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Gargalionis AN, Adamopoulos C, Vottis CT, Papavassiliou AG, Basdra EK. Runx2 and Polycystins in Bone Mechanotransduction: Challenges for Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5291. [PMID: 38791330 PMCID: PMC11121608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone mechanotransduction is a critical process during skeletal development in embryogenesis and organogenesis. At the same time, the type and level of mechanical loading regulates bone remodeling throughout the adult life. The aberrant mechanosensing of bone cells has been implicated in the development and progression of bone loss disorders, but also in the bone-specific aspect of other clinical entities, such as the tumorigenesis of solid organs. Novel treatment options have come into sight that exploit the mechanosensitivity of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and chondrocytes to achieve efficient bone regeneration. In this regard, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) has emerged as a chief skeletal-specific molecule of differentiation, which is prominent to induction by mechanical stimuli. Polycystins represent a family of mechanosensitive proteins that interact with Runx2 in mechano-induced signaling cascades and foster the regulation of alternative effectors of mechanotransuction. In the present narrative review, we employed a PubMed search to extract the literature concerning Runx2, polycystins, and their association from 2000 to March 2024. The keywords stated below were used for the article search. We discuss recent advances regarding the implication of Runx2 and polycystins in bone remodeling and regeneration and elaborate on the targeting strategies that may potentially be applied for the treatment of patients with bone loss diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios N. Gargalionis
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Christos Adamopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (C.A.); (A.G.P.)
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Christos T. Vottis
- First Department of Orthopedics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (C.A.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Efthimia K. Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (C.A.); (A.G.P.)
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Guyodo H, Rizzo A, Diab F, Noury F, Mironov S, de Tayrac M, David V, Odent S, Dubourg C, Dupé V. Impact of Sonic Hedgehog-dependent sphenoid bone defect on craniofacial growth. Clin Exp Dent Res 2024; 10:e861. [PMID: 38558491 PMCID: PMC10982674 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study was to evaluate how an apparently minor anomaly of the sphenoid bone, observed in a haploinsufficient mouse model for Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), affects the growth of the adult craniofacial region. This study aims to provide valuable information to orthodontists when making decisions regarding individuals carrying SHH mutation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The skulls of embryonic, juvenile and adult mice of two genotypes (Shh heterozygous and wild type) were examined and measured using landmark-based linear dimensions. Additionally, we analysed the clinical characteristics of a group of patients and their relatives with SHH gene mutations. RESULTS In the viable Shh+/ - mouse model, bred on a C57BL/6J background, we noted the presence of a persistent foramen at the midline of the basisphenoid bone. This particular anomaly was attributed to the existence of an ectopic pituitary gland. We discovered that this anomaly led to premature closure of the intrasphenoidal synchondrosis and contributed to craniofacial deformities in adult mice, including a longitudinally shortened skull base. This developmental anomaly is reminiscent of that commonly observed in human holoprosencephaly, a disorder resulting from a deficiency in SHH activity. However, sphenoid morphogenesis is not currently monitored in individuals carrying SHH mutations. CONCLUSION Haploinsufficiency of Shh leads to isolated craniofacial skeletal hypoplasia in adult mouse. This finding highlights the importance of radiographic monitoring of the skull base in all individuals with SHH gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Guyodo
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)‐UMR6290RennesFrance
| | - Aurélie Rizzo
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)‐UMR6290RennesFrance
| | - Farah Diab
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), “Maladies génétiques d'expression pédiatrique”ParisFrance
| | - Fanny Noury
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et BiologiquesUniv Rennes, INSERM, LTSI ‐ UMR 1099RennesFrance
| | - Svetlana Mironov
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)‐UMR6290RennesFrance
| | - Marie de Tayrac
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)‐UMR6290RennesFrance
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHURennesFrance
| | - Véronique David
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)‐UMR6290RennesFrance
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)‐UMR6290RennesFrance
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHURennesFrance
| | - Christèle Dubourg
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)‐UMR6290RennesFrance
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHURennesFrance
| | - Valérie Dupé
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)‐UMR6290RennesFrance
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Ueharu H, Pan H, Hayano S, Zapien-Guerra K, Yang J, Mishina Y. Augmentation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling in cranial neural crest cells in mice deforms skull base due to premature fusion of intersphenoidal synchondrosis. Genesis 2023; 61:e23509. [PMID: 36622051 PMCID: PMC10757424 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial anomalies (CFAs) are a diverse group of disorders affecting the shapes of the face and the head. Malformation of the cranial base in humans leads CFAs, such as midfacial hypoplasia and craniosynostosis. These patients have significant burdens associated with breathing, speaking, and chewing. Invasive surgical intervention is the current primary option to correct these structural deficiencies. Understanding molecular cellular mechanism for craniofacial development would provide novel therapeutic options for CFAs. In this study, we found that enhanced bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) (P0-Cre;caBmpr1a mice) causes premature fusion of intersphenoid synchondrosis (ISS) resulting in leading to short snouts and hypertelorism. Histological analyses revealed reduction of proliferation and higher cell death in ISS at postnatal day 3. We demonstrated to prevent the premature fusion of ISS in P0-Cre;caBmpr1a mice by injecting a p53 inhibitor Pifithrin-α to the pregnant mother from E15.5 to E18.5, resulting in rescue from short snouts and hypertelorism. We further demonstrated to prevent premature fusion of cranial sutures in P0-Cre;caBmpr1a mice by injecting Pifithrin-α through E8.5 to E18.5. These results suggested that enhanced BMP-p53-induced cell death in cranial NCCs causes premature fusion of ISS and sutures in time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ueharu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Haichun Pan
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Satoru Hayano
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Karen Zapien-Guerra
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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4
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Katsianou MA, Papavassiliou KA, Gargalionis AN, Agrogiannis G, Korkolopoulou P, Panagopoulos D, Themistocleous MS, Piperi C, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG. Polycystin‐1 regulates cell proliferation and migration through AKT/mTORC2 pathway in a human craniosynostosis cell model. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:2428-2437. [PMID: 35285136 PMCID: PMC8995461 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of skull sutures and has a severe pathological impact on childrens’ life. Mechanical forces are capable of triggering biological responses in bone cells and regulate osteoblastogenesis in cranial sutures, leading to premature closure. The mechanosensitive proteins polycystin‐1 (PC1) and polycystin‐2 (PC2) have been documented to play an important role in craniofacial proliferation and development. Herein, we investigated the contribution of PC1 to the pathogenesis of non‐syndromic craniosynostosis and the associated molecular mechanisms. Protein expression of PC1 and PC2 was detected in bone fragments derived from craniosynostosis patients via immunohistochemistry. To explore the modulatory role of PC1 in primary cranial suture cells, we further abrogated the function of PC1 extracellular mechanosensing domain using a specific anti‐PC1 IgPKD1 antibody. Effect of IgPKD1 treatment was evaluated with cell proliferation and migration assays. Activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway components was further detected via Western blot in primary cranial suture cells following IgPKD1 treatment. PC1 and PC2 are expressed in human tissues of craniosynostosis. PC1 functional inhibition resulted in elevated proliferation and migration of primary cranial suture cells. PC1 inhibition also induced activation of AKT, exhibiting elevated phospho (p)‐AKT (Ser473) levels, but not 4EBP1 or p70S6K activation. Our findings indicate that PC1 may act as a mechanosensing molecule in cranial sutures by modulating osteoblastic cell proliferation and migration through the PC1/AKT/mTORC2 cascade with a potential impact on the development of non‐syndromic craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Katsianou
- Department of Biological Chemistry Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Kostas A. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Antonios N. Gargalionis
- Department of Biological Chemistry Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - George Agrogiannis
- First Department of Pathology Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Penelope Korkolopoulou
- First Department of Pathology Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | | | | | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Efthimia K. Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
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5
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Katsianou M, Papavassiliou KA, Zoi I, Gargalionis AN, Panagopoulos D, Themistocleous MS, Piperi C, Papavassiliou AG, Basdra EK. Polycystin-1 modulates RUNX2 activation and osteocalcin gene expression via ERK signalling in a human craniosynostosis cell model. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:3216-3225. [PMID: 33656806 PMCID: PMC8034462 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis refers to the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures leading to skull shape deformities and brain growth restriction. Among the many factors that contribute to abnormal suture fusion, mechanical forces seem to play a major role. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanobiology-related mechanisms of craniosynostosis still remain unknown. Understanding how aberrant mechanosensation and mechanotransduction drive premature suture fusion will offer important insights into the pathophysiology of craniosynostosis and result in the development of new therapies, which can be used to intervene at an early stage and prevent premature suture fusion. Herein, we provide evidence for the first time on the role of polycystin-1 (PC1), a key protein in cellular mechanosensitivity, in craniosynostosis, using primary cranial suture cells isolated from patients with trigonocephaly and dolichocephaly, two common types of craniosynostosis. Initially, we showed that PC1 is expressed at the mRNA and protein level in both trigonocephaly and dolichocephaly cranial suture cells. Followingly, by utilizing an antibody against the mechanosensing extracellular N-terminal domain of PC1, we demonstrated that PC1 regulates runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) activation and osteocalcin gene expression via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling in our human craniosynostosis cell model. Altogether, our study reveals a novel mechanotransduction signalling axis, PC1-ERK-RUNX2, which affects osteoblastic differentiation in cranial suture cells from trigonocephaly and dolichocephaly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Katsianou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas A Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilianna Zoi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios N Gargalionis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimia K Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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6
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Funato N. New Insights Into Cranial Synchondrosis Development: A Mini Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:706. [PMID: 32850826 PMCID: PMC7432265 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The synchondroses formed via endochondral ossification in the cranial base are an important growth center for the neurocranium. Abnormalities in the synchondroses affect cranial base elongation and the development of adjacent regions, including the craniofacial bones. In the central region of the cranial base, there are two synchondroses present—the intersphenoid synchondrosis and the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. These synchondroses consist of mirror image bipolar growth plates. The cross-talk of several signaling pathways, including the parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH)/parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), Wnt/β-catenin, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways, as well as regulation by cilium assembly and the transcription factors encoded by the RUNX2, SIX1, SIX2, SIX4, and TBX1 genes, play critical roles in synchondrosis development. Deletions or activation of these gene products in mice causes the abnormal ossification of cranial synchondrosis and skeletal elements. Gene disruption leads to both similar and markedly different abnormalities in the development of intersphenoid synchondrosis and spheno-occipital synchondrosis, as well as in the phenotypes of synchondroses and skeletal bones. This paper reviews the development of cranial synchondroses, along with its regulation by the signaling pathways and transcription factors, highlighting the differences between intersphenoid synchondrosis and spheno-occipital synchondrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Funato
- Department of Signal Gene Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Core, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Farke D, Staszyk C, Failing K, Kirberger RM, Schmidt MJ. Sensitivity and specificity of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography for the determination of the developmental state of cranial sutures and synchondroses in the dog. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:221. [PMID: 31262279 PMCID: PMC6604170 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During skull ontogenesis, growth centers in the skull base and calvarial bones allow gradual expansion of the cranial vault. Premature growth termination of cranial base synchondroses and/or calvarial sutures can result in devastating skull dysmorphologies. There is evidence to believe that a premature closure in one or more cranial growth centers contribute to the brachycephalic skull morphology in dogs. To provide a proof of concept for the non-invasive investigation of ontogenetic changes in cranial sutures and synchondroses in living dogs, we compared magnet resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) with histologic findings. Our aim was to determine the in vitro sensitivity and specificity for conventional clinical imaging methods in the assessment of cranial suture closure and synchondroses ossification in dogs. RESULTS The evaluation of cranial base synchondroses in MRI had a sensitivity of up to 93.1% and a specificity of 72.7% dependent on the observer. The evaluation of cranial base synchondroses in CT had a sensitivity of 92.2% and a specificity of 86.4%. Suture assessment on MRI suture assessment had a sensitivity of 82.1% dependent on the observer and a specificity of 19.3%. CT suture assessment had a sensitivity of 85.1% and a specificity of 40.4% in dependence of the observer. CONCLUSION Conventional cross-sectional imaging techniques (MRI and CT) allow reliable assessment of the open or closed state of synchondroses within the cranial base. In contrast CT and MRI are not suitable for a reliable assessment of the cranial sutures in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Farke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 108, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Carsten Staszyk
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology, and –Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 98, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Department of Biomathematics, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 95, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert M. Kirberger
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110 South Africa
| | - Martin J. Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 108, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
The cranial base is a central and integral component of the cranioskeleton, yet little is known about its growth. Despite the dissimilarities between human and murine cranioskeletal form, mouse models are proving instrumental in studying craniofacial growth. The objectives of this review are to summarize recent findings from numerous mouse models that display growth defects in one or more cranial base synchondroses, with accompanying changes in chondrocyte cellular zones. Many of these models also display altered growth of the cranial vault and/or the facial region. FGFR, PTHrP, Ihh, BMP and Wnt/β-catenin, as well as components of primary cilia, are the major genes and signalling pathways identified in cranial base synchondroses. Together, these models are helping to uncover specific genetic influences and signalling pathways operational at the cranial base synchondroses. Many of these genes are in common with those of importance in the cranial vault and the facial skeleton, emphasizing the molecular integration of growth between the cranial base and other cranial regions. Selected models are also being utilized in testing therapeutic agents to correct defective craniofacial and cranial base growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Vora
- Oral Health Sciences, Orthodontics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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9
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Katsianou MA, Skondra FG, Gargalionis AN, Piperi C, Basdra EK. The role of transient receptor potential polycystin channels in bone diseases. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:246. [PMID: 30069448 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.04.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are cation channels which act as molecular sensors that enable cells to detect and respond to a plethora of mechanical and environmental cues. TRPs are involved in various physiological processes, such as mechanosensation, non-inception and thermosensation, while mutations in genes encoding them can lead to pathological conditions, called "channelopathies". The subfamily of transient receptor potential polycystins (TRPPs), Polycystin 1 (PC1, TRPP1) and Polycystin 2 (PC2, TRPP2), act as mechanoreceptors, sensing external mechanical forces, including strain, stretch and fluid shear stress, triggering a cascade of signaling pathways involved in osteoblastogenesis and ultimately bone formation. Both in vitro studies and research on animal models have already identified their implications in bone homeostasis. However, uncertainty veiling the role of polycystins (PCs) in bone disease urges studies to elucidate further their role in this field. Mutations in TRPPs have been related to autosomal polycystic kidney disease (ADKPD) and research groups try to identify their role beyond their well-established contribution in kidney disease. Such an elucidation would be beneficial for identifying signaling pathways where polycystins are involved in bone diseases related to exertion of mechanical forces such as osteoporosis, osteopenia and craniosynostosis. A better understanding of the implications of TRPPs in bone diseases would possibly lay the cornerstone for effective therapeutic schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Katsianou
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Foteini G Skondra
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios N Gargalionis
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimia K Basdra
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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10
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Comai G, Boutet A, Tanneberger K, Massa F, Rocha AS, Charlet A, Panzolini C, Jian Motamedi F, Brommage R, Hans W, Funck-Brentano T, Hrabe de Angelis M, Hartmann C, Cohen-Solal M, Behrens J, Schedl A. Genetic and Molecular Insights Into Genotype-Phenotype Relationships in Osteopathia Striata With Cranial Sclerosis (OSCS) Through the Analysis of Novel Mouse Wtx Mutant Alleles. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:875-887. [PMID: 29329488 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The X-linked WTX/AMER1 protein constitutes an important component of the β-catenin destruction complex that can both enhance and suppress canonical β-catenin signaling. Somatic mutations in WTX/AMER1 have been found in a proportion of the pediatric kidney cancer Wilms' tumor. By contrast, germline mutations cause the severe sclerosing bone dysplasia osteopathia striata congenita with cranial sclerosis (OSCS), a condition usually associated with fetal or perinatal lethality in male patients. Here we address the developmental and molecular function of WTX by generating two novel mouse alleles. We show that in addition to the previously reported skeletal abnormalities, loss of Wtx causes severe midline fusion defects including cleft palate and ectopic synostosis at the base of the skull. By contrast, deletion of the C-terminal part of the protein results in only mild developmental abnormalities permitting survival beyond birth. Adult analysis, however, revealed skeletal defects including changed skull morphology and an increased whole-body bone density, resembling a subgroup of male patients carrying a milder, survivable phenotype. Molecular analysis in vitro showed that while β-catenin fails to co-immunoprecipitate with the truncated protein, partial recruitment appears to be achieved in an indirect manner using AXIN/AXIN2 as a molecular bridge. Taken together our analysis provides a novel model for WTX-caused bone diseases and explains on the molecular level how truncation mutations in this gene may retain some of WTX-protein functions. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Comai
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France.,Current Address: Dept. of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Pasteur Institute, CNRS UMR3738, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Boutet
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France.,Current Address: CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, UMR8227, Translation, Cell Cycle and Development Group, Station Biologique, F-29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Kristina Tanneberger
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus Fiebiger Zentrum, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Filippo Massa
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
| | - Ana-Sofia Rocha
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
| | - Aurelie Charlet
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
| | - Clara Panzolini
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
| | - Fariba Jian Motamedi
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
| | - Robert Brommage
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hans
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Funck-Brentano
- INSERM UMR-1132, Biologie de l'os et du cartilage (BIOSCAR), Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christine Hartmann
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU), Münster, Germany
| | - Martine Cohen-Solal
- INSERM UMR-1132, Biologie de l'os et du cartilage (BIOSCAR), Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Behrens
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus Fiebiger Zentrum, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schedl
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
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11
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Karamesinis K, Basdra EK. The biological basis of treating jaw discrepancies: An interplay of mechanical forces and skeletal configuration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1675-1683. [PMID: 29454076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Jaw discrepancies and malrelations affect a large proportion of the general population and their treatment is of utmost significance for individuals' health and quality of life. The aim of their therapy is the modification of aberrant jaw development mainly by targeting the growth potential of the mandibular condyle through its cartilage, and the architectural shape of alveolar bone through a suture type of structure, the periodontal ligament. This targeted treatment is achieved via external mechanical force application by using a wide variety of intraoral and extraoral appliances. Condylar cartilage and sutures exhibit a remarkable plasticity due to the mechano-responsiveness of the chondrocytes and the multipotent mesenchymal cells of the sutures. The tissues respond biologically and adapt to mechanical force application by a variety of signaling pathways and a final interplay between the proliferative activity and the differentiation status of the cells involved. These targeted therapeutic functional alterations within temporo-mandibular joint ultimately result in the enhancement or restriction of mandibular growth, while within the periodontal ligament lead to bone remodeling and change of its architectural structure. Depending on the form of the malrelation presented, the above treatment approaches, in conjunction or separately, lead to the total correction of jaw discrepancies and the achievement of facial harmony and function. Overall, the treatment of craniofacial and jaw anomalies can be seen as an interplay of mechanical forces and adaptations occurring within temporo-mandibular joint and alveolar bone. The aim of the present review is to present up-to-date knowledge on the mechano-biology behind jaw growth modification and alveolar bone remodeling. Furthermore, future molecular targeted therapeutic strategies are discussed aiming at the improvement of mechanically-driven chondrogenesis and osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Karamesinis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Unit, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimia K Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Unit, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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12
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Lu H, Galeano MCR, Ott E, Kaeslin G, Kausalya PJ, Kramer C, Ortiz-Brüchle N, Hilger N, Metzis V, Hiersche M, Tay SY, Tunningley R, Vij S, Courtney AD, Whittle B, Wühl E, Vester U, Hartleben B, Neuber S, Frank V, Little MH, Epting D, Papathanasiou P, Perkins AC, Wright GD, Hunziker W, Gee HY, Otto EA, Zerres K, Hildebrandt F, Roy S, Wicking C, Bergmann C. Mutations in DZIP1L, which encodes a ciliary-transition-zone protein, cause autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1025-1034. [PMID: 28530676 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), usually considered to be a genetically homogeneous disease caused by mutations in PKHD1, has been associated with ciliary dysfunction. Here, we describe mutations in DZIP1L, which encodes DAZ interacting protein 1-like, in patients with ARPKD. We further validated these findings through loss-of-function studies in mice and zebrafish. DZIP1L localizes to centrioles and to the distal ends of basal bodies, and interacts with septin2, a protein implicated in maintenance of the periciliary diffusion barrier at the ciliary transition zone. In agreement with a defect in the diffusion barrier, we found that the ciliary-membrane translocation of the PKD proteins polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 is compromised in DZIP1L-mutant cells. Together, these data provide what is, to our knowledge, the first conclusive evidence that ARPKD is not a homogeneous disorder and further establish DZIP1L as a second gene involved in ARPKD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | - Maria C Rondón Galeano
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Ott
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geraldine Kaeslin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Carina Kramer
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Nadescha Hilger
- Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vicki Metzis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Milan Hiersche
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany
| | | | - Robert Tunningley
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Shubha Vij
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | - Andrew D Courtney
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Belinda Whittle
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Elke Wühl
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University Children's Hospital Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Udo Vester
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Children's Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Björn Hartleben
- Institute of Pathology, MHH University Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steffen Neuber
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Valeska Frank
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Melissa H Little
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Epting
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Papathanasiou
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew C Perkins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Mater Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Walter Hunziker
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Edgar A Otto
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Klaus Zerres
- Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore.,Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carol Wicking
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carsten Bergmann
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany
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13
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Ketoff S, Girinon F, Schlager S, Friess M, Schouman T, Rouch P, Khonsari RH. Zygomatic bone shape in intentional cranial deformations: a model for the study of the interactions between skull growth and facial morphology. J Anat 2016; 230:524-531. [PMID: 28032345 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intentional cranial deformations (ICD) were obtained by exerting external mechanical constraints on the skull vault during the first years of life to permanently modify head shape. The repercussions of ICD on the face are not well described in the midfacial region. Here we assessed the shape of the zygomatic bone in different types of ICDs. We considered 14 non-deformed skulls, 19 skulls with antero-posterior deformation, nine skulls with circumferential deformation and seven skulls with Toulouse deformation. The shape of the zygomatic bone was assessed using a statistical shape model after mesh registration. Euclidian distances between mean models and Mahalanobis distances after canonical variate analysis were computed. Classification accuracy was computed using a cross-validation approach. Different ICDs cause specific zygomatic shape modifications corresponding to different degrees of retrusion but the shape of the zygomatic bone alone is not a sufficient parameter for classifying populations into ICD groups defined by deformation types. We illustrate the fact that external mechanical constraints on the skull vault influence midfacial growth. ICDs are a model for the study of the influence of epigenetic factors on craniofacial growth and can help to understand the facial effects of congenital skull malformations such as single or multi-suture synostoses, or of external orthopedic devices such as helmets used to correct deformational plagiocephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ketoff
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, Paris, France.,Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
| | - F Girinon
- Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
| | - S Schlager
- Biological Anthropology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Friess
- Département Hommes, Nature, Sociétés, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR-7206, Paris, France
| | - T Schouman
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, Paris, France.,Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
| | - P Rouch
- Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
| | - R H Khonsari
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, Paris, France.,Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
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14
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Karamesinis K, Spyropoulou A, Dalagiorgou G, Katsianou MA, Nokhbehsaim M, Memmert S, Deschner J, Vastardis H, Piperi C. Continuous hydrostatic pressure induces differentiation phenomena in chondrocytes mediated by changes in polycystins, SOX9, and RUNX2. J Orofac Orthop 2016; 78:21-31. [PMID: 27909759 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-016-0061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of hydrostatic pressure on chondrocyte differentiation, as indicated by protein levels of transcription factors SOX9 and RUNX2, on transcriptional activity of SOX9, as determined by pSOX9 levels, and on the expression of polycystin-encoding genes Pkd1 and Pkd2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ATDC5 cells were cultured in insulin-supplemented differentiation medium (ITS) and/or exposed to 14.7 kPa of hydrostatic pressure for 12, 24, 48, and 96 h. Cell extracts were assessed for SOX9, pSOX9, and RUNX2 using western immunoblotting. The Pkd1 and Pkd2 mRNA levels were detected by real-time PCR. RESULTS Hydrostatic pressure resulted in an early drop in SOX9 and pSOX9 protein levels at 12 h followed by an increase from 24 h onwards. A reverse pattern was followed by RUNX2, which reached peak levels at 24 h of hydrostatic pressure-treated chondrocytes in ITS culture. Pkd1 and Pkd2 mRNA levels increased at 24 h of combined hydrostatic pressure and ITS treatment, with the latter remaining elevated up to 96 h. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that long periods of continuous hydrostatic pressure stimulate chondrocyte differentiation through a series of molecular events involving SOX9, RUNX2, and polycystins-1, 2, providing a theoretical background for functional orthopedic mechanotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Karamesinis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece.,Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Spyropoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Dalagiorgou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria A Katsianou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Marjan Nokhbehsaim
- Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Svenja Memmert
- Department of Orthodontics Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heleni Vastardis
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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15
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Kim S, Nie H, Nesin V, Tran U, Outeda P, Bai CX, Keeling J, Maskey D, Watnick T, Wessely O, Tsiokas L. The polycystin complex mediates Wnt/Ca(2+) signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:752-764. [PMID: 27214281 PMCID: PMC4925210 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
WNT ligands induce Ca2+ signaling on target cells. PKD1 (Polycystin 1) is considered an orphan, atypical G protein coupled receptor complexed with TRPP2 (Polycystin 2 or PKD2), a Ca2+-permeable ion channel. Inactivating mutations in their genes cause autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), one of the most common genetic diseases. Here, we show that WNTs bind to the extracellular domain of PKD1 and induce whole cell currents and Ca2+ influx dependent on TRPP2. Pathogenic PKD1 or PKD2 mutations that abrogate complex formation, compromise cell surface expression of PKD1, or reduce TRPP2 channel activity suppress activation by WNTs. Pkd2−/− fibroblasts lack WNT-induced Ca2+ currents and are unable to polarize during directed cell migration. In Xenopus embryos, PKD1, Dishevelled 2 (DVL2), and WNT9A act within the same pathway to preserve normal tubulogenesis. These data define PKD1 as a WNT (co)receptor and implicate defective WNT/Ca2+ signaling as one of the causes of ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokho Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hongguang Nie
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Liaoning Shenyang, 110001 China (H.N)
| | - Vasyl Nesin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Uyen Tran
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC10, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Patricia Outeda
- Division of Nephrology, Baltimore PKD Research and Clinical Core Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chang-Xi Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Advanced Research on Mongolian Medicine, Research Institute for Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China (CB)
| | - Jacob Keeling
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Dipak Maskey
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Terry Watnick
- Division of Nephrology, Baltimore PKD Research and Clinical Core Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC10, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Leonidas Tsiokas
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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16
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Antony N, McDougall AR, Mantamadiotis T, Cole TJ, Bird AD. Creb1 regulates late stage mammalian lung development via respiratory epithelial and mesenchymal-independent mechanisms. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25569. [PMID: 27150575 PMCID: PMC4858709 DOI: 10.1038/srep25569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During mammalian lung development, the morphological transition from respiratory tree branching morphogenesis to a predominantly saccular architecture, capable of air-breathing at birth, is dependent on physical forces as well as molecular signaling by a range of transcription factors including the cAMP response element binding protein 1 (Creb1). Creb1(-/-) mutant mice exhibit complete neonatal lethality consistent with a lack of lung maturation beyond the branching phase. To further define its role in the developing mouse lung, we deleted Creb1 separately in the respiratory epithelium and mesenchyme. Surprisingly, we found no evidence of a morphological lung defect nor compromised neonatal survival in either conditional Creb1 mutant. Interestingly however, loss of mesenchymal Creb1 on a genetic background lacking the related Crem protein showed normal lung development but poor neonatal survival. To investigate the underlying requirement for Creb1 for normal lung development, Creb1(-/-) mice were re-examined for defects in both respiratory muscles and glucocorticoid hormone signaling, which are also required for late stage lung maturation. However, these systems appeared normal in Creb1(-/-) mice. Together our results suggest that the requirement of Creb1 for normal mammalian lung morphogenesis is not dependent upon its expression in lung epithelium or mesenchyme, nor its role in musculoskeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Antony
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - A. R. McDougall
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia
- The Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - T. Mantamadiotis
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - T. J. Cole
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - A. D. Bird
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Katsianou MA, Adamopoulos C, Vastardis H, Basdra EK. Signaling mechanisms implicated in cranial sutures pathophysiology: Craniosynostosis. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 6:165-176. [PMID: 27957430 PMCID: PMC5144105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Normal extension and skull expansion is a synchronized process that prevails along the osteogenic intersections of the cranial sutures. Cranial sutures operate as bone growth sites allowing swift bone generation at the edges of the bone fronts while they remain patent. Premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures can trigger craniosynostosis, a birth defect characterized by dramatic manifestations in appearance and functional impairment. Up until today, surgical correction is the only restorative measure for craniosynostosis associated with considerable mortality. Clinical studies have identified several genes implicated in the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis syndromes with useful insights into the underlying molecular signaling events that determine suture fate. In this review, we exploit the intracellular signal transduction pathways implicated in suture pathobiology, in an attempt to identify key signaling molecules for therapeutic targeting. Cranial sutures operate as bone growth sites. Premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures can trigger craniosynostosis. Several genes are involved in the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis syndromes. An array of molecular signaling events determine suture fate. Herein, the signal transduction pathways implicated in suture pathobiology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Katsianou
- Department of Biological Chemistry - Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Unit, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Adamopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry - Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Unit, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Heleni Vastardis
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimia K Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry - Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Unit, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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18
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Nishioka T, Arima N, Kano K, Hama K, Itai E, Yukiura H, Kise R, Inoue A, Kim SH, Solnica-Krezel L, Moolenaar WH, Chun J, Aoki J. ATX-LPA1 axis contributes to proliferation of chondrocytes by regulating fibronectin assembly leading to proper cartilage formation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23433. [PMID: 27005960 PMCID: PMC4804234 DOI: 10.1038/srep23433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signals via six distinct G protein-coupled receptors to mediate both unique and overlapping biological effects, including cell migration, proliferation and survival. LPA is produced extracellularly by autotaxin (ATX), a secreted lysophospholipase D, from lysophosphatidylcholine. ATX-LPA receptor signaling is essential for normal development and implicated in various (patho)physiological processes, but underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Through gene targeting approaches in zebrafish and mice, we show here that loss of ATX-LPA1 signaling leads to disorganization of chondrocytes, causing severe defects in cartilage formation. Mechanistically, ATX-LPA1 signaling acts by promoting S-phase entry and cell proliferation of chondrocytes both in vitro and in vivo, at least in part through β1-integrin translocation leading to fibronectin assembly and further extracellular matrix deposition; this in turn promotes chondrocyte-matrix adhesion and cell proliferation. Thus, the ATX-LPA1 axis is a key regulator of cartilage formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuji Nishioka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Naoaki Arima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Eriko Itai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yukiura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kise
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi City, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wouter H Moolenaar
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA-92037, USA
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004 Japan
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19
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Noda K, Nakamura T, Komatsu Y. Fibulin-5 deficiency causes developmental defect of premaxillary bone in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:585-91. [PMID: 26399686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial sutures govern the shape of the craniofacial skeleton during postnatal development. The differentiation of suture mesenchymal cells to osteoblasts is precisely regulated in part by signaling through cell surface receptors that interact with extracellular proteins. Here we report that fibulin-5, a key extracellular matrix protein, is important for craniofacial skeletal development in mice. Fibulin-5 is deposited as a fibrous matrix in cranial neural crest-derived mesenchymal tissues, including craniofacial sutures. Fibulin-5-null mice show decreased premaxillary bone outgrowth during postnatal stages. While premaxillo-maxillary suture mesenchymal cells in fibulin-5-null mice were capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, suture cells in mutant mice were less proliferative. Our study provides the first evidence that fibulin-5 is indispensable for the regulation of facial suture mesenchymal cell proliferation required for craniofacial skeletal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Noda
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Tomoyuki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Genes and Development, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Wang H, Sun W, Ma J, Pan Y, Wang L, Zhang W. Polycystin-1 mediates mechanical strain-induced osteoblastic mechanoresponses via potentiation of intracellular calcium and Akt/β-catenin pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91730. [PMID: 24618832 PMCID: PMC3950298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical regulation of bone formation involves a complex biophysical process, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Polycystin-1 (PC1) is postulated to function as a mechanosensory molecule mediating mechanical signal transduction in renal epithelial cells. To investigate the involvement of PC1 in mechanical strain-induced signaling cascades controlling osteogenesis, PKD1 gene was stably silenced in osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 by using lentivirus-mediated shRNA technology. Here, our findings showed that mechanical tensile strain sufficiently enhanced osteogenic gene expressions and osteoblastic proliferation. However, PC1 deficiency resulted in the loss of the ability to sense external mechanical stimuli thereby promoting osteoblastic osteogenesis and proliferation. The signal pathways implicated in this process were intracellular calcium and Akt/β-catenin pathway. The basal levels of intracellular calcium, phospho-Akt, phospho-GSK-3β and nuclear accumulation of active β-catenin were significantly attenuated in PC1 deficient osteoblasts. In addition, PC1 deficiency impaired mechanical strain-induced potentiation of intracellular calcium, and activation of Akt-dependent and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, which was able to be partially reversed by calcium ionophore A23187 treatment. Furthermore, applications of LiCl or A23187 in PC1 deficient osteoblasts could promote osteoblastic differentiation and proliferation under mechanical strain conditions. Therefore, our results demonstrated that osteoblasts require mechanosensory molecule PC1 to adapt to external mechanical tensile strain thereby inducing osteoblastic mechanoresponse, partially through the potentiation of intracellular calcium and downstream Akt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Sun
- The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junqing Ma
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongchu Pan
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (LW); (WZ)
| | - Weibing Zhang
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (LW); (WZ)
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21
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Shalish M, Will LA, Fukai N, Hou B, Olsen BR. Role of polycystin-1 in bone remodeling: orthodontic tooth movement study in mutant mice. Angle Orthod 2014; 84:885-90. [PMID: 24559508 DOI: 10.2319/082313-620.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that polycystin-1 (PC1) is involved in orthodontic tooth movement as a mechanical sensor. MATERIALS AND METHODS The response to force application was compared between three mutant and four wild-type 7-week-old mice. The mutant mice were PC1/Wnt1-cre, lacking PC1 in the craniofacial region. An orthodontic closed coil spring was bonded between the incisor and the left first molar, applying 20 g of force for 4 days. Micro-computed tomography, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and tartrate-resistent acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining were used to study the differences in tooth movement among the groups. RESULTS In the wild-type mice the bonded molar moved mesially, and the periodontal ligament (PDL) was compressed in the compression side. The compression side showed a hyalinized zone, and osteoclasts were identified there using TRAP staining. In the mutant mice, the molar did not move, the incisor tipped palatally, and there was slight widening of the PDL in the tension area. Osteoclasts were not seen on the bone surface or on the compression side. Osteoclasts were only observed on the other side of the bone-in the bone marrow. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a difference in tooth movement and osteoclast activity between PC1 mutant mice and wild-type mice in response to orthodontic force. The impaired tooth movement and the lack of osteoclasts on the bone surface in the mutant working side may be related to lack of signal from the PDL due to PC1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Shalish
- a Director of Postgraduate Program, Department of Orthodontics, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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22
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Panda SP, Guntur AR, Polusani SR, Fajardo RJ, Gakunga PT, Roman LJ, Masters BS. Conditional deletion of cytochrome p450 reductase in osteoprogenitor cells affects long bone and skull development in mice recapitulating antley-bixler syndrome: role of a redox enzyme in development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75638. [PMID: 24086598 PMCID: PMC3783497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is the primary electron donor for cytochromes P450, dehydrocholesterol reductase, heme oxygenase, and squalene monooxygenase. Human patients with specific mutations in POR exhibit severe developmental malformations including disordered steroidogenesis, sexual ambiguities and various bone defects, similar to those seen in patients with Antley-Bixler syndrome (ABS). To probe the role of POR during bone development, we generated a conditional knockout mouse (CKO) by cross breeding Porlox/lox and Dermo1 Cre mice. CKO mice were smaller than their littermate controls and exhibited significant craniofacial and long bone abnormalities. Differential staining of the CKO mice skull bases shows premature fusion of the sphenooccipital and basioccipital-exoccipital synchondroses. Class III malocclusion was noted in adult knockout mice with an unusual overgrowth of the lower incisors. Shorter long bones were observed along with a reduction in the bone volume fraction, measured by microCT, in the Por-deleted mice compared to age- and sex-matched littermate controls. Concerted up- or down-regulation of proteins in the FGF signaling pathway observed by immunohistochemistry in the tibia samples of CKO mice compared to wild type controls shows a decrease in the FGF signaling pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a mouse model that recapitulates both skull and long bone defects upon Por deletion, offering an approach to study the sequelae of POR mutations. This unique model demonstrates that P450 metabolism in bone itself is potentially important for proper bone development, and that an apparent link exists between the POR and FGF signaling pathways, begging the question of how an oxidation-reduction flavoprotein affects developmental and cellular signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya P. Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: ; (BSM)
| | - Anyonya R. Guntur
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Srikanth R. Polusani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roberto J. Fajardo
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter T. Gakunga
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bettie Sue Masters
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: ; (BSM)
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23
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Khonsari RH, Olivier J, Vigneaux P, Sanchez S, Tafforeau P, Ahlberg PE, Di Rocco F, Bresch D, Corre P, Ohazama A, Sharpe PT, Calvez V. A mathematical model for mechanotransduction at the early steps of suture formation. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20122670. [PMID: 23516237 PMCID: PMC3619497 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and patterning of craniofacial sutures is subjected to the effects of mechanical stress. Mechanotransduction processes occurring at the margins of the sutures are not precisely understood. Here, we propose a simple theoretical model based on the orientation of collagen fibres within the suture in response to local stress. We demonstrate that fibre alignment generates an instability leading to the emergence of interdigitations. We confirm the appearance of this instability both analytically and numerically. To support our model, we use histology and synchrotron X-ray microtomography and reveal the fine structure of fibres within the sutural mesenchyme and their insertion into the bone. Furthermore, using a mouse model with impaired mechanotransduction, we show that the architecture of sutures is disturbed when forces are not interpreted properly. Finally, by studying the structure of sutures in the mouse, the rat, an actinopterygian (Polypterus bichir) and a placoderm (Compagopiscis croucheri), we show that bone deposition patterns during dermal bone growth are conserved within jawed vertebrates. In total, these results support the role of mechanical constraints in the growth and patterning of craniofacial sutures, a process that was probably effective at the emergence of gnathostomes, and provide new directions for the understanding of normal and pathological suture fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. H. Khonsari
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Research, Comprehensive Biomedical Research, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
- Service de Chirurgie maxillofaciale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - J. Olivier
- Archimedes Center for Modeling, Analysis and Computation (ACMAC), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - P. Vigneaux
- Unité de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR, 5669 Lyon, France
| | - S. Sanchez
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - P. Tafforeau
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - P. E. Ahlberg
- Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F. Di Rocco
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - D. Bresch
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques (LAMA), Université de Savoie, CNRS UMR, 5127 Chambéry, France
| | - P. Corre
- Service de Chirurgie maxillofaciale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - A. Ohazama
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Research, Comprehensive Biomedical Research, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P. T. Sharpe
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Research, Comprehensive Biomedical Research, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - V. Calvez
- Unité de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR, 5669 Lyon, France
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24
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Khonsari RH, Ohazama A, Raouf R, Kawasaki M, Kawasaki K, Porntaveetus T, Ghafoor S, Hammond P, Suttie M, Odri GA, Sandford RN, Wood JN, Sharpe PT. Multiple postnatal craniofacial anomalies are characterized by conditional loss of polycystic kidney disease 2 (Pkd2). Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:1873-85. [PMID: 23390131 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystin 2 (Pkd2), which belongs to the transient receptor potential family, plays a critical role in development. Pkd2 is mainly localized in the primary cilia, which also function as mechanoreceptors in many cells that influence multiple biological processes including Ca(2+) influx, chemical activity and signalling pathways. Mutations in many cilia proteins result in craniofacial abnormalities. Orofacial tissues constantly receive mechanical forces and are known to develop and grow through intricate signalling pathways. Here we investigate the role of Pkd2, whose role remains unclear in craniofacial development and growth. In order to determine the role of Pkd2 in craniofacial development, we located expression in craniofacial tissues and analysed mice with conditional deletion of Pkd2 in neural crest-derived cells, using Wnt1Cre mice. Pkd2 mutants showed many signs of mechanical trauma such as fractured molar roots, distorted incisors, alveolar bone loss and compressed temporomandibular joints, in addition to abnormal skull shapes. Significantly, mutants showed no indication of any of these phenotypes at embryonic stages when heads perceive no significant mechanical stress in utero. The results suggest that Pkd2 is likely to play a critical role in craniofacial growth as a mechanoreceptor. Pkd2 is also identified as one of the genes responsible for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Since facial anomalies have never been identified in ADPKD patients, we carried out three-dimensional photography of patient faces and analysed these using dense surface modelling. This analysis revealed specific characteristics of ADPKD patient faces, some of which correlated with those of the mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman H Khonsari
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Research, and Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Dental Institute, King’s College London, London, UK
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25
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Adams A, McBratney-Owen B, Newby B, Bowen ME, Olsen BR, Warman ML. Presphenoidal synchondrosis fusion in DBA/2J mice. Mamm Genome 2012. [PMID: 23179633 PMCID: PMC3560942 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-012-9437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cranial base growth plates are important centers of longitudinal growth in the skull and are responsible for the proper anterior placement of the face and the stimulation of normal cranial vault development. We report that the presphenoidal synchondrosis (PSS), a midline growth plate of the cranial base, closes in the DBA/2J mouse strain but not in other common inbred strains. We investigated the genetics of PSS closure in DBA/2J mice by evaluating F1, F1 backcross, and/or F1 intercross offspring from matings with C57BL/6J and DBA/1J mice, whose PSS remain open. We observed that PSS closure is genetically determined, but not inherited as a simple Mendelian trait. Employing a genome-wide SNP array, we identified a region on chromosome 11 in the C57BL/6J strain that affected the frequency of PSS closure in F1 backcross and F1 intercross offspring. The equivalent region in the DBA/1J strain did not affect PSS closure in F1 intercross offspring. We conclude that PSS closure in the DBA/2J strain is complex and modified by different loci when outcrossed with C57BL/6J and DBA/1J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allysa Adams
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Dalagiorgou G, Piperi C, Georgopoulou U, Adamopoulos C, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG. Mechanical stimulation of polycystin-1 induces human osteoblastic gene expression via potentiation of the calcineurin/NFAT signaling axis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:167-180. [PMID: 23014991 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces trigger biological responses in bone cells that ultimately control osteoblastogenesis and bone program. Although several mechanosensors have been postulated, the precise mechanotransduction pathway remains obscure as the initial mechanosensing event has not yet been identified. Studies in kidney cells have shown that polycystin-1 (PC1), via its extracellular N-terminal part, may function as an "antenna-like" protein providing a linkage between environmental cues and their conversion into biochemical responses that regulate various cellular processes via the calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Here we explored the involvement of PC1 in mechanical load (stretching)-induced signaling cascades that control osteoblastogenesis/bone formation. FACS and TransAM Transcription Factor ELISA analyses employing extracts from primary human osteoblast-like, PC1 expressing cells subjected to mechanical stretching (0-6 h) revealed that unphosphorylated/DNA-binding competent NFATc1 increased at 0.5-1 h and returned to normal at 6 h. In accordance with the activation mechanism of NFATc1, stretching of cultured cells pre-treated with cyclosporin A (CsA, a specific inhibitor of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway) abrogated the observed decrease in the abundance of the cytoplasmic pNFATc1 (phosphorylated/inactive) species. Furthermore, stretching of osteoblastic cells pre-treated with an antibody against the mechanosensing N-terminal part of PC1 also abrogated the observed decrease in the cytoplasmic levels of the inactive pNFATc1 species. Importantly, under similar conditions (pre-incubation of stretched cells with the inhibitory anti-PC1 antibody), the expression of the key osteoblastic, NFATc1-target gene runx2 decreased compared to untreated cells. Therefore, PC1 acts as chief mechanosensing molecule that modulates osteoblastic gene transcription and hence bone-cell differentiation through the calcineurin/NFAT signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Dalagiorgou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Urania Georgopoulou
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Adamopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimia K Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
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27
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Sakata-Goto T, Takahashi K, Kiso H, Huang B, Tsukamoto H, Takemoto M, Hayashi T, Sugai M, Nakamura T, Yokota Y, Shimizu A, Slavkin H, Bessho K. Id2 controls chondrogenesis acting downstream of BMP signaling during maxillary morphogenesis. Bone 2012; 50:69-78. [PMID: 21985998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Maxillofacial dysmorphogenesis is found in 5% of the population. To begin to understand the mechanisms required for maxillofacial morphogenesis, we employed the inhibitors of the differentiation 2 (Id2) knock-out mouse model, in which Id proteins, members of the regulator of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, modulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. We now report that spatially-restricted growth defects are localized at the skull base of Id2 KO mice. Curiously, at birth, neither the mutant Id2 KO nor wild-type (WT) mice differed, based upon cephalometric and histological analyses of cranial base synchondroses. In postnatal week 2, a narrower hypertrophic zone and an inhibited proliferative zone in presphenoid synchondrosis (PSS) and spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) with maxillary hypoplasia were identified in the Id2 mutant mice. Complementary studies revealed that exogenous bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) enhanced cartilage growth, matrix deposition, and chondrocyte proliferation in the WT but not in the mutant model. Id2-deficient chondrocytes expressed more Smad7 transcripts. Based on our results, we assert that Id2 plays an essential role, acting downstream of BMP signaling, to regulate cartilage formation at the postnatal stage by enhancing BMP signals through inhibiting Smad7 expression. As a consequence, abnormal endochondral ossification was observed in cranial base synchondroses during the postnatal growth period, resulting in the clinical phenotype of maxillofacial dysmorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sakata-Goto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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28
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Davey RA, Clarke MV, Sastra S, Skinner JP, Chiang C, Anderson PH, Zajac JD. Decreased body weight in young Osterix-Cre transgenic mice results in delayed cortical bone expansion and accrual. Transgenic Res 2011; 21:885-93. [PMID: 22160436 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conditional gene inactivation using the Cre/loxP system has lead to significant advances in our understanding of the function of genes in a wide range of disciplines. It is becoming increasingly apparent in the literature, that Cre transgenic mice may themselves have a phenotype. In the following study we describe the bone phenotype of a commonly used Cre transgenic mouse line to study osteoblasts, the Osx-GFP::Cre (Osx-Cre) mice. Cortical and trabecular bone parameters were determined in the femurs of Osx-Cre mice at 6 and 12 weeks of age by microtomography (μCT). At 6 weeks of age, Osx-Cre mice had reduced body weight by 22% (P < 0.0001) and delayed cortical bone expansion and accrual, characterized by decreases in periosteal circumference by 7% (P < 0.05) and cortical thickness by 11% (P < 0.01), compared to wild type controls. Importantly, the cortical bone phenotype of the skeletally immature Osx-Cre mice at 6 weeks of age could be accounted for by their low body weight. The delayed weight gain and cortical growth of Osx-Cre mice was overcome by 12 weeks of age, with no differences observed between Osx-Cre and wild type controls. In conclusion, Osx-Cre expressing mice display a delayed growth phenotype in the absence of doxycycline treatment, evidenced by decreased cortical bone expansion and accrual at 6 weeks of age, as an indirect result of decreased body weight. While this delay in growth is overcome by adulthood at 12 weeks of age, caution together with appropriate data analysis must be considered when assessing the experimental data from skeletally immature Cre/loxP knockout mice generated using the Osx-Cre mouse line to avoid misinterpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia.
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29
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Patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease have elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 levels and a renal leak of phosphate. Kidney Int 2010; 79:234-40. [PMID: 20944552 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and parathyroid hormone blood levels rise following progressive loss of renal function. Here we measured parameters of phosphate metabolism in 100 patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in stage 1 or 2 of chronic kidney disease, 20 patients with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease, and 26 with type 2 diabetes. Twenty healthy volunteers served as controls. The mean levels of FGF23 were significantly (4-fold) higher in ADPKD compared to non-diabetic and diabetic patients, and healthy volunteers. Mean serum phosphate levels were significantly lower in ADPKD patients compared to non-diabetic and diabetic patients, and the healthy volunteers. The prevalence of hypophosphatemia was 38, 25, 27, and 5% in ADPKD, non-diabetic and diabetic patients, and healthy volunteers, respectively. The tubular maximum of phosphate reabsorption per glomerular filtration rate was lowest in ADPKD patients with a significantly high positive correlation with serum phosphate levels. Estimated glomerular filtration rates were approximately 100 ml/min per 1.73 m² in all groups and parathyroid hormone and vitamin D metabolite levels were in the normal range. Thus, FGF23 was substantially elevated in ADPKD patients compared to other CKD patients matched for glomerular filtration rate, and was associated with increased renal phosphate excretion. The mechanism for this anomaly will require further study.
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30
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Dalagiorgou G, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG. Polycystin-1: function as a mechanosensor. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1610-3. [PMID: 20601082 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polycystin-1 (PC1), encoded by the Pkd1 gene, is a large transmembrane protein whose mutation is involved in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. When expressed, PC1 activates a G-protein signaling pathway that subsequently modulates Ca(2+) channels. PC1 is highly expressed in developing tissue and via its C-terminus tail forms a complex with polycystin-2; this complex, found to be located at the primary cilia, seems to act as a mechanosensor that could affect proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of cells. Also, loss of polycystins correlates with disruption of flow-dependent and steady-state intracellular Ca(2+) signaling. Despite the lack of clarity on the role of the polycystins as mechanosensor molecules, a new interest in this PCs/primary cilium complex is providing continuously new insights. In this review, some of the known features of PC1 such as structure, function, signaling pathways involved and its role as a possible therapeutic target are being discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Dalagiorgou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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31
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Xiao ZS, Quarles LD. Role of the polycytin-primary cilia complex in bone development and mechanosensing. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1192:410-21. [PMID: 20392267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pkd1 encodes PC1, a transmembrane receptor-like protein, and Pkd2 encodes PC2, a calcium channel, which interact to form functional polycystin complexes that are widely expressed in many tissues and cell types. The study of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), caused by inactivating mutations of PKD1 or PKD2 genes, has elucidated the functions of polycystins and their interdependence on primary cilia in renal epithelial cells. We have found that Pkd1 and Pkd2, as well as primary cilia, are present in osteoblasts and osteocytes. In addition, we have found that loss of polycystin-1 (Pkd1) function in mice results in abnormal bone development and osteopenia due to the impaired differentiation of osteoblasts. It is likely that the polycytin/primary cilia complex responds to a multitude of environmental clues affecting skeletal development and bone formation postnatally. Overall, polycystins in bone may define a new target for developing anabolic agents to treat osteoporotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z S Xiao
- The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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32
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Besschetnova TY, Kolpakova-Hart E, Guan Y, Zhou J, Olsen BR, Shah JV. Identification of signaling pathways regulating primary cilium length and flow-mediated adaptation. Curr Biol 2010; 20:182-7. [PMID: 20096584 PMCID: PMC2990526 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium acts as a transducer of extracellular stimuli into intracellular signaling [1, 2]. Its regulation, particularly with respect to length, has been defined primarily by genetic experiments and human disease states in which molecular components that are necessary for its proper construction have been mutated or deleted [1]. However, dynamic modulation of cilium length, a phenomenon observed in ciliated protists [3, 4], has not been well-characterized in vertebrates. Here we demonstrate that decreased intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) or increased cyclic AMP (cAMP), and subsequent protein kinase A activation, increases primary cilium length in mammalian epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Anterograde intraflagellar transport is sped up in lengthened cilia, potentially increasing delivery flux of cilium components. The cilium length response creates a negative feedback loop whereby fluid shear-mediated deflection of the primary cilium, which decreases intracellular cAMP, leads to cilium shortening and thus decreases mechanotransductive signaling. This adaptive response is blocked when the autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) gene products, polycystin-1 or -2, are reduced. Dynamic regulation of cilium length is thus intertwined with cilium-mediated signaling and provides a natural braking mechanism in response to external stimuli that may be compromised in PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Y. Besschetnova
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elona Kolpakova-Hart
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oral and Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yinghua Guan
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bjorn R. Olsen
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oral and Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jagesh V. Shah
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA, USA
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33
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Xiao Z, Zhang S, Cao L, Qiu N, David V, Quarles LD. Conditional disruption of Pkd1 in osteoblasts results in osteopenia due to direct impairment of bone formation. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:1177-87. [PMID: 19887454 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.050906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PKD1 (polycystin-1), the disease-causing gene for ADPKD, is widely expressed in various cell types, including osteoblasts, where its function is unknown. Although global inactivation of Pkd1 in mice results in abnormal skeletal development, the presence of polycystic kidneys and perinatal lethality confound ascertaining the direct osteoblastic functions of PKD1 in adult bone. To determine the role of PKD1 in osteoblasts, we conditionally inactivated Pkd1 in postnatal mature osteoblasts by crossing Oc (osteocalcin)-Cre mice with floxed Pkd1 (Pkd1(flox/m1Bei)) mice to generate conditional heterozygous (Oc-Cre;Pkd1(flox/+)) and homozygous (Oc-Cre;Pkd1(flox/m1Bei)) Pkd1-deficient mice. Cre-mediated recombination (Pkd1(Delta flox)) occurred exclusively in bone. Compared with control mice, the conditional deletion of Pkd1 from osteoblasts resulted in a gene dose-dependent reduction in bone mineral density, trabecular bone volume, and cortical thickness. In addition, mineral apposition rates and osteoblast-related gene expression, including Runx2-II (Runt-related transcription factor 2), osteocalcin, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein, were reduced proportionate to the reduction of Pkd1 gene dose in bone of Oc-Cre;Pkd1(flox/+) and Oc-Cre;Pkd1(flox/m1Bei) mice. Primary osteoblasts derived from Oc-Cre;Pkd1(flox/m1Bei) displayed impaired differentiation and suppressed activity of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-GSK3beta-beta-catenin signaling pathways. The conditional deletion of Pkd1 also resulted in increased adipogenesis in bone marrow and in osteoblast cultures. Thus, PKD1 directly functions in osteoblasts to regulate bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhousheng Xiao
- Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Hou B, Kolpakova-Hart E, Fukai N, Wu K, Olsen BR. The polycystic kidney disease 1 (Pkd1) gene is required for the responses of osteochondroprogenitor cells to midpalatal suture expansion in mice. Bone 2009; 44:1121-33. [PMID: 19264154 PMCID: PMC2680722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stress is known to modulate postnatal skeletal growth and development. However, the mechanisms underlying the mechanotransduction are not fully understood. Polycystin-1 (PC1) is a promising candidate among proteins that may play a role in the process as it has been shown to function as a flow sensor in renal epithelium and it is known to be important for skeletal development. To investigate whether PC1 is involved in mechanotransduction in skeletal tissues, mice with a conditional deficiency for PC1 in neural crest cells, osteoblasts or chondrocytes were subjected to midpalatal suture expansion. Dynamic bone labeling revealed that new bone formation in response to expansion was significantly reduced in Wnt1Cre;Pkd1 mice, as the suture area containing new bone was 14.0+/-3.4% in mutant mice versus 65.0+/-3.8% in control mice at 2 weeks (p<0.001). In contrast, stress-induced new bone formation was not affected in OsxCre;Pkd1 mice. The increase in cell proliferation and differentiation into osteoblasts, seen in wild-type mice 1 day after force delivery, was not observed until 14 days in Wnt1Cre;Pkd1 mice. TUNEL labeling showed a significant increase in apoptotic suture cells at days 1 and 3 (from 7.0+/-0.5% to 13.5+/-1.4% at day 1 and from 4.6+/-1.1% to 10.5+/-1.7% at day 3, p<0.05). Abnormal ossification of nasal cartilage of Wnt1Cre;Pkd1 mice was accelerated upon suture expansion. Such ossification was also observed, but to a lesser extent in Col2a1-ERCre;Pkd1 mice. Transcript levels of Runx2 and MMP13 were significantly increased in the nasal cartilage of Wnt1Cre;Pkd1 mice compared to controls (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively), and in mutant mice with expansion versus without expansion (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). Lack of PC1 in chondroprogenitor cells also resulted in increased cell apoptosis and an altered arrangement of chondrocytes in nasal cartilage. These results indicate that PC1 plays a critical role in the response of osteochondroprogenitor cells to the mechanical tissue stress induced by midpalatal suture expansion. They also suggest that the combination of an in vivo mechanical model, such as midpalatal suture expansion, with conditional deficiency for proteins that play a role in mechanotransduction, represents a powerful experimental strategy to explore underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hou
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Elona Kolpakova-Hart
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Naomi Fukai
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kimberly Wu
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Bjorn R. Olsen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Author for correspondence (e-mail: ), Address: Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA, Telephone: +1-617-432-1874, Fax: +1-617-432-0638
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McBratney-Owen B, Iseki S, Bamforth SD, Olsen BR, Morriss-Kay GM. Development and tissue origins of the mammalian cranial base. Dev Biol 2008; 322:121-32. [PMID: 18680740 PMCID: PMC2847450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate cranial base is a complex structure composed of bone, cartilage and other connective tissues underlying the brain; it is intimately connected with development of the face and cranial vault. Despite its central importance in craniofacial development, morphogenesis and tissue origins of the cranial base have not been studied in detail in the mouse, an important model organism. We describe here the location and time of appearance of the cartilages of the chondrocranium. We also examine the tissue origins of the mouse cranial base using a neural crest cell lineage cell marker, Wnt1-Cre/R26R, and a mesoderm lineage cell marker, Mesp1-Cre/R26R. The chondrocranium develops between E11 and E16 in the mouse, beginning with development of the caudal (occipital) chondrocranium, followed by chondrogenesis rostrally to form the nasal capsule, and finally fusion of these two parts via the midline central stem and the lateral struts of the vault cartilages. X-Gal staining of transgenic mice from E8.0 to 10 days post-natal showed that neural crest cells contribute to all of the cartilages that form the ethmoid, presphenoid, and basisphenoid bones with the exception of the hypochiasmatic cartilages. The basioccipital bone and non-squamous parts of the temporal bones are mesoderm derived. Therefore the prechordal head is mostly composed of neural crest-derived tissues, as predicted by the New Head Hypothesis. However, the anterior location of the mesoderm-derived hypochiasmatic cartilages, which are closely linked with the extra-ocular muscles, suggests that some tissues associated with the visual apparatus may have evolved independently of the rest of the "New Head".
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Affiliation(s)
- B McBratney-Owen
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, 190 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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