 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Repair of tissue wounds is a fundamental process to re-establish tissue integrity and regular function. Importantly, infection is a major factor that hinders wound healing. Multicellular organisms have evolved an arsenal of host-defense molecules, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), aimed at controlling microbial proliferation and at modulating the host's immune response to a variety of biological or physical insults. In this brief review, we provide the evidence for a role of AMPs as endogenous mediators of wound healing and their promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of non-life-threatening skin and other epithelial injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, IT
| | - Alison M. McDermott
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Zasloff
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington DC, USA
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41
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Suzuki M, Takagi C, Miura S, Sakane Y, Suzuki M, Sakuma T, Sakamoto N, Endo T, Kamei Y, Sato Y, Kimura H, Yamamoto T, Ueno N, Suzuki KIT. In vivo tracking of histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation in Xenopus laevis during tail regeneration. Genes Cells 2016; 21:358-69. [PMID: 26914410 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Xenopus laevis tadpoles can completely regenerate their appendages, such as tail and limbs, and therefore provide a unique model to decipher the molecular mechanisms of organ regeneration in vertebrates. Epigenetic modifications are likely to be involved in this remarkable regeneration capacity, but they remain largely unknown. To examine the involvement of histone modification during organ regeneration, we generated transgenic X. laevis ubiquitously expressing a fluorescent modification-specific intracellular antibody (Mintbody) that is able to track histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) in vivo through nuclear enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fluorescence. In embryos ubiquitously expressing H3K9ac-Mintbody, robust fluorescence was observed in the nuclei of somites. Interestingly, H3K9ac-Mintbody signals predominantly accumulated in nuclei of regenerating notochord at 24 h postamputation following activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, apocynin (APO), an inhibitor of ROS production, attenuated H3K9ac-Mintbody signals in regenerating notochord. Our results suggest that ROS production is involved in acetylation of H3K9 in regenerating notochord at the onset of tail regeneration. We also show this transgenic Xenopus to be a useful tool to investigate epigenetic modification, not only in organogenesis but also in organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Suzuki
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chiyo Takagi
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinichirou Miura
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki, Nissin, 470-0195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuto Sakane
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 445-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoaki Sakamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Endo
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki, Nissin, 470-0195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 445-8585, Aichi, Japan.,Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 445-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi T Suzuki
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
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42
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Phan AQ, Lee J, Oei M, Flath C, Hwe C, Mariano R, Vu T, Shu C, Dinh A, Simkin J, Muneoka K, Bryant SV, Gardiner DM. Positional information in axolotl and mouse limb extracellular matrix is mediated via heparan sulfate and fibroblast growth factor during limb regeneration in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:182-201. [PMID: 27499874 PMCID: PMC4857728 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Urodele amphibians are unique among adult vertebrates in their ability to regenerate complex body structures after traumatic injury. In salamander regeneration, the cells maintain a memory of their original position and use this positional information to recreate the missing pattern. We used an in vivo gain‐of‐function assay to determine whether components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) have positional information required to induce formation of new limb pattern during regeneration. We discovered that salamander limb ECM has a position‐specific ability to either inhibit regeneration or induce de novo limb structure, and that this difference is dependent on heparan sulfates that are associated with differential expression of heparan sulfate sulfotransferases. We also discovered that an artificial ECM containing only heparan sulfate was sufficient to induce de novo limb pattern in salamander limb regeneration. Finally, ECM from mouse limbs is capable of inducing limb pattern in axolotl blastemas in a position‐specific, developmental‐stage‐specific, and heparan sulfate‐dependent manner. This study demonstrates a mechanism for positional information in regeneration and establishes a crucial functional link between salamander regeneration and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Q Phan
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California Irvine Irvine California 92697-2305 USA
| | - Jangwoo Lee
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California Irvine Irvine California 92697-2305 USA
| | - Michelle Oei
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California Irvine Irvine California 92697-2305 USA
| | - Craig Flath
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California Irvine Irvine California 92697-2305 USA
| | - Caitlyn Hwe
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California Irvine Irvine California 92697-2305 USA
| | - Rachele Mariano
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California Irvine Irvine California 92697-2305 USA
| | - Tiffany Vu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California Irvine Irvine California 92697-2305 USA
| | - Cynthia Shu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California Irvine Irvine California 92697-2305 USA
| | - Andrew Dinh
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California Irvine Irvine California 92697-2305 USA
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118, USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118, USA
| | - Susan V Bryant
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California Irvine Irvine California 92697-2305 USA
| | - David M Gardiner
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California Irvine Irvine California 92697-2305 USA
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43
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Miura S, Takahashi Y, Satoh A, Endo T. Skeletal callus formation is a nerve-independent regenerative response to limb amputation in mice and Xenopus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:202-16. [PMID: 27499875 PMCID: PMC4857730 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the mechanism of limb regeneration that differs between mammals (non-regenerative) and amphibians (regenerative), responses to limb amputation and the accessory limb inducible surgery (accessory limb model, ALM) were compared between mice and Xenopus, focusing on the events leading to blastema formation. In both animals, cartilaginous calluses were formed around the cut edge of bones after limb amputation. They not only are morphologically similar but show other similarities, such as growth driven by undifferentiated cell proliferation and macrophage-dependent and nerve-independent induction. It appears that amputation callus formation is a common nerve-independent regenerative response in mice and Xenopus. In contrast, the ALM revealed that the wound epithelium (WE) in Xenopus was innervated by many regenerating axons when a severed nerve ending was placed underneath it, whereas only a few axons were found within the WE in mice. Since nerves are involved in induction of the regeneration-permissive WE in amphibians, whether or not nerves can interact with the WE might be one of the key processes separating successful nerve-dependent blastema formation in Xenopus and failure in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichirou Miura
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences Aichi Gakuin University Nissin Aichi 470-0195 Japan
| | - Yumiko Takahashi
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences Aichi Gakuin University Nissin Aichi 470-0195 Japan
| | - Akira Satoh
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences Okayama University Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Endo
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences Aichi Gakuin University Nissin Aichi 470-0195 Japan
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44
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Aguilar C, Gardiner DM. DNA Methylation Dynamics Regulate the Formation of a Regenerative Wound Epithelium during Axolotl Limb Regeneration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134791. [PMID: 26308461 PMCID: PMC4550353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of a blastema during regeneration of an axolotl limb involves important changes in the behavior and function of cells at the site of injury. One of the earliest events is the formation of the wound epithelium and subsequently the apical epidermal cap, which involves in vivo dedifferentiation that is controlled by signaling from the nerve. We have investigated the role of epigenetic modifications to the genome as a possible mechanism for regulating changes in gene expression patterns of keratinocytes of the wound and blastema epithelium that are involved in regeneration. We report a modulation of the expression DNMT3a, a de novo DNA methyltransferase, within the first 72 hours post injury that is dependent on nerve signaling. Treatment of skin wounds on the upper forelimb with decitabine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, induced changes in gene expression and cellular behavior associated with a regenerative response. Furthermore, decitabine-treated wounds were able to participate in regeneration while untreated wounds inhibited a regenerative response. Elucidation of the specific epigenetic modifications that mediate cellular dedifferentiation likely will lead to insights for initiating a regenerative response in organisms that lack this ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Aguilar
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - David M Gardiner
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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45
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Satoh A, Mitogawa K, Makanae A. Regeneration inducers in limb regeneration. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:421-429. [PMID: 26100345 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Limb regeneration ability, which can be observed in amphibians, has been investigated as a representative phenomenon of organ regeneration. Recently, an alternative experimental system called the accessory limb model was developed to investigate early regulation of amphibian limb regeneration. The accessory limb model contributed to identification of limb regeneration inducers in urodele amphibians. Furthermore, the accessory limb model may be applied to other species to explore universality of regeneration mechanisms. This review aims to connect the insights recently gained to emboss universality of regeneration mechanisms among species. The defined molecules (BMP7 (or2) + FGF2 + FGF8) can transform skin wound healing to organ (limb) regeneration responses. The same molecules can initiate regeneration responses in some species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Satoh
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushimanaka, kitaku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Mitogawa
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushimanaka, kitaku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Aki Makanae
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushimanaka, kitaku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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46
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Simkin J, Sammarco MC, Dawson LA, Tucker C, Taylor LJ, Van Meter K, Muneoka K. Epidermal closure regulates histolysis during mammalian (Mus) digit regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:106-19. [PMID: 27499872 PMCID: PMC4895321 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian digit regeneration progresses through consistent stages: histolysis, inflammation, epidermal closure, blastema formation, and finally redifferentiation. What we do not yet know is how each stage can affect others. Questions of stage timing, tissue interactions, and microenvironmental states are becoming increasingly important as we look toward solutions for whole limb regeneration. This study focuses on the timing of epidermal closure which, in mammals, is delayed compared to more regenerative animals like the axolotl. We use a standard wound closure device, Dermabond (2-octyl cyanoacrylate), to induce earlier epidermal closure, and we evaluate the effect of fast epidermal closure on histolysis, blastema formation, and redifferentiation. We find that fast epidermal closure is reliant upon a hypoxic microenvironment. Additionally, early epidermal closure eliminates the histolysis stage and results in a regenerate that more closely replicates the amputated structure. We show that tools like Dermabond and oxygen are able to independently influence the various stages of regeneration enabling us to uncouple histolysis, wound closure, and other regenerative events. With this study, we start to understand how each stage of mammalian digit regeneration is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simkin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Biology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
| | - Mimi C Sammarco
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Catherine Tucker
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Louis J Taylor
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Keith Van Meter
- Department of Medicine Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans Louisiana 70112 USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
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47
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Wang X, Hsi TC, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Pham K, Cho K, McCusker CD, Monuki ES, Cho KWY, Gay DL, Plikus MV. Principles and mechanisms of regeneration in the mouse model for wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:169-181. [PMID: 26504521 PMCID: PMC4617665 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Wound‐induced hair follicle neogenesis (WIHN) describes a regenerative phenomenon in adult mammalian skin wherein fully functional hair follicles regenerate de novo in the center of large excisional wounds. Originally described in rats, rabbits, sheep, and humans in 1940−1960, the WIHN phenomenon was reinvestigated in mice only recently. The process of de novo hair regeneration largely duplicates the morphological and signaling features of normal embryonic hair development. Similar to hair development, WIHN critically depends on the activation of canonical WNT signaling. However, unlike hair development, WNT activation in WIHN is dependent on fibroblast growth factor 9 signaling generated by the immune system's γδ T cells. The cellular bases of WIHN remain to be fully characterized; however, the available evidence leaves open the possibility for a blastema‐like mechanism wherein epidermal and/or dermal wound cells undergo epigenetic reprogramming toward a more plastic, embryonic‐like state. De novo hair follicles do not regenerate from preexisting hair‐fated bulge stem cells. This suggests that hair neogenesis is not driven by preexisting lineage‐restricted progenitors, as is the case for amputation‐induced mouse digit tip regeneration, but rather may require a blastema‐like mechanism. The WIHN model is characterized by several intriguing features, which await further explanation. These include (1) the minimum wound size requirement for activating neogenesis, (2) the restriction of hair neogenesis to the wound's center, and (3) imperfect patterning outcomes, both in terms of neogenic hair positioning within the wound and in terms of their orientation. Future enquiries into the WIHN process, made possible by a wide array of available skin‐specific genetic tools, will undoubtedly expand our understanding of the regeneration mechanisms in adult mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tsai-Ching Hsi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Christian Fernando Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kim Pham
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kevin Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Catherine D McCusker
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Edwin S Monuki
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ken W Y Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Denise L Gay
- UMR 967, Cellules Souches et Radiations, CEA - INSERM - Universités Paris 7 et Paris 11, CEA/DSV/IRCM/SCSR/LRTS, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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48
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McCusker C, Bryant SV, Gardiner DM. The axolotl limb blastema: cellular and molecular mechanisms driving blastema formation and limb regeneration in tetrapods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:54-71. [PMID: 27499868 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The axolotl is one of the few tetrapods that are capable of regenerating complicated biological structures, such as complete limbs, throughout adulthood. Upon injury the axolotl generates a population of regeneration-competent limb progenitor cells known as the blastema, which will grow, establish pattern, and differentiate into the missing limb structures. In this review we focus on the crucial early events that occur during wound healing, the neural-epithelial interactions that drive the formation of the early blastema, and how these mechanisms differ from those of other species that have restricted regenerative potential, such as humans. We also discuss how the presence of cells from the different axes of the limb is required for the continued growth and establishment of pattern in the blastema as described in the polar coordinate model, and how this positional information is reprogrammed in blastema cells during regeneration. Multiple cell types from the mature limb stump contribute to the blastema at different stages of regeneration, and we discuss the contribution of these types to the regenerate with reference to whether they are "pattern-forming" or "pattern-following" cells. Lastly, we explain how an engineering approach will help resolve unanswered questions in limb regeneration, with the goal of translating these concepts to developing better human regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine McCusker
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California Irvine California USA
| | - Susan V Bryant
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California Irvine California USA
| | - David M Gardiner
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California Irvine California USA
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49
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Lehrberg J, Gardiner DM. Regulation of Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) Limb Blastema Cell Proliferation by Nerves and BMP2 in Organotypic Slice Culture. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123186. [PMID: 25923915 PMCID: PMC4414535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have modified and optimized the technique of organotypic slice culture in order to study the mechanisms regulating growth and pattern formation in regenerating axolotl limb blastemas. Blastema cells maintain many of the behaviors that are characteristic of blastemas in vivo when cultured as slices in vitro, including rates of proliferation that are comparable to what has been reported in vivo. Because the blastema slices can be cultured in basal medium without fetal bovine serum, it was possible to test the response of blastema cells to signaling molecules present in serum, as well as those produced by nerves. We also were able to investigate the response of blastema cells to experimentally regulated changes in BMP signaling. Blastema cells responded to all of these signals by increasing the rate of proliferation and the level of expression of the blastema marker gene, Prrx-1. The organotypic slice culture model provides the opportunity to identify and characterize the spatial and temporal co-regulation of pathways in order to induce and enhance a regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Lehrberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Gardiner
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Wang S, Tan XL, Michaud JP, Shi ZK, Zhang F. Sexual selection drives the evolution of limb regeneration in Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:245-252. [PMID: 25632883 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
When Harmonia axyridis larvae were subjected to amputation of a foreleg in the fourth instar, 83% survived and, of these, 75% regenerated the leg during pupation. Regenerators pupated at heavier weights than controls (unoperated) or non-regenerators, and spent longer in pupation. Regenerated males were preferred by females in choice tests and produced more viable progeny than control males. Unregenerated males were less preferred by females, copulated for shorter periods than control males, and reduced female fecundity. Amputation diminished beneficial paternal effects, whether males regenerated or not, resulting in progeny with slower development and smaller adult body mass relative to control paternity. Progeny of unregenerated males had lower survival and body mass, whether male or female, confirming that regeneration was an honest signal of mate quality. When offspring had a foreleg amputated, a regenerated paternity yielded higher survival than control paternity, but similar rates of regeneration, whereas an unregenerated paternity yielded lower rates of survival and leg regeneration than control paternity. Regenerating beetles were twice as likely to be melanic as non-regenerating or control beetles, suggesting pleiotropic effects of melanism on processes involved in regeneration. This is the first report of complete limb regeneration by a holometabolous insect in the pupal stage, and the first example of sexual selection for regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Beijing,China
| | - X L Tan
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Beijing,China
| | - J P Michaud
- Department of Entomology,Kansas State University, Agricultural Research Center-Hays,Hays,Kansas,USA
| | - Z K Shi
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Beijing,China
| | - F Zhang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Beijing,China
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