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Zhang T, O’Connor C, Sheridan H, Barlow JW. Vitamin K2 in Health and Disease: A Clinical Perspective. Foods 2024; 13:1646. [PMID: 38890875 PMCID: PMC11172246 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamins are essential organic compounds that vary widely in chemical structure and are vital in small quantities for numerous biochemical and biological functions. They are critical for metabolism, growth, development and maintaining overall health. Vitamins are categorised into two groups: hydrophilic and lipophilic. Vitamin K (VK), a lipophilic vitamin, occurs naturally in two primary forms: phylloquinone (VK1), found in green leafy vegetables and algae, and Menaquinones (VK2), present in certain fermented and animal foods and widely formulated in VK supplements. This review explores the possible factors contributing to VK deficiency, including dietary influences, and discusses the pharmacological and therapeutic potential of supplementary VK2, examining recent global clinical studies on its role in treating diseases such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders and cancers. The analysis includes a review of published articles from multiple databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, ISI Web of Science and CNKI, focusing on human studies. The findings indicate that VK2 is a versatile vitamin essential for human health and that a broadly positive correlation exists between VK2 supplementation and improved health outcomes. However, clinical data are somewhat inconsistent, highlighting the need for further detailed research into VK2's metabolic processes, biomarker validation, dose-response relationships, bioavailability and safety. Establishing a Recommended Daily Intake for VK2 could significantly enhance global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, 7, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland;
- The Trinity Centre for Natural Products Research (NatPro), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Christine O’Connor
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, 7, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Helen Sheridan
- The Trinity Centre for Natural Products Research (NatPro), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland;
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - James W. Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
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Vieujean S, Gillard R, Delanaye P, Seidel L, Bequet E, Salée C, Meuwis MA, Massot C, Pierre N, Meunier P, Cavalier E, Louis E. Matrix gla protein, a potential marker of tissue remodelling and physiological ageing of the gut in crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2024; 59:296-303. [PMID: 38411457 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2023.2286913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inactive dephosphorylated and uncarboxylated form of the matrix Gla protein (dp-ucMGP) has been shown to be increased in plasma of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Our aim was to assess if the plasmatic level of dp-ucMGP could reflect disease endoscopic activity, presence of strictures and cumulative structural bowel damage in Crohn's disease (CD) patients. METHODS The plasmatic level of dp-ucMGP was measured in a monocentric cohort of prospectively recruited patients. The analysis was done by chemiluminescent immunoassay on blood samples collected the day of a planned ileocolonoscopy. In addition to classical clinical data (gender, age, body mass index (BMI), disease duration, current treatment), endoscopic data (disease location, Crohn's Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity (CDEIS), mucosal healing (MH), presence of 9 CD lesion types) and biological markers (faecal calprotectin and C-reactive protein (CRP)) were collected. The association between dp-ucMGP level and Lémann index was also investigated. Univariate linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between dp-ucMGP level and different parameters collected. RESULTS A total of 82 ileocolonoscopies and dp-ucMGP assays were performed in 75 CD patients (45 females; 37 ileocolonic, 19 ileal and 19 colonic diseases) between October 2012 and November 2019. A total of 24 patients (29.3%) showed MH. The dp-ucMGP levels were not associated with MH, CDEIS, faecal calprotectin or CRP levels. Plasmatic dp-ucMGP levels increased significantly with age (p = 0.0032), disease duration (p = 0.0033), corticosteroids use (p = 0.019) and tended to increase in patients with intestinal strictures (p = 0.086) but not with the Lémann index. CONCLUSION The significant increase of plasmatic dp-ucMGP levels with age, disease duration and the trend observed in patients with non-ulcerated strictures may suggest that this extracellular matrix protein could be a marker of tissue remodelling and physiological ageing of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vieujean
- Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, University Hospital CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, GIGA-Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Romain Gillard
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Delanaye
- Department of Dialysis-Nephrology-Transplantation, University Hospital CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence Seidel
- Biostatistics and Medico-economic Information Department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emeline Bequet
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, GIGA-Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Citadelle Hospital and University Hospital of Liège & University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Salée
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, GIGA-Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie-Alice Meuwis
- Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, University Hospital CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, GIGA-Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Massot
- Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, University Hospital CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, GIGA-Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Pierre
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, GIGA-Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Paul Meunier
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edouard Louis
- Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, University Hospital CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, GIGA-Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
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Hui ST, Gong L, Swichkow C, Blencowe M, Kaminska D, Diamante G, Pan C, Dalsania M, French SW, Magyar CE, Pajukanta P, Pihlajamäki J, Boström KI, Yang X, Lusis AJ. Role of Matrix Gla Protein in Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:943-960. [PMID: 37611662 PMCID: PMC10632746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a complex disease involving both genetic and environmental factors in its onset and progression. We analyzed NASH phenotypes in a genetically diverse cohort of mice, the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel, to identify genes contributing to disease susceptibility. METHODS A "systems genetics" approach, involving integration of genetic, transcriptomic, and phenotypic data, was used to identify candidate genes and pathways in a mouse model of NASH. The causal role of Matrix Gla Protein (MGP) was validated using heterozygous MGP knockout (Mgp+/-) mice. The mechanistic role of MGP in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling was examined in the LX-2 stellate cell line by using a loss of function approach. RESULTS Local cis-acting regulation of MGP was correlated with fibrosis, suggesting a causal role in NASH, and this was validated using loss of function experiments in 2 models of diet-induced NASH. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, Mgp was found to be primarily expressed in hepatic stellate cells and dendritic cells in mice. Knockdown of MGP expression in stellate LX-2 cells led to a blunted response to TGF-β stimulation. This was associated with reduced regulatory SMAD phosphorylation and TGF-β receptor ALK1 expression as well as increased expression of inhibitory SMAD6. Hepatic MGP expression was found to be significantly correlated with the severity of fibrosis in livers of patients with NASH, suggesting relevance to human disease. CONCLUSIONS MGP regulates liver fibrosis and TGF-β signaling in hepatic stellate cells and contributes to NASH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T Hui
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Lili Gong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chantle Swichkow
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Montgomery Blencowe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dorota Kaminska
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Graciel Diamante
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Meet Dalsania
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Clara E Magyar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Päivi Pajukanta
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristina I Boström
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Medipally A, Xiao M, Satoskar AA, Biederman L, Dasgupta A, Ivanov I, Mikhalina G, Rovin B, Brodsky SV. N-acetylcysteine ameliorates hematuria-associated tubulointerstitial injury in 5/6 nephrectomy mice. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15767. [PMID: 37419616 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by increased interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) in the kidney. Chronic hematuria is a hallmark of several human kidney diseases and often is seen in patients on anticoagulation therapy. We had previously demonstrated that chronic hematuria associated with warfarin increases IFTA in 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6NE) rats, and such treatment increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the kidney. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the progression of IFTA in 5/6NE mice. 5/6NE C57BL/6 and 5/6NE 129S1/SvImJ mice were treated with warfarin alone or with warfarin and NAC for 23 weeks. Serum creatinine (SCr), hematuria, blood pressure (BP), and ROSs in the kidney were measured; kidney morphology was evaluated. Warfarin doses were titrated to achieve prothrombin time (PT) increase to the levels seen with therapeutic human doses. Warfarin treatment resulted in an increased SCr, systolic BP, hematuria, expression of TGF-ß and ROS in the kidney in both mouse strains. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-ɑ) levels in the serum were increased in 5/6NE mice treated with warfarin. IFTA was increased as compared with control 5/6NE mice, and this increase in IFTA was more prominent in 129S1/SvImJ than in C57BL/6 mice. NAC ameliorated the warfarin-associated increase in SCr and BP but not hematuria. IFTA, TGF-ß, and ROS in the kidney as well as TNF-ɑ levels in the serum were reduced in mice treated with NAC and warfarin as compared to mice treated with warfarin alone. NAC mitigates the increase in SCr and IFTA in mice with chronic hematuria by reducing oxidative stress in the kidney. This data open novel possibilities for treatments in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Medipally
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Anjali A Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura Biederman
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alana Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Iouri Ivanov
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Brad Rovin
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sergey V Brodsky
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Kida Y, Yamaguchi I. The vascular protective effect of matrix Gla protein during kidney injury. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 2:970744. [PMID: 39086959 PMCID: PMC11285670 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2022.970744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a small secreted protein and requires vitamin K dependent γ-carboxylation for its function. MGP has been identified as a local inhibitor of vascular calcification because MGP-deficient mice die due to severe arterial calcification and resulting arterial rupture. Clinical trials revealed that reduction in active MGP predicts poor prognosis in patients due to cardiovascular complications. However, recent studies showed that MGP controls angiogenesis during development. MGP-deficient mice demonstrated abnormal hypervascularization and arteriovenous malformations in kidneys and other organs. This abnormal angiogenesis is largely caused by excessive expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2). However, only a few studies have investigated the roles of MGP in tissue injury. We observed mesangial cell proliferation and mild interstitial fibrosis in addition to increased capillaries in kidneys of MGP-null mice even without injury. We also created a mouse model with kidney injury and found that kidney damage greatly increases MGP expression in peritubular capillary endothelial cells and tubular epithelial cells. Finally, our study showed that impairment of MGP expression aggravates peritubular capillary rarefaction and accumulation of collagen-producing myofibroblasts following kidney injury. Peritubular capillary damage induces capillary loss as well as trans-differentiation of vascular pericytes into myofibroblasts. These results indicate that MGP has the vascular protective effect in the injured kidney. Clinical trials have already started to test the efficacy of MGP activation to repair vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney diseases. In this "Hypothesis and Theory" article, we discuss possible mechanisms by which MGP protects against vascular damage during tissue injury based on our experimental results and previous results from other research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Kida
- Center for Tissue and Cell Sciences, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Nephrology, Takashimadaira Chūō General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Yamaguchi
- Center for Tissue and Cell Sciences, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Children’s Hospital, OU Health, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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Berkner KL, Runge KW. Vitamin K-Dependent Protein Activation: Normal Gamma-Glutamyl Carboxylation and Disruption in Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5759. [PMID: 35628569 PMCID: PMC9146348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K-dependent (VKD) proteins undergo an unusual post-translational modification, which is the conversion of specific Glu residues to carboxylated Glu (Gla). Gla generation is required for the activation of VKD proteins, and occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum during their secretion to either the cell surface or from the cell. The gamma-glutamyl carboxylase produces Gla using reduced vitamin K, which becomes oxygenated to vitamin K epoxide. Reduced vitamin K is then regenerated by a vitamin K oxidoreductase (VKORC1), and this interconversion of oxygenated and reduced vitamin K is referred to as the vitamin K cycle. Many of the VKD proteins support hemostasis, which is suppressed during therapy with warfarin that inhibits VKORC1 activity. VKD proteins also impact a broad range of physiologies beyond hemostasis, which includes regulation of calcification, apoptosis, complement, growth control, signal transduction and angiogenesis. The review covers the roles of VKD proteins, how they become activated, and how disruption of carboxylation can lead to disease. VKD proteins contain clusters of Gla residues that form a calcium-binding module important for activity, and carboxylase processivity allows the generation of multiple Glas. The review discusses how impaired carboxylase processivity results in the pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L. Berkner
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at CWRU, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kurt W. Runge
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at CWRU, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
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Karolin A, Escher G, Rudloff S, Sidler D. Nephrotoxicity of Calcineurin Inhibitors in Kidney Epithelial Cells is Independent of NFAT Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:789080. [PMID: 35140605 PMCID: PMC8819135 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.789080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) such as cyclosporine A and tacrolimus are commonly used after renal transplantation to suppress the immune system. In lymphoid cells, cyclosporine A acts via the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT) axis. In non-lymphoid cells, such as kidney epithelial cells, cyclosporine A induces calcineurin inhibitor toxicity. It is unknown via which off-targets cyclosporine A induces calcineurin inhibitor toxicity in kidney epithelial cells. Methods: To measure a compound’s potential to induce nephrotoxicity, the expression of the surrogate marker Fn14 was measured by flow cytometry. Compounds were tested for their potential to induce Fn14 either chemically or plasmid-mediated. Mice were injected with various compounds, and changes in nephrotoxic gene expression levels of the kidney epithelial cells were then analyzed. Results: Fn14 is specifically upregulated due to calcineurin inhibitor toxicity inducing agents. Inhibition of the NFAT axis showed no increase of the Fn14 expression on the surface of kidney cells. However, inhibition of p38 MAPK, phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, protein kinase C (PKC), and inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) showed clear induction of Fn14 and increased expressions of nephrotoxic, inflammatory, and fibrotic genes in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: These findings show that cyclosporine A acts independently of NFAT on kidney epithelial cells. Moreover, inhibition of serine/threonine protein kinases mimics cyclosporine A’s activity on kidney epithelial cells. This mimicking effect indicates that these protein kinases are off-targets of cyclosporine A and damage structural renal cells when inhibited and therefore contributes likely to the development and progression of calcineurin inhibitor toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Karolin
- Department for Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Insel Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Geneviève Escher
- Department for Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Insel Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Rudloff
- Department for Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Insel Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Sidler
- Department for Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Insel Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Daniel Sidler,
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Expression of Fibrosis-Related Genes in Liver and Kidney Fibrosis in Comparison to Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030314. [PMID: 35159124 PMCID: PMC8834113 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is an important feature of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), but its pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Our aim was to identify genes important for fibrosis in IBD by comparison with kidney and liver fibrosis. First, we performed bioinformatics analysis of Gene Expression Omnibus datasets of liver and kidney fibrosis and identified CXCL9, THBS2, MGP, PTPRC, CD52, GZMA, DPT and DCN as potentially important genes with altered expression in fibrosis. We then performed qPCR analysis of the selected genes’ expression on samples of fibrotic kidney, liver, Crohn’s disease (CD) with and without fibrosis and ulcerative colitis (UC), in comparison to corresponding normal tissue. We found significantly altered expression in fibrosis for all selected genes. A significant difference for some genes was observed in CD with fibrosis in comparison to CD without fibrosis and UC. We conclude that similar changes in the expression of selected genes in liver, kidney fibrosis and IBD provide further evidence that fibrosis in IBD might share common mechanisms with other organs, supporting the hypothesis that fibrosis is the common pathway in diseases of various organs. Some genes were already active in IBD with inflammation without fibrosis, suggesting the early activation of profibrotic pathways or overlapping function in fibrosis and inflammation.
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Lourenço BN, Schmiedt CW, Alabady MS, Stanton JB, Coleman AE, Brown CA, Rissi DR, Brown SA, Tarigo JL. Analysis of genes associated with proinflammatory and profibrotic pathways upregulated in ischemia-induced chronic kidney disease in cats. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:589-597. [PMID: 34166083 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.7.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to characterize renal transcriptional activities of genes associated with proinflammatory and profibrotic pathways in ischemia-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. SAMPLES Banked renal tissues from 6 cats with experimentally induced CKD (renal ischemia [RI] group) and 9 healthy cats (control group). PROCEDURES Transcriptome analysis with RNAseq, followed by gene ontology and cluster analyses, were performed on banked tissue samples of the right kidneys (control kidneys) from cats in the control group and of both kidneys from cats in the RI group, in which unilateral (right) RI had been induced 6 months before the cats were euthanized and the ischemic kidneys (IKs) and contralateral nonischemic kidneys (CNIKs) were harvested. Results for the IKs, CNIKs, and control kidneys were compared to identify potential differentially expressed genes and overrepresented proinflammatory and profibrotic pathways. RESULTS Genes from the gene ontology pathways of collagen binding (eg, transforming growth factor-β1), metalloendopeptidase activity (eg, metalloproteinase [MMP]-7, MMP-9, MMP-11, MMP-13, MMP-16, MMP-23B, and MMP-28), chemokine activity, and T-cell migration were overrepresented as upregulated in tissue samples of the IKs versus control kidneys. Genes associated with the extracellular matrix (eg, TIMP-1, fibulin-1, secreted phosphoprotein-1, matrix Gla protein, and connective tissue growth factor) were upregulated in tissue samples from both the IKs and CNIKs, compared with tissues from the control kidneys. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Unilateral ischemic injury differentially altered gene expression in both kidneys, compared with control kidneys. Fibulin-1, secreted phosphoprotein-1, and matrix Gla protein may be candidate biomarkers of active kidney injury in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca N Lourenço
- From the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Chad W Schmiedt
- From the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Magdy S Alabady
- From the Department of Plant Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, and Georgia Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - James B Stanton
- From the Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Amanda E Coleman
- From the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Cathy A Brown
- From the Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Daniel R Rissi
- From the Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Scott A Brown
- From the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Jaime L Tarigo
- From the Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Rahimifard Hamedani P, Solouki M, Ehsani P, Emamjomeh A, Ofoghi H. Expression of BMP2-Hydrophobin fusion protein in the tobacco plant and molecular dynamic evaluation of its simulated model. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 15:309-316. [PMID: 34131449 PMCID: PMC8193172 DOI: 10.1007/s11816-021-00684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants are one of the ideal models for therapeutic protein production, however the recombinant protein purification problems in them must be overcome. Bone Morphogenetic Protein2 (BMP2) is employed for the restoration and construction of bone tissues. Hydrophobin is a fungal based protein with high hydrophobic characteristics. Due to this specificity, it is suitable for the purification of chimer protein from complex solutions when is fused to a protein utilizing an aqueous two-phase (A2P) technique. The plant optimized mature human BMP2 gene was designed and evaluated by in silico method. This process involves simulating molecular dynamics using the RMSD, RMSF and Gyration radius indexes. The synthesized Hyd-BMP2 gene was cloned into a pTRAkc-ERH plasmid and Transferred into Agrobacterium (Gv3101). The Nicotiana benthamiana plant leaves were co-agroinfiltrated with HA-Hyd-BMP2 and P19-pCambia1304 containing silencing suppressor. After purification of plant extract utilizing the A2P method, the sample was subjected to SDS-PAGE and Western-blot. By in silico study, the simulated fusion protein profitably shows reasonable protein compactness and the effect of amino acid substitution on protein-protein interaction is not remarkable. Western-blotting using anti HA tag has shown that the A2P technique partially purified the two 22 kDa and 44 kDa forms of Hydrophobin-BMP2. These results confirmed the presence of monomer and dimer forms of Hydrophobin-BMP2 proteins. Moreover, the expression level of the protein using P19 silencing suppressor increased six times and to 0.018% as shown by ELISA. This study presents a fast and easy technique for the purification of transient expressed pharmaceutical proteins from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmood Solouki
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology (PBB), University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Parastoo Ehsani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Emamjomeh
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology (PBB), University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Hamideh Ofoghi
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Sarosiak A, Oziębło D, Udziela M, Vermeer C, Malejczyk J, Szaflik JP, Ołdak M. High expression of Matrix Gla Protein in Schnyder corneal dystrophy patients points to an active role of vitamin K in corneal health. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:e171-e177. [PMID: 32602245 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by corneal lipid accumulation and caused by UBIAD1 pathogenic variants. UBIAD1 encodes a vitamin K (VK) biosynthetic enzyme. To assess the corneal and vascular VK status in SCD patients, we focused on matrix Gla protein (MGP), a VK-dependent protein. METHODS Conformation-specific immunostainings of different MGP maturation forms were performed on corneal sections and primary keratocytes from corneal buttons of two SCD patients with UBIAD1 p.Asp112Asn and p.Asn102Ser pathogenic variants and unrelated donors. Native or UBIAD1-transfected keratocytes were used for gene expression analysis. Plasma samples from SCD patients (n = 12) and control individuals (n = 117) were subjected for inactive desphospho-uncarboxylated MGP level measurements with an ELISA assay. RESULTS Substantial amounts of MGP were identified in human cornea and most of it in its fully matured and active form. The level of mature MGP did not differ between SCD and control corneas. In primary keratocytes from SCD patients, a highly increased MGP expression and presence of immature MGP forms were detected. Significantly elevated plasma concentration of inactive MGP was found in SCD patients. CONCLUSION High amount of MGP and the predominance of mature MGP forms in human cornea indicate that VK metabolism is active in the visual system. Availability of MGP seems of vital importance for a healthy cornea and may be related to protection against corneal calcification. Systemic MGP findings reveal a poor vascular VK status in SCD patients and indicate that SCD may lead to cardiovascular consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sarosiak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Oziębło
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Udziela
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cees Vermeer
- R&D Group VitaK and Cardiovascular Research Institute CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacek Malejczyk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek P Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Ołdak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Lin X, Li J, Tan R, Zhong X, Yang J, Wang L. Identification of Hub Genes Associated with the Development of Acute Kidney Injury by Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis. Kidney Blood Press Res 2021; 46:63-73. [PMID: 33401265 DOI: 10.1159/000511661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe clinical syndrome, causing a profound medical and socioeconomic burden worldwide. This study aimed to explore underlying molecular targets related to the progression of AKI. METHODS A public database originated from the NCBI GEO database (serial number: GSE121190) and a well-established and unbiased method of weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify hub genes and potential pathways were used. Furthermore, the unbiased hub genes were validated in 2 classic models of AKI in a rodent model: chemically established AKI by cisplatin- and ischemia reperfusion-induced AKI. RESULTS A total of 17 modules were finally obtained by the unbiased method of WGCNA, where the genes in turquoise module displayed strong correlation with the development of AKI. In addition, the results of gene ontology revealed that the genes in turquoise module were involved in renal injury and renal fibrosis. Thus, the hub genes were further validated by experimental methods and primarily obtained Rplp1 and Lgals1 as key candidate genes related to the progression of AKI by the advantage of quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and in situ tissue fluorescence. Importantly, the expression of Rplp1 and Lgals1 at the protein level showed positive correlation with renal function, including serum Cr and BUN. CONCLUSIONS By the advantage of unbiased bioinformatic method and consequent experimental verification, this study lays the foundation basis for the pathogenesis and therapeutic agent development of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianchun Li
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ruizhi Tan
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xia Zhong
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jieke Yang
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China,
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13
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Roumeliotis S, Roumeliotis A, Stamou A, Leivaditis K, Kantartzi K, Panagoutsos S, Liakopoulos V. The Association of dp-ucMGP with Cardiovascular Morbidity and Decreased Renal Function in Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6035. [PMID: 32839405 PMCID: PMC7504709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the possible association of the inactive, dephosphorylated, uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein (dp-ucMGP) with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and all-cause/cardiovascular (CV) mortality and renal function in diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD). Ox-LDL and dp-ucMGP were determined in 66 diabetic CKD patients. All patients were prospectively followed for seven years, or until the occurrence of death, or a composite renal outcome of 30% estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) reduction or progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis occurred. Secondary outcomes were the occurrence of CV events. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients with plasma dp-ucMGP levels above the median (≥656 pM) had a significantly higher risk for all study endpoints. After adjustment for several well-known cofounders, multivariate Cox analysis showed that high plasma dp-ucMGP levels were associated with all-cause mortality (Hazard ratio-HR = 2.63, 95% Confidence Interval-CI = 1.17-5.94, p = 0.02), CV mortality (HR = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.07-7.49, p = 0.037) and progression of CKD (HR = 4.02, 95% CI = 1.20-13.46, p = 0.024). Circulating dp-ucMGP is associated with mortality and decreased renal function in diabetic CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Roumeliotis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.R.); (A.R.); (K.L.)
| | - Athanasios Roumeliotis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.R.); (A.R.); (K.L.)
| | - Aikaterini Stamou
- Department of Microbiology, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Leivaditis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.R.); (A.R.); (K.L.)
| | - Konstantia Kantartzi
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (K.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Stylianos Panagoutsos
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (K.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.R.); (A.R.); (K.L.)
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14
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Ho HJ, Komai M, Shirakawa H. Beneficial Effects of Vitamin K Status on Glycemic Regulation and Diabetes Mellitus: A Mini-Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082485. [PMID: 32824773 PMCID: PMC7469006 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that is characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and dysfunctional insulin secretion. Glycemic control remains a crucial contributor to the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus as well as the prevention or delay in the onset of diabetes-related complications. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in the regulation of the glycemic status. Supplementation of vitamin K may reduce the risk of diabetes mellitus and improve insulin sensitivity. This mini-review summarizes the recent insights into the beneficial effects of vitamin K and its possible mechanism of action on insulin sensitivity and glycemic status, thereby suppressing the progression of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Jung Ho
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (M.K.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-706-3395
| | - Michio Komai
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (M.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (M.K.); (H.S.)
- International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
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15
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Cozzolino M, Cianciolo G, Podestà MA, Ciceri P, Galassi A, Gasperoni L, La Manna G. Current Therapy in CKD Patients Can Affect Vitamin K Status. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061609. [PMID: 32486167 PMCID: PMC7352600 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have a higher risk of cardiovascular (CVD) morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. The links between CKD and CVD are not fully elucidated but encompass both traditional and uremic-related risk factors. The term CKD-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) indicates a systemic disorder characterized by abnormal levels of calcium, phosphate, PTH and FGF-23, along with vitamin D deficiency, decreased bone mineral density or altered bone turnover and vascular calcification. A growing body of evidence shows that CKD patients can be affected by subclinical vitamin K deficiency; this has led to identifying such a condition as a potential therapeutic target given the specific role of Vitamin K in metabolism of several proteins involved in bone and vascular health. In other words, we can hypothesize that vitamin K deficiency is the common pathogenetic link between impaired bone mineralization and vascular calcification. However, some of the most common approaches to CKD, such as (1) low vitamin K intake due to nutritional restrictions, (2) warfarin treatment, (3) VDRA and calcimimetics, and (4) phosphate binders, may instead have the opposite effects on vitamin K metabolism and storage in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cozzolino
- Renal Division, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (M.A.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Cianciolo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Manuel Alfredo Podestà
- Renal Division, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (M.A.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Paola Ciceri
- Renal Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Andrea Galassi
- Renal Division, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (M.A.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Gasperoni
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Gaetano La Manna
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.C.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051214-3255
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16
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Abstract
Over the last decades, the association between vascular calcification (VC) and all-cause/cardiovascular mortality, especially in patients with high atherogenic status, such as those with diabetes and/or chronic kidney disease, has been repeatedly highlighted. For over a century, VC has been noted as a passive, degenerative, aging process without any treatment options. However, during the past decades, studies confirmed that mineralization of the arteries is an active, complex process, similar to bone genesis and formation. The main purpose of this review is to provide an update of the existing biomarkers of VC in serum and develop the various pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the calcification process, including the pivotal roles of matrix Gla protein, osteoprotegerin, bone morphogenetic proteins, fetuin-a, fibroblast growth-factor-23, osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin, sclerostin, pyrophosphate, Smads, fibrillin-1 and carbonic anhydrase II.
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17
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Lee SJ, Lee IK, Jeon JH. Vascular Calcification-New Insights Into Its Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082685. [PMID: 32294899 PMCID: PMC7216228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), which is categorized by intimal and medial calcification, depending on the site(s) involved within the vessel, is closely related to cardiovascular disease. Specifically, medial calcification is prevalent in certain medical situations, including chronic kidney disease and diabetes. The past few decades have seen extensive research into VC, revealing that the mechanism of VC is not merely a consequence of a high-phosphorous and -calcium milieu, but also occurs via delicate and well-organized biologic processes, including an imbalance between osteochondrogenic signaling and anticalcific events. In addition to traditionally established osteogenic signaling, dysfunctional calcium homeostasis is prerequisite in the development of VC. Moreover, loss of defensive mechanisms, by microorganelle dysfunction, including hyper-fragmented mitochondria, mitochondrial oxidative stress, defective autophagy or mitophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, may all contribute to VC. To facilitate the understanding of vascular calcification, across any number of bioscientific disciplines, we provide this review of a detailed updated molecular mechanism of VC. This encompasses a vascular smooth muscle phenotypic of osteogenic differentiation, and multiple signaling pathways of VC induction, including the roles of inflammation and cellular microorganelle genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Joo Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea;
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(53)-200-3182; Fax: +82-(53)-200-3155
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18
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Griffin TP, Islam MN, Wall D, Ferguson J, Griffin DG, Griffin MD, O'Shea PM. Plasma dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated Matrix Gla-Protein (dp-ucMGP): reference intervals in Caucasian adults and diabetic kidney disease biomarker potential. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18452. [PMID: 31804541 PMCID: PMC6895103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest a possible association between dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated MGP (dp-ucMGP) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This study aimed to establish normative data in an adult Caucasian population and to explore the potential utility of dp-ucMGP in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) with and without diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Healthy volunteers (HVs) (cross-sectional study) and participants with DM (prospective cohort study) were recruited. Plasma dp-ucMGP was measured using the IDS®-iSYS Ina Ktif (dp-ucMGP) assay. Of the HVs recruited (n = 208), 67(32.2%) were excluded leaving a reference population of 141(67.8%) metabolically healthy participants with normal kidney function. Plasma dp-ucMGP RIs were <300-532 pmol/L. There were 100 eligible participants with DKD and 92 with DM without DKD. For the identification of participants with DKD, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for dp-ucMGP was 0.842 (95%CI:0.799-0.880; p < 0.001). Plasma dp-ucMGP demonstrated similar ability to urine albumin:creatinine ratio (uACR) to detect participants with DM and renal function decline. Among patients with DM, there was a negative correlation between natural log (LN) dp-ucMGP and eGFR (r = -0.7041; p < 0.001) and rate of change in renal function [%change (r = -0.4509; p < 0.001)] and a positive correlation between LN dp-ucMGP and LN uACR (r = 0.3392; p < 0.001). These results suggest the potential for plasma dp-ucMGP with well-defined RIs to identify adults at high risk for vascular disease in the context of progressive DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Patrick Griffin
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Saolta University Health Care Group, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM SFI Research Centre, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Md Nahidul Islam
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM SFI Research Centre, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Saolta University Health Care Group, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Wall
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - John Ferguson
- Health Research Board (HRB), Clinical Research Facility, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Damian Gerard Griffin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Saolta University Health Care Group, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Matthew Dallas Griffin
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM SFI Research Centre, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Nephrology, Saolta University Health Care Group, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Paula M O'Shea
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Saolta University Health Care Group, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland.
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19
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Răduț R, Crăciun AM, Silaghi CN. BONE MARKERS IN ARTHROPATHIES. Acta Clin Croat 2019; 58:716-725. [PMID: 32595257 PMCID: PMC7314293 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2019.58.04.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone endures a lifelong course of construction and destruction, with bone marker (BM) molecules released during this cycle. The field of measuring BM levels in synovial fluid and peripheral blood is a cardinal part of bone research within modern clinical medicine and has developed extensively in the last years. The purpose of our work was to convey an up-to-date overview on synovial fluid and serum BMs in the most common arthropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra M Crăciun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ciprian N Silaghi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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20
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Roumeliotis S, Dounousi E, Eleftheriadis T, Liakopoulos V. Association of the Inactive Circulating Matrix Gla Protein with Vitamin K Intake, Calcification, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E628. [PMID: 30717170 PMCID: PMC6387246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix Gla Protein (MGP), a small Gla vitamin K-dependent protein, is the most powerful natural occurring inhibitor of calcification in the human body. To become biologically active, MGP must undergo vitamin K-dependent carboxylation and phosphorylation. Vitamin K deficiency leads to the inactive uncarboxylated, dephosphorylated form of MGP (dpucMGP). We aimed to review the existing data on the association between circulating dpucMGP and vascular calcification, renal function, mortality, and cardiovascular disease in distinct populations. Moreover, the association between vitamin K supplementation and serum levels of dpucMGP was also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Roumeliotis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Evangelia Dounousi
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Theodoros Eleftheriadis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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