1
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Zhao A, Zhao K, Xia Y, Lyu J, Chen Y, Li S. Melatonin inhibits embryonic rat H9c2 cells growth through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Birth Defects Res 2021; 113:1171-1181. [PMID: 34231342 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our recent epidemiological study revealed that maternal sleep during the periconceptional period should be involved in the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD) in offspring. Melatonin, a sleep related hormone, has been suggested to play a crucial role in embryonic development based on the emerging evidence. In this study, we set out to assess the effect of melatonin on the embryonic cardiac cell growth and to explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS We observed the effect of different gradient doses of melatonin as 10, 100, or 1,000 μM on cell proliferation in H9c2 embryonic rat cardiac cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry was applied to evaluate the impact on apoptosis and cell cycle. RNA-seq was conducted to screen the changes in expression of mRNA and signaling pathways. Quantitative Real-Time-PCR (qRT-PCR) was then conducted to validate the results. RESULTS It was observed that melatonin could inhibit H9c2 cell growth, at the doses of 100 and 1,000 μM, but not at 10 μM. Moreover, melatonin ranged from 100 to 1,000 μM could instigate cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and simulate apoptosis, in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, melatonin was found to down-regulate the expression of a number of genes, which are related to heart development (SPARC, IFITM3, TNNT2, LOX), and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway activation (FN1, HSP90B1, THBS1, MFGE8, and CLU). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that high level of melatonin could be capable of inhibiting growth through the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, thereby interfering with embryonic heart development. Considering this study is based on H9c2 embryonic rat cardiac cells, future additional studies using human embryonic cardiac cell are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kena Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanqing Xia
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Lyu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiting Chen
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenghui Li
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Genestine M, Ambriz D, Crabtree GW, Dummer P, Molotkova A, Quintero M, Mela A, Biswas S, Feng H, Zhang C, Canoll P, Hargus G, Agalliu D, Gogos JA, Au E. Vascular-derived SPARC and SerpinE1 regulate interneuron tangential migration and accelerate functional maturation of human stem cell-derived interneurons. eLife 2021; 10:e56063. [PMID: 33904394 PMCID: PMC8099424 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical interneurons establish inhibitory microcircuits throughout the neocortex and their dysfunction has been implicated in epilepsy and neuropsychiatric diseases. Developmentally, interneurons migrate from a distal progenitor domain in order to populate the neocortex - a process that occurs at a slower rate in humans than in mice. In this study, we sought to identify factors that regulate the rate of interneuron maturation across the two species. Using embryonic mouse development as a model system, we found that the process of initiating interneuron migration is regulated by blood vessels of the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), an interneuron progenitor domain. We identified two endothelial cell-derived paracrine factors, SPARC and SerpinE1, that enhance interneuron migration in mouse MGE explants and organotypic cultures. Moreover, pre-treatment of human stem cell-derived interneurons (hSC-interneurons) with SPARC and SerpinE1 prior to transplantation into neonatal mouse cortex enhanced their migration and morphological elaboration in the host cortex. Further, SPARC and SerpinE1-treated hSC-interneurons also exhibited more mature electrophysiological characteristics compared to controls. Overall, our studies suggest a critical role for CNS vasculature in regulating interneuron developmental maturation in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Genestine
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Daisy Ambriz
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Gregg W Crabtree
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Patrick Dummer
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Anna Molotkova
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Michael Quintero
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Angeliki Mela
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Saptarshi Biswas
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Huijuan Feng
- Department of Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Chaolin Zhang
- Department of Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Gunnar Hargus
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Joseph A Gogos
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Biophysics, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Edmund Au
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative ScholarNew YorkUnited States
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3
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Ghanemi A, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine as A Regeneration Factor: Beyond the Tissue Repair. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010038. [PMID: 33435573 PMCID: PMC7827108 DOI: 10.3390/life11010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse pathologies (inflammation, tissues injuries, cancer, etc.) and physiological conditions (obesity, physical activity, etc.) induce the expression/secretion of the matricellular protein, secrete protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC). SPARC contributes to the creation of an environment that is suitable for tissue regeneration through a variety of roles, including metabolic homeostasis, inflammation reduction, extracellular matrix remodeling and collagen maturation. Such a homeostatic environment optimizes tissue regeneration and improves tissues’ repair ability. These properties that SPARC has within the regeneration contexts could have a variety of applications, such as in obesity, cancer, sarcopenia, diabetes and bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ghanemi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Mayumi Yoshioka
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Jonny St-Amand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 1-(418)-525-4444 (ext. 46448); Fax: +1-(418)-654-2298
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4
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Pathogenetic factors involved in recurrent pregnancy loss from multiple aspects. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2019; 62:212-223. [PMID: 31338338 PMCID: PMC6629979 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.2019.62.4.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a common complication in obstetrics, affecting about 5% of women of childbearing age. An increase in the number of abortions results in escalation in the risk of miscarriage. Although concentrated research has identified numerous causes for RPL, about 50% of them remain unexplained. Pregnancy is a complex process, comprising fertilization, implantation, organ and tissue differentiation, and fetal growth, which is effectively controlled by a number of both maternal and fetal factors. An example is the immune response, in which T cells and natural killer cells participate, and inflammation mediated by tumor necrosis factor or colony-stimulating factor, which hinders embryo implantation. Furthermore, vitamin D affects glucose metabolism and inhibits embryonic development, whereas microRNA has a negative effect on the gene expression of embryo implantation and development. This review examines the causes of RPL from multiple perspectives, and focuses on the numerous factors that may result in RPL.
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5
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Cha JM, Mantalaris A, Jung S, Ji Y, Bang OY, Bae H. Mesoderm Lineage 3D Tissue Constructs Are Produced at Large-Scale in a 3D Stem Cell Bioprocess. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28731612 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Various studies have presented different approaches to direct pluripotent stem cell differentiation such as applying defined sets of exogenous biochemical signals and genetic/epigenetic modifications. Although differentiation to target lineages can be successfully regulated, such conventional methods are often complicated, laborious, and not cost-effective to be employed to the large-scale production of 3D stem cell-based tissue constructs. A 3D-culture platform that could realize the large-scale production of mesoderm lineage tissue constructs from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is developed. ESCs are cultured using our previously established 3D-bioprocess platform which is amenable to mass-production of 3D ESC-based tissue constructs. Hepatocarcinoma cell line conditioned medium is introduced to the large-scale 3D culture to provide a specific biomolecular microenvironment to mimic in vivo mesoderm formation process. After 5 days of spontaneous differentiation period, the resulting 3D tissue constructs are composed of multipotent mesodermal progenitor cells verified by gene and molecular expression profiles. Subsequently the optimal time points to trigger terminal differentiation towards cardiomyogenesis or osteogenesis from the mesodermal tissue constructs is found. A simple and affordable 3D ESC-bioprocess that can reach the scalable production of mesoderm origin tissues with significantly improved correspondent tissue properties is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Min Cha
- Medical Device Research Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Athanasios Mantalaris
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sunyoung Jung
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yurim Ji
- Medical Device Research Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Young Bang
- Translational and Stem Cell Research Laboratory on Stroke, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojae Bae
- KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
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6
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Fuchs C, Gawlas S, Heher P, Nikouli S, Paar H, Ivankovic M, Schultheis M, Klammer J, Gottschamel T, Capetanaki Y, Weitzer G. Desmin enters the nucleus of cardiac stem cells and modulates Nkx2.5 expression by participating in transcription factor complexes that interact with the nkx2.5 gene. Biol Open 2016; 5:140-53. [PMID: 26787680 PMCID: PMC4823984 DOI: 10.1242/bio.014993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nkx2.5 and the intermediate filament protein desmin are simultaneously expressed in cardiac progenitor cells during commitment of primitive mesoderm to the cardiomyogenic lineage. Up-regulation of Nkx2.5 expression by desmin suggests that desmin may contribute to cardiogenic commitment and myocardial differentiation by directly influencing the transcription of the nkx2.5 gene in cardiac progenitor cells. Here, we demonstrate that desmin activates transcription of nkx2.5 reporter genes, rescues nkx2.5 haploinsufficiency in cardiac progenitor cells, and is responsible for the proper expression of Nkx2.5 in adult cardiac side population stem cells. These effects are consistent with the temporary presence of desmin in the nuclei of differentiating cardiac progenitor cells and its physical interaction with transcription factor complexes bound to the enhancer and promoter elements of the nkx2.5 gene. These findings introduce desmin as a newly discovered and unexpected player in the regulatory network guiding cardiomyogenesis in cardiac stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Fuchs
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Sonja Gawlas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Philipp Heher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Sofia Nikouli
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 115 27, Greece
| | - Hannah Paar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Mario Ivankovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Martina Schultheis
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Julia Klammer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Teresa Gottschamel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 115 27, Greece
| | - Georg Weitzer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
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7
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Lorber B, Chew DJ, Hauck SM, Chong RS, Fawcett JW, Martin KR. Retinal glia promote dorsal root ganglion axon regeneration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115996. [PMID: 25816134 PMCID: PMC4376801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration in the adult central nervous system (CNS) is limited by several factors including a lack of neurotrophic support. Recent studies have shown that glia from the adult rat CNS, specifically retinal astrocytes and Müller glia, can promote regeneration of retinal ganglion cell axons. In the present study we investigated whether retinal glia also exert a growth promoting effect outside the visual system. We found that retinal glial conditioned medium significantly enhanced neurite growth and branching of adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRG) in culture. Furthermore, transplantation of retinal glia significantly enhanced regeneration of DRG axons past the dorsal root entry zone after root crush in adult rats. To identify the factors that mediate the growth promoting effects of retinal glia, mass spectrometric analysis of retinal glial conditioned medium was performed. Apolipoprotein E and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) were found to be present in high abundance, a finding further confirmed by western blotting. Inhibition of Apolipoprotein E and SPARC significantly reduced the neuritogenic effects of retinal glial conditioned medium on DRG in culture, suggesting that Apolipoprotein E and SPARC are the major mediators of this regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lorber
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Chew
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rachel S. Chong
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
- Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R. Martin
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
- Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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8
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Farouz Y, Chen Y, Terzic A, Menasché P. Concise Review: Growing Hearts in the Right Place: On the Design of Biomimetic Materials for Cardiac Stem Cell Differentiation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:1021-35. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Farouz
- Department of Chemistry, Paris Sciences et Lettres, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris; CNRS UMR; Paris France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Descartes University; Paris France
- INSERM U970; Paris France
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Paris Sciences et Lettres, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris; CNRS UMR; Paris France
| | | | - Philippe Menasché
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Descartes University; Paris France
- INSERM U970; Paris France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery; Paris France
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9
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Hoebaus J, Heher P, Gottschamel T, Scheinast M, Auner H, Walder D, Wiedner M, Taubenschmid J, Miksch M, Sauer T, Schultheis M, Kuzmenkin A, Seiser C, Hescheler J, Weitzer G. Embryonic stem cells facilitate the isolation of persistent clonal cardiovascular progenitor cell lines and leukemia inhibitor factor maintains their self-renewal and myocardial differentiation potential in vitro. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 197:249-68. [PMID: 23343517 PMCID: PMC7615845 DOI: 10.1159/000345804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence for the existence of somatic stem cells in the heart of different mammalian species has been provided by numerous groups; however, so far it has not been possible to maintain these cells as self-renewing and phenotypically stable clonal cell lines in vitro. Thus, we sought to identify a surrogate stem cell niche for the isolation and persistent maintenance of stable clonal cardiovascular progenitor cell lines, enabling us to study the mechanism of self-renewal and differentiation in these cells. Using postnatal murine hearts with a selectable marker as the stem cell source and embryonic stem cells and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-secreting fibroblasts as a surrogate niche, we succeeded in the isolation of stable clonal cardiovascular progenitor cell lines. These cell lines self-renew in an LIF-dependent manner. They express both stemness transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog and early myocardial transcription factors Nkx2.5, GATA4, and Isl-1 at the same time. Upon LIF deprivation, they exclusively differentiate to functional cardiomyocytes and endothelial and smooth muscle cells, suggesting that these cells are mesodermal intermediates already committed to the cardiogenic lineage. Cardiovascular progenitor cell lines can be maintained for at least 149 passages over 7 years without phenotypic changes, in the presence of LIF-secreting fibroblasts. Isolation of wild-type cardiovascular progenitor cell lines from adolescent and old mice has finally demonstrated the general feasibility of this strategy for the isolation of phenotypically stable somatic stem cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hoebaus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Heher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Teresa Gottschamel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Scheinast
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harmen Auner
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diana Walder
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc Wiedner
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Taubenschmid
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Miksch
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Sauer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Schultheis
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexey Kuzmenkin
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Seiser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juergen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Georg Weitzer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Liu W, Brown K, Legros S, Foley AC. Nodal mutant eXtraembryonic ENdoderm (XEN) stem cells upregulate markers for the anterior visceral endoderm and impact the timing of cardiac differentiation in mouse embryoid bodies. Biol Open 2012; 1:208-19. [PMID: 23213411 PMCID: PMC3507291 DOI: 10.1242/bio.2012038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the endoderm and mesoderm that mediate myocardial induction are difficult to study in vivo because of the small size of mammalian embryos at relevant stages. However, we and others have demonstrated that signals from endodermal cell lines can influence myocardial differentiation from both mouse and human embryoid bodies (EBs), and because of this, assays that utilize embryonic stem (ES) cells and endodermal cell lines provide excellent in vitro models to study early cardiac differentiation. Extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) stem cells have a particular advantage over other heart-inducing cell lines in that they can easily be derived from both wild type and mutant mouse blastocysts. Here we describe the first isolation of a Nodal mutant XEN stem cell line. Nodal−/− XEN cell lines were not isolated at expected Mendelian ratios, and those that were successfully established, showed an increase in markers for the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE). Since AVE represents the heart-inducing endoderm in the mouse, cardiac differentiation was compared in EBs treated with conditioned medium (CM) collected from wild type or Nodal−/− XEN cells. EBs treated with CM from Nodal−/− cells began beating earlier and showed early activation of myocardial genes, but this early cardiac differentiation did not cause an overall increase in cardiomyocyte yield. By comparison, CM from wild type XEN cells both delayed cardiac differentiation and caused a concomitant increase in overall cardiomyocyte formation. Detailed marker analysis suggested that early activation of cardiac differentiation by Nodal−/− XEN CM caused premature differentiation and subsequent depletion of cardiac progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Liu
- Greenberg Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY 10065 , USA
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11
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Taubenschmid J, Weitzer G. Mechanisms of cardiogenesis in cardiovascular progenitor cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 293:195-267. [PMID: 22251563 PMCID: PMC7615846 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394304-0.00012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-renewing cells of the vertebrate heart have become a major subject of interest in the past decade. However, many researchers had a hard time to argue against the orthodox textbook view that defines the heart as a postmitotic organ. Once the scientific community agreed on the existence of self-renewing cells in the vertebrate heart, their origin was again put on trial when transdifferentiation, dedifferentiation, and reprogramming could no longer be excluded as potential sources of self-renewal in the adult organ. Additionally, the presence of self-renewing pluripotent cells in the peripheral blood challenges the concept of tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells. Leaving these unsolved problems aside, it seems very desirable to learn about the basic biology of this unique cell type. Thus, we shall here paint a picture of cardiovascular progenitor cells including the current knowledge about their origin, basic nature, and the molecular mechanisms guiding proliferation and differentiation into somatic cells of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Taubenschmid
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Lu TY, Yang L. Uses of cardiomyocytes generated from induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2011; 2:44. [PMID: 22099214 PMCID: PMC3340553 DOI: 10.1186/scrt85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Ying Lu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
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13
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Fuchs C, Scheinast M, Pasteiner W, Lagger S, Hofner M, Hoellrigl A, Schultheis M, Weitzer G. Self-organization phenomena in embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies: axis formation and breaking of symmetry during cardiomyogenesis. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 195:377-91. [PMID: 21860211 PMCID: PMC7615842 DOI: 10.1159/000328712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of embryonic stem cells gives rise to embryoid bodies (EBs) which undergo developmental processes reminiscent of early eutherian embryonic development. Development of the three germ layers suggests that gastrulation takes place. In vivo, gastrulation is a highly ordered process but in EBs only few data support the hypothesis that self-organization of differentiating cells leads to morphology, reminiscent of the early gastrula. Here we demonstrate that a timely implantation-like process is a prerequisite for the breaking of the radial symmetry of suspended EBs. Attached to a surface, EBs develop a bilateral symmetry and presumptive mesodermal cells emerge between the center of the EBs and a horseshoe-shaped ridge of cells. The development of an epithelial sheet of cells on one side of the EBs allows us to define an 'anterior' and a 'posterior' end of the EBs. In the mesodermal area, first cardiomyocytes (CMCs) develop mainly next to this epithelial sheet of cells. Development of twice as many CMCs at the 'left' side of the EBs breaks the bilateral symmetry and suggests that cardiomyogenesis reflects a local or temporal asymmetry in EBs. The asymmetric appearance of CMCs but not the development of mesoderm can be disturbed by ectopic expression of the muscle-specific protein Desmin. Later, the bilateral morphology becomes blurred by an apparently chaotic differentiation of many cell types. The absence of comparable structures in aggregates of cardiovascular progenitor cells isolated from the heart demonstrates that the self-organization of cells during a gastrulation-like process is a unique feature of embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Fuchs
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Biology and
| | - Matthias Scheinast
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Biology and
| | - Waltraud Pasteiner
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Biology and
| | - Sabine Lagger
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Hofner
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Biology and
| | - Alexandra Hoellrigl
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Biology and
| | - Martina Schultheis
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Biology and
| | - Georg Weitzer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Biology and
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14
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Zhao X, Mo D, Li A, Gong W, Xiao S, Zhang Y, Qin L, Niu Y, Guo Y, Liu X, Cong P, He Z, Wang C, Li J, Chen Y. Comparative analyses by sequencing of transcriptomes during skeletal muscle development between pig breeds differing in muscle growth rate and fatness. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19774. [PMID: 21637832 PMCID: PMC3102668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of muscle transcriptome during development and between breeds differing in muscle growth is necessary to uncover the complex mechanism underlying muscle development. Herein, we present the first transcriptome-wide longissimus dorsi muscle development research concerning Lantang (LT, obese) and Landrace (LR, lean) pig breeds during 10 time-points from 35 days-post-coitus (dpc) to 180 days-post-natum (dpn) using Solexa/Illumina's Genome Analyzer. The data demonstrated that myogenesis was almost completed before 77 dpc, but the muscle phenotypes were still changed from 77 dpc to 28 dpn. Comparative analysis of the two breeds suggested that myogenesis started earlier but progressed more slowly in LT than in LR, the stages ranging from 49 dpc to 77 dpc are critical for formation of different muscle phenotypes. 595 differentially expressed myogenesis genes were identified, and their roles in myogenesis were discussed. Furthermore, GSK3B, IKBKB, ACVR1, ITGA and STMN1 might contribute to later myogenesis and more muscle fibers in LR than LT. Some myogenesis inhibitors (ID1, ID2, CABIN1, MSTN, SMAD4, CTNNA1, NOTCH2, GPC3 and HMOX1) were higher expressed in LT than in LR, which might contribute to more slow muscle differentiation in LT than in LR. We also identified several genes which might contribute to intramuscular adipose differentiation. Most important, we further proposed a novel model in which MyoD and MEF2A controls the balance between intramuscular adipogenesis and myogenesis by regulating CEBP family; Myf5 and MEF2C are essential during the whole myogenesis process while MEF2D affects muscle growth and maturation. The MRFs and MEF2 families are also critical for the phenotypic differences between the two pig breeds. Overall, this study contributes to elucidating the mechanism underlying muscle development, which could provide valuable information for pig meat quality improvement. The raw data have been submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) under series GSE25406.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Delin Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Anning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuna Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiqing Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China of Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- College of Animal Science, South China of Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Bauwens CL, Song H, Thavandiran N, Ungrin M, Massé S, Nanthakumar K, Seguin C, Zandstra PW. Geometric control of cardiomyogenic induction in human pluripotent stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:1901-9. [PMID: 21417693 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has been observed that aggregate size affects cardiac development, an incomplete understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyogenesis has limited the development of robust defined-condition cardiac cell generation protocols. Our objective was thus to elucidate cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the endogenous control of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) cardiac tissue development, and to test the hypothesis that hESC aggregate size influences extraembryonic endoderm (ExE) commitment and cardiac inductive properties. hESC aggregates were generated with 100, 1000, or 4000 cells per aggregate using microwells. The frequency of endoderm marker (FoxA2 and GATA6)-expressing cells decreased with increasing aggregate size during early differentiation. Cardiogenesis was maximized in aggregates initiated from 1000 cells, with frequencies of 0.49±0.06 cells exhibiting a cardiac progenitor phenotype (KDR(low)/C-KIT(neg)) on day 5 and 0.24±0.06 expressing cardiac Troponin T on day 16. A direct relationship between ExE and cardiac differentiation efficiency was established by forming aggregates with varying ratios of SOX7 (a transcription factor required for ExE development) overexpressing or knockdown hESCs to unmanipulated hESCs. We demonstrate, in a defined, serum-free cardiac induction system, that robust and efficient cardiac differentiation is a function of endogenous ExE cell concentration, a parameter that can be directly modulated by controlling hESC aggregate size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine L Bauwens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Brown K, Doss MX, Legros S, Artus J, Hadjantonakis AK, Foley AC. eXtraembryonic ENdoderm (XEN) stem cells produce factors that activate heart formation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13446. [PMID: 20975998 PMCID: PMC2958120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Initial specification of cardiomyocytes in the mouse results from interactions between the extraembryonic anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) and the nascent mesoderm. However the mechanism by which AVE activates cardiogenesis is not well understood, and the identity of specific cardiogenic factors in the endoderm remains elusive. Most mammalian studies of the cardiogenic potential of the endoderm have relied on the use of cell lines that are similar to the heart-inducing AVE. These include the embryonal-carcinoma-derived cell lines, END2 and PYS2. The recent development of protocols to isolate eXtraembryonic ENdoderm (XEN) stem cells, representing the extraembryonic endoderm lineage, from blastocyst stage mouse embryos offers new tools for the genetic dissection of cardiogenesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we demonstrate that XEN cell-conditioned media (CM) enhances cardiogenesis during Embryoid Body (EB) differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells in a manner comparable to PYS2-CM and END2-CM. Addition of CM from each of these three cell lines enhanced the percentage of EBs that formed beating areas, but ultimately, only XEN-CM and PYS2-CM increased the total number of cardiomyocytes that formed. Furthermore, our observations revealed that both contact-independent and contact-dependent factors are required to mediate the full cardiogenic potential of the endoderm. Finally, we used gene array comparison to identify factors in these cell lines that could mediate their cardiogenic potential. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These studies represent the first step in the use of XEN cells as a molecular genetic tool to study cardiomyocyte differentiation. Not only are XEN cells functionally similar to the heart-inducing AVE, but also can be used for the genetic dissection of the cardiogenic potential of AVE, since they can be isolated from both wild type and mutant blastocysts. These studies further demonstrate the importance of both contact-dependent and contact-independent factors in cardiogenesis and identify potential heart-inducing proteins in the endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemar Brown
- Greenberg Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Xavier Doss
- Greenberg Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Legros
- Greenberg Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jérôme Artus
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Ann C. Foley
- Greenberg Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
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17
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Hattori F, Fukuda K. Strategies for ensuring that regenerative cardiomyocytes function properly and in cooperation with the host myocardium. Exp Mol Med 2010; 26:223-32. [PMID: 20164677 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In developed countries, in which people have nutrient-rich diets, convenient environments, and access to numerous medications, the disease paradigm has changed. Nowadays, heart failure is one of the major causes of death. In spite of this, the therapeutic efficacies of medications are generally unsatisfactory. Although whole heart transplantation is ideal for younger patients with heart failure, many patients are deemed to be unsuitable for this type of surgery due to complications and/or age. The need for therapeutic alternatives to heart transplantation is great. Regenerative therapy is a strong option. For this purpose, several cell sources have been investigated, including intrinsic adult stem or progenitor cells and extrinsic pluripotent stem cells. Most intrinsic stem cells seem to contribute to a regenerative environment via paracrine factors and/or angiogenesis, whereas extrinsic pluripotent stem cells are unlimited sources of cardiomyocytes. In this review, we summarize the various strategies for using regenerative cardiomyocytes including our recent progressions: non-genetic approaches for the purification of cardiomyocytes and efficient transplantation. We expect that use of intrinsic and extrinsic stem cells in combination will enhance therapeutic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyuki Hattori
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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18
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Hattori F, Fukuda K. Strategies for ensuring that regenerative cardiomyocytes function properly and in cooperation with the host myocardium. Exp Mol Med 2010; 42:155-65. [PMID: 20164677 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2010.42.3.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In developed countries, in which people have nutrient-rich diets, convenient environments, and access to numerous medications, the disease paradigm has changed. Nowadays, heart failure is one of the major causes of death. In spite of this, the therapeutic efficacies of medications are generally unsatisfactory. Although whole heart transplantation is ideal for younger patients with heart failure, many patients are deemed to be unsuitable for this type of surgery due to complications and/or age. The need for therapeutic alternatives to heart transplantation is great. Regenerative therapy is a strong option. For this purpose, several cell sources have been investigated, including intrinsic adult stem or progenitor cells and extrinsic pluripotent stem cells. Most intrinsic stem cells seem to contribute to a regenerative environment via paracrine factors and/or angiogenesis, whereas extrinsic pluripotent stem cells are unlimited sources of cardiomyocytes. In this review, we summarize the various strategies for using regenerative cardiomyocytes including our recent progressions: non-genetic approaches for the purification of cardiomyocytes and efficient transplantation. We expect that use of intrinsic and extrinsic stem cells in combination will enhance therapeutic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyuki Hattori
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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19
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Brown K, Legros S, Artus J, Doss MX, Khanin R, Hadjantonakis AK, Foley A. A comparative analysis of extra-embryonic endoderm cell lines. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12016. [PMID: 20711519 PMCID: PMC2919048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to gastrulation in the mouse, all endodermal cells arise from the primitive endoderm of the blastocyst stage embryo. Primitive endoderm and its derivatives are generally referred to as extra-embryonic endoderm (ExEn) because the majority of these cells contribute to extra-embryonic lineages encompassing the visceral endoderm (VE) and the parietal endoderm (PE). During gastrulation, the definitive endoderm (DE) forms by ingression of cells from the epiblast. The DE comprises most of the cells of the gut and its accessory organs. Despite their different origins and fates, there is a surprising amount of overlap in marker expression between the ExEn and DE, making it difficult to distinguish between these cell types by marker analysis. This is significant for two main reasons. First, because endodermal organs, such as the liver and pancreas, play important physiological roles in adult animals, much experimental effort has been directed in recent years toward the establishment of protocols for the efficient derivation of endodermal cell types in vitro. Conversely, factors secreted by the VE play pivotal roles that cannot be attributed to the DE in early axis formation, heart formation and the patterning of the anterior nervous system. Thus, efforts in both of these areas have been hampered by a lack of markers that clearly distinguish between ExEn and DE. To further understand the ExEn we have undertaken a comparative analysis of three ExEn-like cell lines (END2, PYS2 and XEN). PYS2 cells are derived from embryonal carcinomas (EC) of 129 strain mice and have been characterized as parietal endoderm-like [1], END2 cells are derived from P19 ECs and described as visceral endoderm-like, while XEN cells are derived from blastocyst stage embryos and are described as primitive endoderm-like. Our analysis suggests that none of these cell lines represent a bona fide single in vivo lineage. Both PYS2 and XEN cells represent mixed populations expressing markers for several ExEn lineages. Conversely END2 cells, which were previously characterized as VE-like, fail to express many markers that are widely expressed in the VE, but instead express markers for only a subset of the VE, the anterior visceral endoderm. In addition END2 cells also express markers for the PE. We extended these observations with microarray analysis which was used to probe and refine previously published data sets of genes proposed to distinguish between DE and VE. Finally, genome-wide pathway analysis revealed that SMAD-independent TGFbeta signaling through a TAK1/p38/JNK or TAK1/NLK pathway may represent one mode of intracellular signaling shared by all three of these lines, and suggests that factors downstream of these pathways may mediate some functions of the ExEn. These studies represent the first step in the development of XEN cells as a powerful molecular genetic tool to study the endodermal signals that mediate the important developmental functions of the extra-embryonic endoderm. Our data refine our current knowledge of markers that distinguish various subtypes of endoderm. In addition, pathway analysis suggests that the ExEn may mediate some of its functions through a non-classical MAP Kinase signaling pathway downstream of TAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemar Brown
- Greenberg Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New
York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Legros
- Greenberg Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New
York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jérôme Artus
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New
York, United States of America
| | - Michael Xavier Doss
- Greenberg Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New
York, New York, United States of America
| | - Raya Khanin
- Computational Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New
York, United States of America
| | | | - Ann Foley
- Greenberg Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New
York, New York, United States of America
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20
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Horton RE, Millman JR, Colton CK, Auguste DT. Engineering microenvironments for embryonic stem cell differentiation to cardiomyocytes. Regen Med 2009; 4:721-32. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have the potential to be a renewable source of cardiomyocytes for use in myocardial cell replacement strategies. Although progress has been made towards differentiating stem cells to specific cell lineages, the efficiency is often poor and the number of cells generated is not suitable for therapeutic usage. Recent studies demonstrated that controlling the stem cell microenvironment can influence differentiation. Components of the extracellular matrix are important physiological regulators and can provide mechanical cues, direct differentiation and improve cell engraftment into damaged tissue. Bioreactors are used to control the microenvironment and produce large numbers of desired cells. This article describes recent methods to achieve cardiomyocyte differentiation by engineering the stem cell microenvironment. Successful translation of stem cell research to therapeutic applications will need to address large-scale cardiomyocyte differentiation and purification, assessment of cardiac function and synchronization, and safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renita E Horton
- Harvard University School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, 29 Oxford Street, Pierce Hall Room 317, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Millman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Clark K Colton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Debra T Auguste
- Harvard University School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, 29 Oxford Street, Pierce Hall Room 317, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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21
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Synergistic effects of osteonectin and NGF in promoting survival and neurite outgrowth of superior cervical ganglion neurons. Brain Res 2009; 1289:1-13. [PMID: 19596278 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) play a major role in the successful regeneration of peripheral nerves regeneration. Here we examined the effects of osteonectin (ON), a major factor secreted by SCs, on survival and neuritogenesis of mouse superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons. SC conditioned medium (SCCM) not only promoted the survival and neuritogenesis of SCG neurons at a level comparable to nerve growth factor (NGF) but also doubled the neurite length of NGF-treated SCG neurons. SCCM neuritogenic effects were not blocked by the tyrosine kinase receptor (Trk) inhibitor K252a demonstrating that these are not due solely to classical neurotrophic factors. Anti-ON neutralizing antibody diminished the SCCM-induced survival and neuritogenesis significantly. In the presence of K252a, the SCCM neuritogenic effects were blocked completely by anti-ON which suggests synergistic effects of ON with Trk-mediated growth factors. ON alone increased the survival and neurite outgrowth of SCG neurons significantly at high density cultures. ON at low concentration acts synergistically with NGF which induced maximum survival and neurite outgrowth (>50% increase). However, ON at high concentration was detrimental to survival (64% decrease) and neurite outgrowth (87% decrease) even in the presence of NGF. The well documented counter-adhesive effect of ON may account for this observation. Nevertheless, the growth promoting effects of ON became more pronounced as the cell density increased which suggests a possible interaction of ON with growth factors secreted by SCG neurons (autocrine or paracrine effects). Taken together, our study indicates that ON plays important roles in nervous system repair through its synergistic effects with growth factors.
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22
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Takei S, Ichikawa H, Johkura K, Mogi A, No H, Yoshie S, Tomotsune D, Sasaki K. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 promotes induction of cardiomyocytes from human embryonic stem cells in serum-based embryoid body development. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H1793-803. [PMID: 19363129 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01288.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem (ES) cells are a potential source for cell-based therapy for heart diseases. We studied the effect of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) on cardiac induction from human H1 ES cells during embryoid body (EB) development. Suspension culture for 4 days with 20% FBS produced the best results for the differentiation of early mesoderm and cardiomyocytes. The addition of Noggin reduced the incidence of beating EBs from 23.6% to 5.3%, which indicated the involvement of BMP signaling in the spontaneous cardiac differentiation. In this condition, treatment with 12.5-25 ng/ml BMP-4 during the 4-day suspension optimally promoted the cardiomyocyte differentiation. The incidence of beating EBs at 25 ng/ml BMP-4 reached 95.8% on day 6 of expansion and then plateaued until day 20. In real-time PCR analysis, the cardiac development-related genes MESP1 and Nkx2.5 were upregulated in the EB outgrowths by 25 ng/ml BMP-4. The activation of BMP signaling in EBs was confirmed by the increase in the phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 and by the nuclear localization of phospho-Smad1/5/8 and Smad4. The addition of 150 ng/ml Noggin considerably decreased the incidence of beating EBs and Nkx2.5 expression, and Noggin alone increased Nestin expression and neural differentiation in EB outgrowths. The cardiomyocytes induced by 25 ng/ml BMP-4 showed proper cell biological characteristics and a course of differentiation as judged from isoproterenol administration, gene expression, protein assay, immunoreactivity, and subcellular structures. No remarkable change in the extent of apoptosis and proliferation in the cardiomyocytes was observed by BMP-4 treatment. These findings showed that BMP-4 in combination with FBS at the appropriate time and concentrations significantly promotes cardiomyocyte induction from human ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Takei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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23
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Sargent CY, Berguig GY, McDevitt TC. Cardiomyogenic Differentiation of Embryoid Bodies Is Promoted by Rotary Orbital Suspension Culture. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:331-42. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Y. Sargent
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Geoffrey Y. Berguig
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Todd C. McDevitt
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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24
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Hrabchak C, Ringuette M, Woodhouse K. Recombinant mouse SPARC promotes parietal endoderm differentiation and cardiomyogenesis in embryoid bodies. Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 86:487-99. [DOI: 10.1139/o08-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of leukemia inhibitory factor, murine embryonic stem cells cultured in vitro spontaneously aggregate to from three-dimensional embryoid bodies that differentiate to produce hematopoietic, endothelial, muscle, and neuronal cell lineages in a manner recapitulating the events of early embryogenesis. Cardiomyogenesis in embryoid bodies was recently demonstrated to be promoted by PYS-2-derived native SPARC (secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine), whose expression is upregulated in parietal endoderm at the onset of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Here, we confirm the stimulatory effects of mouse SPARC on cardiomyogenesis using a recombinant baculovirus-produced protein (rmSPARC). Embryoid bodies cultured in the presence of glycosylated rmSPARC, or an unglycosylated peptide spanning the C-terminal EF-hand domain, developed greater numbers of beating cardiomyocytes than did time-matched controls, with enhanced expression of cardiac marker genes including Nkx2.5, Troponin, BMP-2, and MHCα. Histochemical analysis revealed an expansion of the peripheral endoderm, with thicker layers of extracellular matrix (ECM) material observed atop underlying cells. Embryoid bodies treated with SPARC also displayed increased adherence to polystyrene culture dishes, with enhanced expression of ECM mRNAs including collagen IVα3, collagen IVα5, and laminin α1. These results indicate that, in addition to the promotion of cardiomyogenesis, SPARC may also help regulate the molecular composition and organization of ECM secreted by the mesenchymal parietal endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hrabchak
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Faculty of Applied Science, Queen’s University, 45 Union Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Maurice Ringuette
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Faculty of Applied Science, Queen’s University, 45 Union Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kimberly Woodhouse
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Faculty of Applied Science, Queen’s University, 45 Union Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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25
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Harada K, Ogai A, Takahashi T, Kitakaze M, Matsubara H, Oh H. Crossveinless-2 controls bone morphogenetic protein signaling during early cardiomyocyte differentiation in P19 cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:26705-13. [PMID: 18662983 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801485200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are crucial for cardiac induction, specification, and development. Although signaling of BMPs is tightly regulated through soluble BMP-binding proteins, how they regulate BMP signaling during cardiac differentiation remains unknown. To identify molecules responsible for BMP signaling during early cardiomyocyte differentiation of P19 cells, cDNA subtraction was performed. We found a bimodal expression of the BMP-binding protein Crossveinless-2 (Cv2) during cardiomyocyte differentiation; Cv2 is temporally expressed earlier than cardiac transcription factors such as Nkx2.5 and Tbx5 and acts as a suppressor for BMP signaling in P19 cells. We established a P19 clonal cell line harboring a cardiac alpha-myosin heavy chain promoter-driven enhanced green fluorescent protein gene to monitor cardiac differentiation by flow cytometry. Treatment with BMP2 during the first 2 days of differentiation suppressed cardiomyocyte differentiation through activation of down-stream targets Smad1/5/8 protein and Id1 gene, whereas treatment with Cv2 conversely inhibited Smad1/5/8 activation and Id1 expression, leading to increased generation of cardiac cells. RNA interference-mediated knockdown (KD) of endogenous Cv2 showed increased Smad1/5/8 activation and impaired cardiomyocyte differentiation. Expression of cardiac mesoderm markers was reduced, whereas expression of Id1 and endoderm markers such as Sox7, Hnf4, and E-cadherin was induced in Cv2-kinase dead cells. These phenotypes were rescued by the addition of Cv2 protein to the culture media during the first 2 days of differentiation or co-culture with parental cells. These data suggest that Cv2 may specify cardiac mesodermal lineage through inhibition of BMP signaling at early stage of cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Harada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Translational Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Shinagawa S, Toyota Y, Ishikawa T, Fukuhara R, Hokoishi K, Komori K, Tanimukai S, Ikeda M. Cognitive function and psychiatric symptoms in early- and late-onset frontotemporal dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008; 25:439-44. [PMID: 18401172 DOI: 10.1159/000124751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Some recent studies mentioned that late-onset frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is more common than previously assumed. Although much research has been done in the field, there are no systematic studies which have compared clinical characteristics of early- and late-onset FTD. The aim of this study was to compare cognitive function and psychiatric symptoms in patients with early- and late-onset FTD. METHODS Study participants were consecutive outpatients. There were 35 FTD patients; their mean age at onset was 63.0 years. We studied sex, education, duration from onset to consultation, Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scores, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) scores, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) scores at first consultation of early- and late-onset FTD patients. RESULTS There were no significant differences in sex ratio, education, CDR scores, and duration from onset to consultation. There were significant differences in the total MMSE scores, 'three-word recall task', 'construction task', and RCPM scores; late-onset groups scored significantly lower than early-onset groups. There were significant differences in the apathy domain of NPI and total NPI scores; late-onset groups scored significantly higher than early-onset groups. CONCLUSION Late-onset FTD patients may have memory and visuospatial deficits in addition to their behavioural changes, even if they are clinically diagnosed according to consensus diagnostic criteria. They also present more apathy, and they may have a different histolopathological background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichiro Shinagawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Neruoscience, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
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Schneider M, Hansen JL, Sheikh SP. S100A4: a common mediator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, fibrosis and regeneration in diseases? J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:507-22. [PMID: 18322670 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple reports have focused on S100A4's role in cancer progression, specifically its ability to enhance metastasis. However, recent studies have linked S100A4 to several diseases besides cancer, including kidney fibrosis, cirrhosis, pulmonary disease, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, arthritis and neuronal injuries. Common to all these diseases is the involvement of fibrotic and inflammatory processes, i.e. processes greatly dependent on tissue remodelling, cell motility and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Therefore, the basic biological mechanisms behind S100A4's effects are emerging. S100A4 belongs to the S100 family of proteins that contain two Ca2+-binding sites including a canonical EF-hand motif. S100A4 is involved in the regulation of a wide range of biological effects including cell motility, survival, differentiation and contractility. S100A4 has both intracellular and extracellular effects. Hence, S100A4 interacts with cytoskeletal proteins and enhances metastasis of several types of cancer cells. In addition, S100A4 is secreted by unknown mechanisms, thus, paracrinely stimulating a variety of cellular responses, including angiogenesis and neuronal growth. Although many cellular effects of S100A4 are well described, the molecular mechanisms whereby S100A4 elicits these responses remain largely unknown. However, it is likely that the intracellular and the extracellular effects involve distinct mechanisms. In this review, we explore the possible roles of S100A4 in non-cancer diseases and employ this knowledge to describe underlying biological mechanisms including a change in cellular phenotype towards less tightly adherent cells and activation of fibrotic processes that may explain this protein's involvement in multiple pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Schneider
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Genetics, University Hospital of Odense, 29, Sdr. Boulevard, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark
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Arrell DK, Niederländer NJ, Faustino RS, Behfar A, Terzic A. Cardioinductive network guiding stem cell differentiation revealed by proteomic cartography of tumor necrosis factor alpha-primed endodermal secretome. Stem Cells 2007; 26:387-400. [PMID: 17991915 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the developing embryo, instructive guidance from the ventral endoderm secures cardiac program induction within the anterolateral mesoderm. Endoderm-guided cardiogenesis, however, has yet to be resolved at the proteome level. Here, through cardiopoietic priming of the endoderm with the reprogramming cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), candidate effectors of embryonic stem cell cardiac differentiation were delineated by comparative proteomics. Differential two-dimensional gel electrophoretic mapping revealed that more than 75% of protein species increased >1.5-fold in the TNFalpha-primed versus unprimed endodermal secretome. Protein spot identification by linear ion trap quadrupole (LTQ) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and validation by shotgun LTQ-Fourier transform MS/MS following multidimensional chromatography mapped 99 unique proteins from 153 spot assignments. A definitive set of 48 secretome proteins was deduced by iterative bioinformatic screening using algorithms for detection of canonical and noncanonical indices of secretion. Protein-protein interaction analysis, in conjunction with respective expression level changes, revealed a nonstochastic TNFalpha-centric secretome network with a scale-free hierarchical architecture. Cardiovascular development was the primary developmental function of the resolved TNFalpha-anchored network. Functional cooperativity of the derived cardioinductive network was validated through direct application of the TNFalpha-primed secretome on embryonic stem cells, potentiating cardiac commitment and sarcomerogenesis. Conversely, inhibition of primary network hubs negated the procardiogenic effects of TNFalpha priming. Thus, proteomic cartography establishes a systems biology framework for the endodermal secretome network guiding stem cell cardiopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kent Arrell
- Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departmentsof Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Améen C, Strehl R, Björquist P, Lindahl A, Hyllner J, Sartipy P. Human embryonic stem cells: current technologies and emerging industrial applications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2007; 65:54-80. [PMID: 17689256 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency and accuracy of the drug development process is severely restricted by the lack of functional human cell systems. However, the successful derivation of pluripotent human embryonic stem (hES) cell lines in the late 1990s is expected to revolutionize biomedical research in many areas. Due to their growth capacity and unique developmental potential to differentiate into almost any cell type of the human body, hES cells have opened novel avenues both in basic and applied research as well as for therapeutic applications. In this review we describe, from an industrial perspective, the basic science that underlies the hES cell technology and discuss the current and future prospects for hES cells in novel and improved stem cell based applications for drug discovery, toxicity testing as well as regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Améen
- Cellartis AB, Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, 413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
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Rempel SA, Hawley RC, Gutiérrez JA, Mouzon E, Bobbitt KR, Lemke N, Schultz CR, Schultz LR, Golembieski W, Koblinski J, VanOsdol S, Miller CG. Splenic and immune alterations of the Sparc-null mouse accompany a lack of immune response. Genes Immun 2007; 8:262-74. [PMID: 17344888 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sparc-null mice have been used as models to assess tumor-host immune cell interactions. However, it is not known if they have a competent immune system. In this study, the immune systems of Sparc wild-type and null mice were compared. Mice were assessed for differences in total body weight, spleen weight and spleen-to-body weight ratios. Spleens were compared with respect to morphology, and Sparc, Ki-67, MOMA-1 and IgM expression. Immune cells in blood, bone marrow and spleen were assessed by blood smears, automated blood panel, and flow cytometry. Additionally, the ability of Sparc-null mice to respond to immune challenge was evaluated using a footpad model. The morphological and immunohistochemical results indicated that Sparc-null spleens had more white pulp, hyperproliferative B cells in the germinal centers, and decreased marginal zones. Sparc-null spleens lacked normal Sparc expression in red and white pulp, marginal zones, endothelial and sinusoidal cells. By flow analysis, B cells were decreased and T cells were increased in the bone marrow. Finally, Sparc-null mice were unable to mount an immune response following footpad lipopolysaccharide challenge. These data confirm that Sparc-null mice have an impaired immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Rempel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barbara Jane Levy Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Stary M, Schneider M, Sheikh SP, Weitzer G. Parietal endoderm secreted S100A4 promotes early cardiomyogenesis in embryoid bodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 343:555-63. [PMID: 16554030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyogenesis is influenced by factors secreted by anterior-lateral and extra-embryonic endoderm. Differentiation of embryonic stem cells in embryoid bodies allows to study the influence of growth factors on cardiomyogenesis. By these means SPARC was identified as a new factor enhancing cardiomyogenesis [M. Stary, W. Pasteiner, A. Summer, A. Hrdina, A. Eger, G. Weitzer, Parietal endoderm secreted SPARC promotes early cardiomyogenesis in vitro, Exp. Cell Res. 310 (2005) 331-341]. Here we report a similar and new function for S100A4, a calcium-binding protein of the EF-hand type. S100A4 is secreted by parietal endoderm and promotes early differentiation and proliferation of cardiomyocytes. Oligomeric S100A4 supports cardiomyogenesis in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas inhibition of autocrine S100A4 severely attenuates cardiomyogenesis. S100A4 specifically influences transcription in differentiating cardiomyocytes, as evident from increased expression of cardiac transcription factor genes nkx2.5 and mef2C. These data suggest that S100A4, like SPARC, plays a supportive role in early in vitro cardiomyogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Stary
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University Institutes at the Vienna Biocenter, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, A1030 Vienna, Austria
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