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Nayak A, Mukherjee A, Kumar S, Dutta D. Exploring the potential of jujube seed powder in polysaccharide based functional film: Characterization, properties and application in fruit preservation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129450. [PMID: 38232896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we fabricated a novel biodegradable functional film using natural polysaccharides by adding jujube seed powder as an active ingredient. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed agglomerate formation in the film with increasing concentration of seed powder. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy study demonstrated an electrostatic interaction between pectin and chitosan. The water solubility and swelling degree significantly decreased from 55.5 to 47.7 % and 66.0 to 41.9 %, respectively, depicting the film's water resistance properties. Higher opacity and lower transmittance value of the film indicated its protective effect towards light-induced oxidation of food. It was observed that the fabricated active film biodegraded to 82.33 % in 6 days. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of 98.02 % was observed for the functional film. The film showed antifungal activity against B. cinerea and P. chrysogenum. The highest zone of inhibition was obtained against food spoiling bacteria B. subtilis followed by S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Genotoxicity studies with the fabricated film showed a mitotic index of 8 % compared to 3 % in the control film. We used the fabricated film to preserve grapefruits, and the result showed that it could preserve grapes for ten days with an increase in antioxidant activity and polyphenolic content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Nayak
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Avik Mukherjee
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Central Institute of Technology Kokrajhar, Kokrajhar, BTR, Assam 783370, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Central Institute of Technology Kokrajhar, Kokrajhar, BTR, Assam 783370, India
| | - Debjani Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India.
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Zhu D, Jiang N, Wang N, Zhao Y, Liu X. A Literature Review of the Pharmacological Effects of Jujube. Foods 2024; 13:193. [PMID: 38254493 PMCID: PMC10814260 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Jujube is a plant native to China that could be used in medicine and food. Its dried fruit is a superior herb commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine formulations for its calming effect and for nourishing the blood and strengthening the spleen and stomach. Jujube contains numerous active components including polysaccharides, phenols, and triterpene acids, which show a diverse array of pharmacological activities such as neuroprotection and the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, the research status of jujube over the past two decades has been statistically evaluated. Meanwhile, by tracking the latest research advances, the pharmacological efficacy and molecular mechanisms of jujube are exhaustively expounded to provide specific and systematic references for further research on the pharmacological effects of jujube and its application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqi Zhu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China (N.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ning Jiang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China (N.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China (N.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China (N.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China;
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Roustaei B, Zarezadeh S, Ghotbi-Ravandi AA. A review on epilepsy, current treatments, and potential of medicinal plants as an alternative treatment. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:4291-4306. [PMID: 37581769 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is considered common neurological diseases that threaten the lives of millions of people all around the world. Since ancient times, different forms of medications have been used to treat this condition. Adverse events associated with treatments and the residence time of available drugs caused to search for safer and more efficient therapies and drugs remain one of the major areas of research interest for scientists. As one of the therapeutics with fewer side effects, plants and their essential oils can be considered replacements for existing treatments. Medicinal plants have proven to be an effective natural source of antiepileptic drugs; most of them have their mechanism of action by affecting GABA receptors in different paths. Cannabis indica and Cymbopogon winterianus are well-known plant species with antiepileptic activities. The current review presenting a list of plants with antiepileptic effects aims to pave the way for finding alternative drugs with fewer side effects for scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Roustaei
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Zarezadeh
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Jin B, Bai W, Zhao J, Qin X, Guo H, Li Y, Hao J, Chen S, Yang Z, Bai H, Zhao Z, Jia Q, Dong C, Huang Z, Kong D, Zhang W. Jujuboside B inhibits febrile seizure by modulating AMPA receptor activity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 304:116048. [PMID: 36549370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Febrile seizure is a common neurologic disorder with limited treatment occurring in infants and children under the age of five. Jujuboside B (JuB) is a main bioactive saponin component isolated from the Chinese anti-insomnia herbal medicine Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS), seed of Ziziphus jujuba Mill, which has been proved to exhibit neuroprotective effects recently. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we aimed at elucidating the effect of JuB on suppressing febrile seizure and the potential mechanisms. METHODS Electroencephalogram (EEG) recording was used to monitor the severity of febrile seizures. The JuB in the brain was identified by mass spectrometry. Neuronal excitability was investigated using patch clamp. RESULTS JuB (30 mg/kg) significantly prolonged seizure latency and reduced the severity in hyperthermia-induced seizures model mice. Hippocampal neuronal excitability was significantly decreased by JuB. And JuB significantly reduced the excitatory synaptic transmission mediated by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-iso-xazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR), including evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs), and miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) in hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, JuB also significantly inhibited recombinant GluA1 and GluA2 mediated AMPA current in HEK293 cell and decreased the upregulation of [Ca2+]i induced by AMPA in primary cultured cortex neurons. CONCLUSIONS JuB suppressed the excitability of hippocampal neurons by inhibiting the activity of AMPAR and reducing the intracellular free calcium, thereby relieving febrile seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Institution of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Wanjun Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, Institution of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China; Department of Pharmacology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Institution of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Xia Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, Institution of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institution of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Yahui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Institution of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, Institution of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Siruan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institution of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Zuxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institution of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Hui Bai
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050017, China
| | - Zongmao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050017, China
| | - Qingzhong Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050017, China
| | - Changzheng Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Zhuo Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dezhi Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, Institution of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institution of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China.
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Siang LH, Arulsamy A, Yoon YK, Shaikh MF. Fruits for Seizures? A Systematic Review on the Potential Anti-Convulsant Effects of Fruits and their Phytochemicals. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1925-1940. [PMID: 34517803 PMCID: PMC9886799 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210913120637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a devastating neurological disorder. Current anti-convulsant drugs are only effective in about 70% of patients, while the rest remain drug-resistant. Thus, alternative methods have been explored to control seizures in these drug-resistant patients. One such method may be through the utilization of fruit phytochemicals. These phytochemicals have been reported to have beneficial properties such as anti-convulsant, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, some fruits may also elicit harmful effects. This review aims to summarize and elucidate the anti- or pro-convulsant effects of fruits used in relation to seizures in hopes of providing a good therapeutic reference to epileptic patients and their carers. Three databases, SCOPUS, ScienceDirect, and PubMed, were utilized for the literature search. Based on the PRISMA guidelines, a total of 40 articles were selected for critical appraisal in this review. Overall, the extracts and phytochemicals of fruits managed to effectively reduce seizure activities in various preclinical seizure models, acting mainly through the activation of the inhibitory neurotransmission and blocking the excitatory neurotransmission. Only star fruit has been identified as a pro-convulsant fruit due to its caramboxin and oxalate compounds. Future studies should focus more on utilizing these fruits as possible treatment strategies for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohd. Farooq Shaikh
- Address correspondence to this author at the Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia; Tel/Fax: +60 3 5514 4483; E-mail:
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Antiamnesic and Neuroprotective Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Rhamnaceae) on Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairments in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5577163. [PMID: 34422074 PMCID: PMC8373493 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5577163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease is a neurological condition that affects about 44 million people worldwide. The available treatments target symptoms rather than the underlying causes. Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) is widely used in traditional Cameroonian medicine to treat diabetes, pain, infections, and dementia. Previous studies reported that Z. jujuba aqueous macerate improves working memory impairment, but no study on the antiamnesic effect of a concoction of Z. jujuba in rats has been performed. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the antiamnesic and neuroprotective effects of an aqueous extract of Z. jujuba on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in rats. Methods Learning and memory impairments were induced in rats by administering scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) to 58 rats for 15 days. Rats that developed learning and memory impairments in Morris water maze and Y-maze paradigms were divided into 7 groups (8 rats each) and treated daily for 15 days as follows: the normal control group received distilled water (10 ml/kg, p.o.), the negative control group received distilled water (10 ml/kg, p.o.), positive control groups either received donepezil (1.2 mg/kg, p.o.) or tacrine (10 mg/kg, p.o.), and the three test groups were given the extract (29, 57, and 114 mg/kg, p.o.). At the end of treatments, learning and memory impairments were determined using the same paradigms. Animals were then euthanized, and biochemical parameters of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis were analyzed in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Results On the 4th day of the acquisition phase in the Morris water maze, Z. jujuba (29 and 114 mg/kg) reduced (p < 0.001) the latency to reach the platform, while in the retention phase, Z. jujuba (57 and 114 mg/kg) decreased (p < 0.001) the time to reach the platform and increased the time in the target quadrant (p < 0.05) compared to control. Surprisingly, the extract failed to affect spontaneous alternations in the Y-maze. Furthermore, the extract (29, 57, and 114 mg/kg) reversed (p < 0.001) scopolamine-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. This was supported by the reduction of neuronal alterations in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Conclusions Compared to donepezil, a standard drug against Alzheimer's disease, these findings suggest that Z. jujuba extract possesses antiamnesic and neuroprotective effects, and these effects are mediated in part through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. These findings help to explain its use in treating psychiatric disorders in Cameroon's folk medicine.
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Lin CH, Hsieh CL. Chinese Herbal Medicine for Treating Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:682821. [PMID: 34276290 PMCID: PMC8284486 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.682821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicine has a long history of use for treating epilepsy. Because of the side effects of Western antiepileptic therapy and the quest for more accessible treatment, complementary and alternative medicines have become popular. Traditional Chinese medical diet therapy appears to be safe and effective. We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Library through November 2020 for the use of traditional Chinese medicine in clinical settings, including plants, fungi, and animals. Combinations of keywords included “epilepsy,” “seizure,” “antiepileptic,” “anticonvulsive,” “Chinese herbal medicine,” “Chinese herb,” and each of the Latin names, English names, and scientific names of herbs. We also summarized the sources and functions of these herbs in Chinese medicine. Different herbs can be combined to increase antiepileptic effects through various mechanisms, including anti-inflammation, antioxidation, GABAergic effect enhancement, modulation of NMDA channels and sodium channel, and neuroprotection. Despite reports of their anticonvulsive effects, adequate experimental evidence and randomized controlled clinical trials are required to confirm their antiepileptic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hui Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) Alleviates Working Memory Impairment and Restores Neurochemical Alterations in the Prefrontal Cortex of D-Galactose-Treated Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6610864. [PMID: 34194520 PMCID: PMC8184324 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6610864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive cognitive dysfunction. However, pharmacological treatments are symptomatic and have many side effects, opening the opportunity to alternative medicine. This study investigated the antiamnesic effect of the aqueous extract of Ziziphus jujuba on D-galactose-induced working memory impairment in rats. Impairment of working memory was induced by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of D-galactose (350 mg/kg/day) to rats for 21 days. These animals were then subjected to object recognition and Y-maze tests. Rats with confirmed memory impairment were treated per os (p.o.) with tacrine (10 mg/kg), aspirin (20 mg/kg, p.o.), extract (41.5, 83, and 166 mg/kg, p.o.), and distilled water (10 mL/kg, p.o.) daily for 14 days. At the end of the treatments, alteration in working memory was assessed using the above paradigms. Afterward, these animals were euthanized, and cholinergic, proinflammatory, and neuronal damage markers were analyzed in the prefrontal cortex. Rats administered D-galactose and treated with distilled water had impaired working memory (evidenced by decreased time spent on the novel object and discrimination index) and decreased spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze. D-galactose also decreased the levels of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine and increased the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Treatment with the extract (166 mg/kg) reversed the time spent on the novel object and the discrimination index. It equally increased the percentage of spontaneous alternation. Neurochemical analysis revealed that the extract markedly alleviated acetylcholinesterase activity and neuroinflammation. These observations were corroborated by the reduction in neuronal loss. Taken together, these results suggest that Ziziphus jujuba aqueous extract possesses an antiamnesic effect. This effect seems to involve cholinergic and anti-inflammatory modulations. This, therefore, claims using this plant in the treatment of dementia in Cameroon subject to further studies and trials.
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Bao T, Zhang M, Zhou Y, Chen W. Phenolic profile of jujube fruit subjected to gut microbiota fermentation and its antioxidant potential against ethyl carbamate-induced oxidative damage. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:397-409. [PMID: 33973421 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the composition of bioactive substances and the antioxidant effects of jujube fruit under gut microbiota fermentation (GMF), and the inhibitory effect on cytotoxicity caused by ethyl carbamate (EC). METHODS Changes in the contents of flavonoids, polyphenols, total sugars, and reducing sugars of jujube fruit after GMF (0, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h) were determined. The oxidation resistance of fermented jujube fruits (from 0 to 48 h fermentation) was evaluated using in vitro 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Inhibitory effects of 48 h-fermented jujube fruit at various concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 mg/mL) on EC-treated toxicity and DNA damage of Caco-2 cells were estimated using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and nuclear staining assays, respectively. Effects of different concentrations of jujube fruit on EC-treated Caco-2 cells' intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) levels, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were also evaluated. RESULTS Jujube fruit has rich bioactive components after GMF and shows strong antioxidant capacity. Fermented jujube fruit can inhibit the cytotoxicity and DNA damage of Caco-2 cells caused by EC and reduce intracellular ROS generation, as well as restoring GSH and MMP. CONCLUSIONS Fermented jujube fruit extracts produced by GMF still contain biologically active substances which retain biological activity and antioxidation capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Bao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuanqing Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. .,Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China.
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Kumar R, Arora R, Sarangi SC, Ganeshan N S, Agarwal A, Kaleekal T, Gupta YK. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Centella asiatica with valproate and phenytoin in experimental models of epilepsy in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113784. [PMID: 33429032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Centella asiatica (CA) is commonly used herbal medicine for treatment of epilepsy. CA has CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes inhibition property and used as an adjuvant therapy with conventional antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). That may be responsible for herb-drug interaction. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was planned to evaluate interactions profile of hydroalcoholic extract Centella asiatica (HECA) with antiepileptic drugs in experimental models of epilepsy in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats (175-200 g) were used. In the pharmacodynamic interaction study, seizures were induced using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (60 mg/kg, i.p.) and maximal electroshock seizure (MES) (70 mA for 0.2 s). The therapeutic and sub-therapeutic doses of valproate (VPA) and phenytoin (PHT) were co-administrated with HECA in PTZ and MES model of seizures respectively. Behavioural parameters were assessed using elevated plus maze test and passive avoidance paradigm. Rat brain oxidative stress parameters were also assessed. In the pharmacokinetic interaction study, the serum levels of the VPA and PHT were estimated at different time intervals by HPLC and pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by WinNonlin software. RESULTS The VPA and PHT produced complete protection against seizures in their therapeutic doses but not with sub-therapeutic doses. However, co-administration of HECA with a sub-therapeutic dose of VPA and PHT enhanced the protection of seizures and significantly (p < 0.001) attenuated the seizure induced oxidative stress and cognitive impairment. It also significantly increased (p < 0.001) serum levels of VPA and PHT. The alterations in pharmacokinetic parameters (maximum serum concentration, area under the curve, clearance) of AEDs were also found with co-administration of HECA. CONCLUSION The results suggested that co-administration of HECA could improve the therapeutic efficacy of VPA and PHT. But, alteration in pharmacokinetic parameters revel that needs critical medical supervision to avoid any toxic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shankar Ganeshan N
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Thomas Kaleekal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yogendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India.
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Khajavi Rad A, Entezari Heravi N, Kamkar-Del Y, Abbasnezhad A, Jalili-Nik M, Shafei MN, Mohebbati R. A standardized extract of Ziziphus jujuba Mill protects against adriamycin-induced liver, heart, and brain toxicity: An oxidative stress and biochemical approach. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13698. [PMID: 33694177 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to the antioxidant effects of the Ziziphus jujuba Mill (Z. jujuba), we investigated the liver, heart, and brain-protective effects of this herb against toxicity induced by adriamycin (ADR). In this study, Wistar rats were divided into 1) control, 2) ADR and 3, 4, and 5) treated groups orally administrated three doses of Z. jujuba hydroalcoholic extract for 1 month. The liver, heart, and brain were removed for evaluation of the oxidative markers. Blood samples were evaluated to determine the levels of Lactate dehydrogenase, total and direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, Aspartate transaminase, and Alanine aminotransferase. Administration of Z. jujuba significantly decreased the biochemical enzymes compared to the ADR. Oxidative condition in treated rats with different doses of Z. jujuba was improved compared to the ADR group. Z. jujuba could decrease the oxidative injury through invigoration of the tissues antioxidant system. The mentioned hepatic and cardiac parameters levels improved during extract administration. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In the first stage, our findings and other supplementary works have shown that administration of jujube extract has prevented the effects of histotoxicity caused by adriamycin, so it seems that in the next stage, the effects of this herbal plant on patients with tissue toxicity caused by adriamycin should be evaluated and if the results are positive in pharmacological studies, it should be used as a complementary drug in the treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Khajavi Rad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nazanin Entezari Heravi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yasamin Kamkar-Del
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbasali Abbasnezhad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jalili-Nik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Mohebbati
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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12
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Alachkar A, Lotfy M, Adeghate E, Łażewska D, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Sadek B. Ameliorating effects of histamine H3 receptor antagonist E177 on acute pentylenetetrazole-induced memory impairments in rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 405:113193. [PMID: 33626390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Histamine H3 receptors (H3Rs) are involved in several neuropsychiatric diseases including epilepsy. Therefore, the effects of H3R antagonist E177 (5 and 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) were evaluated on acute pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced memory impairments, oxidative stress levels (glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)), various brain neurotransmitters (histamine (HA), acetylcholine (ACh), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)), and glutamate (Glu), acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity, and c-fos protein expression in rats. E177 (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly prolonged step-through latency (STL) time in single-trial passive avoidance paradigm (STPAP), and shortened transfer latency time (TLT) in elevated plus maze paradigm (EPMP) (all P < 0.05). Moreover, and in the hippocampus of PTZ-treated animals, E177 mitigated abnormal levels of AChE activity, ACh and HA (all P < 0.05), but failed to modify brain levels of GABA and Glu. Furthermore, E177 alleviated hippocampal oxidative stress by significantly decreasing the elevated levels of MDA, and increasing the abnormally decreased level of GSH (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, E177 reduced elevated levels of hippocampal c-fos protein expression in hippocampal tissues of PTZ-treated animals (all P < 0.05). The observed results propose the potential of H3R antagonist E177 with an added advantage of avoiding cognitive impairment, emphasizing the H3Rs as a prospective target for future pharmacological management of epilepsy with associated memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Alachkar
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 17666, United Arab Emirates; Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Lotfy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ernest Adeghate
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dorota Łażewska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 17666, United Arab Emirates; Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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13
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Pahuja M, Mehla J, Gupta YK. Status analysis of herbal drug therapies in epilepsy: advancements in the use of medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory properties. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 25:1601-1618. [PMID: 33605852 DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210219103430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of plants and plant products in health care has shown exponential increase in past two decades. INTRODUCTION In-spite of the availability of well-established pharmacotherapy for epilepsy, a large no of population still explores alternative treatments due to refractory seizures, adverse effects of drugs, chronic treatment, inaccessibility of standard therapies in rural areas and the social stigma attached to the disease. Various studies on medicinal plants showed the protective effect of herbals in animal models of epilepsy. METHOD In the present review, a status analysis of the traditional use of various medicinal plants in epilepsy with a special focus on plats having anti-inflammatory potential is recorded. RESULT AND CONCLUSION The shortcomings of research on medicinal plants which needs to be explored further in order to tackle the growing need of safer and effective drugs for epilepsy are discussed. Overall, there is a huge scope of herbal drugs in CNS disorders especially epilepsy, either as an adjunct by reducing the dose and thus side effects of standard anti-epileptic drugs or as standalone agent . Although, there is still an urgent need of well planned randomized controlled clinical trials to validate their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pahuja
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi - 110 029. India
| | - Jogender Mehla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis-63110, Missouri. United States
| | - Yogendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi - 110 029. India
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14
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Tanideh N, Jamshidzadeh A, Ghanbari Saghesloo A, Rahmanifar F, Mokhtari M, Koohi-Hosseinabadi O, Omidi M, Najibi A. Effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Ziziphus jujuba on acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in male rat (Rattus norvegicus). JOURNAL OF COLOPROCTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcol.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Ziziphus jujuba on the histopathological, tissue oxidative stress and inflammation plus to antioxidant pathways of colon tissue in rat with induced Ulcerative colitis.
Materials and methods Ulcerative colitis was induced in 80 rats those divided into 8 equal groups. Group 1 and 2 were negative controls receiving 1 mL/day of normal saline in enema and oral; group 3 and 4 as positive control 1 and 2 received 10 mg/kg of intra-colonic asacol and oral mesalazine; groups 5 and 6 received 20% and 40% of hydroalcoholic extract of Z. jujuba trans-rectally; group 7 and 8 received 1500 and 3000 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract of Z. jujuba orally, respectively. After 7 days, animals were evaluated for colon tissue histopathology, levels of malondialdehyde and IL-1β, and activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and myeloperoxidase in colon tissue.
Results Hydroalcoholic extract of Z. jujuba in both forms of trans-rectal and oral administration especially in the higher doses could result into a more healing effect in damaged colonic tissue, more reduce glutathione peroxidase and IL-1β level. Also, these two doses (gel 40% and oral 3000 mg/kg) could more decrease the myeloperoxidase activity and stimulate superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. Also, gel 40% in transrectal administration was more potent than administration 3000 mg/kg in oral.
Conclusion The results of the present study indicated that Z. jujube may be considered as a treatment of choice for Ulcerative colitis especially in gel form and also in dose-dependent pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Tanideh
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz, Iran
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Akram Jamshidzadeh
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbari Saghesloo
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farhad Rahmanifar
- Shiraz University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maral Mokhtari
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omid Koohi-Hosseinabadi
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Center of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahmood Omidi
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asma Najibi
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, Shiraz, Iran
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15
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Chen J, Tsim KWK. A Review of Edible Jujube, the Ziziphus jujuba Fruit: A Heath Food Supplement for Anemia Prevalence. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:593655. [PMID: 33324222 PMCID: PMC7726020 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.593655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruits of Ziziphus jujuba, commonly known as jujube, red date or Chinese date, are taken as fresh or dried food, and as traditional medicine worldwide due to high nutritional and health values. Traditionally in China, jujube is considered as a medicinal fruit that is being used in treating blood deficiency. In this review, the beneficial effects of jujubes on the hematopoietic functions are summarized and discussed. As illustrated in cell and animal models, the application of jujube extract possessed beneficial effects, including regulation of erythropoiesis via activation of hypoxia inducible factor-induced erythropoietin, potential capacity in recycling heme iron during erythrophagocytosis and bi-directional regulation of immune response. Thus, the blood-nourishing function of jujube is being proposed here. Flavonoid, polysaccharide and triterpenoid within jujube could serve as the potential active ingredients accounting for the aforementioned health benefits. Taken together, these findings provide several lines of evidence for further development of jujube as supplementary products for prevention and/or treatment of anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hospital Chinese Medicine Preparation, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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16
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Alachkar A, Ojha SK, Sadeq A, Adem A, Frank A, Stark H, Sadek B. Experimental Models for the Discovery of Novel Anticonvulsant Drugs: Focus on Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures and Associated Memory Deficits. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1693-1711. [PMID: 32003682 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200131105324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by irregular, excessive neuronal excitability, and recurrent seizures that affect millions of patients worldwide. Currently, accessible antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) do not adequately support all epilepsy patients, with around 30% patients not responding to the existing therapies. As lifelong epilepsy treatment is essential, the search for new and more effective AEDs with an enhanced safety profile is a significant therapeutic goal. Seizures are a combination of electrical and behavioral events that can induce biochemical, molecular, and anatomic changes. Therefore, appropriate animal models are required to evaluate novel potential AEDs. Among the large number of available animal models of seizures, the acute pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced myoclonic seizure model is the most widely used model assessing the anticonvulsant effect of prospective AEDs, whereas chronic PTZ-kindled seizure models represent chronic models in which the repeated administration of PTZ at subconvulsive doses leads to the intensification of seizure activity or enhanced seizure susceptibility similar to that in human epilepsy. In this review, we summarized the memory deficits accompanying acute or chronic PTZ seizure models and how these deficits were evaluated applying several behavioral animal models. Furthermore, major advantages and limitations of the PTZ seizure models in the discovery of new AEDs were highlighted. With a focus on PTZ seizures, the major biochemicals, as well as morphological alterations and the modulated brain neurotransmitter levels associated with memory deficits have been illustrated. Moreover, numerous medicinal compounds with concurrent anticonvulsant, procognitive, antioxidant effects, modulating effects on several brain neurotransmitters in rodents, and several newly developed classes of compounds applying computer-aided drug design (CADD) have been under development as potential AEDs. The article details the in-silico approach following CADD, which can be utilized for generating libraries of novel compounds for AED discovery. Additionally, in vivo studies could be useful in demonstrating efficacy, safety, and novel mode of action of AEDs for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Alachkar
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666 Al Ain, United States.,Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United States
| | - Shreesh K Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666 Al Ain, United States.,Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United States
| | - Adel Sadeq
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666 Al Ain, United States.,Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United States
| | - Annika Frank
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666 Al Ain, United States.,Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United States
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17
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Javanshir R, Honarmand M, Hosseini M, Hemmati M. Anti-dyslipidemic properties of green gold nanoparticle: improvement in oxidative antioxidative balance and associated atherogenicity and insulin resistance. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-020-00224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Nowadays, the green synthesis of AuNPs in the presence of plants has been attracted a lot of attention. Herein, in vivo antidiabetic activity of AuNPs synthesized using Ziziphus jujuba in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats has been evaluated.
Methods
Formation of AuNPs was confirmed by UV-vis, HR-TEM and XRD. Different doses of jujube gold nanoparticles (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) were used to treat streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats in different groups. At the end of experiment (21 days), serum level of fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, Body weight, HOMA-IR, vitamin D, ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, lipid profile, prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) and liver oxidative stress markers were determined.
Results
results showed a significant decrease in the level of liver MDA (P = 0.001), fasting blood glucose (P = 0.0001), HOMA-IR (P = 0.0001), ALT (P = 0.0001), AST (P = 0.0001), urea (P = 0.02), Triglycerides (P = 0.002), Total cholesterol (P = 0.0001), PAB (P = 0.0001) and AIP (P = 0.001) and in contrast a significant increase total antioxidant capacity (P = 0.02), insulin (P = 0.03), Body weight (P = 0.0001) and vitamin D (P = 0.0001) in the AuNPs-treated diabetic group compared to the diabetic rats. No significant change was observed in the total thiol group (P = 0.18), LDL-C (P = 0.43), creatinine (P = 0.09) and HDL-C (P = 0.71) level in diabetic rats treated with AuNPs compared to diabetic rats.
Conclusion
The results of this study proves that green AuNPs exerted promising antidiabetic and anti-oxidant properties.
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18
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Asgharzade S, Rabiei Z, Rabiei S, Bijad E, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Therapeutic Effects of Oleuropein in Improving Seizure, Oxidative Stress and Cognitive Disorder in Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Model of Epilepsy in Mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2020; 19:98-110. [PMID: 32922473 PMCID: PMC7462478 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.14212.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged epileptic seizures are the cause of neuronal death and brain damage. Lesions in different regions of the brain can lead to memory loss and cognitive disorders. It is therefore essential to seek out new neuroprotective drugs. Our aim was to investigate the therapeutic effects of oleuropein in improving seizure, oxidative stress, and cognitive disorder in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling model of epilepsy in mice. Mice were randomized to four groups; negative control group intraperitoneally receiving PTZ for 10 days, oleuropein group receiving oleuropein (20 mg/kg) 30 min before PTZ administration, positive control group receiving diazepam 30 min before PTZ administration and flumazenil group receiving flumazenil and then oleuropein 30 min before PTZ administration. Epilepsy severity was investigated after final administration of PTZ. Then hippocampal tissues were removed and stored at -70 °C until measurements of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) gene expression were conducted. Oleuropein treatment caused a significant increase in seizure latency and a significant decrease in total frequencies of head ticks, head and upper limbs seizures, the whole body seizures, frequent spinning and jumping and tonic seizures in PTZ receiving mice. IL-1 expression decreased in oleuropein group and GLT-1 levels did not change significantly in this group. Oleuropein treatment caused significant improvement of passive avoidance memory in PTZ receiving mice in shuttle box. Oleuropein can decrease PTZ-induced seizures and memory disorders due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and is thus recommended to be used for production of anti-epileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Asgharzade
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Zahra Rabiei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Iran
| | - Sana Rabiei
- Department of Seafood Processing, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | - Elham Bijad
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Iran
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19
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Mohammed HS, Aboul Ezz HS, Zedan A, Ali MA. Electrophysiological and Neurochemical Assessment of Selenium Alone or Combined with Carbamazepine in an Animal Model of Epilepsy. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 195:579-590. [PMID: 31444771 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of selenium (Se) alone or combined with carbamazepine (CBZ) against the adverse effects induced by the chemoconvulsant pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in the cortex of adult male rats. Electrocorticogram (ECoG) and oxidative stress markers were implemented to evaluate the differences between treated and untreated animals. Animals were divided into five groups: control group that received i.p. saline injection, PTZ-treated group that received a single i.p. injection of PTZ (60 mg/kg) for induction of seizures followed by a daily i.p. injection of saline, Se-treated group that received an i.p. injection of sodium selenite (0.3 mg/kg/day) after PTZ administration, CBZ-treated group that received orally CBZ (80 mg/kg/day) after PTZ administration, and combination (Se plus CBZ)-treated group that received an oral administration of CBZ (80 mg/kg/day) followed by an i.p. injection of sodium selenite (0.3 mg/kg/day) after PTZ administration. Quantitative analyses of the ECoG indices and the neurochemical parameters revealed that Se and CBZ have mitigated the adverse effects induced by PTZ. The main results were decrease in the number of epileptic spikes, restoring the normal distribution of slow and fast ECoG frequencies and attenuation of most of the oxidative stress markers. However, there was an increase in lipid perioxidation marker in combined treatment of CBZ and Se. The electrophysiological and neurochemical data proved the potential of these techniques in evaluating the treatment's efficiency and suggest that supplementation of Se with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may be beneficial in ameliorating most of the alterations induced in the brain as a result of seizure insults and could be recommended as an adjunct therapy with AEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham S Mohammed
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Heba S Aboul Ezz
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Zedan
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha A Ali
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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20
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Alachkar A, Azimullah S, Lotfy M, Adeghate E, Ojha SK, Beiram R, Łażewska D, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Sadek B. Antagonism of Histamine H3 receptors Alleviates Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling and Associated Memory Deficits by Mitigating Oxidative Stress, Central Neurotransmitters, and c-Fos Protein Expression in Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071575. [PMID: 32235506 PMCID: PMC7181068 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine H3 receptors (H3Rs) are involved in several neuropsychiatric diseases including epilepsy. Therefore, the effects of H3R antagonist E177 (5 and 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) were evaluated on the course of kindling development, kindling-induced memory deficit, oxidative stress levels (glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)), various brain neurotransmitters (histamine (HA), acetylcholine (ACh), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)), and glutamate (GLU), acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity, and c-Fos protein expression in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 40 mg/kg) kindled rats. E177 (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased seizure score, increased step-through latency (STL) time in inhibitory avoidance paradigm, and decreased transfer latency time (TLT) in elevated plus maze (all P < 0.05). Moreover, E177 mitigated oxidative stress by significantly increasing GSH, CAT, and SOD, and decreasing the abnormal level of MDA (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, E177 attenuated elevated levels of hippocampal AChE, GLU, and c-Fos protein expression, whereas the decreased hippocampal levels of HA and ACh were modulated in PTZ-kindled animals (all P < 0.05). The findings suggest the potential of H3R antagonist E177 as adjuvant to antiepileptic drugs with an added advantage of preventing cognitive impairment, highlighting the H3Rs as a potential target for the therapeutic management of epilepsy with accompanied memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Alachkar
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.O.); (R.B.)
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.O.); (R.B.)
| | - Mohamed Lotfy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE;
| | - Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE;
| | - Shreesh K. Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.O.); (R.B.)
| | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.O.); (R.B.)
| | - Dorota Łażewska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (D.Ł.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (D.Ł.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.O.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-3-7137-512; Fax: +971-3-7672-033
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21
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Khan AU, Akram M, Daniyal M, Akhter N, Riaz M, Akhtar N, Shariati MA, Anjum F, Khan SG, Parveen A, Ahmad S. Awareness and current knowledge of epilepsy. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:45-63. [PMID: 31605258 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a severe neural disorder that affects approximately fifty million individuals globally. Despite the fact that for most of the people with epilepsy, convulsions are better controlled by current accessible antiepileptic medicines, yet there are more than 30% of individuals affected with medically intractable epilepsy and around 30-40% of all patients with epilepsy affected by many adverse reactions and convulsion resistance to the present antiepileptic drugs. Consequently, various scientists attempt to develop new strategies to treat epilepsy, for instance, to find out novel antiepileptic ingredients from traditional medicines. This work aims to present a complete summary of natural medicines prescribed as antiepileptic agents all over the world by ethnic groups and different tribes. We undertook an extensive bibliographic analysis by searching peer reviewed papers and classical textbooks and further consulting well accepted worldwide scientific databases. We carried out PubMed, EMbase and CENTRAL searches by means of terms such as "antiepileptic" and "anti-convulsant" activity of plants. Medicinal plants have been prescribed to treat epilepsy and have been recognized as antiepileptic medicines. In this review, a variety of herbs have been reviewed for thorough studies such as Cuminum cyminum, Butea monosperma, Solanum americanum, Anacyclus pyrethrum, Leonotis leonurus, Elaeocarpus ganitrus and Angelica archangelica. This paper shows that it was high time experimental studies are increased to obtain novel potential active principles from medicinal plants. Plant extracts and their chemical constituents should be further evaluated to clarify their mechanisms of action. This paper provides a solid base upon which to further investigate the clinical efficacy of medicinal plants that are both currently prescribed by physicians as traditional antiepileptic agents, but also could be effective as an antiepileptic drug with further research and study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmat Ullah Khan
- Department of Eastern Medicine, The University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Naheed Akhter
- College of Allied Health Professional, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Sargodha Medical College, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Naheed Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Kazakh Research Institute of Processing and Food industry (Semey branch), Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Fozia Anjum
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Samreen Gul Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abida Parveen
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
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Hosseini M, Bambaeichi E, Sarir H, Kargarfard M. Effect of Training with or without Ziziphus Jujuba Extract on Cardiokines in Heart Tissue of Myocardial Infarcted Rats. Int J Prev Med 2019; 10:103. [PMID: 31360350 PMCID: PMC6592135 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_367_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, the importance of physical activity as a preventative way for cardiovascular disease has attracted much attention.The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of interval training with or without extract of Ziziphus jujuba on lipocalcin-2 (LCN2) and adiponectin levels in heart tissue in male Wistar rats with myocardial infarction. METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats (mean weight, 180-220 g and age, 2-3 months) were divided into five groups, including (1) Healthy control; (2) Isoprenaline-treated group (ISO); (3) ISO + jujube extracts (JE); (4) Trained ISO rats; and (5) Trained ISO rats + JE. Exercise was performed (5 days/week, for 6 week including 54-min cycles with speed of 23 m/min and 54-min cycles with speed of 15 m/min). After 48 h of the last training session, the rats were sacrificed, and their heart tissue was excised. The significant level of statistical data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA test. RESULTS LCN2 levels significantly decreased in trained ISO rats + JE group after 6 weeks of interval training with JE consumption, compared to ISO group. However, the consumption of jujuba extracts with and without interval training did not show any significant changes in adiponectin levels of rat's heart tissue, compared to ISO (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Because the LCN2 inflammatory factor decreased after 6 weeks of exercise and consumption of the extract, it seems that performing interval training with JE consumption can be an effective method in the cardiac rehabilitation phase after a heart attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Hosseini
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Effat Bambaeichi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Hadi Sarir
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kargarfard
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
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Arslan M, Xiaobo Z, Tahir HE, Zareef M, Xuetao H, Rakha A. Total polyphenol quantitation using integrated NIR and MIR spectroscopy: A case study of Chinese dates (Ziziphus jujuba). PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2019; 30:357-363. [PMID: 30625513 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polyphenols are the foremost measure of phytochemicals in Chinese dates due to their many potential health benefits such as averting cancers, reducing the risk of coronary artery disease, diuretic activity, myocardial stimulant, coronary dilator and muscle relaxant. OBJECTIVE To quantitate the polyphenols in Chinese dates using a data fusion approach with near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 80 Chinese dates samples were used for data acquisition from both NIR and MIR spectroscopy. The efficient spectral intervals were extracted by the synergy interval partial least square (Si-PLS) algorithm as input variables for NIR-MIR fusion model. A genetic algorithm (GA) was used to construct the model based on NIR-MIR fusion. The performance of the developed models was evaluated using correlation coefficients of calibration (R2 ) and prediction (r2 ), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), bias and residual prediction deviation (RPD). RESULTS The data fusion model based on the GA was superior compared to NIR and MIR build model. The optimal GA-fusion model yielded R2 = 0.9621, r2 = 0.9451, RPD = 2.44, calibration set bias = 0.004 and prediction set bias = 0.061, computing only 15 variables. CONCLUSION These findings reveal that integration of NIR and MIR is possible for the prediction of total polyphenol content in Chinese dates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arslan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zou Xiaobo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haroon Elrasheid Tahir
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Muhammad Zareef
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hu Xuetao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Allah Rakha
- National Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Khan AW, Khan AU, Shah SMM, Ullah A, Faheem M, Saleem M. An Updated List of Neuromedicinal Plants of Pakistan, Their Uses, and Phytochemistry. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:6191505. [PMID: 30941198 PMCID: PMC6420976 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6191505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost every region of Pakistan is stacked with a large number of medicinal plants. Due to high cost and unavailability of allopathic medicines for the neurological diseases, especially in rural areas, traditional healers prescribe phytotherapy for various neurological diseases like epilepsy, depression, anxiety, insomnia, Alzheimer, and migraine. Such treatments are considered to be most effective by the native people. METHODS The data was collected from articles published on medicinal plants of various districts of Pakistan, using article search engines like Medline, Pubmed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Also, information regarding various neurological uses and mode of applications of medicinal plants was obtained from traditional healers, folk medicine users, and local elderly people having knowledge of medicinal plants. RESULTS A total of 54 families were found to be used in various neurological diseases, of which the highest use was of Solanaceae (22.22%), Asteraceae (12.96%), Lamiaceae, Papaveraceae, and Poaceae, 9% each, and Caprifoliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Rosaceae, 5.5% each. According to districts, 15% of plants that were effective in neurological affections were found in Bahawalpur, 11% in Swat, 8% in Muzaffarabad, 7% in Malakand, and 6% in Bahawalnagar, Dir, Gilgat, and Sarghoda each, with 5% in Dera ghazi khan and Jhelum each. According to the plant's habit, out of total of 103 plants, 61.15% were found to be herbs, 22.33% trees, 11.65% shrubs, and 4.85% climbers. According to the part used of plant, whole plant, leaves, fruits, roots, seeds, and flowers were found to be used 32.03%, 24.27%, 20.38%, 16.50%, 13.59%, and 11.65%, respectively. According to disease's types, 45.63% were found to be effective in insomnia, 31.06% in epilepsy 12.62% in depression, 6.80% in anxiety, 7.77% in hysteria, and 5.88% in migraine. CONCLUSION Taking into consideration this useful knowledge on medicinal properties of the plants for curing neurologic diseases, it is believed that research in areas of ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology can bring auspicious results that have potential of adding value to the very rich natural resources of Pakistan. This study will help all the researchers from diverse backgrounds working on plants based medicine for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arif-ullah Khan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Aziz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faheem
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Wang B, Hui Y, Liu L, Zhao A, Chiou YS, Zhang F, Pan MH. Optimized Extraction of Phenolics from Jujube Peel and Their Anti-inflammatory Effects in LPS-Stimulated Murine Macrophages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1666-1673. [PMID: 30629413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The extraction of phenolics from jujube peel (PJP) was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). A Box-Behnken design was utilized to analyze the effects of NaOH concentration, temperature, and extraction time on the total phenolic content (TPC). The results showed that RSM could be an adequate approach for modeling the extraction of PJP. The optimal extraction condition for the highest TPC was obtained with 3.4 M NaOH concentration for 67 min at 50 °C. Not only PJP but also phenolics from the jujube seed (PJS) contain considerable amounts of phenolics, particularly flavonoids. Quercetin and galangin were found to be the predominant phenolics. PJP markedly down-regulated the levels iNOS and COX-2 proteins in macrophages by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB through interfering with the MAPK signaling pathways. Compared to PJS, PJP presented higher anti-inflammatory activities, reflecting increased amounts of TPC and total flavonoid content (TFC). These findings suggest that PJP could be a potential source of anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bini Wang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yuanyuan Hui
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , China
| | - Longgang Liu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , China
| | - Aiqing Zhao
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yi-Shiou Chiou
- Institute of Food Science and Technology , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Fuxin Zhang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , China
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology , Asia University , Taichung , 41354 , Taiwan
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Comparative Analysis of Pigments, Phenolics, and Antioxidant Activity of Chinese Jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) during Fruit Development. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081917. [PMID: 30071615 PMCID: PMC6222768 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) fruit are much admired for their unique flavor and high nutritional value. This study tracks changes in skin color and antioxidant activity over six stages (S1 … S6) of fruit development in two cultivars of jujube, 'Junzao' and the color mutant 'Tailihong'. The study records the changing levels of chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic compounds during fruit development. Contents of chlorophylls, β-carotenes and anthocyanins decreased throughout the developmental stages in two jujube cultivars, while lutein contents decreased at first and then increased to a maximum at S6. The levels of total phenolics, total flavonoids, total flavanols, total anthocyanins, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B3, (+)-catechin, quercetin, and ferulic acid are significantly higher in 'Tailihong' than in 'Junzao' before the onset ripening (before S3). However, after S3 the level differences of these components in the two cultivars are not significant. In both cultivars, antioxidant activity reduces gradually throughout fruit development. Our findings indicate how the skin color of jujube fruit during maturation is due to changes in the levels of flavonoids, carotenoids, and anthocyanins. The color changes are also associated with changes in antioxidant activity.
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Liu W, Ge T, Pan Z, Leng Y, Lv J, Li B. The effects of herbal medicine on epilepsy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:48385-48397. [PMID: 28423368 PMCID: PMC5564656 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional herbal medicine plays a significant role in the treatment of epilepsy. Though herbal medicine is widely used in antiepileptic treatment, there is a lack of robust evidence for efficacy and toxicity of most herbs. Besides, the herbal medicine should be subject to evidence-based scrutiny. In this context, we present a review to introduce the effects of herbal medicine on epilepsy. However, hundreds of herbal medicines have been investigated in the available studies. Some commonly used herbal medicines for epilepsy have been listed in our study. The overwhelming majority of these data are based on animal experiments. The lack of clinical data places constraints on the clinical recommendation of herbal medicine. Our study may conduct further studies and provide some insight on the development of anti-epileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Tongtong Ge
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Zhenxiang Pan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Yashu Leng
- Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Jiayin Lv
- Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
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Kumar R, Arora R, Agarwal A, Gupta YK. Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against seizures, seizure-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in experimental models of seizures in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 215:124-131. [PMID: 29248452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Teminalia chebula (TC) has been traditionally used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine primarily for gastrointestinal disorders. Its fruit extract has also been used to treat epilepsy and other CNS disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic fruit extract of Terminalia chebula (HETC) on experimental models of seizures, seizure-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro antioxidant activity of HETC was evaluated by using ABTS, NO and DPPH radical scavenging assay. For in-vivo study, seizures were induced in Wistar rats (200-225g) by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal-electroshock. (MES). The anticonvulsant effect of the HETC (250, 500, and 1000mg/kg, orally) was evaluated in seizure models. The therapeutic and sub-therapeutic dose of valproate and phenytoin were also assayed. The potential effect of co-administration of HETC (500mg/kg) with sub-therapeutic dose of valproate and phenytoin were also evaluated in PTZ and MES seizures model respectively. Effect on cognition was assessed using elevated plus maze (EPM) and passive avoidance test (PA). The in- vivo oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde and glutathione) were assessed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus part of rat brain. RESULTS The IC50 value of HETC in in vitro antioxidant assays i.e. ABTS, DPPH and NO radical scavenging assay was found to be 2.27μg/ml, 6.04μg/ml and 4.37μg/ml respectively. In experimental study, PTZ and MES treated groups exhibited 100% seizures with increased oxidative stress (p < 0.001) and cognitive deficits (p < 0.01) as compared to control group. HETC at highest dose (1000mg/kg) showed 83.33% (5/6) protection in MES induced seizures while 66.66% (4/6) protection in PTZ induced seizures. However, HETC (1000mg/kg) and co-administration of sub-therapeutic dose of HETC with valproate and phenytoin showed complete protection. In addition, it also attenuated the seizure induced oxidative stress and cognitive impairment as indicated by significant (p < 0.01) improvement in the transfer latencies in EPM and PA as compared to PTZ and MES treated group. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that HETC exhibited significant anticonvulsant activity and also potentiated the subtherapeutic dose of phenytoin and valproate indicate its usefulness as an adjuvant to antiepileptic drugs with an advantage of preventing cognitive impairment and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institutes of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institutes of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Y K Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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Mishra SK, Yadav B, Upadhyay P, Kumar P, Singh C, Dixit J, Tiwari KN. LC-ESI MS/MS Profiling, Antioxidant and Anti Epileptic Activity of Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem Extract. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2018.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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A Review of Dietary Ziziphus jujuba Fruit (Jujube): Developing Health Food Supplements for Brain Protection. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:3019568. [PMID: 28680447 PMCID: PMC5478819 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3019568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The fruits of Ziziphus jujuba, known as jujube or Chinese date, are being consumed all around the world because of their health benefits, as both food and herbal medicine. Traditionally, one of the main functions of jujube, as described in herbal medicine, is to benefit our brain by calming down the mind and improving quality of sleep. Here, the activities of jujubes on nervous system are summarized and discussed. Jujube possesses neuroprotective activities, including protecting neuronal cells against neurotoxin stress, stimulating neuronal differentiation, increasing expression of neurotrophic factors, and promoting memory and learning. Flavonoid, cAMP, and jujuboside could be the potential bioactive ingredients to account for the aforesaid biological activities. These findings imply that jujube is a potential candidate for development of health supplements for prevention and/or treatment of neurological diseases.
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Gupta S, Gupta YK. Combination of Zizyphus jujuba and silymarin showed better neuroprotective effect as compared to single agent in MCAo-induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 197:118-127. [PMID: 27452658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditionally, Zizyphus jujuba is used for anticonvulsant, hypnotic-sedative, anxiolytic, tranquilizer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Likewise silymarin is popularly used for its potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. Stroke being a multifactorial disease with unsatisfactory treatment outcomes, necessitates development of multimodal therapeutic interventions. Thus, we evaluated the therapeutic benefits of herbal combination of Z. jujuba and silymarin in a focal cerebral ischemia model. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the neuroprotective potential of hydroalcoholic extract of Z. jujuba (HEZJ) fruit and silymarin alone and in combination in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model of focal cerebral ischemia in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were pretreated with HEZJ (100, 250 and 500mg/kg, p.o.) or silymarin (250mg/kg, p.o.) for 3 days prior to induction of MCAo. Neurological deficit score, motor impairment and cerebral infarction were assessed 24h following MCAo. HEZJ (250mg/kg) co-administered with silymarin (250mg/kg) for 3 days prior to induction of MCAo was also evaluated for above parameters and oxidative stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in the cortex, striatum and hippocampal brain regions were estimated 24h post MCAo. RESULTS Pretreatment with HEZJ and silymarin reduced the neurological deficit score, motor impairment and cerebral infarction volume. HEZJ and silymarin pretreatment also ameliorated the oxidative stress in different brain regions, which was evident from increased SOD levels, decreased MDA and NO levels as compared to MCAo control rats. Interestingly neuroprotective efficacy was potentiated by pretreatment with HEZJ and silymarin combination. CONCLUSION Pretreatment with HEZJ and silymarin combination was observed to have better neuroprotection mediated via amelioration of oxidative stress in the focal cerebral ischemia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Yogendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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Rabiei Z. Anticonvulsant effects of medicinal plants with emphasis on mechanisms of action. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Rodríguez Villanueva J, Rodríguez Villanueva L. Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology ofZiziphus jujubaMills. Phytother Res 2017; 31:347-365. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rodríguez Villanueva
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Unit; 28805 Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Alcalá; Ctra. de Madrid-Barcelona (Autovía A2) Km. 33,600 28805 Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Laura Rodríguez Villanueva
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Alcalá; Ctra. de Madrid-Barcelona (Autovía A2) Km. 33,600 28805 Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
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34
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Eco-friendly decoration of graphene oxide with green synthesized silver nanoparticles: cytotoxic activity. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Bansal P, Kaur R, Gupta V, Kumar S, Kaur R. Is There Any Scientific Basis of Hawan to be used in Epilepsy-Prevention/Cure? J Epilepsy Res 2015; 5:33-45. [PMID: 26819935 PMCID: PMC4724851 DOI: 10.14581/jer.15009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neuropsychiatric disorder associated with religiosity and spirituality. Nasal drug delivery systems are the best for diseases related to brain. In older times RishiMuni, ancient scholars and physicians used to recommend Hawan for mental peace and well being. Gayatri Mantra also tells that sughandhim (aroma, fragrance) puushtivardhanam (gives rise to good health). Om triambkum yajamahe, sughandhim puushtivardhanam, urvarukmev vandhanaat, mrityu mokshay mamritaat! Hawan is a scientific experiment in which special herbs (Hawan Samagri) are offered in the fire of medicinal woods ignited in a specially designed fire pit called agnikuñda. Hawan seems to be designed by the ancient scholars to fight with the diseases of the brain. Our metadata analysis demonstrates that the components of Hawan are having a number of volatile oils that are specifically useful for epilepsy through one or the other mechanism of action. Due to high temperature of fire the vapors of these oils enter into the central nervous system through nasal route. The routine of performing Hawan might keep the threshold value of the therapeutic components in the body and help in preventing epilepsy. In the present manuscript authors have tried to highlight and integrate the modern and ancient concepts for treatment and prevention of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Bansal
- Baba Farid University of Health Sciences University Centre of Excellence in Research; India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Baba Farid University of Health Sciences University Centre of Excellence in Research; India
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Baba Farid University of Health Sciences University Centre of Excellence in Research; India
| | - Sanjiv Kumar
- National Medicinal Plant Board, Department of AYUSH, Punjab, India
| | - RamanPreet Kaur
- Baba Farid University of Health Sciences University Centre of Excellence in Research; India
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Sriranjini SJ, Sandhya K, Mamta VS. Ayurveda and botanical drugs for epilepsy: Current evidence and future prospects. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 52:290-6. [PMID: 26141933 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of epilepsy has progressed since its earliest impression as a disease associated with paranormal and superstitious beliefs. Landmark advances have been made in deciphering the pathophysiological substrates involved in the disease process, and treatment advances have contributed significantly to ameliorating the seizures. However, disease-modifying agents are yet to be discovered. Ayurveda is a system of medicine that stresses a holistic approach to disease, and treatment is focused on disease modification and symptom management. Herbs form the core of Ayurveda medicine; though many of them have been studied for their anticonvulsant activity, very few actually mention the reference of these herbs in Ayurveda literature. Other therapeutic interventions used in Ayurveda are relatively unexplored, and future research will need to focus on this. The current manuscript briefly discusses the understanding of epilepsy as per Ayurveda and reviews herbs that have been studied for their anticonvulsant activity mentioned in Ayurveda literature. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Botanicals for Epilepsy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitaram Jaideep Sriranjini
- MS Ramaiah Indic Center for Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, New BEL Road, MSR Nagar, Bengaluru 560054, India.
| | - Kumar Sandhya
- Ramakrishna Ayurvedic Medical College, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Vernekar Sanjeeva Mamta
- MS Ramaiah Indic Center for Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, New BEL Road, MSR Nagar, Bengaluru 560054, India
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Xiao F, Yan B, Chen L, Zhou D. Review of the use of botanicals for epilepsy in complementary medical systems--Traditional Chinese Medicine. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 52:281-9. [PMID: 26052078 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine, botanical remedies have been used for centuries to treat seizures. This review aimed to summarize the botanicals that have been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat epilepsy. We searched Chinese online databases to determine the botanicals used for epilepsy in traditional Chinese medicine and identified articles using a preset search syntax and inclusion criteria of each botanical in the PubMed database to explore their potential mechanisms. Twenty-three botanicals were identified to treat epilepsy in traditional Chinese medicine. The pharmacological mechanisms of each botanical related to antiepileptic activity, which were mainly examined in animal models, were reviewed. We discuss the use and current trends of botanical treatments in China and highlight the limitations of botanical epilepsy treatments. A substantial number of these types of botanicals would be good candidates for the development of novel AEDs. More rigorous clinical trials of botanicals in traditional Chinese medicine for epilepsy treatment are encouraged in the future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Botanicals for Epilepsy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglai Xiao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yan
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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Finotti E, Bersani E, Del Prete E, Friedman M. Application of a functional mathematical index (FMI) for predicting effects of the composition of jujube fruit on nutritional quality and health. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Koohi-Hosseinabadi O, Andisheh-Tadbir A, Bahadori P, Sepehrimanesh M, Mardani M, Tanideh N. Comparison of the therapeutic effects of the dietary and topical forms of Zizyphus jujuba extract on oral mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil: A golden hamster model. J Clin Exp Dent 2015; 7:e304-9. [PMID: 26155351 PMCID: PMC4483342 DOI: 10.4317/jced.52198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral mucositis (OM) is a common inflammatory complication among cancerous patients as an adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and identify the appropriate route of administration of extract of Zizyphus jujuba in 5-flurouracile induced OM induction in golden hamster. Material and Methods In a prospective randomized double blind animal study, OM was induced in 56 male golden hamsters by 5-FU (60 mg/kg) on days 0, 5, and 10 of the study. The cheek pouch was scratched with a sterile needle on once daily on days 3 and 4. On days 14-17, 300 mg/kg dietary and 20% Z. jujuba gel and gel base groups were treated and then compared with a control group. Microscopic scores and pouch content of malondialdehyde (MDA), plus activities of superoxide dismutase and myeloperoxidase in pouch tissue were evaluated. Results Histopathology scores of mucositis were lower in the systemic and 20% Z. jujuba gel groups than the gel base and control groups (P<0.05). Also, lower MDA level and higher activities of MPO and SOD were detected in the systemic and 20% Z. jujuba gel groups in comparison to the gel base and control groups (P<0.001). Conclusions The use of Z. jujuba hydroalcoholic extract in systemic and topical forms may be associated with reduced intensity of OM, diminished concentration of MDA, and increased activity of MPO and SOD on induced OM in golden hamster undergoing 5-FU consumption. Key words:Oral mucositis, 5-flurouracil, Zizyphus jujube, oxidative stress, histopathology score.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azadeh Andisheh-Tadbir
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parisa Bahadori
- Students' Research Committee, School of Dentistry, International Branch, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masood Sepehrimanesh
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Mardani
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nader Tanideh
- Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Effects of a lyophilized aqueous extract of Feretia apodanthera Del. (Rubiaceae) on pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment in mice. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 43:100-8. [PMID: 25601583 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Feretia apodanthera Del. (Rubiaceae) is extensively used in ethnomedicine in Cameroon and Nigeria for epilepsy, febrile convulsions, and rheumatic pains and for enhancing cognitive performance. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a lyophilized aqueous extract of F. apodanthera on the course of kindling development, kindling-induced learning deficit, oxidative stress markers, and cholinesterase activity in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindled mice. Pentylenetetrazole, 30mg/kg, induced kindling in mice after 30.00±1.67days. The aqueous extract of F. apodanthera showed dose-dependent antiseizure effects. Feretia apodanthera (150-200mg/kg) significantly increased the latency to myoclonic jerks, clonic seizures, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. The extract also improved the seizure score and decreased the number of myoclonic jerks. Pentylenetetrazole kindling induced significant oxidative stress and cognitive impairment which were reversed by pretreatment with F. apodanthera in a dose-dependent manner. The significant decrease in cholinesterase activity observed in the PTZ-kindled mice was reversed by pretreatment with the F. apodanthera extract. The results indicated that pretreatment with the aqueous extract of F. apodanthera antagonizes seizures, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment in PTZ-kindled mice. The aqueous extract of F. apodanthera also showed anxiolytic activities, but the inhibition of memory impairment was not attributed to the anxiolytic activities of the plant. These results thus suggest the potential of F. apodanthera as an adjuvant in epilepsy both to prevent seizures as well as to protect against seizure-induced oxidative stress and memory impairment.
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The role of flavonoids on oxidative stress in epilepsy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:171756. [PMID: 25653736 PMCID: PMC4306219 DOI: 10.1155/2015/171756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds. Oxidative stress can result from excessive free-radical production and it is likely implicated as a possible mechanism involved in the initiation and progression of epileptogenesis. Flavonoids can protect the brain from oxidative stress. In the central nervous system (CNS) several flavonoids bind to the benzodiazepine site on the GABAA-receptor resulting in anticonvulsive effects. Objective. This review provides an overview about the role of flavonoids in oxidative stress in epilepsy. The mechanism of action of flavonoids and its relation to the chemical structure is also discussed. Results/Conclusions. There is evidence that suggests that flavonoids have potential for neuroprotection in epilepsy.
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Rabiei Z, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Heidarian E, Saghaei E, Mokhtari S. Effects of Zizyphus jujube extract on memory and learning impairment induced by bilateral electric lesions of the nucleus Basalis of Meynert in rat. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:353-60. [PMID: 24379110 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative condition that affects the elderly population. Its primary symptom is memory loss. The memory dysfunction in AD has been associated with cortical cholinergic deficiency and loss of cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM). Zizyphus jujube (ZJ) activates choline acetyltransferase and may have beneficial effects in AD patients. This study investigates the effect of ZJ extract in intact rats and in rat model of AD. 49 male Wistar rats were divided into seven equal groups (1-control, without surgery, received water), 2-AD (bilateral NBM lesion, received water), 3 and 4-AD + ZJ (NBM bilateral lesion, received ZJ extract 500 and 1,000 mg/kg b.w. per day for 15 days), 5-sham (surgery: electrode introduced into NBM without lesion, received water), 6 and 7-without surgery and lesion, received ZJ extract-the same as groups 3 and 4). The learning and memory performance were assessed using passive avoidance paradigm, and the memory cognition for spatial learning and memory was evaluated by Morris water maze. In shuttle box test ZJ extract (500 and 1,000 mg) significantly increased step-through latency in AD + ZJ groups compared with AD group. In Morris water maze test (in probe day), both AD + ZJ groups receiving extract (500 and 1,000 mg) demonstrated significant preference for the quadrant in which the platform was located on the preceding day as compared with AD group. Our results suggested that ZJ has repairing effects on memory and behavioral disorders produced by NBM lesion in rats and may have beneficial effects in treatment of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rabiei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Kim WI, Zhao BT, Zhang HY, Lee JH, Son JK, Woo MH. Quantitative and pattern recognition analyses of magnoflorine, spinosin, 6'''-feruloyl spinosin and jujuboside A by HPLC in Zizyphi Semen. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:1139-47. [PMID: 24310099 PMCID: PMC4143599 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two rapid and simple HPLC methods with UV detector to determine three main compounds (magnoflorine, spinosin and 6′′′-feruloyl spinosin) and evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) to determine jujuboside A were developed for the chemical analyses of Zizyphi Semen. Magnoflorine, spinosin, and 6′′′-feruloyl spinosin were separated with an YMC J’sphere ODS-H80 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 4 μm) by the gradient elution followed by the isocratic elution using methanol with 0.1 % formic acid and water with 0.1 % formic acid as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. Jujuboside A was separated by HPLC–ELSD with YoungJinBioChrom Aegispak C18-L column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column in a gradient elution using methanol with 0.1 % formic acid (A) and water with 0.1 % formic acid as the mobile phase. These two methods were fully validated with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, and robustness. These HPLC methods were applied successfully to quantify four compounds in a Zizyphi Semen extract. The HPLC analytical methods were validated for pattern recognition analysis by repeated analysis of 91 seed samples corresponding to 48 Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa (J01–J48) and 43 Zizyphus mauritiana (M01–M43). The results indicate that these methods are suitable for a quality evaluation of Zizyphi Semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Il Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, 712-702, Korea
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Redox processes in neurodegenerative disease involving reactive oxygen species. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 10:289-302. [PMID: 23730253 PMCID: PMC3520039 DOI: 10.2174/157015912804143487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Much attention has been devoted to neurodegenerative diseases involving redox processes. This review comprises an update involving redox processes reported in the considerable literature in recent years. The mechanism involves reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, usually in the brain. There are many examples including Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Alzheimer’s, prions, Down’s syndrome, ataxia, multiple sclerosis, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, schizophrenia, and Tardive Dyskinesia. Evidence indicates a protective role for antioxidants, which may have clinical implications. A multifaceted approach to mode of action appears reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego CA 92182 USA
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Possible Involvement of PPAR-γ in the Anticonvulsant Effect of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1624-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Pahuja M, Kleekal T, Reeta KH, Tripathi M, Gupta YK. Interaction profile of Zizyphus jujuba with phenytoin, phenobarbitone, and carbamazepine in maximal electroshock-induced seizures in rats. Epilepsy Behav 2012; 25:368-73. [PMID: 23103312 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The antiepileptic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Zizyphus jujuba (HEZJ) in experimental seizures was demonstrated earlier. The present study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of HEZJ with phenytoin (PHT), phenobarbitone (PB), and carbamazepine (CBZ) in maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizures in male Wistar rats. Maximal electroshock (70 mA, 9 ms pulse width, 0.2 s) was used to induce seizures. Blood samples were collected at two time points for estimation of serum PHT, PB, and CBZ levels using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Co-administration of HEZJ with the sub-therapeutic doses of PHT, PB, and CBZ exhibited 66.7, 66.7, and 50.0% protection against tonic hind limb extension as compared to 33.3, 33.3, and 50% protection respectively, in the groups treated with PHT, PB, and CBZ alone in their sub-therapeutic doses. Co-administration of HEZJ with the sub-therapeutic doses of these antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) showed significant improvement in cognitive functions as compared to MES group as well as these AEDs alone. A significant increase in glutathione levels and decrease in malondialdehyde levels were observed with pretreatment of HEZJ with the sub-therapeutic doses of these AEDs. Co-administration of HEZJ with PHT, PB, and CBZ did not cause any significant changes in the serum concentrations of these AEDs. The results of the present study indicate that the co-administration of HEZJ with sub-therapeutic doses of PHT and PB potentiated the antiepileptic effect of PHT and PB in MES-induced seizures with no change found in the antiepileptic effect of CBZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pahuja
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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Choi SH, Ahn JB, Kim HJ, Im NK, Kozukue N, Levin CE, Friedman M. Changes in free amino acid, protein, and flavonoid content in jujube (Ziziphus jujube) fruit during eight stages of growth and antioxidative and cancer cell inhibitory effects by extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:10245-55. [PMID: 23046062 DOI: 10.1021/jf302848u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Jujube (Ziziphus jujube) was analyzed at eight stages of ripeness (S1-8) for protein, by HPLC and mass spectroscopy for free amino acids and flavonoids, and by colorimetry for total flavonoids and antioxidative activity. The ripe fruit had lower levels of protein, flavonoids, and antioxidative activity than that of the unripe fruit. Free amino acids levels peaked at S5, due mainly to an increase in free asparagine. Extracts were also tested against four cell lines using the MTT cell viability assay. All growth stages dose-dependently inhibited HeLa cervical cancer cells, whereas the inhibition of Hel299 normal lung and A549 lung cancer cells decreased as the fruit matured and was well correlated with the flavonoid content and antioxidative activity. Chang normal liver cells were inhibited by only the S5 extract. U937 lymphoma cells were unaffected by the extracts. These results show the effect of fruit maturity on nutritional and health-promoting components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Hyun Choi
- Department of Food Service Industry, Seowon University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Pahuja M, Mehla J, Kumar Gupta Y. Anticonvulsant and antioxidative activity of hydroalcoholic extract of tuber of Orchis mascula in pentylenetetrazole and maximal electroshock induced seizures in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 142:23-27. [PMID: 22575841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Orchis mascula tuber is used in many polyherbal formulations as a nerve tonic in India. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present study, effect of hydroalcholic extract of O. mascula (HEOM) tuber was evaluated against seizures, seizure-induced oxidative stress and cognitive deficit in pentylenetetrazole and maximal electroshock-induced seizures in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS HEOM was administered orally 30 min before induction of seizures by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; 60 mg/kg, i.p) or maximal electroshock (MES; 70 mA). Elevated plus maze and passive avoidance tests were used to assess the learning and memory. Oxidative stress was studied by estimation of reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation. Whole brain total cholinesterase activity was also evaluated. RESULTS HEOM produced 33.3%, 50% and 66.7% protection in PTZ model and 16.7%, 16.7% and 33.3% at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, respectively, in MES-induced seizures. Pre-treatment with HEOM significantly decreased the retention transfer latency in elevated plus maze test, and an increase in the retention latency in passive avoidance test was observed. Oxidative stress induced by seizures was also attenuated as indicated by significant increase in GSH and decrease in MDA levels in HEOM treated groups. PTZ and MES caused a significant decrease in AChE and BChE activities, which was prevented by HEOM. CONCLUSIONS HEOM thus showed protection against seizures, prevented the associated memory impairment probably by modulating cholinergic status and reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pahuja
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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