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Jiménez Peinado P, Urbach A. From Youthful Vigor to Aging Decline: Unravelling the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Determinants of Hippocampal Neural Stem Cell Aging. Cells 2023; 12:2086. [PMID: 37626896 PMCID: PMC10453598 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Since Joseph Altman published his pioneering work demonstrating neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult rats, the number of publications in this field increased exponentially. Today, we know that the adult hippocampus harbors a pool of adult neural stem cells (NSCs) that are the source of life-long neurogenesis and plasticity. The functions of these NSCs are regulated by extrinsic cues arising from neighboring cells and the systemic environment. However, this tight regulation is subject to imbalance with age, resulting in a decline in adult NSCs and neurogenesis, which contributes to the progressive deterioration of hippocampus-related cognitive functions. Despite extensive investigation, the mechanisms underlying this age-related decline in neurogenesis are only incompletely understood, but appear to include an increase in NSC quiescence, changes in differentiation patterns, and NSC exhaustion. In this review, we summarize recent work that has improved our knowledge of hippocampal NSC aging, focusing on NSC-intrinsic mechanisms as well as cellular and molecular changes in the niche and systemic environment that might be involved in the age-related decline in NSC functions. Additionally, we identify future directions that may advance our understanding of NSC aging and the concomitant loss of hippocampal neurogenesis and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anja Urbach
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Healthy Aging, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Aging Research Center Jena, Leibniz Institute on Aging, 07745 Jena, Germany
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2
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Lampada A, Taylor V. Notch signaling as a master regulator of adult neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1179011. [PMID: 37457009 PMCID: PMC10339389 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1179011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis ceases in most regions of the mammalian brain before or shortly after birth, however, in a few restricted brain regions, the production of new neurons proceeds into adulthood. Neural stem cells (NSCs) in these neurogenic zones are integrated into niches that control their activity and fate. Most stem cells in the adult brain are mitotically inactive and these cells can remain quiescent for months or even years. One of the key questions is what are the molecular mechanisms that regulate NSC maintenance and differentiation. Notch signaling has been shown to be a critical regulator of stem cell activity and maintenance in many tissues including in the nervous system. In this mini-review we discuss the roles of Notch signaling and the functions of the different Notch receptors and ligands in regulating neurogenesis in the adult murine brain. We review the functions of Notch signaling components in controlling NSC quiescence and entry into cell cycle and neurogenesis.
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Roshan SA, Elangovan G, Gunaseelan D, Jayachandran SK, Kandasamy M, Anusuyadevi M. Pathogenomic Signature and Aberrant Neurogenic Events in Experimental Cerebral Ischemic Stroke: A Neurotranscriptomic-Based Implication for Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S289-S308. [PMID: 36776051 PMCID: PMC10473090 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemic stroke is caused due to neurovascular damage or thrombosis, leading to neuronal dysfunction, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and regenerative failure responsible for neurological deficits and dementia. The valid therapeutic targets against cerebral stroke remain obscure. Thus, insight into neuropathomechanisms resulting from the aberrant expression of genes appears to be crucial. OBJECTIVE In this study, we have elucidated how neurogenesis-related genes are altered in experimental stroke brains from the available transcriptome profiles in correlation with transcriptome profiles of human postmortem stroke brain tissues. METHODS The transcriptome datasets available on the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) rat brains were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus, National Center for Biotechnology Information. Of the available datasets, 97 samples were subjected to the meta-analysis using the network analyst tool followed by Cytoscape-based enrichment mapping analysis. The key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were validated and compared with transcriptome profiling of human stroke brains. RESULTS Results revealed 939 genes are differently expressed in the brains of the MCAo rat model of stroke, in which 30 genes are key markers of neural stem cells, and regulators of neurogenic processes. Its convergence with DEGs from human stroke brains has revealed common targets. CONCLUSION This study has established a panel of highly important DEGs to signify the potential therapeutic targets for neuroregenerative strategy against pathogenic events associated with cerebral stroke. The outcome of the findings can be translated to mitigate neuroregeneration failure seen in various neurological and metabolic disease manifestations with neurocognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Aasish Roshan
- Molecular Neuro-Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gayathri Elangovan
- Molecular Neuro-Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dharani Gunaseelan
- Molecular Neuro-Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swaminathan K. Jayachandran
- Drug Discovery and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahesh Kandasamy
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
- University Grants Commission-Faculty Recharge Program (UGC-FRP), New Delhi, India
| | - Muthuswamy Anusuyadevi
- Molecular Neuro-Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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4
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Arzate DM, Valencia C, Dimas MA, Antonio-Cabrera E, Domínguez-Salazar E, Guerrero-Flores G, Gutiérrez-Mariscal M, Covarrubias L. Dll1 haploinsufficiency causes brain abnormalities with functional relevance. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:951418. [PMID: 36590296 PMCID: PMC9794864 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.951418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Notch pathway is fundamental for the generation of neurons during development. We previously reported that adult mice heterozygous for the null allele of the gene encoding the Delta-like ligand 1 for Notch (Dll1lacZ ) have a reduced neuronal density in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The aim of the present work was to evaluate whether this alteration extends to other brain structures and the behavioral consequences of affected subjects. Methods Brains of Dll1 +/lacZ embryos and mice at different ages were phenotypically compared against their wild type (WT) counterpart. Afterwards, brain histological analyses were performed followed by determinations of neural cell markers in tissue slices. Neurological deficits were diagnosed by applying different behavioral tests to Dll1 +/lacZ and WT mice. Results Brain weight and size of Dll1 +/lacZ mice was significantly decreased compared with WT littermates (i.e., microcephaly), a phenotype detected early after birth. Interestingly, enlarged ventricles (i.e., hydrocephalus) was a common characteristic of brains of Dll1 haploinsufficient mice since early ages. At the cell level, general cell density and number of neurons in several brain regions, including the cortex and hippocampus, of Dll1 +/lacZ mice were reduced as compared with those regions of WT mice. Also, fewer neural stem cells were particularly found in the adult dentate gyrus of Dll1 +/lacZ mice but not in the subventricular zone. High myelination levels detected at early postnatal ages (P7-P24) were an additional penetrant phenotype in Dll1 +/lacZ mice, observation that was consistent with premature oligodendrocyte differentiation. After applying a set of behavioral tests, mild neurological alterations were detected that caused changes in motor behaviors and a deficit in object categorization. Discussion Our observations suggest that Dll1 haploinsufficiency limits Notch signaling during brain development which, on one hand, leads to reduced brain cell density and causes microcephaly and hydrocephalus phenotypes and, on the other, alters the myelination process after birth. The severity of these defects could reach levels that affect normal brain function. Therefore, Dll1 haploinsufficiency is a risk factor that predisposes the brain to develop abnormalities with functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce-María Arzate
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Concepción Valencia
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Marco-Antonio Dimas
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Edwards Antonio-Cabrera
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Emilio Domínguez-Salazar
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gilda Guerrero-Flores
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Covarrubias
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico,*Correspondence: Luis Covarrubias,
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5
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Xia Y, Zhang Y, Xu M, Zou X, Gao J, Ji MH, Chen G. Presenilin enhancer 2 is crucial for the transition of apical progenitors into neurons but into not basal progenitors in the developing hippocampus. Development 2022; 149:275418. [PMID: 35575074 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that presenilin enhancer 2 (Pen2; Psenen) plays an essential role in corticogenesis by regulating the switch of apical progenitors (APs) to basal progenitors (BPs). The hippocampus is a brain structure required for advanced functions, including spatial navigation, learning and memory. However, it remains unknown whether Pen2 is important for hippocampal morphogenesis. To address this question, we generated Pen2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice, in which Pen2 is inactivated in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the hippocampal primordium. We showed that Pen2 cKO mice exhibited hippocampal malformation and decreased population of NPCs in the neuroepithelium of the hippocampus. We found that deletion of Pen2 neither affected the proliferative capability of APs nor the switch of APs to BPs in the hippocampus, and that it caused enhanced transition of APs to neurons. We demonstrated that expression of the Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) significantly increased the population of NPCs in the Pen2 cKO hippocampus. Collectively, this study uncovers a crucial role for Pen2 in the maintenance of NPCs during hippocampal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqian Xia
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210061
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210061
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211166
| | - Xiaochuan Zou
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210061
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211166
| | - Mu-Huo Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, 210003
| | - Guiquan Chen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210061.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China, 226001
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6
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Willis CM, Nicaise AM, Krzak G, Ionescu RB, Pappa V, D'Angelo A, Agarwal R, Repollés-de-Dalmau M, Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Pluchino S. Soluble factors influencing the neural stem cell niche in brain physiology, inflammation, and aging. Exp Neurol 2022; 355:114124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Austin SHL, Gabarró-Solanas R, Rigo P, Paun O, Harris L, Guillemot F, Urbán N. Wnt/β-catenin signalling is dispensable for adult neural stem cell homeostasis and activation. Development 2021; 148:272521. [PMID: 34557919 PMCID: PMC8572000 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adult mouse hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) generate new neurons that integrate into existing hippocampal networks and modulate mood and memory. These NSCs are largely quiescent and are stimulated by niche signals to activate and produce neurons. Wnt/β-catenin signalling acts at different steps along the hippocampal neurogenic lineage, but whether it has a direct role in the regulation of NSCs remains unclear. Here, we used Wnt/β-catenin reporters and transcriptomic data from in vivo and in vitro models to show that adult NSCs respond to Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Wnt/β-catenin stimulation instructed the neuronal differentiation of proliferating NSCs and promoted the activation or differentiation of quiescent NSCs in a dose-dependent manner. However, deletion of β-catenin in NSCs did not affect either their activation or maintenance of their stem cell characteristics. Together, these results indicate that, although NSCs do respond to Wnt/β-catenin stimulation in a dose-dependent and state-specific manner, Wnt/β-catenin signalling is not cell-autonomously required to maintain NSC homeostasis, which reconciles some of the contradictions in the literature as to the role of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in adult hippocampal NSCs. Summary: Wnt/β-catenin signalling stimulation promotes the exit from quiescence and differentiation of adult hippocampal neural stem cells but is dispensable for homeostatic neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rut Gabarró-Solanas
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria.,Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - Piero Rigo
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Oana Paun
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | - Noelia Urbán
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Giri A, Sengupta D, Kar S. Deciphering the Role of Fluctuation Dependent Intercellular Communication in Neural Stem Cell Development. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2360-2372. [PMID: 34170103 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NPCs) efficiently communicate in an intercellular manner to govern specific cell fate decisions during the developmental process despite withstanding the fluctuating cellular environment. How these fluctuations from diverse origins functionally affect the precise cell fate decision making remains elusive. By taking a stochastic mathematical modeling approach, we unravel that the transcriptional variability arising within an NPC population due to intermittent cell cycle events significantly influences the neuron to NPC ratio during development. Our model proficiently quantifies the impact of different sources of heterogeneities in maintaining an exact neuron to NPC ratio and predicts plausible experimental ways to fine-tune the development of NPCs. In the future, these modeling insights may lead to better therapeutic avenues to regenerate neurons from NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Giri
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Dola Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Techno India University, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Sandip Kar
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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9
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Regulation of Adult Mammalian Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis by Cell Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051145. [PMID: 34068607 PMCID: PMC8150395 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific stem cells give rise to new functional cells to maintain tissue homeostasis and restore damaged tissue after injury. To ensure proper brain functions in the adult brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) continuously generate newborn neurons that integrate into pre-existing neuronal networks. Proliferation, as well as neurogenesis of NSCs, are exquisitely controlled by extrinsic and intrinsic factors, and their underlying mechanisms have been extensively studied with the goal of enhancing the neurogenic capacity of NSCs for regenerative medicine. However, neurogenesis of endogenous NSCs alone is insufficient to completely repair brains damaged by neurodegenerative diseases and/or injury because neurogenic areas are limited and few neurons are produced in the adult brain. An innovative approach towards replacing damaged neurons is to induce conversion of non-neuronal cells residing in injured sites into neurons by a process referred to as direct reprogramming. This review describes extrinsic and intrinsic factors controlling NSCs and neurogenesis in the adult brain and discusses prospects for their applications. It also describes direct neuronal reprogramming technology holding promise for future clinical applications.
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10
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Mal’tsev DI, Podgornyi OV. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Regulating Quiescence and Division of Hippocampal Stem Cells. NEUROCHEM J+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712420040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Bonafina A, Paratcha G, Ledda F. Deciphering New Players in the Neurogenic Adult Hippocampal Niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:548. [PMID: 32714932 PMCID: PMC7346873 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian adult hippocampus, new neurons are continuously generated throughout life in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Increasing evidence point out the contribution of adult-born hippocampal granule cells (GCs) to cognitive processes such as learning and memory, indicating the relevance of understanding the molecular mechanisms that control the development of these new neurons in the preexisting hippocampal circuits. Cell proliferation and functional integration of adult-born GCs is a process highly regulated by different intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In this review, we discuss recent advances related with cellular components and extrinsic signals of the hippocampal neurogenic niche that support and modulate neurogenesis under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonela Bonafina
- División de Neurociencia Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Paratcha
- División de Neurociencia Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Ledda
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Labusch M, Mancini L, Morizet D, Bally-Cuif L. Conserved and Divergent Features of Adult Neurogenesis in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:525. [PMID: 32695781 PMCID: PMC7338623 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, i.e., the generation of neurons from neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult brain, contributes to brain plasticity in all vertebrates. It varies, however, greatly in extent, location and physiological characteristics between species. During the last decade, the teleost zebrafish (D. rerio) was increasingly used to study the molecular and cellular properties of adult NSCs, in particular as a prominent NSC population was discovered at the ventricular surface of the dorsal telencephalon (pallium), in territories homologous to the adult neurogenic niches of rodents. This model, for its specific features (large NSC population, amenability to intravital imaging, high regenerative capacity) allowed rapid progress in the characterization of basic adult NSC features. We review here these findings, with specific comparisons with the situation in rodents. We specifically discuss the cellular nature of NSCs (astroglial or neuroepithelial cells), their heterogeneities and their neurogenic lineages, and the mechanisms controlling NSC quiescence and fate choices, which all impact the neurogenic output. We further discuss the regulation of NSC activity in response to physiological triggers and non-physiological conditions such as regenerative contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Labusch
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3738, CNRS, Team Supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Laure Mancini
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3738, CNRS, Team Supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | - David Morizet
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3738, CNRS, Team Supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Laure Bally-Cuif
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3738, CNRS, Team Supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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Blackwood CA, Bailetti A, Nandi S, Gridley T, Hébert JM. Notch Dosage : Jagged1 Haploinsufficiency Is Associated With Reduced Neuronal Division and Disruption of Periglomerular Interneurons in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:113. [PMID: 32161758 PMCID: PMC7054221 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells in the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) generate progenitors that migrate through the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to repopulate olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons, but the regulation of this process is poorly defined. The evolutionarily conserved Notch pathway is essential for neural development and maintenance of neural stem cells. Jagged1, a Notch ligand, is required for stem cell maintenance. In humans, heterozygous mutations in JAGGED1 cause Alagille syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by complications such as cognitive impairment and reduced number of bile ducts in the liver, suggesting the presence of a JAGGED1 haploinsufficient phenotype. Here, we examine the role of Jagged1 using a conditional loss-of-function allele in the nervous system. We show that heterozygous Jagged1 mice possess a haploinsufficient phenotype that is associated with a reduction in size of the LGE, a reduced proliferative state, and fewer progenitor cells in the LGE and RMS. Moreover, loss of Jagged1 leads to deficits in periglomerular interneurons in the OB. Our results support a dose-dependent role for Jagged1 in maintaining progenitor division within the LGE and RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Blackwood
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Departments of Neuroscience and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alessandro Bailetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sayan Nandi
- Departments of Neuroscience and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Gridley
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
| | - Jean M. Hébert
- Departments of Neuroscience and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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14
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Quiescence of Adult Mammalian Neural Stem Cells: A Highly Regulated Rest. Neuron 2019; 104:834-848. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Ren J, Wang X, Gao Y, Wang F, Guan Z, Qi X. The expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α3 subunit in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease and its effects on α- and γ-secretases and Notch signal transduction in SH-SY5Y cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:3644-3652. [PMID: 31934215 PMCID: PMC6949849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α3 subunit (α3nAChR) and β-amyloid (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients' brains, α3nAChR on α and γ-secretases in amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism, and determine the possible correlation between α3nAChR and the Notch pathway. METHODS In this study, the expression of α3nAChR and Aβ in Alzheimer's disease patients' and normal brains was determined by immunofluorescence, and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were treated with α3nAChR siRNA or nicotine to investigate the effects of α3nAChR on the expression of ADAM10 (a component of α-secretase), presenilin 1 (PS1) and nicastrin (NCT) (γ-secretase components), and Notch1 and Hes1 (effectors in the Notch pathway) using quantitative real time PCR and immunoblot. RESULTS The expression of Aβ in AD patients' brains was high, but the distribution of α3nAChR in AD patients' brains was significantly lower than it was in the normal control group. The results revealed that α3nAChR silencing suppressed ADAM10, PS1, NCT, Notch1, and Hes1 expression in SH-SY5Y cells. Meanwhile, stimulation with nicotine resulted in increased expression levels of α3nAChR, ADAM10, PS1, NCT, Notch1 and Hes1. CONCLUSION These results indicated that α3nAChR might work against the production of Aβ in the brains of Alzheimer's patients, and in the amyloidogenic cascade controlling APP metabolism, α3nAChR might enhance the secretion of α- and γ-secretases as well as Notch pathway activation, suggesting that α3nAChR potentially has a critical function in the non-amyloidogenic pathway of APP metabolism in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamou Ren
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of EducationGuiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology (Guizhou Medical University)Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang 550004, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of EducationGuiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology (Guizhou Medical University)Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang 550004, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Yumei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of EducationGuiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology (Guizhou Medical University)Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang 550004, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhizhong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of EducationGuiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology (Guizhou Medical University)Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of EducationGuiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology (Guizhou Medical University)Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, P. R. China
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16
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Blackwood CA. Jagged1 is Essential for Radial Glial Maintenance in the Cortical Proliferative Zone. Neuroscience 2019; 413:230-238. [PMID: 31202705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Radial glial maintenance is essential for the proper development of the cortex. It is known that the evolutionarily conserved Notch signaling pathway is required for maintaining the pool of radial glial stem cells although the mechanisms involved are not entirely understood. Here, we study the Notch ligand, Jagged1, in the mouse ventricular zone at a late stage of embryonic development. We use a conditional loss of function allele to show that Jagged1 is required for maintaining radial glial cells and when absent, leads to defects in the cortical proliferation zone and expression of intermediate progenitor cells. Using in vitro approaches, we found that depletion of Jagged1 reduced the size of primary neurospheres and their capacity to self-renewal. Finally, Jagged1 mutants also showed precocious neuronal differentiation and cortical defects. Together, these data support a role for Jagged1 in radial glia maintenance in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Blackwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461.
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17
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Urbach A, Witte OW. Divide or Commit - Revisiting the Role of Cell Cycle Regulators in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:55. [PMID: 31069222 PMCID: PMC6491688 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult dentate gyrus continuously generates new neurons that endow the brain with increased plasticity, helping to cope with changing environmental and cognitive demands. The process leading to the birth of new neurons spans several precursor stages and is the result of a coordinated series of fate decisions, which are tightly controlled by extrinsic signals. Many of these signals act through modulation of cell cycle (CC) components, not only to drive proliferation, but also for linage commitment and differentiation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on key CC components and regulators, with emphasis on G1 phase, and analyze their specific functions in precursor cells of the adult hippocampus. We explore their role for balancing quiescence versus self-renewal, which is essential to maintain a lifelong pool of neural stem cells while producing new neurons “on demand.” Finally, we discuss available evidence and controversies on the impact of CC/G1 length on proliferation versus differentiation decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Urbach
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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18
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Knockdown of Butyrylcholinesterase but Not Inhibition by Chlorpyrifos Alters Early Differentiation Mechanisms in Human Neural Stem Cells. TOXICS 2018; 6:toxics6030052. [PMID: 30200437 PMCID: PMC6160911 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is the evolutionary counterpart to acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Both are expressed early in nervous system development prior to cholinergic synapse formation. The organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) primarily exerts toxicity through the inhibition of AChE, which results in excess cholinergic stimulation at the synapse. We hypothesized that the inhibition of AChE and BChE by CPF may impair early neurogenesis in neural stem cells (NSCs). To model neurodevelopment in vitro, we used human NSCs derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with a focus on the initial differentiation mechanisms. Over the six days of NSC differentiation, the BChE activity and mRNA expression significantly increased, while the AChE activity and expression remained unchanged. The CPF treatment (10 μM) caused 82% and 92% inhibition of AChE and BChE, respectively. The CPF exposure had no effect on the cell viability or the expression of the differentiation markers HES5, DCX, or MAP2. However, the shRNA-knockdown of the BChE expression resulted in the decreased or delayed expression of the transcription factors HES5 and HES3. BChE may have a role in the differentiation of NSCs independent of, or in addition to, its enzymatic activity.
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19
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Braccioli L, Vervoort SJ, Adolfs Y, Heijnen CJ, Basak O, Pasterkamp RJ, Nijboer CH, Coffer PJ. FOXP1 Promotes Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Differentiation by Repressing Jagged1 Expression. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 9:1530-1545. [PMID: 29141232 PMCID: PMC5688236 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in FOXP1 have been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders including intellectual disability and autism; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain ill-defined. Here, we demonstrate with RNA and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing that FOXP1 directly regulates genes controlling neurogenesis. We show that FOXP1 is expressed in embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs), and modulation of FOXP1 expression affects both neuron and astrocyte differentiation. Using a murine model of cortical development, FOXP1-knockdown in utero was found to reduce NSC differentiation and migration during corticogenesis. Furthermore, transplantation of FOXP1-knockdown NSCs in neonatal mice after hypoxia-ischemia challenge demonstrated that FOXP1 is also required for neuronal differentiation and functionality in vivo. FOXP1 was found to repress the expression of Notch pathway genes including the Notch-ligand Jagged1, resulting in inhibition of Notch signaling. Finally, blockade of Jagged1 in FOXP1-knockdown NSCs rescued neuronal differentiation in vitro. Together, these data support a role for FOXP1 in regulating embryonic NSC differentiation by modulating Notch signaling. FOXP1 promotes astrocyte and neuronal differentiation of NSCs in vitro FOXP1 promotes neuronal differentiation of NSCs in vivo FOXP1 transcriptionally regulates pro-neural genes and represses Notch pathway genes FOXP1 promotes neuronal differentiation by limiting Jagged1 expression
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Braccioli
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease (NIDOD), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 AB, the Netherlands; Center for Molecular Medicine and Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, the Netherlands
| | - Stephin J Vervoort
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, the Netherlands
| | - Youri Adolfs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Cobi J Heijnen
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Onur Basak
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Cora H Nijboer
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease (NIDOD), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 AB, the Netherlands.
| | - Paul J Coffer
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, the Netherlands.
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20
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Adams KV, Morshead CM. Neural stem cell heterogeneity in the mammalian forebrain. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:2-36. [PMID: 29902499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain was long considered an organ that underwent very little change after development. It is now well established that the mammalian central nervous system contains neural stem cells that generate progeny that are capable of making new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes throughout life. The field has advanced rapidly as it strives to understand the basic biology of these precursor cells, and explore their potential to promote brain repair. The purpose of this review is to present current knowledge about the diversity of neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo, and highlight distinctions between neural stem cell populations, throughout development, and within the niche. A comprehensive understanding of neural stem cell heterogeneity will provide insights into the cellular and molecular regulation of neural development and lifelong neurogenesis, and will guide the development of novel strategies to promote regeneration and neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey V Adams
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Canada; Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Canada.
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21
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Lu H, Cheng G, Hong F, Zhang L, Hu Y, Feng L. A Novel 2-Phenylamino-Quinazoline-Based Compound Expands the Neural Stem Cell Pool and Promotes the Hippocampal Neurogenesis and the Cognitive Ability of Adult Mice. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1273-1285. [PMID: 29726088 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adult neurogenesis occurs throughout the life of the mammalian hippocampus and is found to be essential for learning and memory. Identifying new ways to manipulate the number of neural stem cells (NSCs) and enhance endogenous neurogenesis in adults is very important. Here we found that a novel compound, N2-(4-isopropylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenoxy)quinazoline-2,4-diamine (code-named Yhhu-3792), enhanced the self-renewal capability of NSCs in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, Yhhu-3792 increased the ratio of 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine+ /4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole+ embryonic NSCs and accelerated the growth of neurospheres significantly. We demonstrated that Yhhu-3792 activated Notch signaling pathway and promoted the expression of Notch target genes, Hes3 and Hes5. And the Notch signaling inhibitor DAPT could inhibit its function. Thus, we concluded Yhhu-3792 increased the number of embryonic NSCs via activating the Notch signaling pathway. We measured the effect of Yhhu-3792 on epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, which demonstrated Yhhu-3792 act via a different mechanism with the quinazoline parent chemical group. In the eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice, chronic Yhhu-3792 administration expanded the NSCs pool and promoted endogenous neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). It also increased the spatial and episodic memory abilities of mice, when evaluated with the Morris water maze and Fear conditioning tests. In conclusion, Yhhu-3792 could be a novel drug candidate to promote the self-renew of NSCs and adult neurogenesis. And it may have therapeutic potential in the impairment of learning and memory associated DG dysfunction. Stem Cells 2018;36:1273-1285.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Department of Neuropharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,State Key of Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Department of Neuropharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Department of Neuropharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Youhong Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key of Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyin Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Department of Neuropharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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22
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Zhu SZ, Szeto V, Bao MH, Sun HS, Feng ZP. Pharmacological approaches promoting stem cell-based therapy following ischemic stroke insults. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:695-712. [PMID: 29671416 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke can lead to long-term neurological deficits. Adult neurogenesis, the continuous generation of newborn neurons in distinct regions of the brain throughout life, has been considered as one of the appoaches to restore the neurological function following ischemic stroke. However, ischemia-induced spontaneous neurogenesis is not suffcient, thus cell-based therapy, including infusing exogenous stem cells or stimulating endogenous stem cells to help repair of injured brain, has been studied in numerous animal experiments and some pilot clinical trials. While the effects of cell-based therapy on neurological function during recovery remains unproven in randomized controlled trials, pharmacological agents have been administrated to assist the cell-based therapy. In this review, we summarized the limitations of ischemia-induced neurogenesis and stem-cell transplantation, as well as the potential proneuroregenerative effects of drugs that may enhance efficacy of cell-based therapies. Specifically, we discussed drugs that enhance proliferation, migration, differentiation, survival and function connectivity of newborn neurons, which may restore neurobehavioral function and improve outcomes in stroke patients.
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23
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Abstract
Neurogenesis is the process of forming neurons and is essential during vertebrate development to produce most of the neurons of the adult brain. However, neurogenesis continues throughout life at distinct locations in the vertebrate brain. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are the origin of both embryonic and adult neurogenesis, but their activity and fate are tightly regulated by their local milieu or niche. In this chapter, we will discuss the role of Notch signaling in the control of neurogenesis and regeneration in the embryo and adult. Notch-dependence is a common feature among NSC populations, we will discuss how differences in Notch signaling might contribute to heterogeneity among adult NSCs. Understanding the fate of multiple NSC populations with distinct functions could be important for effective brain regeneration.
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24
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Tian H, Li X, Tang Q, Zhang W, Li Q, Sun X, Zhao R, Ma C, Liu H, Gao Y, Han F. Yi-nao-jie-yu Prescription Exerts a Positive Effect on Neurogenesis by Regulating Notch Signals in the Hippocampus of Post-stroke Depression Rats. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:483. [PMID: 30386260 PMCID: PMC6198169 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is one of the most frequent complications of stroke. The Yi-nao-jie-yu prescription (YNJYP) is an herbal prescription widely used as a therapeutic agent against PSD in traditional Chinese medicine. Disruption of adult neurogenesis has attracted attention as a potential cause of cognitive pathophysiology in neurological and psychiatric disorders. The Notch signaling pathway plays an important role in neurogenesis. This study investigated the effects of YNJYP on adult neurogenesis and explored its underlying molecular mechanism in a rat model of PSD that is established by middle cerebral artery occlusion and accompanied by chronic immobilization stress for 1 week. At 2, 4, and 8 weeks, depression-like behavior was evaluated by a forced swim test (FST) and sucrose consumption test (SCT). Neurogenesis was observed by double immunofluorescence staining. Notch signals were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results show that, at 4 weeks, the immobility time in the FST for rats in the PSD group increased and the sucrose preference in the SCT decreased compared with that in the stroke group. Therefore, YNJYP decreased the immobility time and increased the sucrose preference of the PSD rats. Further, PSD interfered with neurogenesis and decreased the differentiation toward neurons of newly born cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, and increased the differentiation toward astrocytes, effects that were reversed by YNJYP, particularly at 4 weeks. At 2 weeks, compared with the stroke group, expression of target gene Hes5 mRNA transcripts in the PSD group decreased, but increased after treatment with YNJYP. At 4 weeks, compared with the stroke group, the expression of Notch receptor Notch1 mRNA transcripts in the PSD group decreased, but also increased after treatment with YNJYP. Overall, this study indicated that disturbed nerve regeneration, including the increased numbers of astrocytes and decrease numbers of neurons, is a mechanism of PSD, and Notch signaling genes dynamically regulate neurogenesis. Moreover, YNJYP can relieve depressive behavior in PSD rats, and exerts a positive effect on neurogenesis by dynamically regulating the expression of Notch signaling genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Tian
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qisheng Tang
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingmeng Li
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Sun
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ruizhen Zhao
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chongyang Ma
- Research Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yushan Gao
- Research Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Han
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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25
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Neuroinflammation and physical exercise as modulators of adult hippocampal neural precursor cell behavior. Rev Neurosci 2017; 29:1-20. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is a plastic structure where adult neurogenesis constitutively occurs. Cell components of the neurogenic niche are source of paracrine as well as membrane-bound factors such as Notch, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, Wnts, Sonic Hedgehog, cytokines, and growth factors that regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cell fate decision. The integration and coordinated action of multiple extrinsic and intrinsic cues drive a continuous decision process: if adult neural stem cells remain quiescent or proliferate, if they take a neuronal or a glial lineage, and if new cells proliferate, undergo apoptotic death, or survive. The proper balance in the molecular milieu of this neurogenic niche leads to the production of neurons in a higher rate as that of astrocytes. But this rate changes in face of microenvironment modifications as those driven by physical exercise or with neuroinflammation. In this work, we first review the cellular and molecular components of the subgranular zone, focusing on the molecules, active signaling pathways and genetic programs that maintain quiescence, induce proliferation, or promote differentiation. We then summarize the evidence regarding the role of neuroinflammation and physical exercise in the modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis with emphasis on the activation of progression from adult neural stem cells to lineage-committed progenitors to their progeny mainly in murine models.
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26
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Shin HK, Lee SW, Choi BT. Modulation of neurogenesis via neurotrophic factors in acupuncture treatments for neurological diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 141:132-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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27
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Home sweet home: the neural stem cell niche throughout development and after injury. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:125-141. [PMID: 28776186 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells and their progeny reside in two distinct neurogenic niches within the mammalian brain: the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus. The interplay between the neural stem cells and the niche in which they reside can have significant effects on cell kinetics and neurogenesis. A comprehensive understanding of the changes to the niche that occur through postnatal development and aging, as well as following injury, is relevant for developing therapeutics and interventions to promote neural repair. We discuss changes that occur within the neural stem and progenitor cell populations, the vasculature, extracellular matrix, microglia, and secreted proteins through aging which impact cell behavior within the neurogenic niches. We examine neural precursor cell and niche responses to injury in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia, juvenile cranial irradiation, and adult stroke. This review examines the interplay between the niche and stem cell behavior through aging and following injury as a means to understand intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate neurogenesis in vivo.
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28
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Semerci F, Choi WTS, Bajic A, Thakkar A, Encinas JM, Depreux F, Segil N, Groves AK, Maletic-Savatic M. Lunatic fringe-mediated Notch signaling regulates adult hippocampal neural stem cell maintenance. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28699891 PMCID: PMC5531831 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) integrate inputs from multiple sources to balance quiescence and activation. Notch signaling plays a key role during this process. Here, we report that Lunatic fringe (Lfng), a key modifier of the Notch receptor, is selectively expressed in NSCs. Further, Lfng in NSCs and Notch ligands Delta1 and Jagged1, expressed by their progeny, together influence NSC recruitment, cell cycle duration, and terminal fate. We propose a new model in which Lfng-mediated Notch signaling enables direct communication between a NSC and its descendants, so that progeny can send feedback signals to the ‘mother’ cell to modify its cell cycle status. Lfng-mediated Notch signaling appears to be a key factor governing NSC quiescence, division, and fate. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24660.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Semerci
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - William Tin-Shing Choi
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Aleksandar Bajic
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Aarohi Thakkar
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Juan Manuel Encinas
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Ikerbasque, The Basque Science Foundation, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Frederic Depreux
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, United States
| | - Neil Segil
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Caruso Department of Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Mirjana Maletic-Savatic
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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29
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Liu H, Song N. Molecular Mechanism of Adult Neurogenesis and its Association with Human Brain Diseases. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2016; 8:5-11. [PMID: 27375363 PMCID: PMC4915785 DOI: 10.4137/jcnsd.s32204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in neuroscience challenge the old dogma that neurogenesis occurs only during embryonic development. Mounting evidence suggests that functional neurogenesis occurs throughout adulthood. This review article discusses molecular factors that affect adult neurogenesis, including morphogens, growth factors, neurotransmitters, transcription factors, and epigenetic factors. Furthermore, we summarize and compare current evidence of associations between adult neurogenesis and human brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- Department of Biology, Morosky College of Health Professions and Sciences, Gannon University, Erie, PA, USA
| | - Ni Song
- Division of Health Sciences & Workforce Technology, Lamar State College-Orange, Orange, TX, USA
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30
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Akchurin O, Du Z, Ramkellawan N, Dalal V, Han SH, Pullman J, Müsch A, Susztak K, Reidy KJ. Partitioning-Defective 1a/b Depletion Impairs Glomerular and Proximal Tubule Development. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3725-3737. [PMID: 27185860 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014111124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is a highly polarized epithelial organ that develops from undifferentiated mesenchyme, although the mechanisms that regulate the development of renal epithelial polarity are incompletely understood. Partitioning-defective 1 (Par1) proteins have been implicated in cell polarity and epithelial morphogenesis; however, the role of these proteins in the developing kidney has not been established. Therefore, we studied the contribution of Par1a/b to renal epithelial development. We examined the renal phenotype of newborn compound mutant mice carrying only one allele of Par1a or Par1b. Loss of three out of four Par1a/b alleles resulted in severe renal hypoplasia, associated with impaired ureteric bud branching. Compared with kidneys of newborn control littermates, kidneys of newborn mutant mice exhibited dilated proximal tubules and immature glomeruli, and the renal proximal tubular epithelia lacked proper localization of adhesion complexes. Furthermore, Par1a/b mutants expressed low levels of renal Notch ligand Jag1, activated Notch2, and Notch effecter Hes1. Together, these data demonstrate that Par1a/b has a key role in glomerular and proximal tubule development, likely via modulation of Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Akchurin
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York
| | - Zhongfang Du
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York
| | - Nadira Ramkellawan
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York
| | - Vidhi Dalal
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James Pullman
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York; and
| | - Anne Müsch
- Department of Development and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kimberly J Reidy
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York; .,Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
Development and repair of the nervous system are based on the existence of neural stem cells (NSCs) able to generate neurons and glial cells. Among the mechanisms that are involved in the control of embryo or adult NSCs, the Notch signalling plays a major role. In embryo, the pathway participates in the maintenance of NSCs during all steps of development of the central nervous system which starts with the production of neurons also called neurogenesis and continues with gliogenesis giving rise to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. During the postnatal and adult period, Notch signalling is still present in the major neurogenic areas, the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. In these regions, Notch maintains NSC quiescence, contributes to the heterogeneity of these cells and displays pleiotropic effects during the regeneration process occurring after a lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Traiffort
- Inserm, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, laboratoire petites molécules de neuroprotection, neurorégénération et remyélinisation, U1195, 80, rue du Général Leclerc, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Julien Ferent
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), biologie moléculaire du développement neural, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
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Choe Y, Pleasure SJ, Mira H. Control of Adult Neurogenesis by Short-Range Morphogenic-Signaling Molecules. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 8:a018887. [PMID: 26637286 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is dynamically regulated by a tangled web of local signals emanating from the neural stem cell (NSC) microenvironment. Both soluble and membrane-bound niche factors have been identified as determinants of adult neurogenesis, including morphogens. Here, we review our current understanding of the role and mechanisms of short-range morphogen ligands from the Wnt, Notch, Sonic hedgehog, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) families in the regulation of adult neurogenesis. These morphogens are ideally suited to fine-tune stem-cell behavior, progenitor expansion, and differentiation, thereby influencing all stages of the neurogenesis process. We discuss cross talk between their signaling pathways and highlight findings of embryonic development that provide a relevant context for understanding neurogenesis in the adult brain. We also review emerging examples showing that the web of morphogens is in fact tightly linked to the regulation of neurogenesis by diverse physiologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngshik Choe
- Department of Neurology, Programs in Neuroscience, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, UCSF Institute for Regeneration Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Samuel J Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, Programs in Neuroscience, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, UCSF Institute for Regeneration Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Helena Mira
- Chronic Disease Programme, UFIEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
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Zeng C, Xing R, Liu J, Xing F. Role of CSL-dependent and independent Notch signaling pathways in cell apoptosis. Apoptosis 2015; 21:1-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Li D, Takeda N, Jain R, Manderfield LJ, Liu F, Li L, Anderson SA, Epstein JA. Hopx distinguishes hippocampal from lateral ventricle neural stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:522-529. [PMID: 26451648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult dentate gyrus (DG) and in the proliferative zone lining the lateral ventricle (LV-PZ), radial glia-like (RGL) cells are neural stem cells (NSCs) that generate granule neurons. A number of molecular markers including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Sox2 and nestin, can identify quiescent NSCs in these two niches. However, to date, there is no marker that distinguishes NSC origin of DG versus LV-PZ. Hopx, an atypical homeodomain only protein, is expressed by adult stem cell populations including those in the intestine and hair follicle. Here, we show that Hopx is specifically expressed in RGL cells in the adult DG, and these cells give rise to granule neurons. Assessed by non-stereological quantitation, Hopx-null NSCs exhibit enhanced neurogenesis evident by an increased number of BrdU-positive cells and doublecortin (DCX)-positive neuroblasts. In contrast, Sox2-positive, quiescent NSCs are reduced in the DG of Hopx-null animals and Notch signaling is reduced, as evidenced by reduced expression of Notch targets Hes1 and Hey2, and a reduction of the number of cells expressing the cleaved, activated form of the Notch1 receptor, the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) in Hopx-null DG. Surprisingly, Hopx is not expressed in RGL cells of the adult LV-PZ, and Hopx-expressing cells do not give rise to interneurons of the olfactory bulb (OB). These findings establish that Hopx expression distinguishes NSCs of the DG from those of the LV-PZ, and suggest that Hopx potentially regulates hippocampal neurogenesis by modulating Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Institute, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Norifumi Takeda
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Institute, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Institute, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lauren J Manderfield
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Institute, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Feiyan Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Institute, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Institute, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stewart A Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Institute, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Bonds JA, Kuttner-Hirshler Y, Bartolotti N, Tobin MK, Pizzi M, Marr R, Lazarov O. Presenilin-1 Dependent Neurogenesis Regulates Hippocampal Learning and Memory. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131266. [PMID: 26098332 PMCID: PMC4476567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PS1), the catalytic core of the aspartyl protease γ-secretase, regulates adult neurogenesis. However, it is not clear whether the role of neurogenesis in hippocampal learning and memory is PS1-dependent, or whether PS1 loss of function in adult hippocampal neurogenesis can cause learning and memory deficits. Here we show that downregulation of PS1 in hippocampal neural progenitor cells causes progressive deficits in pattern separation and novelty exploration. New granule neurons expressing reduced PS1 levels exhibit decreased dendritic branching and dendritic spines. Further, they exhibit reduced survival. Lastly, we show that PS1 effect on neurogenesis is mediated via β-catenin phosphorylation and notch signaling. Together, these observations suggest that impairments in adult neurogenesis induce learning and memory deficits and may play a role in the cognitive deficits observed in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A. Bonds
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
| | - Yafit Kuttner-Hirshler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
| | - Nancy Bartolotti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
| | - Matthew K. Tobin
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
| | - Michael Pizzi
- Midwestern University, 555 31 street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, United States of America
| | - Robert Marr
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, United States of America
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Urbán N, Guillemot F. Neurogenesis in the embryonic and adult brain: same regulators, different roles. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:396. [PMID: 25505873 PMCID: PMC4245909 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis persists in adult mammals in specific brain areas, known as neurogenic niches. Adult neurogenesis is highly dynamic and is modulated by multiple physiological stimuli and pathological states. There is a strong interest in understanding how this process is regulated, particularly since active neuronal production has been demonstrated in both the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult humans. The molecular mechanisms that control neurogenesis have been extensively studied during embryonic development. Therefore, we have a broad knowledge of the intrinsic factors and extracellular signaling pathways driving proliferation and differentiation of embryonic neural precursors. Many of these factors also play important roles during adult neurogenesis, but essential differences exist in the biological responses of neural precursors in the embryonic and adult contexts. Because adult neural stem cells (NSCs) are normally found in a quiescent state, regulatory pathways can affect adult neurogenesis in ways that have no clear counterpart during embryogenesis. BMP signaling, for instance, regulates NSC behavior both during embryonic and adult neurogenesis. However, this pathway maintains stem cell proliferation in the embryo, while it promotes quiescence to prevent stem cell exhaustion in the adult brain. In this review, we will compare and contrast the functions of transcription factors (TFs) and other regulatory molecules in the embryonic brain and in adult neurogenic regions of the adult brain in the mouse, with a special focus on the hippocampal niche and on the regulation of the balance between quiescence and activation of adult NSCs in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Urbán
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research London, UK
| | - François Guillemot
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research London, UK
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